Ledesma v. Marshall (658 F. Supp. 2d 1155, 2009)

ORDER GRANTING 28 U.S.C. § 2254 HABEAS PETITION

JEFFREY T. MILLER, District Judge.

George Ledesma (“Ledesma”), a state prisoner proceeding with the assistance of counsel, petitions this Court for a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 writ of habeas corpus. Ledesma is serving an indeterminate sentence of seven years to life following his 1976 guilty plea for a murder he committed in the course of a grocery store robbery. His federal Petition alleges his due process rights were violated by the Board of Parole Hearings’ (“BPH”) denial of parole at his November 2006 suitability hearing. He seeks reversal of that decision and discharge from custody. Respondent filed an Answer (Dkt. Nos. 11, 12), and Ledesma filed a Traverse (Dkt. No. 13). By Order entered November 25, 2008, this matter was reassigned from the bench of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California to visiting District Judge Jeffrey T. Miller, United States District Court for the Southern District of California. (Dkt. No. 25.) After consideration of the parties’ arguments, pertinent portions of the record, and controlling authority, for the reasons discussed below, the Petition is GRANTED.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual Background

The Court reiterates the factual background presented by the Orange County Superior Court in its August 2007 decision to deny Ledesma state habeas corpus relief. (Pet. Exh. K, Doc. 2-4, pp. 54-61.) This Court applies the statutory presumption of correctness to the undisputed portions of the state court’s factual findings. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

On the evening of October 7, 1976, petitioner and two armed confederates entered a busy Albertsons grocery store in Anaheim intending to rob the same. Petitioner was personally armed with a double-barreled, sawed off shotgun. The assailants emptied a number of cash registers of their contents. When an unarmed 20 year old store clerk was unable to open a safe as requested by petitioner, petitioner intentionally and fatally shot the victim in the stomach at point blank range. The assailants fled the store.

Two days earlier, petitioner and his two confederates robbed a Ralphs grocery store in Costa Mesa. One of the victims was seriously injured when he was struck by one of the assailants with the barrel of a shotgun. Petitioner’s motive for the crimes was financial gain to support his drug habit.

The record also reveals petitioner sustained multiple juvenile arrests and/or adjudications on charges of theft, possession of controlled substances, burglary, and robbery. Petitioner did not dispute the accuracy of his juvenile criminal record.

(Pet. Exh. K, Doc. 2-4, pp. 3-4 (emphasis added).)

The June 14, 1977 Abstract of Judgment and the June 13, 1977 change of plea and sentencing hearing transcript reflect Ledesma pled guilty to one count of first-degree murder (Cal. Pen.Code § 187) with personal use of a firearm (Cal. Pen.Code § 12022.5) and one count of first-degree robbery (Cal. Pen.Code § 211). (Pet. Exh. B, Transcript pp. 3, 6; Pet. Exh. K, Doc. 2-4, p. 1.) The trial court found Ledesma “is not an habitual criminal” under either Cal. Pen.Code §§ 644a or 644b. (Pet. Exh. B, Abstract p. 2, # 11.) He received “an aggregate sentence of 7 years-to-life with the possibility of parole.” (Pet. P & A p. 3.) His earliest parole eligibility date was in 1983. (Pet. p. i.) “By the time of his 2006 parole hearing, his nineteenth, Mr. Ledesma had served 16 years in excess of the maximum aggregate prison term prescribed by the State’s regulations for [the] commitment offenses.” (Pet. p. i)

B. November 2, 2006 Parole Suitability Hearing

1. Hearing Evidence

Presiding Commissioner Ed Martinez and Deputy Commissioner Diane Lush-bough conducted the November 2, 2006 parole suitability hearing pursuant to Cal. Pen.Code §§ 3041, 3043, and the Rules and Regulations of the Board of Prison Terms governing Parole Consideration Hearings for life inmates. After noting the panel had reviewed Ledesma’s Central File (“C-File”) and prior transcript, Commissioner Martinez stated, “The purpose of today’s hearing is once again, to consider the number and the nature of the crimes that you were committed for, your prior criminal and your social history, and your behavior and programming since your commitment ... for the sole purpose of determining your suitability for parole.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 5-6.)

Among other preliminaries, Ledesma confirmed: he had never been included in any psychological programs for mental illness problems; he was in the 10th grade when he dropped out of school; while incarcerated, he had earned his GED, an Associate’s degree, and needed just three classes to complete his Bachelor’s degree. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 3-5.) Ledesma stipulated to the previous record of his commitment offenses and prior criminality. As was his right, he declined to discuss the facts of the commitment offenses at the hearing because he had done so many times with the BPH, counselors, and psychologists. (Pet. Exh. A, p. 10-11.) He was, however, “willing to talk about his feelings about the crime, the feelings about the victim,” and any other issues the panel might wish, preferring to “focus on what he’s been doing the last 30 years” while incarcerated. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 10-11.) The Presiding Commissioner overruled his counsel’s anticipatory objection to the panel’s consideration of any “115” disciplinary items due to their remoteness in time (the most recent was twelve years prior and all others were another ten years before), stating “all relevant, reliable information shall be considered in determining suitability.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 9-10.) The Commissioner read into the record details of the crimes from the Investigating Officer’s Report and Ledesma’s September 2006 response thereto:

“Ledesma states the account of the offense is accurate. However, he says the victim was unable to open the cash register and he never ordered the victim to open the safe. He admits he deliberately shot the victim. Ledesma understands what he did was wrong and his frustrations over things not going as planned got the best of him. Ledesma says he is not the same person and his whole philosophy of life has changed.”

(Pet. Exh. A,16:10-19.)

Ledesma’s criminal history was also read into the record:

“No documented juvenile history, but does acknowledge the following juvenile arrest history in a Diagnostic Unit Evaluation dated March 15th of 1985. First arrest occurred when he was about 13 years old, no specifics given. Ledesma also admitted to an arrest at age 14 for heroin ... and burglary. He said he went to juvenile hall for it. Ledesma also said he committed two additional robberies, one at a gas station, and details were not provided on this.”

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 18.)

