Yeager v. UPMC Horizon (698 F. Supp. 2d 523, 2010)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

CONTI, District Judge.

Lindsey Yeager (“plaintiff’ or “Yeager”), a former health education specialist for UPMC’s Womancare Center, commenced this gender-based discrimination and retaliation action against her former employer, defendant UPMC Horizon (“defendant” or “Horizon”). Plaintiff asserts claims for (1) hostile work environment, gender-based discrimination, and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1963, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”) (counts one and three), and (2) hostile work environment, gender-based discrimination, and retaliation in violation of the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act, 43 Pa. Cons.Stat. §§ 951 et seq. (“PHRA”) (counts two and four). Defendant filed a motion for partial summary judgment with respect to the PHRA claim for hostile work environment (count two) and plaintiffs retaliation claims (counts one, two, three, and four).

After considering the submissions of the parties, including the joint statement of material facts (Docket No. 42) (“J.S.”), the court will grant defendant’s partial motion for summary judgment with respect to plaintiffs claims asserted under the PHRA, and deny the motion with respect to plaintiffs Title VII retaliation claims to the extent she claims she was retaliated against by defendant prohibiting her from working at home, which she was previously permitted to do.

Factual Background

A. Introductory Facts

The factual background is derived from the undisputed evidence of record and the disputed evidence of record viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (“The evidence of the nonmovant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.”).

Plaintiff was employed briefly by defendant in 2005, and again employed from February 2006 until her termination on April 4, 2008. (J.S. ¶ 1; Def.’s App. in Supp. of Mot. (Docket No. 32), Tab 1 (“PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32)”) at 32, 150.) After working for one week in 2005, plaintiff returned to Horizon as a registered nurse (“RN”) in the OB department on February 6, 2006. (J.S. ¶5; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 49.) During that time, she reported to Sue Lauffer (“Lauffer”), manager of the OB department. (Id.)

Because plaintiff was having difficulty working with Lauffer, she approached Kimberly Leonard (“Leonard”), about job openings that might be available. (J.S. ¶8; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 61.) Leonard was employed as defendant’s director of nursing, defendant’s assistant chief nursing officer, the director of Women’s Health Services, and the director of the Womancare Center (J.S. ¶ 3; Def.’s App. in Supp. of Mot., Tab 2 (“Leonard Dep. (Docket No. 32)”) at 9.) Plaintiff was interviewed and selected by Leonard for the health education specialist position based in the Womancare Center. (J.S. ¶ 9-10; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 62, 71; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 12.) Plaintiff started in the new position on December 10, 2006, at which time she began reporting to Leonard. (J.S. ¶ 12; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 72, 74; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 19.) In that position, plaintiff was responsible for maternal infant community education, staff development, private patient consultation, interfacing with physician offices, advocacy for breastfeeding, and breastfeeding support groups. (J.S. ¶ 10; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 62, PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 12.)

B. Dr. Meyn and the Sexual Harassment Incidents

Dr. Joseph Meyn (“Meyn”) was a physician specializing in obstetrics and gynecology and was employed at Horizon from June 2005 until March 2009. (J.S. IT 4; Def.’s App. in Supp. of Mot., Tab 6 (“Meyn Dep. (Docket No. 32)”) at 10-12.) Yeager first met Meyn while working as a RN in the OB Department. (J.S. ¶ 7; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 57.) Beginning in October 2006, Yeager began dating Meyn, although plaintiff testified that the relationship was not consensual. (J.S. ¶ 14; PL’s App. in Opp. of Mot. (Docket No. 36), Ex. 1 (“PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36)”) at 58; 75-76.) Yeager telephoned Meyn and sent him electronic text messages, but Meyn “would just keep calling and bothering me. It wouldn’t matter what time it was or what month it was.” (J.S. ¶ 15, 16; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 75-76.)

Leonard telephoned plaintiff on November 22, 2006 to offer her the position of health education specialist. (J.S. ¶ 11; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 71; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36), Ex. 66.) Plaintiff received a text message on the same day from Meyn which stated, “Congrats. You have the lactation consultant job. Act surprised when they tell you. You owe me. Big time. Happy turkey day! JW.” (Id.) Leonard told plaintiff not to worry about the written warning that Lauffer had issued to her as Leonard was getting rid of Lauffer. (J.S. ¶ 23(f); PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 213.) Meyn made a similar representation to plaintiff. (Id.) After plaintiff was selected for the health education specialist position, Meyn told her that she was to have sexual intercourse with Leonard and him. (J.S. ¶ 23(d); PI Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 116.)

Shortly before Christmas in 2006, Meyn gave Leonard a substantial gift. (J.S. ¶ 23(b); PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 105-06.) Upon receiving the gift, Leonard stated in front of the entire staff that she was surprised she was the one who received the gift, as plaintiff was the one who was sleeping with Meyn. (Id.) Meyn occasionally went to Leonard’s office to talk to her. (J.S. ¶ 23(c); PL’s App. in Opp. of Mot, Ex. 2 (“Meyn Dep. (Docket No. 36)”) at 44-45; PL’s App. in Opp. of Mot., Ex. 4 (“Leoanrd Dep. (Docket No. 36)”) at 30.) On one occasion, Leonard got angry at plaintiff for interrupting a discussion between Leonard and Meyn. (Id.)

