Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM DECISION ON DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Doc. 75) OLIVER W. WANGER, District Judge. I. INTRODUCTION. Plaintiff David Paul Davenport (“Davenport”) brings this pro se action under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3 (a), based on a claim of unlawful retaliation by Plaintiffs former employer, Defendant State Center Community College District (“District”). Davenport alleges the District suspended him in May 2002 and fired him in January 2003 in retaliation for a sexual harassment and discrimination complaint he submitted to the District against his supervisor, Dr. Margaret E. Mericle. Before the court for decision is Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. Defendant moves for summary judgment on the grounds that Plaintiffs retaliation claim under Title VII is barred by the applicable statutes of limitations. Specifically, Defendant argues that any claim for retaliation based on alleged acts prior to and including the date of the Board of Trustees’ decision to terminate Plaintiff, which was January 7, 2003, is barred because Plaintiff did not submit his claim to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) within the Title VII filing limitations period as required by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(l). In the alternative, Defendant seeks summary judgment on the following grounds: 1) Plaintiff cannot prove a prima facie of retaliation because there is no evidence that he engaged in protected activity; 2) Defendant had a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for terminating Plaintiffs employment, namely that Plaintiff was dishonest, unfit for service, and refused to obey laws and regulations, and Plaintiff has not presented evidence giving rise to a triable issue as to any pretext; and 3) because Plaintiff failed to diligently pursue his Title VII retaliation action for three years, opting to focus on his unsuccessful state court appeal, Plaintiffs Title VII action is barred by the doctrine of laches. II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND. A. Termination and State Court Appeals (2002-2005) In August 1990, the District hired Plaintiff as a history professor on its Fresno City College campus. (DSUF 1.) On May 1, 2002, Mr. Randy Rowe, Associate Vice Chancellor of Human Resources for the District, received a memo from the Interim-President of Fresno City College indicating concerns over Plaintiffs potential sexual harassment of students. (Rowe Decl. ¶ 5.) On May 6, 2002, the District, via Mr. Rowe, placed Plaintiff on administrative leave with pay, pending an investigation into allegations of misconduct against Plaintiff by Fresno City College students and District staff members. (DSUF 2.) Mr. Rowe personally delivered the letter on May 6, 2002, which set forth the reasons for placing Plaintiff on administrative leave. On November 8,2002, following the investigation, Mr. Rowe sent Plaintiff a letter notifying him of the District’s intent to initiate termination proceedings against him. (DSUF 3.) On December 3, 2002, the District provided Plaintiff with a pre-termination Shelly hearing, during which Plaintiff and his representative, Zwi Reznik, had the opportunity to rebut the charges against Plaintiff. (DSUF 4.) On January 7, 2003, the Board of Trustees voted to terminate Plaintiffs employment based on dishonesty, evident unfitness for service, and persistent violation of, or refusal to obey, the school laws of the state or District regulations. (DSUF 5-6.) Following the Board’s January 7, 2003 decision to terminate his employment, Plaintiff filed an appeal with the Office of Administrative Hearings. (DSUF 29.) Administrative Law Judge Stephen J. Smith provided a full evidentiary hearing, where Plaintiff was represented by legal counsel. (DSUF 29, 30.) On January 21, 2004, ALJ Smith issued a 43-page written order upholding the District’s decision. (DSUF 31.) Plaintiff appealed ALJ Smith’s decision to the Fresno County Superior Court, which denied Plaintiffs request on June 22, 2004. (DSUF 32.) Plaintiff then appealed the Superior Court’s decision to the Fifth District Court of Appeal. On October 21, 2005, the Fifth District Court of Appeal issued a 37-page opinion affirming the judgement in the District’s favor. (DSUF 34.) Following the Fifth District’s ruling, Plaintiff petitioned the California Supreme Court to review the Fifth District’s decision regarding his termination. (DSUF 36.) The California Supreme Court denied Plaintiffs petition in December 2005. (DSUF 36.) B. Plaintiffs Interactions with the DFEH and EEOC (2002-2006) 1. Background on Obtaining a “Right to Sue” letter Initially, a complainant meets with a DFEH consultant for an intake interview and completes a pre-complaint questionnaire. (DSUF 10.) Based on the information the individual provides, the DFEH consultant determines whether the DFEH will accept or reject the charge. (DSUF 11.) If the DFEH accepts the charge, a complaint is typed, the complainant signs the complaint, and DFEH serves it on the alleged offending entity. (DSUF 11.) If the DFEH rejects the charge, it sends the complainant a cover letter notifying the complainant that he or she must complete and return an enclosed “verified complaint.” (DSUF 12.) The DFEH refers to the verified complaint as a “B Complaint.” (DSUF 12.) The verified or “B Complaint” is partially completed by the DFEH before it is mailed to the complainant, but in order to receive a Right to Sue notice, the complainant must sign and date the B Complaint, and submit it to the DFEH. (DSUF 13-14.) The DFEH does not consider a complaint “filed” until it receives a signed and dated B Complaint. (DSUF 15.) When the DFEH receives a signed and dated B Complaint, it stamps the complaint as filed that day. (DSUF 16.) The DFEH then issues a Right to Sue notice to the complainant and a notice to the employer that the complaint has been filed and closed. (UMF 17.) Even if a complainant files an untimely B Complaint beyond the statute of limitations period, the DFEH will stamp it received and issue a Right to Sue notice. (DSUF 18.) If a complainant does not immediately return a B Complaint, the DFEH does not actively require the complainant to follow-up. (DSUF 19.) 