The Presiding Commissioner extracted a “delinquency history” from Ledesma’s case summary: “a '70 to '75 year bicycle theft, riding and abetting, a burglary, the possession of heroin, and a commitment to boys’ ranch,” with additional narcotics and drugs history recited to be “glue sniffing in 1972, barbiturates in 1971, claims at least one a week,” and “'73, last habit 25 dollars a day.” (Pet. Exh. Q, pp. 18-19). The Presiding Commissioner noted the record “[ijndicates no adult convictions or arrests other than the commitment offense.” (Pet. Exh. A, 19:4-11.) In the personal history category, the Presiding Commissioner read into the record:

“Ledesma was born on September 23rd of 1957 to George and Neives Ledesma ... [as] their second child. Ledesma indicated his father was an alcoholic and he acted violently towards his wife and children. He died in 1967 and Ledesma’s mother married another man who became an alcoholic two years later. When Ledesma was 15 years old his mother and stepfather divorced. He began drinking alcohol at the age of 12 and by the time he was 15 he was experimenting with several drugs. He quit school after the 10th grade and began to get in trouble with the law. By [the] time he was 18 years old Ledesma said he was spending approximately 150 dollars a day on heroin and committing crimes in order to support his habit. His younger brother Victor was also addicted to drugs at the time. Ledesma worked off and on for his uncles who were construction workers. While incarcerated, Ledesma has earned his high school diploma, AA degree, and is working toward his BS degree. In 1995 he married Annette Ledesma. According to him, approximately two and a half years ago his wife asked for a divorce” [and he indicated on the record that process had started].

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 19-20 (emphasis added).)

His social network included two brothers and four sisters. His brother ‘Victor Ledesma, 46, was his crime partner in the incident offense.” (Pet. Exh. A, p. 20.) His brother Marcello Reyes, age 33, lived with their mother in Westminster, California, had visited Ledesma two years before the hearing, and wrote him letters. His 49-year-old sister, Sally Ledesma, lived in Lakewood, California, wrote him letters and had visited him most recently five weeks before the hearing. His sisters Gloria Ledesma, aged 47, and Rosalea Reyes, aged 35, maintained no contact with him. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 20-21.) When asked, Ledesma explained that Gloria had inherited their father’s alcoholism, “has been struggling with the bottle ever since I’ve been in prison,” and was homeless, despite their mother’s efforts to keep her home, but he had spoken to her about six months earlier when she told him she still thought of him and loved him. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 26-27.) He described his half-sister Rosa-lea as “quite introverted,” he had not seen her in about seven years, but when they spoke earlier that year, she was “enjoying life, just retired” from a nursing position with Orange County, and Ledesma stated, “I’m waiting to get out there and enjoy life with her.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 27-28.) His sister Becky Menendez, age 44, lived in Garden Grove, California, had accompanied Sally on her most recent visit to see Ledesma, and also wrote Ledesma letters. His mother, aged 68, maintained “constant contact” and visited him in prison. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 20-21.) Ledesma has no children.

In colloquy with the Presiding Commissioner, Ledesma described his childhood consistently with the psychological reports of record. He was “pretty happy” while his father was alive, but when his father came home drunk, he would fight with the mother and hit her and the children. Ledesma had difficulty dealing with the aftermath of his father’s death. He described himself as angry and self-pitying. He had trouble accepting his mother’s remarriage a year later, when he was about 11 years old. (Pet. Exh. A, p. 22.) His stepfather was an alcoholic. His mother divorced two years later.

All I wanted to do was party and get high. It’s not who I am and what I am today. I’m very big on education. You can see all everything [sic] I did academic and vocationally. If I would’ve been thinking about now back then, I would’ve zipped through school, got through a trade, and I wouldn’t have done drugs.

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 23.)

The other participants in the commitment offenses “took a deal for two five to life’s” for second degree murder. His brother served three years and ten days, had been working for the past 15 or 20 years, and owned a house in Anaheim. (Pet. Exh. A, p. 24-25.) With regard to his personal history, Ledesma added:

Yes, I’d like to say that the same person that was thinking this, that was doing these things no longer sits in front of you. You have your guy going on 50 years old that really applied himself. You know — you was a messed up character when you were growing up. You’ve got to resolve and fix a lot of things in your life that wasn’t doing right. Mainly dealing like drug abuse my drinking — not having any skills educational or vocationally.... [¶] I addressed them. Working on some things psychologically — anger. I had to deal with my anger coping skills. That’s basically why I killed a guy, which he didn’t have it coming. For that I feel extremely sorry that I was put in a position and grew up to — that I did that to another fellow human being. And I take full responsibility. I shook nothing and I take full responsibility for everything I did, for criminal history past, but this guy that did these things is not the same person that sits in front of you ....

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 25-26 (emphasis added).)

Turning to “post-conviction factors,” the Deputy Commissioner, who had also sat on Ledesma’s 2001 BPH panel, noted his last full hearing had been January 6, 2004, at which time he had been denied parole for one year. Ledesma had asked for a postponement of the 2005 hearing to July 28, 2005 to obtain a new psychological report. (Pet. Exh. A, p. 28.) The Deputy Commissioner summarized:

You came into prison [in June 1977] with 108 points. You got down to zero by 1991 and you’ve been at the mandatory placement score of 19 since that time.... [¶] Your 115’s, you do have ten and none during this period of review, which begins January the 6th 2004 .... In fact, you’ve been free of them for about 12 years.... [¶] And the most recent one was May 6, 1984. So that’s been some time ago. You have 13 counseling Chrono’s, 128-A’s [ie., rules violation or behavior reports]. You’ve been free of those about ten years now. Your last one was July 30th, 1996.

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 28-29 (emphasis added).)

None of Ledesma’s disciplinary infractions involved violence or assaultive conduct. The only material changes to his record since the 2004 hearing included more educational progress, new support letters, and the new psychological report. The Deputy Commissioner confirmed that in addition to Ledesma’s progress toward his Bachelor’s degree, he had renewed his “radiologist license” through 2007, having first taken the state licensing examination in 1994 or 1995. He had used that skill as “an X-ray tech working in the Department of Corrections from about '95 to 2002.” Although he “loved that work,” he was asked to leave the job because, he was told, he had been there too long, and “working too familiar with any one free staff could pose a security risk.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 29-31.) His other vocational accomplishments included: completion of meat cutting in 1980; air conditioning and refrigeration in 1997; sewing machine operator “in PIA at CMC”; on the “Permanent Critical Worker List as a (inaudible) mechanic,” as a repairer of sewing machines, having gone “through a sewing machine repair class right after I was asked to leave as an X-ray tech” for two years, obtaining certification; and on the waiting list for the Furniture Factory, with a goal of “keeping busy and working.” (Pet. Exh. A, p. 31.) His work reports were “very good.” (Id.) The Deputy Commissioner observed: “I saw ... many chrono’s that said you were on their Permanent Critical Worker List and I understand that you’ve prepared well to do this in all aspects of the mechanical part.” (Pet. Exh. A 34:2-6.) Ledesma produced a chrono from the Fabric Products Superintendent praising his past performance and requesting his transfer to CMC West “to resume using his training as a sewing machine mechanic”:

“Ledesma developed into an excellent mechanic before transferring to Avenal State Prison.... Inmate Ledesma’s skill and knowledge would be greatly beneficial to the continuing operation of this factory ....”