Plaintiff gave Meyn oral sex on four occasions: three times between October and November 2006 and once on or around March 6, 2007. (J.S. ¶ 19; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 77.) On all four occasions, the acts of oral sex were against plaintiffs will. (J.S. ¶ 19; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 76-79.) From the beginning of the nonconsensual relationship, plaintiff had informed Meyn that his advances were not wanted. (J.S. ¶ 19; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 79-80.) During the March 2007 incident, Meyn removed plaintiffs clothing from above the waist, and attempted to remove the rest of her clothing. (J.S. ¶ 19; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 77-80.) Meyn pinned plaintiff, who was crying and protesting, to the bed. (Id.)

Plaintiff did not go to the police after any of the occurrences of oral sex with Meyn. (J.S. ¶ 19; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 79.) Plaintiff asserts that Meyn is an avid gun collector with well over 200 weapons in his collection. (J.S. ¶ 20; Meyn Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 25-26.) When Meyn showed his collection to plaintiff, he told her words to the effect that “he gets rid of whoever he doesn’t like.” (J.S. ¶20; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 209, 217.) Meyn conveyed to plaintiff that he had been responsible for getting rid of a number of people in the hospital. (J.S. ¶ 20; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 209-10.)

On March 18, 2007, Meyn sent plaintiff a number of text messages that, in summary, stated that he was intensely attracted to plaintiff, he rebuked her for not wanting to make love, she would like the things he would do to her to the point that she would become addicted, and the next time he sees her they will be doing more than cuddling. (J.S. ¶ 54; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 220-21; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36), Ex. 66.)

C. Evaluations

Plaintiffs performance as an RN in the OB department was reviewed by Lauffer through a performance improvement plan on July 14, 2006, and a performance management review on August 6, 2006. (J.S. ¶ 6; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Exs. 10, 11.) Plaintiff contends that one criticism made in the performance improvement plan concerning an inappropriate statement plaintiff made about the OB department to individuals in another department did not occur. (PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 52.)

In June 2007 plaintiff started having problems with Leonard while working as the health education specialist. (J.S. ¶ 57; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 63.) Plaintiff was issued a corrective action by Leonard on June 8, 2007, which noted plaintiffs performance issues were: “(1) unprofessional behavior/poor impulse control/reactionary; (2) inability to work with coworker towards common goal; (3) difficulty accepting criticism from manager/supervisor.” (J.S. ¶ 22; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 22; Def.’s App. in Supp. of Mot., Tab 3 (“Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 32)”) ¶ 3.) The first two performance issues in the corrective action relate to personal conflicts with plaintiff and her coworker, Dona Householder (“Householder”). (J.S. ¶ 22(a); PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 22.) Householder received a corrective action from Leonard on April 16, 2007 for violation of department work rules and policies. (J.S. ¶ 22(a); Def.’s Supplemental App. in Supp. of Mot. (Docket No. 40), Tab 1 (“2nd Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 40)”), Ex. A ¶3.) The written warning resulted, in part, from issues relating to the ongoing conflict with plaintiff. (2nd Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 40), Ex. A ¶ 4.)

On the same day that plaintiff received the corrective action, she also received a performance management review rating her overall performance as a 2.05 out of 3. (J.S. ¶ 25; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 24.) Over the next two months, defendant determined that plaintiffs performance did not improve, and on August 7, 2007, plaintiff was issued a performance improvement plan. (J.S. ¶ 27; Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 6; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 101; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 27.) In the performance improvement plan, Leonard noted that there had been “no real improvement” since June 2007 and that there had been inconsistencies with plaintiffs time sheet. (J.S. ¶ 28; Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 6; Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. C.) Under “Description of the incident” Leonard wrote:

Corrective Action Form 6-8-07 regarding unprofessional/reactionary behavior. Meeting weekly with no real improvement. Frequently leaves work crying T can’t do anything right.’ 7-31-07 Responded negatively to an e-mail sent to her reminding her to be respectful. Talked about incident to physician’s coworkers. In addition, inconsistencies with time sheet.

(J.S. ¶ 29; Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. C.)

Meyn never gave plaintiff a performance review, he did not observe plaintiff clinically, and never supervised her. (J.S. ¶ 13; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 84; Meyn Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 61-62.)

D. Reporting and Filing of Discrimination Charges

Yeager first reported Meyn’s sexual harassment to Durniok on June 8, 2007 after receiving a corrective action. (J.S. ¶ 26; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 104.) Plaintiff repeated her complaint to Durniok on July 3, 2007. (J.S. ¶ 26; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 117-18, 207-08.) During the July 3, 2007 meeting with Durniok, plaintiff relayed the content of text messages and voice mails that Meyn left her. (J.S. ¶ 26; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 104, 207-08.)