2. DFEH On November 19, 2002, during his suspension but prior to his dismissal, Plaintiff met with California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (“DFEH”) consultant Rafael Gonzalez and completed a pre-complaint questionnaire. (DSUF 7, 21.) Plaintiff discussed the circumstances of his dismissal with Mr. Gonzalez, who told Plaintiff he would review the material and get back to him. (DSUF 21.) On November 25, 2002, Mr. Gonzalez issued a letter to Plaintiff explaining that the DFEH would not pursue a complaint on his behalf. (DSUF 22.) The letter was signed by Mr. Gonzalez and contained two enclosures, a “Notice of Discrimination Complaint Accepted for Filing Purposes” and a partially completed “Complaint of Discrimination” or “B Complaint.” (Doc. 79, Exh C.) The November 25 DFEH letter explained that Plaintiff needed to submit a completed B Complaint in order to obtain a “Right to Sue” notice and file a lawsuit: I apologize for taking longer than expected in getting back to you regarding your wish to file a complaint with this agency ... Therefore, based on this Consultant’s review of your situation and a review of the documentation provided, a complaint for investigation will not be taken on your behalf. As I indicated to you, I will be including in this letter a “B” Complaint for filing purposes, which will be served on the Respondent once you provide the form back. You will also be issued a “Right To Sue” shortly thereafter, which will authorize you to file a private law suit on your own behalf if you so desire. (Doc. 79, Exh. C.) The enclosed “Notice of Discrimination Complaint Accepted for Filing Purposes” reads in part: Your allegation of discrimination against Fresno City College has been considered. The Department of Fair Employment and Housing will file your complaint. Analysis of the facts and circumstances which you allege indicates that further investigation is not warranted. As the Department has determined that it will not be issuing an accusation of discrimination, you will be advised by mail of your right to file a private lawsuit. (Doc. 79, Exh. C.) The parties dispute what happened next. According to Defendant, after Mr. Gonzalez sent Plaintiff the November 25, 2002 letter and B Complaint, the DFEH did not receive any other communications from Plaintiff until June 2, 2006. (DSUF 26.) Defendant states that had the DFEH received written communication from Plaintiff, it would have been included in the DFEH’s file. (DSUF 27.) The DFEH’s file concerning Plaintiffs allegations does not contain any communication from Plaintiff, including the signed B Complaint, until June 2, 2006. (DSUF 28.) Plaintiff maintains he completed the B Complaint form included with the letter and notice and returned it by mail on November 30, 2002. According to Plaintiff, he “corrected, completed, signed, dated, and mailed it to Mr. Gonzalez on November 30, 2002.” (Opp page 6) It is undisputed that the only signed complaint in the DFEH file was a file-stamped complaint received on June 2, 2006. The form shows Plaintiffs handwritten signature and a corresponding handwritten date of November 30, 2002. The form also contains fax information printed across the top of the document indicating that it was faxed to the DFEH on June 2, 2006 from the fax number 559-227-9355. On June 6, 2006, Plaintiff contacted the DFEH regarding his complaint. He eventually spoke to Ms. Geraldine Reyes, District Administrator. (DSUF 43.) It is undisputed that this was the first time he had spoken with anyone at DFEH since 2002. (DSUF 43.) According to Defendant, Plaintiff asked Ms. Reyes to issue a Right to Sue notice backdated to 2002. (DSUF 44.) Ms. Reyes told Plaintiff that DFEH had no record of him filing his B Complaint in 2002 and refused to backdate the notice. (DSUF 45.) On August 17, 2006, the DFEH issued Plaintiff a Right to Sue notice, informing him that he needed to file a complaint with the EEOC in order to obtain a Right to Sue in federal court. (DSUF 46.) Plaintiff filed a complaint with the EEOC on November 27,2006. (DSUF 47.) The EEOC issued Plaintiff a “Right to Sue” notice on December 29, 2006. (DSUF 48.) The EEOC notice stated, “[y]our charge was not timely filed with the EEOC, in other words you waited too long after the date(s) of the alleged discrimination to file your charge.” In April or May 2008, Plaintiff again contacted Ms. Reyes in an attempt to have his Right to Sue notice backdated to 2002. (DSUF 49.) Ms. Reyes denied Plaintiffs request because the DFEH had no record of him filing a complaint until June 2,2006. (DSUF 50.) Ms. Reyes then sent Plaintiff a confirming letter, repeating her denial: This letter is to memorialize our conversation regarding your request to receive a right to sue letter back-dated sometime in or about November 22, 2002. As I have informed you, we have no record of receiving a signed Complaint for the Purpose of Filing Only (“B” Complaint) in or about November 22, 2002. We do have a record of you contacting the Department in June of 2006. The documentation included a “B” Complaint dated November 30, 2002. Unfortunately, we were unable to backdate the complaint and therefore the Department filed it effective June 2, 2006. (Doc. 79, Exh. E.) 3. Plaintiffs Alleged Sexual Harassment Complaint According to Plaintiff, the District retaliated against him for filing an internal sexual harassment complaint against his supervisor, Dean of Instruction Peg Mericle, on March 19, 2002. In his EEOC precomplaint questionnaire he claimed that he submitted the harassment complaint to the District’s Vice President of Instruction, Tony Cantu, and Ms. Mericle. In his Complaint, Plaintiff claimed he delivered the harassment complaint only to Mr. Cantu. In his FAC, Plaintiff claims he submitted copies to Mr. Cantu’s secretary and Robert Fox, Dean of Students’, secretary. In his April 2 7,2009 deposition, Plaintiff claimed he provided the complaint to Dean Mericle, Mr. Cantu’s secretary, and Dean Fox’s secretary. The District has no record of the harassment complaint being filed nor has Mr. Cantu or Dean Mericle ever received a harassment complaint from Plaintiff. (DSUF 53.) In his declaration, Mr. Rowe states that he did not learn of Plaintiffs allegations against Dean Mericle until April 27, 2009, during Plaintiffs deposition. (Rowe Decl. ¶ 11.) According to Mr. Rowe, the complaint Plaintiff alleges he submitted is typed on a complaint form that the District did not use in 2002. (DSUF 54.) Mr. Rowe stated that Plaintiffs form contains the names of two district campuses that were renamed prior to 2002 and does not contain the names of several District campuses that were added in the 1990’s. (DSUF 54.) III. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND. On March 29, 2007, Plaintiff filed a complaint for retaliation against Defendant, alleging that the District violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when it terminated his employment on January 7, 2003. (Doc. 1.) Plaintiff also asserted a state law claim for wrongful termination. Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint Pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), or in the Alternative, Motion for a More Definite Statement Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(e) on June 22, 2007. (Doc. 14.) Plaintiff responded by filing “Plaintiffs Response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and to Defendant’s Memo, of P & A” on July 25, 2007, opposing Defendant’s motion. (Doc. 17.) Plaintiff attached various letters to his response, including correspondence between him and Mr. Rowe, a page of the administrative hearing transcript, and a page of the Fifth District Court of Appeal’s opinion. (Id.) Defendant’s motion was granted on January 17, 2008, although Plaintiff was permitted leave to amend his cause of action under Title VII. (Doc. 36.) Defendant’s challenge to Plaintiffs state law wrongful termination claim was granted without leave to amend. On March 12, 2008, Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint, attaching letters and other documents from and to the DFEH, pre-complaint questionnaires from DFEH and EEOC, the bargaining agreement between the District and the teachers’ union, and correspondence from Mr. Rowe, among other items. (Doc. 40.) Defendant filed its Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), or in the Alternative, Motion to Strike Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f) on April 23, 2008. (Doc. 44.) Defendant filed its Motion for Sanctions Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 11 on May 14.2008. (Doc.48.) Plaintiff filed his opposition to both motions in Plaintiffs Response to the Defendant’s Response to Plaintiffs Amended Complaint and Defendant’s Motions to Dismiss and to Impose Sanctions on May 23.2008. (Doc.52.) Defendant’s motion to dismiss was granted, in part, on March 31, 2009, 2009 WL 891057. (Doc. 66.) Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs Title VII retaliation claims was denied as to the alleged retaliatory acts occurring prior to and including the date of termination. Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs post-employment retaliation claims was granted without leave to amend. Defendant District filed its answer to Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint on April 10, 2009. Plaintiff filed a “Motion to Sanction Defendant” on June 15, 2009. (Doc. 74.) Defendant moved for summary judgment on June 30, 2009. (Doc. 75.) With its motion, Defendant filed a Statement of Undisputed Facts, supported by the deposition testimony of Plaintiff, Rafael Gonzalez, and Geraldine Reyes, as well as the declarations of Anthony Cantu, Randy Rowe, and Margaret Mericle. (Docs. 77-82.) Defendant seeks summary judgment on the following grounds: 1) Defendant’s claim for retaliation is barred, because Plaintiff did not submit his claim to the EEOC within the Title VII filing limitations period as required by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(l); 2) Plaintiff cannot prove a prima facie of retaliation because there is no evidence that he engaged in protected activity; 3) Defendant had a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for terminating Plaintiffs employment, namely that Plaintiff was dishonest, unfit for service, and refused to obey laws and Regulations; and 4) because Plaintiff failed to diligently pursue his Title VII retaliation action for three years, opting to focus on his unsuccessful state court appeal, Plaintiffs action is barred by the doctrine of laches. Plaintiff filed his opposition to Defendant’s summary judgment motion on August 3, 2009. (Doc. 90.) In support of his opposition, Plaintiff submitted over 500 pages of documentation: (1) a 20-page Memorandum of Points and Authorities opposing the motion (“Memorandum”); (2) a 169-page “Separate Statement of Undisputed Material Facts in Response to Defendant’s Summary Judgment Motion,” consisting of excerpts from DFEH communications, recommendations from members of Plaintiffs Civil War Re-enactment group, and the District’s disciplinary findings; (3) a 45-page Opposition to Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts; (4) the 95-page unsigned declaration of Zwi Resnik, consisting of the District’s January 7, 2003 dismissal order and assorted excerpts of deposition testimony; (5) Plaintiffs own 151-page affidavit, to which Plaintiff attached a number of student evaluations and correspondence between Plaintiff and various entities (primarily the EEOC, DFEH and Defendant); and (6) the affidavit of Donald G. Larson. (Docs. 88-93.) Plaintiff opposes summary judgment on grounds that he mailed his “B” Complaint to the DFEH on November 30, 2002, making it timely under the applicable statutes. Plaintiff argues that a genuine dispute of fact exists because he did not fax the “B” Complaint to the DFEH on June 2, 2006, as alleged by Defendant. Plaintiff also argues that there is a triable issue of material fact as to whether equitable tolling should apply. As to the merits of his Title VII action, Plaintiff argues he engaged in protected activity when he filed a sexual harassment complaint on March 19, 2002. Plaintiff also contends that there is no evidence of a legitimate reason for his termination because he never received a negative performance review. On August 10, 2008, Defendant filed a reply and evidentiary objections. (Docs. 94 & 95.) Defendant objects to the following: (1) the letters of reference attached to Plaintiffs opposition to Defendant’s Statement of Undisputed Facts; (2) the unsigned declarations of Mr. Greg Shaum, Mr. Jagmeet Chann, and Mr. Jerome Torstensen attached to Plaintiffs Opposition to Defendants’ Motion; (3) the declaration of Mr. Stephen Richardson, which was not signed under penalty of perjury; (4) the unsigned declaration of Mr. Zwi Resnik; (5) the unsworn affidavit of Mr. Donald Larson; and (6) portions of the declarations of Plaintiff and Mr. Steve Armes. A. Evidentiary Objections 1. Declarations of Greg Shawm,, Jag-meet Chann and Jerome Torstensen Defendant objects to the declarations of Greg Shaum, Jagmeet Chann and Jerome Torstensen on grounds that they do not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746. The supporting declarations are signed by the respective declarant under the statement, “Respectfully Submitted.” The only foundation for each -witnesses’ declaration is in the first paragraph: “I have personal knowledge of the facts set forth below and will testify to these facts at trial.” The declarations of Greg Shaum, Jagmeet Chann and Jerome Torstensen, submitted by Respondent on August 3, 2009, do not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, which requires that a declaration be subscribed as true under penalty of perjury, and be executed substantially in the statutory form, which requires a declaration to swear “under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.” 28 U.S.C. § 1746. Although a lack of swearing is not a fatal defect, the declaration must be made under penalty of perjury and must be attested to be true. Cobell v. Norton, 310 F.Supp.2d 77, 84 (D.D.C.2004) (statement of truth based on “knowledge, information, and belief’ insufficient); Kersting v. United States, 865 F.Supp. 669, 676-77 (D.Haw.1994) (necessary elements are that the unsworn declaration contains the phrase “under penalty of perjury” and states that the document is true). Here, the declarations state only that the declarant has “personal knowledge of the facts” and “will testify to these at trial.” The nature and extent of that qualification is uncertain, each declaration lacks any corresponding indicia of truthfulness. The declarations of Greg Shaum, Jagmeet Chann and Jerome Torstensen do not conform with 28 U.S.C. § 1746. The contents are not a sworn affidavit in opposition to summary judgment under Rule 56 of the Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56. Schroeder v. McDonald, 55 F.3d 454, 460 (9th Cir.1995). 2. Affidavit of Donald G. Larson Defendant objects to the affidavit of Donald G. Larson on grounds that it does not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746. Like the declarations of Greg Shaum, Jagmeet Chann and Jerome Torstensen, Mr. Larson signs his affidavit under the statement, “Respectfully Submitted” there is no attestation to the truth, rather only the conclusion: “I have personal knowledge of the facts set forth below and will testify to these facts at trial.” Mr. Larson’s affidavit is not made under penalty of perjury and he does not otherwise attest that the contents are true. Attached to Mr. Larson’s affidavit is a jurat in which a notary acknowledges that Mr. Larson was in fact the person who signed Plaintiffs affidavit. However, the jurat does not indicate that Mr. Larson was sworn nor that he attested to the truth of the affidavit. This lack of sworn attestation violates California Government Code § 8202, subsection (b), which provides that the there be a jurat attached to the affidavit stating: “Subscribed and sworn to (or affirmed) before me on this [date],” and Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 56 requiring affidavits under oath. Because Mr. Larson’s declaration neither satisfies the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1746, does not comport with Cal. Gov.Code § 8202, and violates Rule 56(e), the statements are insufficient to constitute any evidence to support Plaintiffs opposition. 