Full opinion text
ORDER HAYES, District Judge. The matter before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Plaintiff Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC” or “Commission”) against Defendant Ran H. Furman. (Doc. # 33). I. Background On September 4, 2008, the SEC initiated this action by filing a Complaint in this Court. (Doc. # 1). The Complaint alleges: 3.This case involves a fraudulent scheme by Island Pacific, Inc. (‘Island Pacific’ or the ‘Company’) and its then senior management to overstate the Company’s financial results for the quarters ended September 20, 2003 (‘Q2 2004’), and December 31, 2003 (‘Q3 2004’), and its fiscal year ended March 31, 2004 (‘FY 2004’). The Company’s senior management responsible for the fraud were defendants Barry M. Schechter ..., a controlling person and de facto officer; Ran H. Furman ..., the Chief Financial Officer; and Harvey Braun ..., the Chief Executive Officer. 4. In Q2 2004, Schechter, Furman and Braun caused Island Pacific to improperly record and report $3.9 million in revenue from a sham transaction with an Australian software company, QQQ Systems Pty Limited (‘QQQ’). The transaction had no economic substance or business purpose and instead was entered into in order to artificially inflate Island Pacific’s revenues reported in its financial statements. Subsequently, in the third quarter, Island Pacific improperly recorded an offsetting transaction whereby it purchased from QQQ $3.9 million of software. In fact, no contract finalizing this offsetting transaction was signed until the fourth quarter. Island Pacific and QQQ never exchanged any money as a result of these offsetting agreements. In addition, neither Island Pacific nor QQQ made any effort to sell the other’s software or to determine the fair market value of their software licensing rights as required by applicable accounting principles. 5. As a result of improperly recognizing and reporting the $3.9 million as revenue, Island Pacific overstated its revenues by 140% for Q2 2004, 29% for the nine months ending Q3 2004, and 22% for the 2004 fiscal year, and reported a small profit instead of a massive loss for Q2 2004. The defendants also failed to disclose the sham nature of the QQQ transaction and actively concealed their fraud from Island Pacific’s outside auditors, and the public, by creating forged and/or fabricated documents which they used in an attempt to demonstrate that the recognition of revenue from the transaction was proper. Additionally, Furman fired a company whistleblower who expressed concern in an email that the offsetting transactions were ‘structured in a manner that is intended to inflate revenues for the purpose of boosting the corporation’s share price.’ 6. As part of the fraudulent scheme, Schechter sold 637,750 shares of Island Pacific stock, receiving $488,410 in ill-gotten gains. 7. By engaging in this conduct, the defendants variously violated and aided and abetted violations of the antifraud, issuer reporting and record-keeping, internal controls, and prohibition against misrepresentations to accountants provisions of the federal securities laws. The Commission seeks to obtain injunctions from future violations, civil penalties, and officer and director bars against Schechter, Furman, and Braun, and additionally to obtain disgorgement of ill-gotten gains from Schechter. (Doc. # 1 ¶¶ 3-7). The Complaint alleges the following claims: (1) fraud in the offer or sale of securities against Schechter pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 77q(a); (2) fraud in connection with the purchase or sale of securities against all Defendants pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b); (3) violations of issuer reporting requirements against Defendant Retail Pro, Inc. formerly known as Island Pacific, Inc. (“Island Pacific”) and aiding and abetting issuer reporting violations against the individual Defendants pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 78m(a); (4) record-keeping violations against all Defendants pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2)(A) and related regulations; (5) misrepresentations to accountants against the individual Defendants pursuant to 17 C.F.R. § 240.13b2-2; (6) internal control violations against all Defendants pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(2)(B) and related regulations; and (7) false certification violations against Furman and Braun pursuant to 17 C.F.R. § 240.13a-14. On September 4, 2008, Defendants Schechter, Braun and Island Pacific each entered appearances, waived service of process, and consented to the entry of final judgment. (Doc. #3, 4, 5). The consent to the entry of final judgment signed by Schechter states: Without admitting or denying the allegations of the complaint ..., Defendant hereby consents to the entry of the Final Judgment in the form attached hereto ..., which ... permanently enjoins and restrains Defendant from [Securities Act] violation[s] ...; ... orders Defendant to pay disgorgement in the amount of $488,410 ...; ... orders Defendant to pay a civil penalty in the amount of $120,000 ...; and ... bars Defendant from serving as an officer or director of a public company for a period of ten years.... (Doc. # 5 ¶ 2). The consent to the entry of final judgment signed by Braun states: Without admitting or denying the allegations of the complaint ..., Defendant hereby consents to the entry of the Final Judgment in the form attached hereto ..., which ... permanently enjoins and restrains Defendant from [Securities Act] violation[s] ...; ... orders Defendant to pay a civil penalty in the amount of $75,000 ...; and ... bars Defendant from serving as an officer or director of a public company for a period of five years.... (Doc. # 4 ¶ 2). The consent to the entry of final judgment signed by Island Pacific’s general counsel states: “Without admitting or denying the allegations of the complaint ..., Defendant hereby consents to the entry of the Final Judgment in the form attached hereto ..., which ... permanently enjoins and restrains Defendant from [Securities Act] violation^]----” (Doc. # 3 ¶ 2). On October 8, 2008, Furman filed an Answer to the Complaint and Jury Demand. (Doc. # 9). On October 15, 2008, the Court entered final judgments against Island Pacific, Schechter and Braun, pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Doc. # 12,14,16). On August 10, 2009, the SEC filed the Motion for Summary Judgment against Furman, the sole remaining Defendant. (Doc. # 33). On September 14, 2009, Furman filed a response in opposition to the Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. #36). On September 16, 2009, Furman filed Objections to the SEC’s evidence proferred in support of the Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. # 40). On September 25, 2009, the SEC filed a reply. (Doc. # 41). On October 13, 2009, the Court heard oral argument on the Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. # 43). II. Facts A. The Parties At all relevant times, Island Pacific, a Delaware Corporation, was headquartered in Irvine, California, and also had offices in La Jolla, California. (Undisputed Fact # 5). During all relevant times, Island Pacific developed and sold computer software to the retail industry. (Id.) During the relevant period, Island Pacific’s common stock was registered with the Commission pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act and traded on the American Stock Exchange. (Id.) Defendant Schechter founded Island Pacific (then known as SVI Solutions, Inc.) in 1994 and, at various times, has been its Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and its Chairman of the Board of Directors. (Undisputed Fact # 6). During the relevant period, Schechter was designated as a consultant to Island Pacific. (Id.) Defendant Braun was Island Pacific’s CEO from April 2003 to April 2004, and the Chairman of the Board of Directors from July 2003 to February 2004. (Undisputed Fact # 7). Braun and Steven Beck, Island Pacific’s President, were the “daily operators” of Island Pacific during the relevant time. (Furman Test, at 52, Furman Ex. 77). Defendant Furman was a CPA in Washington State but allowed his CPA license to expire in 1993. (Undisputed Fact # 3). From 1990 to 1992, Furman worked for the accounting firm Deloitte & Touche, where he participated in audits of public companies. (Id.) From approximately 2001 to 2003, Furman was Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) of Edigital, a public company. (Undisputed Fact #2). Furman was the CFO of Island Pacific from September 2003 to January 2005. (Undisputed Fact # 1). B. License Agreement In September 2003, Island Pacific and QQQ, a newly-formed Australian corporation, negotiated a software license agreement (the “License Agreement”). (Fur-man Deck, Doc. # 36-3, ¶ 16; Furman Dep. at 74, Pk’s Ex. 3). Defendant Schechter negotiated the License Agreement on behalf of Island Pacific, and Shaun Rosen, the CEO of QQQ, negotiated the License Agreement on behalf of QQQ. (Rosen Dep. at 43, Furman Ex. 3; Furman Decl., Doc. # 36-2, ¶ 16). Furman had no involvement in the negotiation of the License Agreement. (Rosen Dep. at 43-44, Furman Ex. 3; Furman Decl. ¶ 16, Doc. # 36-2). On September 25, 2003, Defendant Braun sent Rosen a letter, which states: This letter serves to confirm that Island Pacific is currently in negotiations with QQQ to acquire the rights to certain intellectual property owned and held by QQQ. Island Pacific is simultaneously negotiating the sale of its point of sale division to QQQ and has completed the sale of an unrestricted license to QQQ of Island Pacific’s enterprise application, version 1.5. This letter further confirms that the payment terms extended to QQQ for the sale of version 1.5 will be changed to coincide with the closing of the other transactions contemplated in this letter, when completed. (Pl.’s Ex. 10 at 222; Rosen Dep. at 75, PL’s Ex. 6). Schechter asked Braun to sign the letter; Braun “presume[d]” that the letter was drafted by Schechter. (Braun Dep. at 17-18, Moser Decl. Ex. 2, Doc. # 41-4). Rosen testified that he has never spoken to Braun, and he has not had “any contact whatsoever with Furman.” (Rosen Dep. at 44, 76, PL’s Ex. 6). Furman states in his affidavit: In 2003, I had no knowledge of a letter dated September 25, 2003 from Braun to Shaun Rosen----I was never told that there was an agreement or letter sent to Mr. Rosen that indicated payments due from QQQ would coincide with payments due to QQQ. The first time I saw or had knowledge of such a letter ... was when the SEC presented it to me for review while taking my investigative testimony in March 2007. (Furman Deck, Doc. # 36-3, ¶ 14). Furman signed a version of the License Agreement on behalf of Island Pacific. (PL’s Ex. 8 at 197; Furman Dep. at 79-80, PL’s Ex. 3). The version of the License Agreement signed by Furman granted QQQ a non-exclusive license to distribute Island Pacific’s “Host Retail Merchandising Program” software (“Host software”) in Australia and New Zealand. (PL’s Ex. 8 at 194-98). The SEC contends: Although Furman, on behalf of Island Pacific, and Shaun Rosen ..., on behalf of QQQ, signed the same signature page of the License Agreement, Rosen signed a different version of the License Agreement than the one pursuant to which revenue was recognized by Island Pacific. Specifically, according to the terms of the License Agreement executed by QQQ, QQQ agreed to pay Island Pacific, at QQQ’s option, either: (1) $3.25 million in two equal installments of $1,625 million on November 15, 2003, and December 31, 2003; or (2) 20% of QQQ’s net sublicensing fees to a maximum of $4 million. In contrast, Exhibit B to the License Agreement which bears the signatures of both Rosen and Furman provided that QQQ would pay both Q$3.25 million in two equal installments of $1,625 million on November 15, 3 and December 31, 2003; and (2) per copy-royalty payments for a period of thirty-six months. Unlike the rest of the License Agreement, Exhibit B to the latter version does not bear the fax footprint which is on each of the remaining pages, and which sets forth the date of September 29, 2003, the name “Shaun Rosen,” and Rosen’s home fax number. In fact, Rosen never agreed to the terms set forth in this version of Exhibit B. (SEC’s Statement of Material Facts ¶ 10 (emphasis in original) (citing Pl.’s Ex. 6, Rosen Dep. at 50-51, 67-69; Pi’s Ex. 7; Pl.’s Ex. 8), Doc. # 33-3). Furman contends: Shaun Rosen ... in fact did agree to the terms requiring payment of (1) $3.25M and (2) royalty payments of 10% for 36 mos. as evidenced by his signature to the ... License ... Agreement entered into September 19, 2003. [PL’s Ex. 8] is a separate agreement from [PL’s Ex. 7] evidenced by the fact that there is no colon after the word ‘By’ on the signature page of [PL’s Ex. 8], while there is a colon in the same location in [PL’s Ex. 7], Furman is certain that when [Island Pacific] recorded revenue for the License Agreement for the quarter ended September 30, 2003, that [Island Pacific] had a signed agreement documenting the $3.9 million sale price. (Furman’s Statement of Genuine Issues at 5 (emphasis in original) (citing Pi’s Ex. 7; PL’s Ex. 8; Furman Decl. ¶ 13 (“When [Island Pacific] recorded revenue for the Second Quarter 2004, I believed that [Island Pacific] had an agreement signed during that quarter documenting the $3.9 million sale price.”), Doc. #36-2; PL’s Ex. 35)). On September 30, 2003, Island Pacific shipped software to QQQ in accordance with the License Agreement. (Rosen Dep. at 62, Pi’s Ex. 6.) Furman believed this shipment included “both the Host Retail Merchandise Software and the Direct Software,” and “the cost of the shipment was included in the $3.9 million dollar software sales price.” (Furman Decl., ¶ 15, Doc. # 36-3). On October 3, 2003, Furman sent an email to Schechter and Braun with a subject line, “Revenue forecast for Q2,” which states: “Currently, we have booked $5.22mm revenues for the quarter (including $3.25mm for QQQ).” (PL’s Ex. 11). On October 10, 2003, Furman sent an email to Schechter. (PL’s Ex. 12). Attached to the email is an unsigned copy of the License Agreement, which grants QQQ a license to distribute two Island Pacific programs, “Host” and “Direct,” and provides that QQQ agrees to pay Island Pacific $3.05 million for Host and $650,000 for Direct, payable in two equal installments due on November 15, and December 31, 2003, plus 10% of QQQ’s net sublicensing fees. (PL’s Ex. 12 at 233). Furman’s email to Schechter states: Barry, in the spirit (and language) of the original executed document, the only thing we did was change Exhibit A and B to broaden the definition of ‘Software’ to include Direct, in addition to [Island Pacific] Host. Exhibit