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 33.)

Addressing the “self-help” and programming factors, the Deputy Commissioner noted Ledesma “had an ongoing and a fairly lengthy participation in NA back at least to '99, maybe before that,” and he “had been a moderator for Yokefellows Peer Counseling” for over 20 years while at CMC. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 35-36.) In addition to the considerable mathematics associated with his radiology training and license renewals through correspondence classes, in 2005 he had taken “a correctional learning network class” in math and geometry which he “loved”, using pamphlets and worksheets inmates complete independently. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 36-37.) Ledesma added that he had recently completed the first two of five segments of a life skills class, and would like to do more but “the options are very limited” at his prison. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 37-38.)

The panel acknowledged Ledesma’s most recent Psychological Evaluation dated May 19, 2006 prepared by Corinne Schroeder, Ph.D., a “Board Certified Forensic.” That report noted polysubstance dependence “in full remission” (Axis I), and antisocial personality disorder “resolved” (Axis II). (Pet. Exh. A, p. 38 (emphasis added).) Although she left the global assessment function (“GAF”) score blank, the psychologist stated her professional opinions:

“Mr. Ledesma has not been violent during the almost 30 years of his incarceration. His risk of harm to others is below average for parolee population and equal to the average citizen if he continues to remain clean and sober. He is confident he can do so. His remorse is sincere. He will suffer self-recrimination for the rest of his life. He is confident in his ability to add to and sustain his gains in and out of prison.”

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 39 (emphasis added).) Ledesma’s counsel read additional portions of the report into the record, substantiating Ledesma’s expressions of remorse, insight into his crimes and his adolescent self, and his focus on augmenting his progress in and out of prison. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 39^40.)

The Presiding Commissioner reviewed Ledesma’s parole plans. He intended to live in a spare room at his mother’s three-bedroom Westminster home. His brother who also lived there maintained self-sufficient employment renovating office complexes. His secondary plan was to live in Irvine with a woman friend who had purchased a house for that purpose. She and Ledesma planned to marry after his divorce became final. She worked in home mortgages and refinancing, had one adult daughter, did not drink or use drugs, and had no trouble with the law. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 40-42.)

Numerous letters reviewed on record demonstrated a high level of personal support and significant family outreach efforts to provide options for Ledesma upon his release. Recent letters from his cousin, Augustine Ledesma, and his 35-year-old nephew, Sam Calderon, stated family members would help him get a job and expressed: “My family and I are willing to assist him in any way possible.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 43-44.) Sandra Rodriguez, a cousin in Garden Grove, wrote:

“George has a lot of family and friends who are willing to help and support him in his life. My husband and I own our own business and would be willing to get him trained in the dog business — dog grooming.”

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 44.)

Ledesma’s sister Sally Ledesma stated she would be able to help him with anything he needed. His aunt Catalina Galindo stated she was “willing to assist him financially until he gets employment.” Vera Ledesma emphasized they “would all be there for him and support him.” Guadalupe Gomez offered him a home and assistance in finding a stable job. His sister Rebecca Menendez promised to “help him financially and drive him around job hunting and to AA meetings,” and offered to have him stay in her home with her husband and two children. Veronica Felix, a cousin, expressed certainty he would be taken care of by his family to “show him [how] to get back on his feet and help him through life.” His aunt Alegandra Ledesma wrote, “From this point he can find a job in his expertise and can complete his bachelor’s degree,” noting he “also already has a place to stay with his mother, Neives Ledesma.” His sister Gloria Ledesma offered to “help him in any way possible for his release, financially, emotionally, anything in my power,” expressing her love for him and emphasizing he would have “100 percent family support” upon his release. His sister Rosalea Reyes stated she owned her own home in Orange County and “would be willing and able to assist my brother when he gets out.” Sophia Rodriguez, his 32-year-old niece and goddaughter, offered her home and financial support. Petra Guitan, his aunt and godmother, also offered financial and housing support until “he gets back on his feet and finds a job.” His mother wrote volunteering the same. A nephew, Vincent, indicated he knew Ledesma “to be loving and caring and a good brother and person,” again with promises of a place to live and help finding a job. Lydia Andino, his nephew’s fiancé, offered a home and help finding a job, although Ledesma did not personally know her. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 45-52.) His brother Victor Ledesma wrote in a May 25, 2006 letter: “I’m a homeowner and George is welcome to parole to my home if needed. I am willing to help him financially, emotionally, and spiritually to make his transition into society successfully.” (Id. pp. 51-52.) Two other cousins and two other aunts also provided letters of support. A pen-pal friend of four years, Marilyn Moreno, a fellow inmate’s sister, wrote in support of his release. (Id. pp. 54-55.)

A family friend, Paul M., wrote offering to sponsor Ledesma in AA or NA: “I’ve been with NA program for many years. Able to sponsor George Ledesma upon release. Take him to meetings, sponsor him, offer support in this program.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 55-56.) Teresa Menendez wrote to say she had been a member of both AA and NA for 25 years, sponsors several people, and offered “to help assist George Ledesma when he is released to participate in one of the 12-step programs,” to “introduce him to other men in the fellowship.” (Id. p. 59.) Robert Salicedo also pledged to sponsor him, take him to AA meetings, and assist with all program steps. (Id. p. 60.) The record continues:

Concerning employment, it indicates that you plan on getting employment as soon as possible and he [sic ] still plans to seek employment as an exterminator, construction worker, a landscaper, and most recently you qualified in maintaining your certification on the X-ray technician.

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 43.)