Plaintiff reported to Leonard on or about August 7, 2007, that she was having problems with Meyn, because he was making sexual advances toward her. (J.S. ¶ 26; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 117-18.) Leonard responded to plaintiff by threatening her employment, saying, “you can either resign or I will terminate you and ruin your employee file, it’s your choice.” (PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 118.) Plaintiff complained to Durniok regarding this statement made by Leonard. (J.S. ¶ 60; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 118.) Durniok instructed plaintiff that “nobody gets terminated without me saying so.” (Id.) On the same day, plaintiff was issued a performance improvement plan. (J.S. ¶ 27; Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 6; PL’s Dep (Docket No. 32), Ex. 27.)

On September 11, 2007, Durniok received a fax from plaintiff containing a charge of discrimination to be filed by plaintiff with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). (J.S. ¶ 32; Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 39; Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 4.) On September 13, 2007, Durniok met with Meyn and informed him that plaintiff made a complaint of sexual harassment against him and questioned him about the allegations; Meyn was instructed to no longer have any contact with plaintiff and to inform Durniok if she contacted him. (J.S. ¶ 34; Meyn Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 35, 50-51; Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 30.)

On September 17, 2007, plaintiff signed a document titled “Information for Complaints & Election Option to Dual File with the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission” (“PHRC”). (J.S. ¶ 36; Docket No. 32, Tab 7 (“Myers Dec. (Docket No. 32)”) ¶ 4; Myers Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. A.) The form provided:

If you want your charge filed with PHRC, including this form as part of your EEOC charge, with your signature under the verification below, will constitute filing with PHRC.

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On September 20, 2007, the EEOC transmitted plaintiffs charge of discrimination to the PHRC. (J.S. ¶ 36; Myers Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 4; Myers Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. B.) This transmission letter stated that the charge of employment discrimination (EEOC Charge No. 533-2007-01785) was initially received by the EEOC on September 14, 2007. (Myers Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. B.)

On September 25, 2007, plaintiff filed a second charge of discrimination alleging that she was retaliated against because she filed her first charge of discrimination. (J.S. ¶ 38; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36), Ex. 45.) On or about April 15, 2008, plaintiff filed her final EEOC charge of discrimination alleging that her termination was in retaliation for her prior protected activity. (J.S. ¶ 53; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 48.)

E. Alleged Retaliation Incidents

Plaintiff alleged that the following incidents occurred in retaliation for filing her original charge and complaining about sexual harassment: (1) she received emails from Leonard; (2) after the EEOC complaint was faxed to Horizon on September 11, 2007, Leonard invited Meyn to eat lunch during a staff meeting at the Womancare Center and Meyn took the only open seat which was next to plaintiff; (3) she was forced onto a medical leave; and (4) she was contacted, during her leave, by Marsha Solo (“Solo”) and asked to close the Womancare Center because plaintiff had keys. (J.S. ¶ 39; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 130-36.) Plaintiff admitted that she does not know whether Solo, a nurse, knew that plaintiff filed a charge of discrimination when she telephoned plaintiff with respect to closing the Womancare Center. (J.S. ¶ 40; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 135.)

After plaintiff first alerted Leonard to her complaint against Meyn, Leonard sent emails related to inconsistencies in plaintiffs time sheet and mileage. (J.S. ¶ 41; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Exs. 29, 33, 34.) One of the emails dated September 12, 2007, not only addressed alleged problems with plaintiffs time sheets, but also informed plaintiff that she is no longer to work from home and should only record hours spent at the Womancare Center or the Birth Place. (J.S. ¶ 41; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 110-11; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 33.) Plaintiff previously was allowed to work from home. (J.S. ¶ 41; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 113.) Plaintiff was working as a single parent and taking classes in a master’s program. (PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 113-14; PL’s Br. in Opp. to Def.’s Mot. (Docket No. 34) at 12.) Plaintiff stated that Leonard knew and implicitly approved of the problems with plaintiffs time sheets long before Leonard sent the email, whereas defendant asserts that the inconsistencies in plaintiffs time sheet were raised on August 7, 2007 in plaintiffs performance improvement plan. (J.S. ¶ 41; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 113-14; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 27.)

F. Family Medical Leave, Personal Leave, and Termination

On September 14, 2007, plaintiff sent Leonard an email informing her that she was going home from work for the day. (J.S. ¶ 35; Leonard Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 11.) That day was the last day that plaintiff actually worked for defendant. (Id.) Plaintiff subsequently sought medical treatment for the emotional harm that she was suffering as a result of the alleged harassment, first at the emergency room and then through a counselor. (J.S. ¶ 35; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 85-86, 177-95.) Plaintiffs physician issued a “Certificate to Return to Work/School” slip dated September 17, 2007, indicating that plaintiff would be indefinitely off work. (J.S. ¶ 35; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 144; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36), Ex. 51.)

On December 10, 2007, plaintiff was sent a letter by Leonard which stated:

You have been on Family and Medical Leave since September 28, 2007; this leave of absence will expire on December 21, 2007. I am enclosing a form for you to request a Personal Leave of Absence at the expiration of your FMLA on December 21, 2007. The Personal LOA provides a fourteen (14) week extension at the end of the Family and Medical Leave if necessary.