3. Declaration of Zwi Reznik Defendant objects to the unsigned, undated, and unsworn declaration of Zwi Reznik on grounds that it is does not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e), or Eastern District Local Rule 56-260(d). Plaintiff filed, with his opposition, an unsigned document entitled “Declaration of Zwi Reznik.” The unsigned document states that “On the evening of March 18, 2002, while Dr. Davenport and I were waiting for Dr. Mericle in the courtyard of the Social Science Building, Dr. Davenport allowed me to read a memorandum he had written to and about Dr. Mericle in which he described harassment to which he (and others) had been subjected.” Reznik’s unsigned document also described Plaintiffs actions at his January 7, 2003 termination hearing: “I was also present on January 7, 2003, when Plaintiff referred to this complaint during his presentation to the Board of Trustees.” Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e)(1) provides that “a supporting or opposing affidavit must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant is competent to testify on the matters stated.” Verification requirements for an affidavit are satisfied so long as the unsworn declaration contains the phrase “under penalty of perjury” and states that the document is true. Kersting v. U.S., 865 F.Supp. 669 (D.Haw.1994); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1746. Declarations made under penalty of perjury which are submitted in lieu of affidavits are subject to the same requirements as affidavits submitted to support and oppose summary judgment. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. v. Ratcliff, 953 F.Supp. 1228 (D.Kan.1997), aff'd 141 F.3d 1405 (10th Cir.1998), cert. denied 525 U.S. 873, 119 S.Ct. 173, 142 L.Ed.2d 141 (1998). Here, Reznik’s declaration is unsigned, stating only, “I have personal knowledge of the facts set forth below and will testify to these facts at trial.” As there is no signature on Reznik’s declaration and the declaration does not meet the requirements for a declaration opposing summary judgment, the declaration is not valid evidence for the purposes of deciding the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the merits. 4. Declaration of Stephen R. Richardson Defendant objects to the unsigned, undated, and unsworn declaration of Mr. Richardson on grounds that it is does not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746. Defendant also objects because Mr. Richardson’s unsworn declaration is inconsistent with his April 27, 2009 deposition testimony. In opposition to the Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff filed a document entitled “Declaration of Stephen R. Richardson.” The unsworn document, signed on July 27, 2009, declared that “On the evening of March 18, 2002, I read the memo Dr. Davenport wrote regarding harassment by his supervisor, Dr. Mericle, which he planned to submit to her supervisor and to the college sexual harassment office on March 19, 2002.” Mr. Richardson also provides several statements concerning Plaintiffs dealings with the DFEH: “Dr. Davenport received a letter dated November 25, 2002, from the case worker, Mr. Rafeal Gonzalez, together with two sheets of paper ... the second item was a partially completed form DFEH-300-04 which I saw Dr. Davenport correct, complete, sign, date, and mail back to Mr. Gonzalez on November 30, 2002.” Mr. Richardson also declares that “I know Dr. Davenport wrote many letters to Mr. Gonzales at the DFEH from 2002 to 2006 because I saw him writing this letter and he usually asked me to proof read them before he mailed them.” As with the declarations of Greg Shaum, Jagmeet Chann and Jerome Torstensen, and the affidavit of Mr. Larson, Mr. Richardson signs his declaration with the statement, “Respectfully Submitted” and the only qualification of truth is found in the first paragraph: “I have personal knowledge of the facts set forth below and will testify to these facts at trial.” Mr. Richardson’s affidavit is not made under penalty of perjury and he does not otherwise attest that the contents are true. The words that the declarant has “personal knowledge of the facts” and “will testify to these at trial,” do not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746. The nature and extent of that qualification is uncertain and lacks any corresponding indicia of truthfulness. The allegations contained in Mr. Richardson’s declaration are not valid evidence and cannot be considered in opposition to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. Mr. Richardson’s declaration is flawed for another reason, namely that it expressly contradicts his April 27, 2009 deposition testimony. In his sworn deposition testimony, Mr. Richardson stated that he did not remember the form number on the documents he allegedly saw, but if the document were in front of him, he could confirm the document. Defendant’s counsel then presented him with a December 6, 2006 letter from Plaintiff to Mr. Gonzalez and asked him if that was the document he observed Plaintiff mail in November 2002. (Dep. of S. Richardson, 32:5-32:9.) Mr. Richardson responded, “this is the one I remember reading. I’m presuming it is the one he mailed, yes.” (Dep. of S. Richardson, 40:12-40:22.) According to Defendant, the December 6, 2006 letter is patently distinguishable from Form DFEH300-04 (the “B” Complaint) Plaintiff claims he mailed to DFEH on November 30, 2002. Mr. Richardson’s “presumption” is legally insufficient guessing that lacks the foundation of personal knowledge that Plaintiff mailed a letter in November 2002. 5. Plaintiff’s Affidavit Plaintiffs opposition includes his 151-page affidavit with 46 exhibits. Unlike the other declarations and affidavits filed in support of Plaintiffs opposition, Plaintiffs declaration contains a “penalty of perjury” undertaking, a signature, and a date. Defendant objects to large portions of Plaintiffs declaration on various grounds, including relevance, hearsay, and lack of foundation/personal knowledge. Rule 56(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that affidavits supporting and opposing a motion for summary judgment “shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters therein.” Relevant evidence is defined as “evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Fed R. Evid. 401. Rule 402 provides that “[all] relevant evidence is admissible [... ] Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” Although definition of “relevant evidence” is broad, it has limits; evidence must be probative of a fact of consequence in the matter and must have tendency to make existence of that fact more or less probable than it would have been without evidence. United States v. Curtin, 489 F.3d 935, 943-44 (9th Cir.2007). Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Fed R. Evid. 801(c). Hearsay is not admissible except as provided by the Federal Rules of Evidence, or other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court. Fed R.Evid. 802. Defendant’s objections are, for the most part, sustained. In order to enforce the standards set forth in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence, any statements in the declaration containing inadmissible hearsay, speculation, or not made on the basis of his personal knowledge are disregarded. Any assertions made by Plaintiff that are contrary to the judicially noticed record are insufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact. IV. LEGAL STANDARD A. Summary Judgment Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The movant “always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). Where the movant will have the burden of proof on an issue at trial, it must “affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007). With respect to an issue as to which the non-moving party will have the burden of proof, the movant “can prevail merely by pointing out that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984. When a motion for summary judgment is properly made and supported, the nonmovant cannot defeat the motion by resting upon the allegations or denials of its own pleading, rather the “non-moving party must set forth, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Rule 56, ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’ ” Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984. (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). “A non-movant’s bald assertions or a mere scintilla of evidence in his favor are both insufficient to withstand summary judgment.” FTC v. Stefanchik, 559 F.3d 924, 929 (9th Cir.2009). “[A] non-movant must show a genuine issue of material fact by presenting affirmative evidence from which a jury could find in his favor.” Id. (emphasis in original). “[S]ummary judgment will not lie if [a] dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505. In determining whether a genuine dispute exists, a district court does not make credibility determinations; rather, the “evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. V. DISCUSSION A. Timeliness — Compliance with 12 U.S.C. § 2000e Title VII provides that it shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer “to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). The employer is also prohibited from retaliating against an employee for opposing an unlawful employment practice or making a charge in an employment discrimination investigation or proceeding. Lam v. Univ. of Hawaii, 40 F.3d 1551, 1558-59 (9th Cir.1994). The antiretaliation provision of Title VII states: It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment, for an employment agency, or joint labor-management committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining, including on-the-job training programs, to discriminate against any individual, or for a labor organization to discriminate against any member thereof or applicant for membership, because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Sexual harassment is a type of sex discrimination prohibited by Title VII. Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 63-67, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986). Accordingly, an employer’s retaliatory conduct in response to an employee’s complaint of sexual harassment, a protected activity, is actionable under Title VII’s antiretaliation provision. See Elvig v. Calvin Presbyterian Church, 375 F.3d 951, 965 (9th Cir.2004); Garcia v. Los Banos Unified Sch. Dist., 418 F.Supp.2d 1194, 1224 (E.D.Cal.2006). A precondition to suit under Title VII is that a plaintiff must first exhaust the administrative remedies available under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5. See Karim-Panahi v. L.A. Police Dept., 839 F.2d 621, 626 (9th Cir.1988). Under the statute, a plaintiff must initially file a timely charge with the EEOC and, if dismissed, receive a right-to-sue letter from the agency and then file any related court action within 90 days of receipt of the letter. Id.; 42 U.S.C. § 2000e — 5(f)(1). Title VII mandates that claims be filed with the EEOC within 300 days of the alleged discriminatory act(s) if the state in which the discriminatory act occurred has a state agency that deals with such matters and the complainant has instituted proceedings with that agency, or within 30 days of receiving notice that the state agency has terminated its proceedings, whichever is earlier. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(l). If no state agency exists, the time limit is 180 days. Id. The United States Supreme Court has explained: An individual must file a charge within the statutory time period and serve notice upon the person against whom the charge is made. In a State that has an entity with the authority to grant or seek relief with respect to the alleged unlawful practice, an employee who initially files a grievance with that agency must file the charge with the EEOC within 300 days of the employment practice; in all other States, the charge must be filed within 180 days. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 109, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002). If not filed within these time limits, a claim is “time barred.” Id. In California, a plaintiff who first files charges with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing (“DFEH”) must file the charge with the EEOC within 300 days of the alleged unlawful practice. Santa Maria v. Pac. Bell, 202 F.3d 1170, 1176 (9th Cir.2000). However, filing a timely charge of discrimination with the EEOC is not a jurisdictional prerequisite to suit in federal court, but a requirement that, like a statute of limitations, is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling. Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393, 102 S.Ct. 1127, 71 L.Ed.2d 234 (1982). Such doctrines are to be applied sparingly. Nat’l R.R., 536 U.S. at 113-14, 122 S.Ct. 2061. Title VII authorizes the EEOC to enter into “worksharing” agreements with state and local fair employment practice (“FEP”) agencies to “establish effective and integrated resolution procedures.