Ledesma had several specific offers of employment. Among others, his niece Rachel Nunez offered him a job at Nunez Roofing. Joy Rodriguez offered him a job at Tri-Star Lending. Robert M. Salicedo offered him a job at Excalimite Exterminating. His nephew’s fíancé’s sister, Michelle Andino, offered him a position assisting her in loan processing. (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 53-54.) Family friend Carlos Guzman, a service and auto tech manager with American Auto Tow and Auto Repo, wrote to say: “Willing to employ George Ledesma upon his release.” (Id. p. 56, see also pp. 60-65.)

Ledesma’s counsel asked him to identify for the panel three priorities upon his release.

Well, number one is I have great remorse for what I did. So, sorry that I was the one that killed Jack. He didn’t have it coming. I was a messed up, angry individual which has since took a good look at his life, seen a lot of things wanting, worked on a lot of things, rectified a lot of things, and made my life commitment to live a clean life, sober life do the right thing in life because I didn’t when I was younger before Jack. [G]o out and support my family, be a good [ ] son, be a good friend, be a good ... husband again. And to continue on in with AA/ NA, continue on availing myself to any educational/vocational programs that I find out there. There’s some things I want to do like diagnostic imaging. I want to learn ultrasound, want to go back and get my three classes for my Bachelor’s and maybe start working on my masters. [W]ork as an X-ray tech.

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 66-67 (emphasis added).)

The panel had no “3042 responses” opposing Ledesma’s release other than from the Orange County District Attorney. In a closing statement, the Deputy District-Attorney (“DA”) referred the panel to “copies of the autopsy photos” he had submitted. He noted “the victim’s remaining family, his father, had [ ] in the past submitted letters also opposing release.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 65, 67 (emphasis added).) Ledesma’s counsel objected because “we don’t know if that’s still their opinion at this time” and noting no such letters were identified or provided. (Id. p. 68.) The Presiding Commissioner overruled the objection, stating he would “allow it” if it was “previously entered.” (Id.) Ledesma acknowledged: “There was one letter before, but I haven’t seen it in a few years.” (Id.) The DA ultimately concluded, “Mr. Brown previously submitted a transcript back in 1998 along with it, the tape of the interview with the victim’s father indicating his feelings.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 69-70 (emphasis added).)

In a lengthy argument, the DA acknowledged Ledesma had done “a lot of things that were quite appropriate” and important while in prison, but emphasized, “the overwhelmingly significant factor here is the seriousness of the crime itself.” (Pet. Exh. A, p. 70). He pointed to the immutable circumstances of the crime as “most important factor,” characterizing “the actions of the defendant” as “particularly callous and absolutely pointless as they’ve come out.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 70-71.) The DA stated he was “not convinced” by Ledesma’s expressions of remorse and responsibility, expressing doubt “the [supportive] Psychological Reports [are] strictly accurate.” (Id. p. 71.) He represented “for an extended period of time, for the first ten years at least [of the 30] that he’s been in prison, that he denied that this act was even intentional” and found “bizarre” Ledesma supposedly “still doesn’t step forward and just admit what the heck happened here.” (Id. pp. 71-72.) In challenging the sincerity of Ledesma’s remorse, the veracity of his testimony, and the impact of any rehabilitation, the DA argued:

And I think also ..., separating out the earlier robberies and this robbery, and actually, I think that’s a veiy, very significant fact here in determining the seriousness and the extent to which the defendant is rehabilitated and whether he’s really taken responsibility for this. Clearly, the defendant has learned the nomenclature and he has learned the words. I mean, he talks about pity party, the anger coping skills took out my suppressed anger. He’s learned the language and can give it back to us. But that really doesn’t fully address his actions and really minimizes his actions in a lot of ways. Executing somebody at point blank range is more than you know, a pity party or taking out suppressed anger or suppressed rage. It is much [sic ] more significant act than that. And that’s why I said I think it’s very important to note that two days before this that the defendant was involved in a robbery.

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 72 (emphasis added).)

The DA dismissed the contrary professional opinions of Dr. Schroeder in her 2006 Psychological Report by questioning Ledesma’s insight into his youthful anger and substance abuse and criticizing his documented progress in resolving those issues. Relying solely on the circumstances of the commitment offenses, the DA cast Ledesma’s explanation of how and why the crimes occurred as “not taking responsibility.” Relating his own opinions, the DA argued:

That really, really doesn’t cover what his actions were because we have a chain of events leading up to this chain of robberies that the defendant has admitted to leading up to this. And then we have this particular [30-year-old] event and one thing that also basically is not really addressed when I read these reports is the fact that the shotgun was there and the shotgun was there in his hands, that he walked into a store with a sawed-off shotgun that was loaded.... It is a particular act to take a sawed-off shotgun, which is unlike — well, guns are — -are killing weapons, but in particular, sawed-off shotgun is a man-killing weapon. It’s the only reason to have them, that you have to form the intent to be willing to kill another human being to walk into the store with a loaded shotgun. And so this wasn’t an act of suppressed anger because the safe wouldn’t open. This wasn’t somebody acting out anger at their mother. This was somebody who armed himself repeatedly and had to go to the trouble of getting the weapon and going in there and killing someone. So for the defendant to tell us today, well I — and just pretty much (inaudible), that I — I’m acting out suppressed anger, that really isn’t taking full responsibility for it. He still refuses to fully admit what he did here.

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 73-74 (emphasis added).)

The DA expressed personal “disappointment” at the mental health experts’ assessments of Ledesma’s progress, suggesting he had duped Dr. Schroeder and prior evaluators, thereby rendering their professional evaluations “not helpful at all” to a determination of his present parole suitability:

I’ve read all the Psychological Evaluations here and this report, by Ms. Schroeder in particular is pretty disappointing in the respect that it — and I don’t say this, once again to be disrespectful to Mr. Ledesma, but it appears that she’s just channeling him, that I’m not real impressed with the report. I mean she repeats — she quotes a— bunch of statements from the defendant and her conclusions are basically the statements of the defendant taken from the 2004 report: “Mr. Ledesma’s not the same person he was during the period of his life surrounding the crime,” ... and I don’t find that particularly well done or helpful at all with respect to evaluating ... the defendant’s dangerousness.

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 74 (emphasis added).)