B (License and Royalties) also has 2 sections to it-[Island Pacific] Host and Direct. Since everything else is the same and consistent, this is the easiest and I believe the cleanest way to do this. If you want us to change it, please let us know. (Pl.’s Ex. 12 at 227). October 10, 2003, Joseph Dietzler, Island Pacific’s Contract Administrator, sent an email to Furman and Schechter stating, “Gents, Please ensure that the attached version of the QQQ license is used. The only changes are to the Exhibits and the exec summary. No one had advised me that the Merchandising license fee was increased from 3,050,000 to 3,250,000. When I added the Direct program to the license, I was using a draft with the old figure for Merchandising.” (Furman Ex. 71 at 1098; Dietzler Test, at 17-18, PL’s Ex. 30). Furman responded with an email to Schechter and Dietzler: “Thanks. Barry [Schechter], from my side, we have already booked $3.25mm and I plan to book the additional $650k as well. Please make sure these are correct.” (Furman Ex. 71 at 1098). On Friday, October 10, 2003 at 4:41 p.m., Jacqueline Tran, Island Pacific’s Controller, sent an email to Furman stating, ‘When can we book the additional revenue?” (PL’s Ex. 13A at 234; Tran Decl. ¶¶ 2-3). Furman replied to Tran three minutes later, stating: ‘We amended the agreement.” (PL’s Ex. 13A at 234). On Monday, October 13, 2003, Tran replied: “Do you have the revised agreement?” (Id.) On October 13, 2003, Fur-man replied: “This should have both parts.” (Id.) Attached to Furman’s October 13, 2003 email was an unsigned copy of the License Agreement, with the same provisions as the copy attached to Fur-man’s October 10, 2003 email to Schechter, except QQQ is required to pay Island Pacific $3.25 million for Host and $650,000 for Direct, payable in two equal installments due on November 15, and December 31, 2003, plus 10% of QQQ’s net sublicensing fees. (PL’s Ex. 13A at 241). Furman testified that it was his understanding that the final “sale price of $3,900,000” in the License Agreement “was arrived at prior to the close of September 30, 2003.” (Id. at 98). When asked if the “final sale price” was “documented as of September 30, 2003,” Furman responded, “That I’m not sure of.” (Id.) Furman states in his affidavit: I understood the document marked as [Pi’s Ex. 8] to be the authoritative license agreement, as of September 30, 2003, between [Island Pacific] and QQQ Systems Pty Limited ..., with the exception that [Pi’s Ex. 8] did not accurately represent the details of the License Agreement as negotiated between [Island Pacific] and QQQ, while [PL’s Ex. 13A, i.e., the version of the License Agreement attached to Furman’s October 13, 2003 e-mail to Tran] did resent the details of the License Agreement between [Island Pacific] and QQQ as of September 20, 2003.... The License Agreement granted QQQ a license to distribute both Host Retail Merchandise Software ... and the Direct Software .... Specifically, I understood the agreed upon terms of the License Agreement, as of September 30, 2003, granted QQQ a license to distribute both Host and Direct software, and required that QQQ pay [Island Pacific] $3.25 million for Host and $650,000 for Direct (payable in two equal installments due on November 15, and December 31, 2003), plus 10% of QQQ’s net sublicensing fees.... When [Island Pacific] recorded revenue for the Second Quarter 2004, I believed [Island Pacific] had an agreement signed during that quarter documenting the $3.9 million sale price. (Furman Decl. ¶¶ 11-13 (emphasis in original), Doc. # 36-3). “As far as [Furman] knew,” QQQ was a newly formed corporation with no payment history with Island Pacific. (Furman Dep. at 74, Pl.’s Ex. 3). Furman did not review QQQ’s financial statements or perform any other due diligence to determine whether QQQ had any ability to pay the $3.9 million. (Furman Dep. at 19, 22 & 40, Pl.’s Ex. 3.) Instead, Furman relied on representations by Schechter that the funds were collectable from QQQ. (Id. at 20-21; Furman Decl., Doc. # 36-3, ¶ 16). In September 2003, Schechter told Furman: (1) that he had known Mr. Rosen (the CEO of QQQ) and the principals of QQQ or many years, and that they had done business together; (2) that Mr. Rosen was a majority shareholder in QQQ and had made a large investment into QQQ; (3) that Mr. Rosen was a very wealthy individual; and (4) that QQQ was looking to grow into a larger company. (Furman Decl., Doc. # 36-3, ¶ 16). “As of September 2003, [Furman] believed that (1) QQQ had access to sufficient funds to honor the terms of the License Agreement on the required due dates, (2) ... QQQ intended to pay, and (3) ... Rosen had the ability to pay on behalf of QQQ, if needed.” (Id. ¶ 17). Rosen testified that he could not recall having entered into an agreement with Island Pacific to pay $650,000 for Island Pacific’s Direct software. (Rosen Dep. at 73, PL’s Ex. 6). Rosen testified that QQQ “never had that kind of cash” necessary to pay a $3.9 million invoice. (Id. at 66). On November 11, 2003, Braun, Furman and Tran signed a management representation letter sent to Island Pacific’s auditors in connection with the auditors’ review of the Company’s financial statements for its quarter ended September 30, 2003 (i.e., Q2 2004). (Furman Dep. at 168-69; PL’s Ex. 19.) The letter states: We confirm, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the following representations made to you during your review: 1. The interim financial information ... is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States .... 6. We have no knowledge of any fraud or suspected fraud affecting the Company involving Management ... [or] Employees who have significant roles in internal controls.... 12. There are no material transactions that have not been properly recorded in the accounting records underlying the interim financial information. ... (PL’s Ex. 19 at 801-02). On November 12, 2003, Island Pacific filed its quarterly report on Form 10-Q with the SEC for its quarter ended September 30, 2003 (i.e., Q2 2004). (PL’s Ex. 15). Tran provided “the numbers that [Island Pacific] put in the [Form 10-Q]” and then Furman supplied “pretty much all the verbiage” in Island Pacific’s Form 10-Q. (Furman Test, at 57, PL’s Ex. 4). Furman signed the Form 10-Q, and signed a required certification which asserted that to his knowledge: (1) the Form 10-Q did not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading; and (2) the Form 10-Q fairly presented, in all material respects, Island Pacific’s financial condition and results of operations. (Id. at 180-81; PL’s Ex. 15 at 416-17, 419). Island Pacific’s Q2 2004 Form 10-Q disclosed that the transaction with QQQ accounted for 46% of Island Pacific’s accounts receivable, and 32% of Island Pacific’s net sales for the six months ended September 30, 2003, and represented that the License Agreement was a one-time transaction. (Pl.’s Ex. 15 at 368, 395). After the market closed on November 12, 2003, at or about 4:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (“EST”), Island Pacific announced its Q2 2004 financial results in a press release headlined “Company Reports 76% Increase in Revenues,” which represented that Island Pacific earned $6.7 million in revenues — a 76% increase over revenues of $3.8 million for the same period in the previous year. (Pl.’s Ex. 20; Undisputed Fact # 31). Island Pacific also