(J.S. ¶ 42; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 144-45; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 52.) Plaintiff requested and was granted a personal leave of absence. (J.S. ¶ 43; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 145-47; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 53.)

On February 26, 2008, Durniok sent a letter to plaintiff reminding her that UPMC employees are eligible for only twenty-six weeks of leave in a rolling year, and that her combined twelve-week FMLA leave and fourteen-week personal leave were to expire on March 28, 2008. (J.S. ¶ 44; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 149; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 56.) Failure of plaintiff to return to work by March 28, 2008 would result in termination of employment and removal from UPMC payroll. (Id.) This letter was sent in compliance with Horizon’s leave of absence policy. (J.S. ¶ 44; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. C.)

On March 5, 2008, plaintiffs counsel sent a fax to Durniok and others, stating

Release to Return to work at UPMC— “another facility” — (Response to Letter of termination if not returning). Kindly advise Ms. Yeager of the proposed facility — (not Hermitage) — that UPMC intends to have Lindsey return to effective 4/1/08!

(J.S. ¶ 45; Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 44; Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 7; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 7.) The second page of the fax was a note from Dr. Susan Drolet, a clinical psychologist, which stated:

Lindsey Yeager is not to return to work at this time. Her problems with depression and anxiety are a direct result of the harassment and hostile work environment at UPMC Horizon. Ms. Yeager is targeted to return to work the last week in March. However, due to the aforementioned work environment at the Woman Care Center she will need to be placed at another facility.

(J.S. ¶ 46; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 7; Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 7.)

When plaintiff failed to return to work on March 28, 2008, Durniok sent plaintiff a letter dated April 4, 2008 informing Yeager that her employment was terminated pursuant to the personal leave of absence policy. (J.S. IT 47; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 8; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. C.) Durniok stated that plaintiffs not returning to work was considered a voluntary resignation and her employment was being terminated in accordance with the personal leave of absence policy. (J.S. ¶ 48; Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32) at 47.)

Plaintiffs position as the health education specialist was at the Womancare Center located in Hermitage, Pennsylvania, which is a stand-alone facility dedicated to women’s health. (J.S. ¶ 49; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 9.) Durniok does not have the authority to transfer or relocate employees outside of Horizon to other business units. (J.S. ¶ 50; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 10.) Durniok could not recall whether he discussed the decision to terminate plaintiffs employment with his superior, Joel Yuhas. Prior to the expiration of her personal leave of absence, plaintiff did not bid on any open position at Horizon. (J.S. ¶ 51; Durniok Dec. (Docket No. 32) ¶ 11.)

Plaintiff was prepared to go back to work for UPMC in March 2008. (J.S. ¶ 55; PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 205.) Meyn was not reassigned; rather, he voluntarily left his employment at Horizon in March 2009 for a better opportunity. (J.S. ¶ 56; Meyn Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 12-13, 55-56.)

Standard of Review

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) provides that summary judgment may be granted if, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A motion for summary judgment will not be defeated by the mere existence of some disputed facts, but will be defeated when there is a genuine issue of material fact. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In determining whether the dispute is genuine, the court’s function is not to weigh the evidence or to determine the truth of the matter, but only to determine whether the evidence of record is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Id. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The court is to draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. El v. Southeastern Pa. Transp. Auth., 479 F.3d 232, 238 (3d Cir.2007) (“In considering the evidence, the court should draw all reasonable inferences against the moving party.”) The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has stated:

[I]f there is a chance that a reasonable factfinder would not accept a moving party’s necessary propositions of fact, pre-trial judgment cannot be granted. Specious objections will not, of course, defeat a motion for summary judgment, but real questions about credibility, gaps in the evidence, and doubts as to the sufficiency of the movant’s proof, will.

Id. The court may consider any material evidence that would be admissible or usable at trial in deciding the merits of a motion for summary judgment. Horta v. Sullivan, 4 F.3d 2, 8 (1st Cir.1993) (citing 10A Charles Aran Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2721, at 40 (2d ed.1983)); Pollack v. City of Newark, 147 F.Supp. 35, 39 (D.N.J.1956), aff'd, 248 F.2d 543 (3d Cir.1957) (“in considering a motion for summary judgment, the court is entitled to consider exhibits and other papers that have been identified by affidavit or otherwise made admissible in evidence”).

Discussion

Defendant asserts and plaintiff disputes that plaintiffs termination was entirely unrelated to her complaints of sexual harassment or any of her EEOC charges of discrimination. Defendant argues plaintiffs termination resulted from her failure to return to work. Plaintiff asserts and defendant disputes that plaintiffs inability to return to work at the Womancare Center was the direct result of the harassment she experienced prior to her leave of absence.

Plaintiff alleges that she was subjected to a hostile work environment because of her sex and retaliated against for engaging in protected activity in violation of Title VII and the PHRA. Defendant moves for partial summary judgment with respect to plaintiffs hostile work environment claim brought pursuant to the PHRA, and plaintiffs retaliation claims brought pursuant to Title VII and the PHRA.