Finally, in a rhetorical patchwork of nearly unintelligible pseudopsychology, the DA questioned the sincerity of Ledesma’s statement he is “a different person now” by suggesting, in effect, that merely asking to be released is evidence Ledesma is not ready for that outcome:

[S]o in weighing the risk to society, I think that we have to look at the full range of seriousness of actions the defendant has taken and what remains his unwillingness to fully address what he did. And it really is a final point. Again, I say this not to be flip or once again, disrespectful of Mr. Ledesma and I recognize that this is a Catch-22, but I find it really interesting probably all of us have had experience with people who’ve gone through 12-step programs acknowledge a 12-step programs [sic], NA, AA, and what is involved in those. And what I[ ] find interesting is, and a little bit troubling, is that people who go through the — those types of programs and actually get it, just fully understand it, and I’ve seen people who I just really believe get it and understand it, they look at their actions. They look at the effects of alcohol. They look at the way they have affected other people and of course, one of the steps is to make amends for that. And I recognize this is a Catch-22 ... but really, I’m not convinced that somebody who really gets that, who fully understands the weight of what they did in taking another life and the weight of what they have done and what that is on somebody on his family’s life, on the father of the victim .... that the person would sitting here asking to be released, that as we look at the weight of what they did and the risk if they ever involved [sic ] in narcotics or alcohol or any drugs. You know — that’s—and it is contradictory, but if you really understand it and you’ve really gone through that and you really understand the 12 steps, then you’d be sitting here saying you know what, anything you do is fair.... And it also concerns me ... that the defendant here today, the defendant in 2004, and the defendant Ms. Schroeder says I’m not the same person I was during the period surrounding the crime. Somebody who has gone through the 12 steps I don’t think makes that statement. That statement just scares the heck out of me that they — that he seems to think that there’s some dichotomy between that time and today. There isn’t.... It’s not a different person. It’s a process. And so I would submit that the defendant still has some issues that he needs to work out here, that he needs to continue to go through the process. But I understand he has been working towards that, but I don’t think he’s done with the process.

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 74-76 (emphasis added).)

Ledesma’s counsel challenged the DA’s “pure speculation” about Ledesma’s unpreparedness for safe release on parole. “[T]he most recent Psych Report may not meet the People’s standards, but it’s done by somebody who has got a license in psychiatry ... who has also reviewed my client and his entire C-File,” adding “[w]e have Psych reports from '06, '03, '02, '99, and '98 that say the same thing.” (Pet. Exh. A, p. 77.) Of the institutional psychiatrists who had evaluated him, “all of them since '98 or before find that he does not pose an unreasonable risk and that he has remorse for his crime and has- — is a different person.” (Id.) Noting Ledesma was committed to prison at age 19, counsel highlighted Ledesma’s confession to the crimes and guilty plea within days of the offenses, listed in the Probation Report as a mitigating factor. (Id. p. 78.) Emphasizing there is nothing he can ever do to mitigate the crime itself, counsel observed Ledesma had not committed a violent act during his entire 30-year incarceration. Counsel further argued: “It was not a planned murder in that it happened in the heat of the moment,” at a time Ledesma admits he was angry and addicted to drugs; the motive of the crime was robbery for drug money; he had no previous record of violence; he suffers from no “severe mental issues,” and “[a]ll of his Psych Reports are great.” (Id. pp. 78-79.) With respect to the social history factor, counsel challenged:

... I would ask that the Board think about he was only an adult for one year when this happened and he came from— you know — he hails from a very terrible background, which he’s gotten in touch with and I would ask that the Board give more credence to that. He was not in charge of his unstable social history. It’s like it landed on him. I noticed that prior Panels were holding that against him when it’s really no fault of his own that he was in that household.

(Pet. Exh. A. pp. 79-80.)

Regarding Ledesma’s programming, self-help, and remorse, counsel summarized:

His institutional behavior is [sic ] clearly obvious he’s a different person. You know — at the time of the murder he’s a drug addict. Now he’s been in 12-step programs. He’s done an incredible amount of self-help, which has been documented in previous hearings and here today. And this was today he talked about his signs of remorse. It’s well documented and what I read in the Psych Reports as well. We do understand the motivation for the crime — and his age now.... He’s just turned 49 years old and that would reduce the probability of recidivism.

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 80.)

On his plans for the future and parole support, counsel continued:

I counted more than 30 letters that he received and I can appreciate that the— you know — the Board has to inquire what his relationship is, but I would like the Board to note that we don’t usually see 30 letters and aside from that, most of these letters ... were hand written. His family sat down and hand wrote. They didn’t just sign something somebody typed .... and I think that’s reflective of the new person that he is.... I just don’t think it’s a coincidence that this many people are so open to allowing him to come home, to helping him. I mean, he’s got a tremendous amount of family support. He’s got at least five job offers.

(Pet. Exh. A pp. 80-81.)

In Ledesma’s address to the Board, he discussed the victim, his remorse at having taken a life and for the effect on the victim’s family, his insights into why he “killed Jack for no reason at all, just because I was angry individual” and a “messed up kid,” and his commitment to staying drug- and alcohol-free, acknowledging his need and intention to continue with 12-step programs after release. (Pet. pp. 82-83.) He acknowledged “doing all the wrong things” as a young person. He traced his educational and vocational work while in prison, relating it to a goal of “paying back what I did” if he is released and with his plans “to continue to keep on doing outside what I did inside, avail myself to programs,” recognizing “it’s just a start just a beginning.” (Id. p. 83.) He identified several realistic career goals, then summarized: “I just want to say that [if] you take a chance on me on finding me suitable for parole and you will not be disappointed. I have a great network out there. I have a great system, which I’ve implemented in here.” (Id. at pp. 83-84.) He described his coping skills for avoiding drugs by describing the recovery programs’ 12 steps and what they mean, then emphasized:

I’ve got this ingrained in me. I’m continuing to do it when I get out, go to AA, go[ ] to NA, talk to my sponsors.... I had to work on my anger because ultimately, that’s why I killed Jack. I had so much anger that which [sic ] I had suppressed and repressed, I didn’t even know I was doing that until I went to years and years of therapy .... ultimately I’d just store it up, bottle it up, and then displaced on the victim. I had to learn coping skills to deal with my anger .... And from what the psychs say anger is energy.... Think about it and use that in a positive, constructive way, and I’ve been doing that for the last 30 years, never had a problem in prison.... I’ve went to numerous, numerous, numerous groups that the Board recommended and I went and I benefited and I learned. I applied myself---- I examined myself and I worked on a lot of things that need to be worked on in my life and I’m going to continue to do that when I get out.... I’m going to work hard to get out there because what I did with— what I did to Jack, what I [sic ] killed Jack and he didn’t have it coming and I owe that to him. I owe him my best, and not just him. I’m not minimizing Jack, not minimizing my fault.... I accept full responsibility for everything I did.... For all my criminal history, for all everything I’ve done, I want to get everything out in the open, pay my debt to society, and continue to move on. And I think that I’ve made great steps and I’ll continue to make great steps and strides when I get out. I’ve done 30 years in prison, which is almost double the time that I’ve seen other lifers with the same crime as myself, murder, robbery.... [L]ike I said, if you take a chance on me, I’m not going to let you down, I’m not going to let myself down, I’m not going to let my family down, I’m not going to let God down, and I’m not going to let Jack down.... Got a good network in place that are going to help me ... make my transition back into society, and that’s what I’ve been working all along. I’ve been doing exactly what the Board asked me to do. All the Commissioners saying you know what, you got to earn your way out, buddy.... [¶] ... and I’ve compiled with everything the Board recommended. They recommended that I do my time, I upgrade myself education/vocationally, and ... stay clean.... And I’ve been doing that. Hey, I was a knucklehead when I came in. You know- — I was drinking. I was — you know — not caring, but then I wised up and then I started working and was like look at the change. Look at ... what I’ve done. I’ve kept my nose clean and my last 115 was 12 years ago. In the last 22 years, the last 22 years I received one 115. We’re talking about time. When I’d like to get out so much would I do — have I earned it? I would like to think that I have. I would like to think that me and my program has got it. And I’ll keep working it, keep working at it now and when I get out....

(Pet. Exh. A pp. 84-88 (emphasis added).)

2. Hearing Result And Reasoning

Following a recess, the panel announced another one-year denial of parole based on its formulaic conclusion Ledesma was still “not suitable for parole and would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to society or threat to public safety if released from prison.” (Pet. Exh. A p. 90.) First, the Presiding Commissioner reviewed the factual detail of the commitment offenses, quoting the statutory factor language “the offense was carried out in a manner which demonstrates an exceptionally insensitive and [sic] disregard for human suffering.” {Id. p. 90.) “[T]he motive for the crime was inexplicable and very trivial in relation to this offense and again the terms of anger, I guess, the money situation greed, and obviously to support a drug habit.” paradoxically supplying a motive to the allegedly “inexplicable” crime. {Id. pp. 90-91 (emphasis added).) “Again, these conclusions are drawn from the Statement of Facts wherein the prisoner on October 7th of 1976, along with his two other crime partners,” robbed the grocery store, “and when the victim Jack Mason was not able to open up a certain safe due to the fact that he did not have a key the prisoner became impatient and angrg and shot the victim in the abdomen causing his death.” {Id. p. 91 (emphasis added).) The Presiding Commissioner concluded, “The prisoner has a record of violence and assaultive behavior, an escalating pattern of criminal conduct and/or violence [up to age 19], he’s failed to profit from society’s previous attempts to correct his criminality [through] juvenile probation, juvenile camp, county jail.” {Id. p. 91-92 (emphasis added).)

By all accounts, he does come from an unstable social history, again, dropping out at the age of 16 years old from high school. Substance abuse issues, the use of heroin and alcohol ... at an early age. By all ... accounts a dysfunctional family setting. In regards to his criminal history he has [juvenile] arrests for possession of heroin, burglary, robberies, and property offenses.

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 92 (emphasis added).)

Turning to Ledesma’s “misconduct while incarcerated,” the Presiding Commissioner counted “13 128 counseling ehrono’s, most recent July the 3rd of 1996, theft of state pants.” (Pet. Exh. A, p. 92). He counted ten “serious 115 disciplinary reports,” with the most recent “May 6th of 1994 for possession of intoxicating glue.” {Id.)

Apparently persuaded by the DA’s critical opinions of the forensic psychological assessments, the panel dismissed the most recent Psychological Report in a single, unelaborated sentence: “The Psychological Report dated May 19th of 2006 authored by Dr. Schroeder is supportive, but incomplete [in unspecified ways] again so with that we’ll go into parole plans,” and ordered a new Psychological Evaluation “for your next hearing in 2007.” (Pet. Exh. A, pp. 92-93 (emphasis added).) The commissioner admonished Ledesma to “[e]ooperate with ... a clinician in the completion of a clinical evaluation” despite the lack of evidence Ledesma had ever failed to do so. (Id., p. 93.)

Again, in regards to your arrangements for [parole] residence and employment, I think they are satisfactory and as far as marketable skills, you have all of those. So in regards to— again the PC 3042 notices the district Attorney of Orange County opposes your parole suitability. Also note that the Deputy District Attorney from Orange County is present and also opposes the finding of parole suitability. Nevertheless, the prisoner should be commended for his vocational programs. Again, in the — as a Radiology tech, meat cutting also marketable skills in the area of repair and maintenance for sewing machines education obtaining your GED your AA and as well as now continuing on to get your BS degree. Also as well as your classification score to be zero and your participation in AA and NA again since 1999. However, these positive aspects of your behavior do not outweigh the factors of unsuitability.

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 92-93 (emphasis added).)

The panel had rejected out of hand the clinical evidence attesting to the genuineness and permanence of his remorse, his recovery from antisocial personality tendencies, and the low risk he would pose to public safety if released. To this end, the Deputy Commissioner supported the panel’s rejection of that evidence, instead focusing on an isolated and paraphrased statement Ledesma made in passing:

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER LUSH-BOUGH: ... There was something you said and it really struck me and perhaps you didn’t meant it the way it came out. I’ll share it with you only because it was just [sic ] kind of caught my ear. You said — you were talking about remorse and you said that you were really — you know — sorry because you were put in the position and did the crime and I have to tell you something. It came out sounding as if you were a — you felt you were a helpless pawn, that some unknown force had put you there You know and I know that you took yourself there for whatever reason — you know— and I guess that kind of caught my ear because I can appreciate the fact that you had a dysfunctional background, as your Counsel described. She described it as abusive. I can appreciate that, but that still doesn’t place you where you were with that shotgun and if you didn’t — and I didn’t hold that against you, but it was just a communication thing and I wanted to just explore it with you and tell you that it really kind of came off kind of like you felt that you weren’t really at fault. And I know that can’t be the case....