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-8(b); 29 C.F.R. § 1601.13(c). The DFEH is a designated FEP agency under Title VII and has entered into a worksharing agreement with the EEOC. 29 C.F.R. § 1601.74; Green v. Los Angeles County Superintendent of Sch., 883 F.2d 1472, 1476 (9th Cir.1989). The Ninth Circuit has held that, under this worksharing agreement, a charge filed with the DFEH is deemed constructively filed with the EEOC because the EEOC and DFEH cross-designate the other as its agent for the purpose of receiving charges. EEOC v. Dinuba Med. Clinic, 222 F.3d 580, 585 (9th Cir.2000) (“Constructive filing is made possible by “worksharing agreements,’ which designate the EEOC and the state agency each other’s agents for the purpose of receiving charges.”); Laquaglia v. Rio Hotel & Casino, Inc., 186 F.3d 1172, 1175 (9th Cir.1999) (“[A] charge filed with the state agency before the 300-day filing deadline expires is deemed automatically filed with the EEOC on that same day.”); Green, 883 F.2d at 1475-76 (holding that, under EEOC-DFEH works-haring agreement, charge filed with DFEH is deemed to have been filed with the EEOC on the same day); Paige v. State of Cal., 102 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir.1996) (“[T]he filing of a charge with one agency is deemed to be a filing with both.”) In addition, for purposes of determining whether a charge filed with an FEP agency has been constructively filed with the EEOC, the Ninth Circuit has determined that whether the state agency actually forwarded the charge to the EEOC or whether the EEOC actually received it is irrelevant. Laquaglia, 186 F.3d at 1175; Dinuba Med. Clinic, 222 F.3d at 585. Whether the dual filing doctrine applies to save Plaintiffs claim depends on when Plaintiff filed his DFEH verified complaint or “B” Complaint. Plaintiff contends he mailed a completed B Complaint form to DFEH on November 30, 2002, which is approximately 208 days after he was suspended from duty by Defendant. If this allegation is true, Plaintiffs complaint would have been filed with DFEH within the 300-day timely filing period prescribed by Title VII. Under the constructive filing doctrine, the DFEH charge is deemed filed with the EEOC on the same day, e.g. within approximately 208 days of the alleged retaliatory act, which would make the charge timely filed for purposes of Title VH’s administrative exhaustion requirements. Defendant disputes Plaintiffs assertion that he filed his complaint with DFEH in November 2002, arguing that the agency’s records show Plaintiff filed his complaint with DFEH on June 2, 2006 and requests judicial notice of a copy of Plaintiffs DFEH complaint that shows Plaintiffs signature dated November 30, 2002 but also reveals a date-stamp of June 2, 2006 in a box marked “Received Dept, of Fair Employment & Housing Fresno District Office.” (Doc. 79, Exh. F.) Judicial notice was previously taken of this document in the January 17, 2008 and March 31, 2009 orders pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 201(b) on the ground that it is an official record of a state administrative agency. See Interstate Natural Gas Co. v. Southern Cal. Gas Co., 209 F.2d 380, 385 (9th Cir.1953). On the same ground, Defendant’s request for judicial notice of this document is granted. Fed.R.Evid. 201. To bring a civil action under FEHA, the aggrieved person must exhaust the administrative remedies provided by California law. Yurick v. Superior Court, 209 Cal.App.3d 1116, 1121, 257 Cal.Rptr. 665 (1989); accord Romano v. Rockwell Int’l, Inc., 14 Cal.4th 479, 492, 59 Cal.Rptr.2d 20, 926 P.2d 1114 (1996). Exhaustion in this context requires filing a verified complaint with DFEH within one year of the alleged unlawful employment discrimination, and obtaining notice from DFEH of the right to sue. Cal. Gov’t Code § 12960(d). Neither unverified written information nor oral information relayed to DFEH may substitute for a formal administrative charge: The statute does not authorize any alternative to the requirement of the filing of a “verified complaint in writing.” Moreover, it would not be practical to allow an employee to substitute unverified information relayed to the DFEH in correspondence, or orally, for a formal administrative charge. The requirement of a “verified complaint in writing” ensures that all interested parties are on notice as to the substance of the allegations. Cole v. Antelope Valley Union High Sch. Dist., 47 Cal.App.4th 1505, 1515, 55 Cal.Rptr.2d 443 (1996). FEHA’s verified complaint requirement is well-established in the Ninth Circuit. See Rodriguez v. Airborne Express, 265 F.3d 890, 897 (9th Cir.2001) (recognizing the holding in Cole v. Antelope Valley Union High Sch. Dist., 47 Cal.App.4th 1505, 55 Cal.Rptr.2d 443, (1996)); Watson v. Chubb & Sons, Inc., 32 Fed.Appx. 827 (9th Cir.2002) (stating that “[fjilling out a precomplaint questionnaire, alone, was insufficient to exhaust her administrative remedies [under FEHA].”); Peoples v. County of Contra Costa, No. C 07-00051 MHP, 2008 WL 2225671 (N.D.Cal. May 28, 2008). This summary judgment motion is Defendant’s third challenge to the timeliness of Plaintiffs verified or “B” Complaint. On June 22, 2007, Defendant filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that Plaintiffs retaliation claim is barred because the DFEH’s date stamp established that Plaintiff filed his complaint with DFEH on June 2, 2006. In the January 18, 2007 order, granting Defendant’s motion to dismiss, it was determined that because Plaintiffs allegation as to the date he filed his DFEH complaint contradicted the DFEH public record, it was disregarded. However, Plaintiff was granted leave to amend. On March 12, 2008, Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint, which included new documents and expanded upon his original allegations concerning the timing of his “B” Complaint. Defendant moved to dismiss Plaintiffs Title VII claim on April 23, 2008. The motion was granted in part and denied in part on March 31, 2009. In the March 31 order, it was determined that Plaintiffs description of his attempts to contact DFEH many additional times raised the possibility of agency neglect or mishandling of Plaintiffs complaint: One explanation for the contradiction between the allegations and evidence Plaintiff presents and the DFEH complaint form date-stamped June 2, 2006 which has been judicially noticed is that Plaintiff returned the form as he alleges in November 2002 and DFEH failed to process it until June 2006, perhaps misfiling or misplacing the form. It is also possible that, as Defendant maintains, Plaintiff signed and dated the form on November 30, 2002 but failed to actually submit it to DFEH until June 2006. Defendant himself acknowledges the contradiction, arguing the November 25 notice is inconsistent with the June 2, 2006 complaint form marked “filed” and “received.” A question of fact exists as to when Plaintiff filed his complaint with DFEH, an issue central to resolving the question of whether Plaintiffs DFEH complaint is properly considered a constructive filing with the EEOC. “It is well-established that questions of fact cannot be resolved or determined on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” (Citations omitted) (Doc. 66, pg. 29:23-30:8.) Defendant moves for summary judgment, arguing that “discovery has eliminated any doubt regarding when Plaintiff actually submitted his verified complaint to the DFEH.” (Doc. 75, 10:8-10:10.) Defendant contends that there is no triable issue of fact that the DFEH received Plaintiffs B Complaint by fax on June 2, 2006, namely (a) the DFEH file between November 19, 2002, (b) the fax information found at the top of Plaintiffs B Complaint, (c) Plaintiffs efforts to backdate his B Complaint, and (d) Plaintiffs own inconsistencies throughout this case. a. DFEH File In support of its “elimination of doubt” argument, Defendant points first to Plaintiffs DFEH file, produced by the DFEH during discovery. The file shows that the first document the DFEH received from Plaintiff after Mr. Gonzalez’s November 25, 2002 letter is the signed B complaint, which is file-stamped received on June 2, 2006. There is no record of any complaint filed by Plaintiff or on his behalf