reported gross profit (revenues minus cost of goods sold) of $5.6 million, and income from continuing operations of $699,000. (Undisputed Fact # 31). When Island Pacific issued a press release “that had some numbers attached to them,” Tran “supplied the numbers to [Furman] ... and then a lot of times [Furman wrote] a lot of the verbiage concerning ... just the numbers themselves.” (Furman Dep. at 68, Pl.’s Ex. 4). In his affidavit, Furman states: I was only partially involved in the drafting of the [earnings] press releases, as I received input, assistance and final approval from other parties.... Any figures I inserted into [Island Pacific]’s press releases for [Island Pacific]’s Second Quarter 2004, Third Quarter 2004 and Fiscal Year End 2004 were those taken from the financial statements, account reconciliations and/or draft 10-Qs or 10-Ks that had already been reviewed and signed off by the auditors .... As another ‘check and balance,’ [Island Pacific]’s Chief Executive Officer, attorneys, [Island Pacific] audit committee, auditors at SingerLewak and others would review and sign-off on both the earnings press releases and final 10-Qs and 10-Ks prior to publication. The figures inserted into IP’s Second Quarter 2004, Third Quarter 2004 and Fiscal Year End 2004 public filings were all reviewed and signed-off on by the auditors and all of the above listed, including Mr. Schechter and Harvey Braun. (Furman Decl. ¶¶ 9-10, Doc. # 36-3; see also Tran Decl. ¶¶ 5-6, Doc. # 36-4 (same)). On November 12, 2003, at 4:30 p.m. EST, Island Pacific broadcast an earnings conference call with securities analysts and shareholders over the Internet. (Compl. ¶ 24, Doc. # 1; Furman Answer ¶ 24, Doc. # 9.) Furman was present and spoke during the earnings conference call. Furman spoke from a script, which he drafted. (Furman Test, at 69, Pl.’s Ex. 4). Furman stated, in part: We reported revenues of approximately $6.7 million, a 75.9% increase versus revenues of $3.8 million for the year-earlier period.... The increase in gross profit [from $2.2 million in the same quarter in the prior year to $5.6 million] is due primarily to an increase in higher margin software sales and a reduction in professional services.... (Pl.’s Ex. 21 at 2-3; see also Furman Test, at 177, PL’s Ex. 4). During the November 12, 2003 earnings conference call, Braun stated: We showed solid sequential revenue growth during the second quarter even while we took important steps to position the company for the second half of the year to ensure that we meet the Fiscal 2004 guidance we outlined in the first quarter and are reaffirming today. ... [W]e expect to report annual sales revenues of $31 to $33 million ... which is the same guidance we announced during our first quarter call. Obviously this implies that we will generate significant third and fourth quarter revenues to reach this target. We are comfortable with those expectations .... (Pl.’s Ex. 21 at 5 & 8). Braun’s comments were also from a script, which Furman, among others, reviewed in advance of the call. (Furman Test, at 70, PL’s Ex. 4). The QQQ transaction was not mentioned during the conference call. (Furman Test, at 178, PL’s Ex. 4). On November 13, the day following the positive earnings release, Island Pacific’s stock closed at $2.25, up 8.2% from the prior day’s close, and trading volume increased to 1.75 million shares, up from the prior five-day average trading volume of 100,160 shares. (Undisputed Fact # 37). C. Sublicense Agreement Island Pacific and QQQ negotiated an agreement (“Sublicense Agreement”) whereby Island Pacific agreed to purchase a sublicense to market QQQ’s “Pyramid” software for $3.9 million “payable on the Effective Date in the form of a set off against indebtedness of QQQ to [Island Pacific], plus revenue sharing....” (Undisputed Fact # 38; PL’s Ex. 24 at 858). The Sublicense Agreement is signed by Rosen on behalf of QQQ and Steven Beck, Island Pacific’s President, on behalf of Island Pacific. (PL’s Ex. 24 at 867). The Sublicense Agreement is dated December 14, 2003, and states that its effective date is December 31, 2003. (Id. at 854-55). As early as August 26, 2003 (prior to Furman joining Island Pacific), Schechter and Beck were interested in pursuing the Pyramid software for Island Pacific. (Furman Ex. 59). By September of 2003, Beck was directing Island Pacific employees to include the Pyramid software in Island Pacific’s proposals to potential clients. (Furman Ex. 60, 61; Malik Dep. at 183, Furman Ex. 58). On September 16, 2003, Defendant Braun, Island Pacific’s CEO, sent an email to multiple Island Pacific employees (but not Furman) referencing the “under development” “Pyramid system,” and stating that Beck “is going to drive this oppty [sic].” (Furman Ex. 65 at 1065). According to Rosen, Island Pacific was selling the Pyramid software “into Island Pacific’s customer base even before the [Sublicense] [A]greement was finalized.” (Rosen Dep. at 195, Furman Ex. 3). QQQ’s Pyramid software, version 1.0 was released in March of 2004. (PL’s Ex. 46 at 1408). As of March of 2004, version 1.1 of the Pyramid software, known as “The Island Pacific Version,” was due in November of 2004. (Id.) However, “in the software industry people sell software that they don’t have [because it’s still under development].” (Malik Dep. at 181-82, Furman Ex. 58). On January 16, 2004, Rosen sent Schechter an email, which stated: “1st draft of pyramid technology agreement[.][L]et me have your comments.” (PL’s Ex. 23 at 837). Attached to the email is an undated and unsigned version of the Sublicense Agreement, which contains different terms from the signed version dated December 14, 2003. (Id.). The “SubLicensing Fee” in the unsigned version is twenty million South African Rands. (Id. at 843). On January 28, 2004, Tran, Island Pacific’s Controller, sent Furman an email, with the subject “QQQ”, which stated: “Do you have the latest copy so we can prepare the journal entry?” (PL’s Ex. 26 at 879). On the same day, Furman forwarded Tran’s email to Joseph Dietzler, Island Pacific’s Contract Administrator, and asked him to forward “what you have for QQQ [to Tran] so she can book it”; and Dietzler responded to Tran, copying Furman, by forwarding an unsigned copy of the Sublicense Agreement (which is dated December 14, 2003 and contains the same terms as the signed version of the Sublicense Agreement). (Id.) Furman testified that, “based on” the evidence recounted above, it does not “seem possible that there could have been a final agreement on December 31, 2003.” (Furman Test, at 143, Pl.’s Ex. 5). However, Furman states in his affidavit: “I believed that the Technology Purchase Agreement between QQQ and [Island Pacific] (‘Pyramid Sublicense Agreement’) dated December 14, 2003 was finalized pri- or to December 31, 2003.... I was not aware that a ‘first draft’ of the Pyramid Sublicense Agreement was being circulated in January 2004.” (Furman Decl. ¶¶ 18-19, Doc. # 36-3). In a note initialed by auditors Sally Au-bury and Marc Abrams on February 11, 2004, Aubury wrote that “On 12/31/03 QQQ sold the licensing rights to market and sell Pyramid POS software in Europe and the U.S. to [Island Pacific],” and “Consideration was as follows[:] $3.9M (Paid by offsetting cost of technology against O/S.” (Furman Ex. 25 at 482; Aubury Dep. at 108-11, Furman Ex. 13). The Sublicense Agreement was recorded in Island