INMATE LEDESMA: Not at all.

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 95-96 (emphasis added); of. Pet. Exh. A, 26:7-9 (“I take full responsibility for everything I did”); 87:25-26 (“What, do I deserve to get out? No, I don’t deserve it.... I deserve to stay in prison the rest of my life, but the time frame, which the legislature had determined for my crime, I have already exceeded.”).)

The Presiding Commissioner gave Ledesma generalized and cursory advice. “The Panel recommends that the prisoner remain disciplinary free” as, this Court notes, he had been for more than ten years prior to the 2006 hearing. (Pet. Exh. A, p. 93.) “If available, continue your participation in self-help, especially in the AA/ NA,” programs Ledesma had actively pursued since at least 1999. (Id.) “And again, more therapy programs along with [ ] the AA/NA.” (Id.) “I know that you were involved in life skills, but I think that you need to direct yourself a little more in your self-help studies as well,” an enigmatic observation considering the record of Ledesma’s participation in virtually all available programs and his documented quest for more. (Id.) The Presiding Commissioner continued:

A couple of things that I want you to note, Mr. Ledesma, is that in regards to your remorse today the Panel does have some concerns I think in some of your remarks that you have indicated as to when you were talking about the people that you’ve hurt and harmed. I mainly heard about what you — yourself and your family, but I really didn’t hear anything regarding the family of the victim, Mr. Mason, or himself. The Panel agrees that there was some arrogance about you today and I don’t know I sense that it’s because — -you know you’ve been here a number of times and maybe you come with an attitude that’s at this point in time you feel that now you do deserve a date and that you should get out and that you’ve done 30 years, as you had indicated. And I want to clear this with you in the sense that is not the case, Mr. Ledesma. The case is that in— from 1978 to 1994 you me — we’re [sic ] messing up and in looking at it, again, more than half of those 29 years we’re talking about we didn’t — we look at this as you — that you started making a turn about 12 years ago. But prior to that, you had numerous — half of the ten 115’s had to do with substance abuse, either possession of pruno or under the influence. Okay? So do we look back at when you first entered this institution? No, we look back at 19[94] ... your last 115---- Okay? So I think that’s where you need to start, sir. All right? And take a good look at that....

(Pet Exh. A, pp. 93-94.) The Court observes, from the entirety of the hearing record, the Presiding Commissioner’s “arrogance” remarks appear to be directed at Ledesma’s evident pride in his accomplishments and confidence in his ability to continue his self-improvement and to remain drug-free.

Commissioner Martinez concluded:

... I don’t — certainly do not take away anything from you from what you’ve done and what you’ve accomplished. I place a lot of weight on that as far as your — what you’ve done for yourself in here and programmed because you’re an exception as far as inmates are concerned that come in here because majority of them, all I get is excuses— you know — as to why they haven’t been able to do this or why they haven’t been able to program. Okay? So you have made these things happen for yourself and that is commendable. All right?

(Pet. Exh. A, pp. 94-95 (emphasis added).)

The Deputy Commissioner added:

Well, I also want to agree that you’ve done a lot of very positive things and I think you need to be commended for that and I certainly do commend you for all the good things you’ve done. I have to agree with the Commissioner, however, more than half of that 29 years you were really getting yourself in trouble and Pm sorry about that, but I can see that the last 12 you have begun to take a new path. That’s great. Pm glad.

(Pet. Exh. A, p. 95 (emphasis added).)

C. State Habeas Corpus Proceedings

Ledesma unsuccessfully sought habeas relief from the November 2006 parole denial in the Orange County Superior Court. He presented five grounds for relief:

1. The Board of Parole Hearings’ decision was arbitrary and devoid of any evidence relevant to petitioner’s current suitability for parole in violation of petitioner’s protected liberty interest in parole and right to due process.

2. The Board of Parole Hearings’ repeated denial of parole based solely on the unchanging circumstances of the commitment offenses and social/criminal history has impermissibly transformed petitioner’s sentence to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole in violation of petitioner’s right to due process.

3. The determination of petitioner’s parole suitability under the more onerous guidelines set forth by the Determinate Sentencing Law rather than under the Indeterminate Sentencing Law guidelines in effect at the time of the commitment offenses violates the constitutional proscription against ex post facto legislation and petitioner’s right to due process.

4. The “some evidence” standard of judicial review should not be applied to review petitioner’s constitutional claims.

5. The inherent anti-parole bias by the Governor and the Board’s failure to comply with statutory composition requirements for the Board violates petitioner’s protected liberty interest in parole and right to due process.

(Pet. Exh. K, pp. 2-3 (emphasis added).)

By Order entered August 15, 2007, the Superior Court enumerated the six BPH findings under review as:

A. The commitment offenses targeted multiple victims for a very trivial motive and were carried out in an especially vicious and brutal manner.

B. Petitioner has a history of prior criminality.

C. Petitioner has an unstable social history.

D. Petitioner has a record of institutional misconduct.

E. Petitioner’s most recent psychological assessment is supportive but incomplete.

F. Opposition to parole was expressed by the Orange County District Attorney’s Office.

(Pet. Exh. K, p. 2 (emphasis added).)