I. Hostile Work Environment Claim Brought Pursuant to the PHRA

A. 180-Day Statute of Limitations Period

Defendant argues that plaintiffs PHRA claim based upon a hostile work environment should be dismissed because it was filed more than 180 days after the last event constituting sexual harassment. To bring suit under the PHRA for a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must first file an administrative complaint with the PHRC within 180 days after the alleged act of discrimination. 43 P.S. § 959(a), (h). If a plaintiff fails to file a timely complaint with the PHRC, then he or she is precluded from judicial remedies under the PHRA. Woodson v. Scott Paper Co., 109 F.3d 913, 925 (3d Cir.1997), cert. denied 522 U.S. 914, 118 S.Ct. 299, 139 L.Ed.2d 230 (1997). Pennsylvania courts have strictly interpreted this time requirement, and have repeatedly held that “persons with claims that are cognizable under the Human Relations Act must avail themselves of the administrative process of the Commission or be barred from the judicial remedies authorized in Section 12(c) of the Act.” Woodson, 109 F.3d at 925 (citing Vincent v. Fuller Co., 532 Pa. 547, 616 A.2d 969, 974 (1992)).

The crux of the issue here is whether the work-sharing agreement and the agency relationship created between the EEOC and the PHRC, (Pl.’s Surreply Br. in Opp. to Def.’s Mot. (Docket No. 41), Ex. 2 (“Work Sharing Agreement”) § 11(A)), will affect the general rule that a complaint is deemed filed with the PHRC on the date received by the PHRC, 16 Pa.Code § 42.14(c). Section 11(A) of the work-sharing agreement provides that the “EEOC’s receipt of charges on the [PHRCJ’s behalf will automatically initiate proceedings of both the EEOC and the [PHRC] for the purposes of Section 706(c) and (e)(1) of Title VII.” (Work Sharing Agreement § 11(A).) The document signed by plaintiff titled “Information for Complainants & Election Option to Dual File with the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission” stated that “including this form as part of your EEOC charge, with your signature under the verification below, will constitute filing with PHRC.” (Myers Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. A.)

Defendant relies on Woodson, where the court of appeals rejected plaintiffs argument that simply filing a complaint with the EEOC can initiate PHRC proceedings as required by the PHRA. Woodson, 109 F.3d at 926. In Woodson, however, the plaintiff did not mark a box for the EEOC to cross-file his charge with the PHRC. The court noted the Pennsylvania decision in Vincent v. Fuller Co., 532 Pa. 547, 616 A.2d 969 (1992), which recognized that “the PHRA filing requirement is satisfied if the EEOC forwards a charge to the PHRC.” Woodson, 109 F.3d at 926 n. 12 (citing Vincent 616 A.2d at 971). Tellingly the court commented:

we note that [the plaintiffs] case would be quite different if he had marked the box for the EEOC to cross-file and the EEOC had failed to transmit the charge because of a breakdown in the administration system. As that case is not before us, however, we do not decide it here.

Id. The court also commented that “[w]hether a plaintiff has initiated PHRC proceedings under the PHRA is a state law issue.” Id. at 926-27. Prior to the work-sharing agreement, the Pennsylvania Superior Court held that the filing requirements of the PHRA are satisfied when the EEOC transmits the EEOC charge to the PHRC. See Lukus v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 276 Pa.Super. 232, 419 A.2d 431 (Pa.Super.Ct.1980).

Defendant relies on Barb v. Miles. Inc., 861 F.Supp. 356, 361 (W.D.Pa.1994), to support its position that a plaintiff will be deemed to have filed a complaint with the PHRC only on the date the PHRC receives a copy of plaintiffs EEOC charge. Barb cites Lukus and Vincent for the basis of its holding. As noted, Lukus did not address the effect of the work-sharing agreement. Vincent likewise, did not address the effect of the work-sharing agreement. The charge in Vincent was filed with the EEOC in 1983, one hundred days after the alleged discriminatory conduct. The EEOC transmitted the charge to the PHRC. The filing with the EEOC, however, was not timely for PHRA purposes, because at that time there was a ninety-day time limit under Pennsylvania law for the filing of a PHRA complaint. Vincent, 616 A.2d at 971. The court in Barb did not cite to any authority dealing with a dual filing under the work-sharing agreement and this court finds the conclusion in Barb unpersuasive with respect to the issue raised here.

Plaintiff argues that the court should consider the original filing of the charge with the EEOC on September 11, 2007 as the date upon which the PHRC received the charge. Plaintiff relies on Berkoski v. Ashland Regional Medical Center, 951 F.Supp. 544 (M.D.Pa.1997), aff'd, 205 F.3d 1328 (3d Cir.1999), for the proposition that a charge of discrimination which is only filed with either the state or federal agency is deemed to be filed with the other agency at the very same moment. In Berkoski, the plaintiffs original filing was made with the PHRC. Berkoski, 951 F.Supp. at 546. In that filing the plaintiff made a simultaneous election to dual file with the EEOC. Id. at 547. The court held that “[g]iven the worksharing agreement ... coupled with [plaintiffl’s request for dual filing, the PHRC instantaneously waived its exclusive jurisdiction on the moment the charge was filed ... [and] the charge was deemed filed with the EEOC at the same moment.” Id. at 550. The court, however, did not address a situation, like here, where the plaintiff failed to indicate affirmatively his choice to dual file the complaint at the time it was first filed.