Pacific’s books and records as a $3.9 million asset, crediting (i.e., eliminating) the $3.9 million account receivable from QQQ based on the License Agreement. (Furman Test, at 137, PL’s Ex. 5). At the time, Furman thought “[i]t was odd” that “the product that Island Pacific was acquiring from QQQ was worth 3.9 million, which was the same amount as what Island Pacific was selling to QQQ.” (Furman Dep. at 39^0, PL’s Ex. 3). According to Furman, “[a]t the same time, there was an agreement with QQQ on the Pyramid [software] ... that spelled it out that Island Pacific is buying this for 3.9 million.” (Id. at 40). Furman states in his affidavit: The License Agreement and the Pyramid Sublicense Agreement were independent and separate agreements. When [Island Pacific] booked the License Agreement, I understood the transaction to be a firm and final sale not contingent on any other agreements. When [Island Pacific] purchased the Pyramid software via the Pyramid License Agreement, I believed that [Island Pacific] was acquiring an asset to be marketed internationally. (Furman Decl. ¶ 20, Doc. # 36-3). Joseph Dietzler was Island Pacific’s Contract Administrator from September 2003 through February 2004. (Dietzler Test, at 17-18, PL’s Ex. 30). Dietzler was licensed as an attorney in Illinois, although he was not employed by Island Pacific as an attorney and he had no accounting expertise. (Id. at 17; Dietlzer Dep. at 33-34, Furman Ex. 78). Dietzler reported directly to Furman. (Dietzler Test, at 22, PL’s Ex. 30; Furman Test, at 155, PL’s Ex. 5). On multiple occasions, Dietzler disagreed with Steven Beck, Island Pacific’s President. (Dietlzer Dep. at 55-56, Furman Ex. 78). Dietzler testified that “Steve was a hothead and I will pound anybody who is a hothead.... If you’re being irrational, I’m going to tell you, ‘You’re out of line. You’re irrational and you need to start thinking correctly.’ ” (Id. at 55). On February 4, 2004, Dietzler, wrote an email to * Furman, Schechter, Braun, Beck and one other Island Pacific employee. (PL’s Ex. 28). The subject of Dietzler’s email was “Revenue Recognition.” (Id. at 906). The email states: I have continuing concern[ ] that certain transactions involving the company QQQ appear to be structured in a manner that is intended to inflate revenues for the purpose of boosting the corporation’s share price. The ‘sale’ to QQQ under the agreement entered into in late September 2003 creates such an appearance for the following reasons: • Substantial up-front fee for a distribution license, rather than a royalty-stream • Revenue from the transaction comprises approximately 50% of entire quarter’s revenue • Entered into at the close of a quarter in which revenues would have been far short of estimates, if not for the single transaction with Q • Extended payment terms were granted • To date, no payments have been received and are well past due Under another transaction, QQQ is selling product ownership and distribution rights to Island Pacific, and QQQ is to be compensated, in part, through debt forgiveness in amount roughly equal to the amount of the uncollected revenue that was recognized from the September sale to QQQ. Irrespective of the legitimacy of the foregoing transactions, the totality of the surrounding circumstances creates the appearance that the transactions were intended merely to boost the reportable revenue of Island Pacific in the quarter ended September 2003. Further, the timing of the second QQQ transaction is in fact in the current quarter, not the quarter ended December 31, 2003. While the second transaction is not revenue, it must be reported in the current quarter (ending March 31, 2004), as it substantially impacts the corporation’s receivables. To ensure compliance with financial reporting rules, it would seem prudent that revenue recognition policies err on the conservative side, so as to avoid even the appearance of irregularity. Such practices will help ensure that the activities of the company do not precipitate potential allegations of improper accounting. I believe the transactions involving QQQ should be restructured in a manner that makes each entirely independent of the other. As payment has not [been] received for the September 2003 sale, that situation should be dealt with in accordance with routine accounting standards. I recommend that these transactions be given careful reconsideration by both senior management and the company’s outside audit firm prior to release of any earnings report for the quarter ended December 31, 2003. (Id.) “Prior to ... writing the e-mail,” Dietzler “made it clear to” Furman “that [Dietzler] felt uncomfortable with all the negotiations that were happening between Island Pacific and QQQ.” (Furman Test, at 156, PL’s Ex. 5). Furman understood that Dietzler was “alleging that there was a potential fraud.” (Furman Dep. at 78, PL’s Ex. 3). Furman testified: “[Dietzler] talks about irrespective of [the] legitimacy of the foregoing transactions.... [Dietzler] brought up the fact that ... it looks weird rather than these are just made-up transactions.” (Id.) On the day Deitzler sent this email, Schechter sent an email to each of the recipients of Dietzler’s email stating that Schechter and Furman “are taking care of this.” (PL’s Ex. 29 at 907). In his email, Schechter “asks that you do nothing until [Schechter] is able to speak with you personally.” (Id.) Furman testified that, on February 5, 2004 (i.e., the day after Dietzler sent his email), Dietzler “gave ... notice and I believe we actually ended up laying him off to make sure he collected] unemployment when he left.” (Furman Test, at 166, PL’s Ex. 5). On February 5, 2004, Furman signed a Separation Agreement and General Release of Claims whereby Island Pacific agreed to pay Dietzler a lump sum equaling four months salary (minus taxes) within eight days of execution of the Separation Agreement. (Furman Test, at 168, PL’s Ex. 5; PL’s Ex. 31 at 917.) In exchange, Dietzler agreed to release all claims against Island Pacific, to maintain “absolute confidentiality” of the Separation Agreement, and not to make or publish “derogatory” statements about Island Pacific. (Pl.’s Ex. 31 at 917, 919.) On February 12, 2004, Braun (Island Pacific’s CEO), Furman and Tran (Island Pacific’s Controller) signed a management representation letter which was sent to Island Pacific’s auditors, SingerLewak, in connection with the auditors’ review of the Island Pacific’s financial statements for its quarter ended December 31, 2003 (i.e., Q3 2004). (Furman Test, at 57, Pl.’s Ex. 5; Pl.’s Ex. 32). The letter states: We confirm, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the following representations made to you during your review: 1. The interim financial information ... is presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.... 4. There are no significant deficiencies, including material weaknesses, in the design or operation of internal controls which could adversely affect the Company’s ability to record, process, summarize, and report interim financial data.... 6. We have no knowledge of any fraud or suspected fraud affecting the Company involving Management ... [or] Employees who have significant roles in internal controls.... 7. We have no knowledge of any allegations of fraud or suspected fraud affecting the Company received in communications from employees, [or] former employees.... 