The Superior Court applied the “some evidence” standard of judicial review as “established by the California Supreme Court on this issue,” citing In re Rosenkrantz, 29 Cal.4th 616, 654, 128 Cal.Rptr.2d 104, 59 P.3d 174 (2002). (Pet. Exh. K, p. 7.) “Courts may review the factual basis of a decision of the Board denying parole in order to ensure that the decision complies with due process of law,” but “may only inquire whether some evidence in the record before the Board supports the decision to deny parole, based upon the factors specified by statute and regulation.” (Pet. Exh. K, p. 5, citing Rosenkrantz, 29 Cal.4th at 658, 128 Cal.Rptr.2d 104, 59 P.3d 174.) The Superior Court found “three of the six findings made by the Board lack adequate evidentiary support,” but found evidence for “the Board’s conclusion that petitioner remains currently unsuitable for release on parole.” (Pet. Exh. K, pp. 3-5 (emphasis added).) “The circumstances of the commitment offense and petitioner’s criminal history alone reasonably justify the Board’s lingering concern over petitioner’s current suitability for release on parole.” (Pet. Exh. K, p. 4.) In particular, the court found evidence to support the Board’s conclusion the “circumstances of the commitment offenses” were “especially vicious and brutal acts carried out with an exceptionally callous disregard for human suffering,” and “petitioner has a history of prior criminality,” citing Pen. Code § 3041(b) and Cal.Code Regs., tit. 15, § 2281(b) and (e)(l)(A)(B)(D)(E). (Pet. Exh. K, p. 3.) The court observed Petitioner’s juvenile record “reveals petitioner sustained multiple juvenile arrests and/or adjudications on charges of theft, possession of controlled substances, burglary, and robbery” (Pet. Exh. K, p. 4). The court found those factors “reflect a level of cruel premeditation and a callous and persistent disregard for the safety and well being of others that cannot be ignored,” concluding, “[Pjetitioner’s documented inability to abide by the law consistently and his brutally violent and random victimization of innocent bystanders during the commitment offenses support the Board’s conclusion that petitioner remains currently unsuitable for release on parole.” (Pet. Exh. K, pp. 4-5 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added).)

The court rejected Ledesma’s argument the BPH “impermissibly continues to rely on the unchanging circumstances of his commitment offenses and criminal history to deny him parole in violation of his right to due process.” (Pet. Exh. K, p. 6.) The court also dismissed Ledesma’s due process and ex post facto challenges to the BPH’s application of the Determinate Sentencing Law (“DSL”). The court discounted any constitutional concern over retrospective application of the DSL sentencing guidelines: “Standards employed under the former indeterminate sentencing law [ (“ISL”) ] for determining parole were not altered by the enactment of the” DSL. (Pet. Exh. K, p. 7, citing inter alia Connor v. Estelle, 981 F.2d 1032, 1034-35 (9th Cir.1992) (“We agree with the California courts that the application of the DSL parole-suitability guidelines to prisoners sentenced under the ISL does not disadvantage them, and therefore does not violate the federal constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws”) and In re Duarte, 143 Cal.App.3d 943, 950-51, 193 Cal.Rptr. 176 (1983) (“there has been neither a change in philosophy, nor a change in the criteria used to reach” a parole suitability decision.).)

In denying the petition, the court concluded, “The record before the court reflects due consideration of petitioner’s eligibility for parole and an adequate evidentiary foundation for the Board’s decision,” given the BPH’s very broad discretion “to identify and weigh the factors relevant to predicting by subjective analysis whether the inmate will be able to live in society without committing additional antisocial acts” and the court’s obligation to view “the record in the light most favorable to that determination.” (Pet. Exh. K, p. 5, citing, inter alia, In re Fuentes, 135 Cal.App.4th 152, 160, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 426 (2005).) The California Court of Appeal and the California Supreme Court summarily denied Ledesma’s habeas petitions on October 4, 2007 and December 12, 2007, respectively. (Pet. Exhs. L, M.)

D. Federal Habeas Proceedings

Ledesma’s federal Petition was filed in the Central District of California on February 8, 2008. By Order entered February 26, 2008, the matter was transferred to the Eastern District. On March 12, 2008, the court directed Respondent to respond to the Petition. On May 27, 2008, Respondent filed a Motion To Stay proceedings pending the issuance of the mandate in Hayward v. Marshall, 512 F.3d 536 (9th Cir.), reh’g en banc granted, 527 F.3d 797 (9th Cir.2008). Ledesma filed an opposition to a stay. On June 5, 2008, 2008 WL 2312804, the Eastern District court denied the motion, finding “ample binding precedent from the Ninth Circuit other than Hayward which bear [sic ] on the issues in the petition,” citing Superintendent v. Hill, 472 U.S. 445, 457, 105 S.Ct. 2768, 86 L.Ed.2d 356 (1985), Biggs v. Terhune, 334 F.3d 910, 914 (9th Cir.2003), Sass v. California Bd. of Prison Terms, 461 F.3d 1123, 1127-28 (9th Cir.2006), and Irons v. Carey, 505 F.3d 846, 851 (9th Cir.2007). (Dkt. No. 10, 2:19-24.)

Ledesma argues the denial of parole based on the facts of a 31-year-old murder offense and “other immutable ‘facts’ ” violates his right to due process “because he has been determined forensically to pose a low parole risk, far below the ‘unreasonable risk’ codified standard,” and the facts recited in support of denial no longer “bear any nexus to his current parole risk.” (Pet. P & A p. 11 (typography altered).) He has “indisputably” achieved “the maximum level of parole suitability,” and because underlying offense facts can ever improve, “the process has converted his prison term to life without the possibility of parole and extinguished his protected liberty interest in parole.” (Id.) Addressing each BPH unsuitability finding seriatim (Id. pp. 13-40), he contends (A) no evidence supports the notion he poses an “unreasonable risk of danger to society or a threat to public safety,” and (B) the panel’s findings “also flunk the some evidence test” (Id. pp. 11, 12). He also reprises his state law DSL versus ISL challenge as having “abrogated his rights under the due process and ex post facto clauses of the federal and state constitutions.” (Pet. P & A p. 41 (typography altered).)

II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standards

1. Federal Habeas Review

A federal court “shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C.A. § 2254(a). Only errors of federal law can support federal intervention in state court proceedings. Oxborrow v. Eikenberry, 877 F.2d 1395, 1400 (9th Cir.1989). Federal habeas courts are bound by states’ interpretations of their own laws. Himes v. Thompson, 336 F.3d 848, 852 (9th Cir.2003); Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 68, 112 S.Ct. 475, 116 L.Ed.2d 385 (1991) (federal courts may not reexamine state court determinations on state law issues).

Federal habeas petitions filed after April 24, 1996 are governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). AEDPA establishes a “highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings,” requiring “that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Woodford v. Visciotti 537 U.S. 19, 24, 123 S.Ct. 357, 154 L.Ed.2d 279 (2002). Federal courts must presume the correctness of a state court’s factual determinations unless the petitioner “rebut[s] the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). A federal court can grant a prisoner habeas relief only if it determines the result of a claim adjudicated on the merits by a state court “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 694, 122 S.Ct. 1843, 152 L.Ed.2d 914 (2002); Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003) (a state court’s adjudication on the merits “based on a factual determination will not be overturned on factual grounds unless objectively unreasonable in light of the evidenc