Plaintiff relies on a fax cover sheet to demonstrate that plaintiff intended to file her first EEOC complaint via facsimile on September 11, 2007, and that she intended to simultaneously send a carbon copy of that transmission to the PHRC. (Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 4.) Plaintiff, however, did not attach any “Transmission Verification Report[s]” for this fax. The court notes that plaintiff submitted as exhibits Transmission Verification Reports for a different facsimile sent to defendant on March 5, 2008. (Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 7.) Contrary to plaintiffs assertion, EEOC records indicate that the date it received the first complaint with respect to EEOC Charge No. 533-2007-01785 was on September 14, 2007. It is undisputed that plaintiff elected to dual file her EEOC charge of discrimination with the PHRC on September 17, 2007. The EEOC transmitted the original charge on September 20, 2007.

Plaintiffs charge filed with the EEOC is dated September 11, 2007. The EEOC charge itself failed to convey plaintiffs intention to dual file it with the PHRC. Looking beyond the fax cover sheet, the charge failed to make any mention of the PHRC. The charge mentioned the PHRA in one sentence: “I believe [defendant] discriminated against me because of my gender (female) in violation of Title VII as to gender discrimination and the PHRA.” (Durniok Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 4.)

Plaintiff directs the court’s attention to the work-sharing agreement and the agency relationship created between the EEOC and the PHRC to establish September 11, 2007 as the date upon which the PHRC received the charge. The PHRC and the EEOC entered into an agreement through which they apportioned initial jurisdiction over discrimination complaints in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of investigatory time and effort. Woodson, 109 F.3d at 925. Through the work-sharing agreement, Pennsylvania waived its statutory right to process initially discrimination claims, and this agreement operates to “terminate” the PHRC proceedings with respect to those complaints that are filed first with the EEOC. Woodson, 109 F.3d at 926 (citing Trevino-Barton v. Pittsburgh Nat’l Bank, 919 F.2d 874, 879 (3d Cir.1990)). Thus, “the worksharing agreement allows a plaintiff to proceed in court under Title VII without first filing with the PHRC.” Woodson, 109 F.3d at 926.

The language of the work-sharing agreement and the form electing to dual file suggest that when a plaintiff dual files with the EEOC and the PHRC, the complaint will be deemed filed with both agencies on the date the election to dual file the charge is made. Section 11(A) of the work-sharing agreement in effect at the relevant time read:

In order to facilitate the assertion of employment rights, the EEOC and the [PHRC] each designate the other as its agent for the purpose of receiving and drafting charges, including those that are not jurisdictional with the agency that initially receives the charges. EEOC’s receipt of charges on the [PHRC]’s behalf will automatically initiate the proceedings of both EEOC and the [PHRC] for the purposes of Section 706(c) and (e)(1) of Title VII. This delegation of authority to receive charges does not include the right of one Agency to determine the jurisdiction of the other Agency over a charge. Charges can be transferred from one agency to another in accordance with the terms of this agreement or by other mutual agreement.

(Work Sharing Agreement § 11(A).) This work-sharing agreement established an agency relationship between the PHRC and EEOC for purposes of receiving charges related to employment rights. The EEOC, as the PHRC’s agent, was authorized to receive a charge that otherwise would have to be directly received by the PHRC.

Under agency principles, the rules for the interpretation of contracts apply to agency agreements. See Restatement (Second) Agency § 32 (“the rules for the interpretation of contracts apply to the interpretation of authority”). Pursuant to the contract between the parties, i.e. the work-sharing agreement, charges received by the EEOC “on the [PHRCj’s behalf’ initiated PHRC proceedings. (Work Sharing Agreement § 11(A).) There is no evidence of record that the EEOC received a charge on behalf of the PHRC on September 14, 2007. Plaintiff failed to indicate that she was electing to dual file her EEOC charge with the PHRC in the charge dated September 11, 2007; plaintiff failed to make any reference to the PHRC in that charge. The only mention of the PHRC in documents dated September 11, 2007 is the indication of a carbon copy to the PHRC on the fax cover sheet, but there is no evidence of record showing that this cover sheet was sent to the PHRC.

The EEOC received plaintiffs election to dual file with the PHRC on September 17, 2007, which was evidenced by plaintiff signing and submitting to the EEOC a form to that effect. The need for a plaintiff to initiate the dual filing is clear from the instruction that, “including this form as part of your EEOC charge, with your signature under the verification below, will constitute filing with PHRC.” (Myers Dec. (Docket No. 32), Ex. A.) For purposes of timely filing under 43 P.S. § 959(a), (h) and 16 Pa.Code 42.14(c), plaintiffs first charge of discrimination was received and filed with the PHRC on the date she elected to dual file. September 17, 2007 is the pertinent date to be utilized to determine whether the charge was filed 180 days after the alleged act of discrimination occurred.

Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the court finds that the last alleged act of sexual harassment occurred on March 18, 2007. On that date Meyn sent several text messages of an overtly sexual and arguably harassing nature to the plaintiff. A reasonable jury could find that these text messages were part of the same alleged sexual harassment that Meyn engaged in since October 2006. There is no evidence of sexual harassment by Meyn after that date and no allegations anyone else sexually harassed plaintiff after that date. See discussion infra pp. 541^12.

Counting forward 180 days from March 18, 2007, plaintiffs PHRA claim needed to be deemed filed on or before September 14, 2007. Plaintiff, however, elected to dual file on September 17, 2007 and her PHRA charge of discrimination was not timely filed.

B. Equitable Tolling and the Continuing Violation Doctrine

16 PaCode § 42.14(a) provides that “the computation of the 180 days does not include a period of time which is excludable as a result of waiver, estoppel or equitable tolling.” 16 Pa.Code § 42.14(a). There are three typical situations where courts have permitted equitable tolling.

First, equitable tolling will be “allowed where the plaintiff actively pursues his [or her] judicial remedies but files a defective pleading during the statutory period, such as filing in the wrong forum.” Altopiedi v. Memorex Telex Corp., 834 F.Supp. 800, 806 (M.D.Pa.1993) (citing Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 498 U.S. 89, 94-97, 111 S.Ct. 453, 112 L.Ed.2d 435 (1990); Kocian v. Getty Refining & Marketing Co., 707 F.2d 748, 753 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 852, 104 S.Ct. 164, 78 L.Ed.2d 150 (1983)). Second, equitable tolling will be recognized “where the deadline for filing has passed due to the plaintiffs reliance on his adversary’s misconduct or misrepresentation.” Altopiedi, 834 F.Supp. at 806 (citing Irwin, 498 U.S. at 96, 111 S.Ct. 453; Kocian, 707 F.2d at 753). Third, courts find equitable tolling “where the plaintiff was prevented from asserting his rights in some ‘extraordinary way.’ ” Id., at 806 (citing Kocian, 707 F.2d at 753).

In this case, there is no evidence to suggest that plaintiff actively pursued her PHRA charge of discrimination, but filed a defective pleading during the statutory period. Plaintiffs election to dual file a charge of discrimination with the PHRC was made outside the statutory limitations period and there is no indication that it was defective. Similarly, there is no evidence to demonstrate that plaintiffs failure to elect to dual file her PHRC claim during the statutory period was the result of defendant’s misconduct or misrepresentation. Finally, there is no indication the plaintiff was prevented, i.e. by bureaucratic delay, in an extraordinary way from exercising her rights under the PHRA. See Altopiedi, 834 F.Supp. at 807 (holding that bureaucratic delay of the PHRC was an extraordinary circumstance that prevented him from filing on time). The untimeliness was caused by plaintiffs electing to dual file after she filed her charge with the EEOC. Thus, equitable tolling does not apply to this case and the 180-day statutory period under 16 Pa.Code § 42.14(a) will bar plaintiffs PHRA claim for hostile work environment.

A related concept is the continuing violations doctrine. Defendant contends that the facts and circumstances of this case also do not warrant the tolling of the 180-day period under the continuing violations doctrine. The Third Circuit Court of Appeals has used the continuing violations doctrine as an additional equitable exception to the timely filing requirement. Cowell v. Palmer Twp., 263 F.3d 286, 292 (3d Cir.2001) (citing West v. Phila. Elec. Co., 45 F.3d 744, 754 (3d Cir.1995)). District courts have applied the doctrine to claims under the PHRA. See generally Cortes v. R. I. Enters., Inc., 95 F.Supp.2d 255, 263 (M.D.Pa.2000). Courts frequently construed the doctrine as a “narrow exception” to the timely filing requirement. See Voices for Independence v. Pa. Dep’t of Transp., No. 06-78, 2007 WL 2905887, at *8 (W.D.Pa. Sept. 28, 2007) (citing MFS, Inc. v. Twp. of S. Annville, No. 05-1371, 2006 WL 3254535, at *3 (M.D.Pa. Nov. 9, 2006)).

The Supreme Court has held that a charge alleging a hostile work environment claim will not be time barred so long as all acts which constitute the claim are part of the same unlawful employment practice and at least one act falls within the time period. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 122, 122 S. Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002) (plurality opinion). For purposes of demonstrating that the continuing violations doctrine applies to a hostile work environment claim, the plaintiff must first demonstrate that at least one act occurred within the filing period: The crucial question is whether any present violation exists. West, 45 F.3d at 754-55; see Rush v. Scott Specialty Gases, Inc., 113 F.3d 476, 481 (3d Cir.1997) (plaintiff must first show that at least one discriminatory act occurred within the 300-day period). The plaintiff must also establish that the harassment is more than the occurrence of isolated or sporadic acts of intentional discrimination. West, 45 F.3d at 755.. The relevant distinction is between the occurrence of isolated, intermittent acts of discrimination and a persistent on-going pattern. Id.