12. There are no material transactions that have not been properly recorded in the accounting records underlying the interim financial information. ... (PL’s Ex. 32 at 923-24). On February 13, 2004, Island Pacific announced its Q3 2004 financial results in a press release. (PL’s Ex. 33). In the press release, Island Pacific reported, for the three months ending December 31, 2003, revenues of $5.1 million and a loss from continuing operations of $346,000. (Id. at 927). In addition, Island Pacific reported, for the nine months ending December 31, 2003, revenues of $17.3 million and income from continuing operations of $688,000. (Id.) Furman participated in reviewing and editing the press release; in particular, Furman provided the above-quoted numbers. (Furman Test, at 67-68, PL’s Ex. 5). Island Pacific included the $3.9 million License Agreement revenue in its nine-month summary. (Compl. ¶ 38, Doc. 1; Furman Answer ¶ 38, Doc. # 9). On February 13, 2004, at 9:00 a.m. EST, Island Pacific broadcast an earnings conference call with securities analysts and shareholders over the Internet. (Undisputed Fact # 55). Furman and Braun each spoke during the earnings conference call, and Furman participated in reviewing and editing the earnings conference call script. (Id.) Furman stated: We reported revenues of approximately $5.1 million.... We reported a loss from continuing operations of $346,000.... We reported gross profits of $3.7 million .... As a percentage of revenues, gross profit increased to 72.5% from 69.5% in the year earlier period. The increase in gross profit is due primarily to a better mix of higher margin software sales and a reduction in professional services.... For the 9 months ended December 31, 2003, we reported revenues of $17.3 million, a 9.3% increase versus the same period in fiscal 2003. We reported income from continuing operations of $638,000 versus a loss from continuing operations of $4 million for the same period last year.... (Id.; Pl.’s Ex. 34 at 932-33). During the same call, Braun stated: I take responsibility and am personally disappointed in the performance of the group for the third quarter.... It is imperative that you and the stockholders understand that this is a bump in the road.... To put the situation in perspective, Island Pacific lost over $40 million during a recent 3 year period and our performance over the first 9 months of this year reflects a $4 million plus swing in profitability.... (Pl.’s Ex. 34 at 933, 935-36). On or about February 13, 2004, Island Pacific filed its quarterly report on Form 10-Q with the SEC for its third quarter ended December 31, 2003 (i.e., Q3 2004). (PL’s Ex. 16; Furman Test, at 58-59, PL’s Ex. 5). The February 13, 2004 Form 10-Q included revenues from the License Agreement. (PL’s Ex. 16 at 420, 428-29). Specifically, in a paragraph that Furman either drafted or reviewed, the Form 10-Q states that in December 2003, Island Pacific entered into an agreement to purchase software from QQQ for $3.9 million and that the $3.9 million purchase price was paid by offsetting it against the account receivable due from QQQ. (Id.; Furman Test, at 59-60, PL’s Ex. 5). Furman signed the Form 10-Q, and signed a required certification which asserted, that to his knowledge, (1) the Form 10-Q did not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading; and (2) the Form 10-Q fairly presented, in all material respects, Island Pacific’s financial condition and results of operations. (PL’s Ex. 16 at 490-91; Fur-man Test, at 59, PL’s Ex. 5). Between Island Pacific’s announcements of its Q2 2004 and Q3 2004 financial results, Island Pacific stock had traded between $1.75 and $2.90. (Undisputed Fact #60). On February 13, the day of the third quarter earnings announcement, Island Pacific’s stock closed at $1.43, down 32.5% from the prior day’s close of $2.12, and more than 4.8 million shares traded. (Id.). On February 17, the stock fell to $1.37, with more than 2.4 million shares traded. (Id.). Island Pacific’s stock price continued to decline and was trading below $1 by May 2004. (Id.). On March 9, 2004, Tran (Island Pacific’s Controller) sent an unsigned copy of the License Agreement (which states the license fee for the Host and Direct software to be $3.9 million plus royalties) and the Sublicense Agreement (which is dated December 14, 2003) to an auditor at SingerLewak. (PL’s Ex. 9). On March 18, 2004, Beck (Island Pacific’s President) stated in an email that, “[t]he fact of the matter is that we got an incredible bargain on” QQQ’s Pyramid software. (Furman Ex. 62 at 1057; Malik Dep. at 90-91, Furman Ex. 58). On April 7, 2004, an Island Pacific employee sent an email to Beck and others, indicating Island Pacific was still working with the Pyramid software. (Furman Ex. 63). Furman states in his Declaration: “To my knowledge, QQQ actively marketed [Island Pacific]’s product (obtained pursuant to the License Agreement) and negotiating with a larger retailer in Australia who was interested in using the product.” (Furman Decl. ¶ 21, Doc. # 36-3). On May 12, 2004, at the request of Island Pacific’s auditors, Furman authored a memorandum to Island Pacific’s Board of Directors to “document [Furman’s] understanding of the QQQ transactions.” (Fur-man Test, at 229, PL’s Ex. 5; PL’s Ex. 35). The memorandum begins: We’ve spent a lot of time detailing the events surrounding the sale of [Island Pacific] software to QQQ in September 2003 and the purchase of the Pyramid software from QQQ in December 2003. As you recall, the transactions were recorded as follows: (i) $3.9mm in license revenues in Q2 (we had a receivable at the end of Q2) and (ii) capitalization of $3.9mm for the Pyramid assets purchased (the receivable went down to zero while the capitalized assets increased to $3.9mm). (PL’s Ex. 35 at 945). The memorandum then details the history of Harvey Braun (CEO of Island Pacific) and Steven Beck (President of Island Pacific) joining Island Pacific in 2002, and Schechter and QQQ negotiating the License Agreement in 2003. (Id. at 945-46). The memorandum continues: In anticipation of the first payment [under the License Agreement], [Rosen] informed [Beck] in early September that he had transferred money into QQQ. During November, [Rosen] called to tell [Beck] that his controller had erroneously placed the funds he had transferred into a money market account that had a fixed redemption date of December 15, 2003. If he broke the term of this transaction he would have to pay an expensive penalty, greater than the interest earned. [Beck] calculated that we would lose the equivalent of $38,000 in interest by a late penalty, but agreed to the late payment provided that QQQ grant us at least $50,000 in support and development costs. [Rosen] agreed to provide 200 hours of such services to us, and [Beck], in turn, granted the extension to him. In December, we agreed as a matter of convenience, to offset the $1.95mm payment due from QQQ totaling $3.9mm against the amount we owed to QQQ for the acquisition of the Pyramid software ..... (Id. at 946). The memorandum details the history of the Pyramid software, and then states: [Island Pacific] entered into an agreement with QQQ to acquire the Pyramid software in December 2003 for $3.9mm. During the first week of December, ... it appeared that the negotiations to acquire the Pyramid software would drag into the middle/end of December. As