prior to June 2, 2006. Plaintiff contends that he mailed a “B” Complaint to the DFEH on November 30, 2002. To support this contention, Plaintiff submits the declaration of Mr. Stephen Richardson, who Plaintiff maintains “witnessed [him] correct, complete, sign, date, and mail the [B Complaint] on November 22, 2009.” As explained in Part 111(a), supra, Mr. Richardson’s statement does not comply with 28 U.S.C. § 1746, which requires that a declaration must be made under penalty of perjury and must be attested to be true. The lack of a penalty of perjury clause undermines the credibility of these assertions. It also violates Rule 56(e). Plaintiff also states that he “vigorously followed up with Mr. Gonzalez, to whom he had written twelve times since returning the ‘B Complaint’ on November, 2002.” (Doc. 90, 6:9-6:12.) Yet Plaintiff has not produced one copy of these letters. Defendant counters that the DFEH’s file on Plaintiff, produced during discovery, does not contain a single letter from Plaintiff to Mr. Gonzalez between November 19, 2002 and June 2, 2006. However, Plaintiff addressed the absence of his letters to Mr. Gonzalez during oral argument, stating that “the DFEH does not keep case files beyond three years” and referencing a letter from Ms. Reyes to Plaintiff on August 17, 2006: DFEH does not retain case files beyond three years after a complaint is filed, unless the case is open and at the end of the three-year period. (Doc. 79, Exh. E.) Plaintiff did not address why he has no copies of these letters. b. Fax Information Defendant asserts that the fax information contained on the top of the B Complaint “erases all uncertainty” that the DFEH received the Complaint on June 2, 2006. At the top of the DFEH’s copy of the B Complaint, is information indicating that it was faxed to the DFEH on June 2, 2006 from the fax number 559-227-9355. The fax number 559-227-9355 corresponds to a church entity named “The Well,” to which Plaintiff admits having an affiliation. More problematic is that the DFEH file contains an April 28, 2008 letter from Plaintiff to “Ms. Geraldine Reyes, DFEH” bearing the identical fax information. (Doc. 79, Exh. E.) Plaintiff admits faxing the April 28, 2008 letter to Ms. Reyes at the DFEH, but cannot explain how the identical fax number and information is present on the B Complaint. The only inference a reasonable trier of fact could draw for the presence of the fax legend is that Plaintiff faxed or caused to be faxed his B complaint on June 2, 2006. Plaintiff has no explanation or evidence to the contrary. c. Backdating According to Defendant, Plaintiff twice attempted to manipulate the “June 2, 2006” date on his B Complaint by calling Ms. Reyes and requesting that she backdate his B Complaint to 2002. Ms. Reyes testified in her deposition that on June 6, 2006, Plaintiff contacted the DFEH, asking Ms. Reyes to issue a Right to Sue notice backdated to 2002. Ms. Reyes told Plaintiff that DFEH had no record of him filing his B Complaint in 2002 and refused to backdate the notice. In April or May 2008, Plaintiff again contacted Ms. Reyes in an attempt to backdate his Right to Sue notice. Ms. Reyes denied Plaintiffs request and sent Plaintiff a confirming letter on May 16, 2008: This letter is to memorialize our conversation regarding your request to receive a right to sue letter back-dated sometime in or about November 22, 2002. As I have informed you, we have no record of receiving a signed Complaint for the Purpose of Filing Only (“B” Complaint) in or about November 22, 2002. We do have a record of you contacting the Department in June of 2006. The documentation included a “B” Complaint dated November 30, 2002. Unfortunately, we were unable to backdate the complaint and therefore the Department filed it effective June 2, 2006. Defendant asserts that Plaintiff concealed his backdating efforts by omitting the April 28, 2008 letter from Plaintiff to DFEH making the backdating request, and Ms. Reyes’ May 16, 2008 letter, from his discovery responses. At his April 27, 2009 deposition, Plaintiff stated that he “forgot” about the April 28, 2008 letter, leaving it in a drawer at his church. Concerning Ms. Reyes’ May 16, 2008 letter, Plaintiff states that he never received it. d. Plaintiffs Alleged Inconsistencies Defendant contends that Plaintiffs changed positions provide direct evidence that he did not mail the B Complaint on November 30, 2002. Defendant points out that Plaintiffs original complaint, filed on March 29, 2007, does not mention Plaintiff mailing the B Complaint on November 30, 2002: I also notified the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing in November, 2002, that I was concerned that the SCCCD had ignored my complaint of discrimination and sexual harassment against Dr. Mericle and that it, the District, was proceeding to take steps that seemed to point toward my dismissal for reasons that had nothing to do with performance or wrong-doing. In fact, none of the accusations identified any duty or responsibility of faculty that I hadn’t performed and none identified any policy, rule, or regulation that I had violated. The DFEH investigator told me that he would keep the case open until my administrative remedies were exhausted. [...] Based on the foregoing, with some elaboration, the DFEH issued me a “right— to — sue” letter on August 17, 2006. I then asked the U.S. EEOC to investigate and it issued me a “right — to—sue” letter on December 29, 2006. A copy of the EEOC letter is attached to this complaint. According to Defendant, Plaintiff did not mention mailing the B Complaint to the DFEH, whether on November 30, 2002 or otherwise, until he filed his First Amended Complaint. Specifically, on June 22, 2007, Defendant moved to dismiss Plaintiffs retaliation claim because the date stamp established that Plaintiff filed his complaint with DFEH on June 2, 2006. In his opposition, Plaintiff insisted that he did not mail the B Complaint to the DFEH on November 30, 2002, instead stating, “[i]t is an irrefutable fact that Plaintiff alleged retaliation in a complaint to the California Department of Fair Housing and Employment made on November 19, 2002.” (Doc. 90, 3:3 — 3:6.) In his first amended complaint, (“FAC”), Plaintiff alleged for the first time that he mailed the B Complaint to the DFEH on November 30, 2002. Plaintiff maintained this story during his April 27, 2009 deposition, as well as in his opposition to this motion. However, on May 6, 2009, in response to Defendant’s Special Interrogatory No. 16, and in total contradiction to his FAC, Plaintiff stated, “it is NOT my contention now, nor has it ever been that I mailed a complaint to the DFEH. I made my complaint in person on November 19, 2002.” (Doc. 79, Exh. J.) (emphasis added). In responding to Request For Admission No. 3, also on May 6, 2009, Plaintiff admitted that he did not mail the DFEH Complaint in 2002: REQUEST FOR ADMISSION NO. S: Admit that you did not mail the DFEH COMPLAINT to the DFEH at any time in 2002. RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR ADMISSION NO. S Plaintiff admits Defendant’s No. 3. The Complaint in question was made in person at Plaintiffs interview on November 19, 2002. (Doc. 79, Exh. I.) Defendant contends that Plaintiffs shifting and contradictory positions demonstrate that he did not mail the B Complaint to the DFEH on November 30, 2002. Plaintiff submits that his position never changed; he maintains that he filed an in-person complaint on November 19, 2002 and mailed his B Complaint on November 30, 2002. Plaintiffs conduct, at best, shows a willful attempt to manipulate the truth to avoid the consequences of his own actions. 