discussed previously, we decided to offset the purchase price of the Pyramid software against the amount QQQ owed us. This was documented in the purchase agreement.... (Id. at 947). Braun, Beck and the other two members of Island Pacific’s Board of Directors signed the memorandum below a statement that said, “Please sign below to attest that you have read the document and it accurately captures the details regarding the consummation of the two separate transactions.” (Id.; Furman Test, at 230-31, PL’s Ex. 5). Furman faxed the signed memorandum to the auditors on July 30, 2004. (Furman Test, at 230-31, PL’s Ex. 5). “Most of the information” in the memorandum came from Braun and Beck. (Fur-man Test, at 229, PL’s Ex. 5; Furman Ex. 6). On May 3, 2004, Furman emailed to Schechter three sentences from the memorandum, including the sentence related to QQQ erroneously placing funds into a money market account, to “see if [Schechter] can fill in some of the blanks.” (Fur-man Ex. 69 at 1088). Beside another sentence from the memorandum, Furman wrote to Schechter, “IS THIS ACCURATE.” (Id.) Furman stated in an affidavit: I, on behalf of [Island Pacific], demanded payment of QQQ via invoice after QQQ failed to make their first payment in November 2003, pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement. I also had at least one, if not more follow-up discussions with Mr. Schechter about the missed/late payment. Mr. Schechter told me that we had nothing to worry about and that QQQ would pay. (Furman Deck ¶ 21, Doc. # 36-3; see also Furman Dep. at 30, Furman Ex. 1). Fur-man testified that “around the November/December [2003] timeframe,” he was first told that QQQ could not make the first payment according to the License Agreement because QQQ’s controller had erroneously deposited the funds into a money market account. (Furman Test, at 233, Pl.’s Ex. 5). Rosen testified that the statements in the memorandum indicating that QQQ erroneously placed funds into a money market account were false. (Rosen Dep. at 74-75, PL’s Ex. 6). Island Pacific announced its FY 2004 financial results in a June 29, 2004, press release, earnings call, and Form 10-K, for its fiscal year ended March 31, 2004. (PL’s Ex. 37 (Earnings Release); PL’s Ex. 38 (earnings call transcript); PL’s Ex. 17 (2004 10-K)). Furman participated in reviewing and editing the press release and the earnings conference call script. (Fur-man Test, at 68-70, PL’s Ex. 4.) Michael Tomczak, Island Pacific’s new President and Chief Operating Officer, and Furman spoke during the earnings conference call, broadcast over the Internet at or about 4:30 p.m. EDT. (PL’s Ex. 38 at 960-62). Furman signed the Form 10-K, and signed a certification that to his knowledge, the Form 10-K fairly presented, in all material respects, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. (Furman Test, at 233-34, PL’s Ex 5; PL’s Ex. 17 at 617). Furman certified that he had reviewed the Form 10-K and that: 2. Based on my knowledge, this annual report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this annual report; 3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements and other financial information included in this annual report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of [Island Pacific] ... for the periods presented in this annual report; 4. [Island Paeific]’s other certifying officers and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures ... to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements ... in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.... 5. [Island Pacificas other certifying officers and I have disclosed ... to [Island Paeific]’s auditors ... any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management.... (PL’s Ex. 17 at 744-45). In its press release, earnings call and 2004 Form 10-K, Island Pacific reported revenues of $21.7 million, gross profit of almost $16.5 million, and a loss from continuing operations of $4.2 million. (PL’s Ex. 37 (Earnings Release) 956, 958; PL’s Ex. 38 (earnings call transcript) 961-62 (stating a “gross profit of $15.5 million”); PL’s Ex. 17 at 527). Island Pacific included the $3.9 million from the License Agreement as reported revenue in the 2004 Form 10-K. (Pl.’s Ex. 42 at 1316-17). On July 11, 2004, Furman and Tran signed a management representation letter which was sent to the auditors. (Furman Test, at 234-35, Pl.’s Ex. 5; Pl.’s Ex. 36). The letter stated: I. The financial statements ... are fairly presented in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.... 3. We have no knowledge of fraud or suspected fraud affecting the entity involving ... management or employees who have significant roles in the internal control.... 5. We have no knowledge of any allegations of fraud or suspected fraud affecting the Company received in communications from employees, [or] former employees.... 6. There are no significant deficiencies ... in the design or operation of internal controls.... 9.....The Company is accounting for its software revenues in accordance with Statement of Position 97-2 ... and Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104.... In addition ... there are no side agreements for any sales.... II. There are no ... material transactions that have not been properly recorded in the accounting records underlying the financial statements .... 24. We confirm that the transactional history which has resulted in the recording of revenues from QQQ systems of $3.9m has been accurately presented to you and is properly reflected in the financial statements under the applicable revenue recognition criteria.... (Pl.’s Ex. 36 at 951-55). Every quarterly statement Island Pacific prepared was “signed off on” and approved by outside auditors, SingerLewak, confirming that Island Pacific was using the correct accounting methods. (Silver-man Dep. at 77, Furman Ex. 64; Furman Decl. ¶ 7, Doc. # 36-3). With respect to the QQQ transactions, the SingerLewak audit paperwork states: “[SingerLewak] notes that such related party transactions are not always properly recorded. [SingerLewak] will specifically review all three transactions identified to ensure that the revenue recognition criteria ... are met ..., assets are not overstated, i.e. that all balances due are collectible (notes receivable), and capitalized costs are properly recorded.... ” (Aubury Dep. at 176-77, Furman Ex. 13). In connection with SingerLewak’s 2004 annual audit, the SingerLewak audit paperwork indicates that SingerLewak performed “revenue testing.” (Id. at 179-80). Island Pacific represented in its Q2 2004 and Q3 2004 Forms 10-Q filed on or about November 12, 2003, and February 17, 2004, respectively, and its 2004 Form 10-K filed on or about June 29, 2004, that “[w]e recognize revenue [when licensing software] in accordance with Statement of Position 97-2 ..., Software Revenue Recognition, ... issued ... by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.” (PL’s Ex. 15 at 377 (Q2 2004 Form 10-Q); PL’s Ex. 16 at 449 (Q3 2004 Form 10-Q); PL’s Ex. 17 at 555 (2004 Form 10-K)). Statement of Position 97-2 provides that software revenue recognition is proper only when: (1) “persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists,” (2) “delivery has occurred,” (3) “the vendor’s fee is fixed and determinable,” and (4) “collectability is probable.” (PL’s Ex. 18 at 749-50 (SOP 97-2 ¶ .08)). In its Forms 10-Q and Form 