1. Conclusion re: Constructive Filing The March 31 order determined that “[o]ne explanation for the contradiction between the allegations and evidence Plaintiff presents and the DFEH complaint form date-stamped June 2, 2006 is that Plaintiff returned the form as he alleges in November 2002 and DFEH failed to process it until June 2006, perhaps misfiling or misplacing the form.” (Doc. 66, 29:24-30:4.) Here, Defendant claims that it has “erased all uncertainty” concerning when the DFEH received Plaintiffs B Complaint-that, based on the record, it was faxed to the DFEH from “The Well” on June 2, 2006. In support, Defendant District has provided deposition testimony from two DFEH employees stating that they did not receive Plaintiffs verified complaint between November 30, 2002 and June 2, 2006. (Doc. 79, Exhibits B & C.) Defendant also furnishes the DFEH file containing the date-stamped B Complaint with the fax authentication on the top of the page. The fax information on top of the B Complaint is identical to documents sent by Plaintiff to the DFEH on April 29, 2008, which Plaintiff cannot explain. Conspicuously absent from the DFEH file are the twelve letters Plaintiff says he sent to the Mr. Gonzalez between November 30, 2002 and June 2, 2006 and of which he has not copies. More telling is Ms. Reyes’ deposition testimony concerning Plaintiffs attempts to have DFEH backdate his B Complaint to 2002. Plaintiff, however, provides a sworn affidavit stating that he filed a complaint with the Mr. Gonzalez at the DFEH’s Fresno office on November 19, 2002, and, on November 30, 2002, mailed a completed B Complaint to the DFEH. As to the absence of documents and correspondence in his DFEH file, Defendant points to the August 17, 2006 letter from Ms. Reyes stating that the DFEH does not retain case files beyond three years after a complaint is filed. Part of the reason for this deplorable state of the evidence is Plaintiffs dilatory conduct in waiting to bring these claims until 2007. Because Defendant’s summary judgment motion is resolved on other grounds, it is unnecessary to resolve whether a rational trier of fact could infer that Plaintiff mailed his B Complaint to the DFEH on November 30, 2002. It is discussed because Defendant advanced the issue of time-bar. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment is DENIED WITHOUT PREJUDICE on the issue of time-bar. Plaintiff also argues that the doctrine of equitable tolling should apply to prevent his claim from being barred and that the November 25, 2002 letter from the DFEH was ambiguous, leading him to believe that his complaint was filed for purposes of maintaining a private law suit. Since there is sufficient reason to grant Defendant’s summary judgment motion on other grounds, these arguments need not be resolved. B. Merits of Plaintiff s Title VII Retaliation Claim Assuming, arguendo, that Plaintiffs verified complaint was timely filed, summary judgment will be granted for Defendant because it has presented substantial evidence of legitimate and non-discriminatory reasons for suspending Plaintiff on May 6, 2002 and terminating his employment on January 7, 2009, namely that he was unfit for service, dishonest, and persistently violated state laws and District regulations. Summary judgment is also appropriate because Plaintiff has not demonstrated a pretextual reason for his dismissal. To make out a prima facie case of retaliation, an employee must show that (1) he engaged in a protected activity; (2) his employer subjected him to an adverse employment action; and (3) a causal link exists between the protected activity and the adverse action. See Steiner v. Showboat Operating Co., 25 F.3d 1459, 1464 (9th Cir.1994). Causation “may be inferred from circumstantial evidence, such as the employer’s knowledge that the plaintiff engaged in protected activities and the proximity in time between the protected action and the allegedly retaliatory employment decision.” Yartzoff v. Thomas, 809 F.2d 1371, 1376 (9th Cir.1987); see also Flait v. No. American Watch Corp., 3 Cal.App.4th 467, 478, 4 Cal.Rptr.2d 522 (1992) (reversing judgment for employer on motion for summary adjudication where circumstantial evidence of causal link raised issue of fact). Once plaintiff produces evidence supporting a prima facie ease, the burden shifts to the defendant employer to articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment action. Once the employer articulates such a reason, a plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the reason was merely a pretext for the unlawful retaliatory motive. Stegall v. Citadel Broad. Co., 350 F.3d 1061, 1066 (9th Cir.2003). A plaintiff can prove pretext with either direct or indirect evidence. If a plaintiff offers direct evidence of discriminatory motive, a triable issue as to the actual motivation of the employer is created even if the evidence is not substantial. When direct evidence is unavailable, however, and the plaintiff proffers only circumstantial evidence that the employer’s motives were different from its stated motives, specific and substantial evidence of pretext is required to survive summary judgment. See id. (citing Godwin v. Hunt Wesson, Inc., 150 F.3d 1217, 1221 (9th Cir.1998)). Even if Plaintiff established a prima facie case of discrimination, which he has not, Defendant has articulated legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for his termination. See Chuang v. Univ. of Cal. Davis, 225 F.3d 1115, 1123-24 (9th Cir.2000) (once a prima facie case has been shown, “[t]he burden of production, but not persuasion, then shifts to the employer to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged action.”). Defendant had ample, lawful grounds for suspending Plaintiff on May 6, 2002, and terminating his employment on January 7, 2003. Among other things, Plaintiff was combative and unreceptive to instruction and correction. That alone is sufficient for purposes of satisfying the McDonnell Douglas test. See Stegall v. Citadel Broadcasting Co., 350 F.3d 1061, 1075 (9th Cir.2003) (employee’s poor attitude and failure to maintain strong working relationships with co-workers satisfied legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for termination). Defendant has set submitted considerable evidence to support its proffered legitimate reason for Plaintiffs termination: that Plaintiffs harsh and inappropriate treatment of Fresno City College faculty members, students, and employees violated school policy and called into question his fitness as a faculty member. Failure to perform in accordance with standards set by the employer is sufficient to constitute a legitimate business reason for termination. See Unt v. Aerospace Corp., 765 F.2d 1440, 1446 (9th Cir.1985) (holding that Title VII does not protect employee who violates employer’s rules, disobeys orders and disrupts the work environment); Mansur v. Peralta Community College Dist., 216 F.3d 1083 (9th Cir.2000). The record includes direct evidence that Plaintiffs conduc