10-K, Island Pacific states: “Software license revenue is generally recognized when a license agreement has been signed, the software product has been delivered, there are no uncertainties surrounding product acceptance, the fees are fixed and determinable, and collection is considered probable.” (Pl.’s Ex. 15 at 377 (Q2 2004 Form 10 — Q); Pl.’s Ex. 16 at 449 (Q3 2004 Form 10 — Q); Pl.’s Ex. 17 at 555 (2004 Form 10-K)). During the Summer of 2004, Schechter asked Rosen to meet with Michael Tomczak, the new Chief Operating Officer of Island Pacific. (Rosen Dep. at 57, Furman Ex. 3). “[T]hings became acrimonious between [Tomczak] and [Rosen] in that meeting, and ... [Rosen] told [Tomczak] that [QQQ] would not continue to do anything with Island Pacific thereafter.” (Id. at 58). Prior to that time, QQQ had not sold any licenses for Island Pacific’s “Host software” pursuant to the License Agreement because at the time of Rosen and Tomczak’s meeting, QQQ was “still ramping up, ... getting the software loaded, getting our people educated, [and] getting accreditation from IBM on the equipment .... ” (Id. at 59). Rosen testified that prior to Tomczak joining Island Pacific in approximately May or June of 2004, QQQ and Island Pacific had “a very cooperative and friendly relationship, but it was always at arm’s length. I was always trying to make the most money I could for myself.” (Id. at 207). But then Tomczak told Rosen that Island Pacific was “not going to resell Pyramid any longer” and “[Tomczak] was planning to go behind our back” to sell Island Pacific’s Host software in Australia. (Id. at 59, 207-08). Rosen felt that “Tomczak was a dishonest guy, and I felt he ... wasn’t going to honor the agreements as they were struck....” (Id. at 210). On September 24, 2004, an accountant with the SEC sent Furman a letter stating that the SEC had reviewed Island Pacific’s financial statements for Q3 2004 and fiscal year 2004. (PL’s Ex. 39). The SEC accountant makes numerous requests, including a request for additional information on the QQQ transactions and “how your accounting for this contract complies with [Statement of Position] 97-2.” (Id. at 970, 972). On November 15, 2004, Island Pacific reversed entries on its books reflecting the License Agreement and Sublicense Agreement, and restated its Q2 2004, Q3 2004 and fiscal year 2004 financial statements. (PL’s Ex. 40 — 42; Furman Test, at 148-49, PL’s Ex. 5). Each of the restated reports were filed with the SEC and signed by Furman and Michael Tomczak, Island Pacific’s Chief Operating Officer. (Furman Test, at 238, 243-44, PL’s Ex. 5; PL’s Ex. 42 at 1370,1372 (2004 10-KA); PL’s Ex. 40 at 1058, 1060 (Q2 10-QA); Ex. 41 at 1146, 1148 (Q3 10-QA)). The amended fiscal year 2004 financial statement states: In September 2003, we signed a Source Code License ... agreement with QQQ Systems Pty Limited ... for the sale of software technology rights and exclusivity to use our Host Retail Merchandising Software (our core product) and Direct Software (Market Place System) for the Australasia market. Our management at the time did not see the Australasia market as a viable market for our products and therefore decided to sell the license rights to that market. We recorded this as revenue and an account receivable in the quarter ended September 30, 2003 as a persuasive evidence of an arrangement existed, the software had been delivered to and accepted by QQQ, the price was fixed and the collectibility was reasonably assured. The total license fee was $3.9 million and was to be paid $1.95 million on November 15, 2003 and $1.95 million on December 31, 2003. In addition, we would be entitled to a 10% royalty on QQQ’s net sublicensing revenues for a period of 36 months from the date of the contract.... In December 2003, we entered into a separate agreement to purchase from QQQ exclusive ownership and rights to use, market, reproduce and license QQQ’s point of sale software ... in Europe and North and South America for the purchase price of $3.9 million.... Initially, the $3.9 million purchase price was paid by offsetting the purchase price amount against the outstanding account receivable due to us from QQQ. Accordingly, in the quarter ended December 31, 2003, the receivable of $3.9 million was eliminated and we recorded the $3.9 million as an asset. However, subsequent to entering into these transactions, certain facts and circumstances relating to these transactions have changed. The management of QQQ has indicated that it does not desire to actively pursue opportunities for the [Island Pacific] products in Australia, while at the same time[,] our current management has initiated discussions with a major Australian retailer about a sale of our products and now considers the Australian market a viable market for our products. As QQQ has an exclusive license for the Australian market, we are currently in negotiations with them to allow us to directly sell to this Australian retailer. As part of the restatement of the financial statements in this Form 10-K/A, we have reversed the revenue and account receivable recognized at September 30, 2003 on this one time sale. Also, as part of the restatement, we have reversed the purchase of the technology recognized at December 31, 2003 as we cannot assign a value to the technology and eliminated the $3.9 million asset from the balance sheet.... (Pl.’s Ex. 42 at 1316-17). Furman testified that the reason Island Pacific “restate[d] its September and December 2003 quarters and actually reversed the QQQ transactions” was because “we never received payment from QQQ and at that time [we] looked at it as a transaction that should not have been recorded in the first place.” (Furman Test, at 148, PL’s Ex. 5). II. Contentions of the Parties The SEC contends that the evidence demonstrates as a matter of law that: [d]uring his short tenure as CFO, Fur-man cooked the company’s books by causing it to overstate its second quarter 2004 revenues by 140%, resulting in overstatements of its third quarter and annual revenues as well. Furman did so by booking $3.9 million sham sale of software to an Australian start-up company, QQQ.... When payment was not made by QQQ, Furman caused an offsetting transaction to be prematurely booked the next quarter, and eliminated the $3.9 million receivable. Furman then lied in management representation letters to Island Pacific’s auditors, in company filings with the Commission, in company earnings releases, and in company conference calls with analysts about the company’s financial results, and omitted disclosure of material facts concerning the sham transaction. (Doc. #33-2 at 1). The SEC contends that, as a matter of law, Furman violated the antifraud provisions of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. In addition, the SEC contends that Fur-man’s actions, as a matter of law, constituted falsification of company books and records, circumvention of company internal controls and making false representations to company auditors in violation of Section 13(b)(5) of the Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78m(b)(5) and Exchange Act Rules 13b2-l and 13b2-2, 17 C.F.R. §§ 240.13b2-l & 13b2-2; false certification of the accuracy of company Form 10-Qs in violation of Commission Rule 13a-14, 17 C.F.R. § 240.13a-14; and aiding and abetting Island Pacific’s violations of the issuer reporting requirements of Section 13