The rationale set forth in Berry v. Board of Supervisors of Louisiana State University, 715 F.2d 971 (5th Cir.1983), is a helpful guide for a district court to use in determining whether a plaintiff has established a continuing violation. See, e.g., Rush, 113 F.3d at 481. The court of appeals in Berry enumerated three factors that should be considered:

(1) subject matter — whether the violations constitute the same type of discrimination, tending to connect them in a continuing violation; (2) frequency— whether the acts are recurring or are more in the nature of isolated incidents; and (3) degree of permanence — whether the act had a degree of permanence which should trigger the plaintiffs awareness of and [sic] duty to assert his/her rights and whether the consequences of the act would continue even in the absence of a continuing intent to discriminate.

Cowell, 263 F.3d at 292 (citing Berry, 715 F.2d at 981). The consideration of “degree of permanence” is the most important of the factors. Berry, 715 F.2d at 981.

Turning to the first Berry factor, plaintiff did not demonstrate that the subject matter of the discrimination she experienced at Horizon outside and during the limitations period was of the same type. The record indicates that plaintiff engaged in sexual acts against her will with Meyn three times in October and November 2006, and a fourth time on or around March 6, 2007. Plaintiff alleges that the only additional sexual harassment from Meyn occurred on March 18, 2007, when he sent several text messages to plaintiff. Assuming that these texts were similar in type to the prior sexual acts, they still fall outside the limitations period. See supra Part LA.

The acts perpetrated by Horizon employees inside the limitations period are fundamentally different in kind from the sexual acts and sexual text messages. The record is devoid of any sexual activity or communication of a sexual nature between Meyn and plaintiff during the limitations period. The acts of alleged discrimination during the limitations period include: (1) a corrective action and performance management review issued by Leonard on June 8, 2007; (2) performance improvement plan issued by Leonard on August 7, 2007, after allegedly observing no real improvement in plaintiffs professional behavior; (3) plaintiff reporting to Leonard on August 7, 2007 that she was having problems with Meyn and Leonard responding by threatening plaintiffs employment; (4) shortly after September 11, 2007, Leonard inviting Meyn to eat lunch during a staff meeting at the Womancare center at which plaintiff was present, and; (5) Leonard sending an email to plaintiff on September 12, 2007 discussing problems with her time sheets and restricting her from working at home.

Taken together, these acts do not constitute the same type of discrimination that took place outside the limitations period. None of these acts were sexual in nature, nor were they committed by Meyn. Cf. Sicalides v. Pathmark Stores, Inc., No. 99-3465, 2000 WL 760439, at *5 (E.D.Pa. June 12, 2000) (continuing violation does not apply when incidents outside the time period all involved sexual touching, but the incident during the time period involved an ambiguous comment accompanied by a non-sexual nudge). There are no acts constituting plaintiffs claim for hostile work environment based upon sexual harassment that fall within the time period. Plaintiff argues throughout her pleadings and other submissions that the employment reviews and correspondence with Leonard resulted from collaboration between Meyn and Leonard to punish Yeager for refusing Meyn’s sexual advances. While this argument may carry weight in a claim for retaliation, it has no place in the discussion of the continuing violations doctrine. Such a conspiracy is not similar to the type of conduct that occurred outside the limitations period. Plaintiff failed to satisfy the first Berry factor and is unable to demonstrate a continuing violation.

For purposes of completeness, the court will briefly consider the two remaining factors described in Berry. Assuming arguendo that the first factor was satisfied, there is no indication that the alleged discriminatory acts were of a recurring-nature. It should be noted that the courts do not set a specific standard for determining how close together the acts must occur to amount to a continuing violation. Cowell, 263 F.3d at 295. The kind of acts that would satisfy the “frequency” factor of the Berry inquiry, however, must at least be acts of substantially similar nature to those which were the basis of the original claim. Id.

The time between the initial acts of sexual harassment in October and November 2006 and March 2007 was approximately four months. After the last acts of sexual harassment — the text messages — on March 18, 2007, there was no alleged discriminatory conduct until about three months later in June 2007. The absence of discriminatory activity between events leads the court to conclude that the events in June 2007 and later were more akin to isolated, intermittent acts of discrimination rather than part of a persistent, on-going pattern. Cf. Sicalides, 2000 WL 760439 at *6 (three-month hiatus between incidents prevented plaintiff from establishing requisite frequency); West, 45 F.3d at 755-56 (continuing violation found where incidents occurred consistently with increased frequency over time and without respite).

There is also evidence to suggest that the acts of sexual harassment had a degree of permanence, such that plaintiff should have been aware of a duty to assert her rights. Plaintiff readily admits that the relationship between Meyn and herself was not consensual. From the beginning of the nonconsensual relationship, plaintiff informed Meyn that his advances were not wanted. Additionally, plaintiff was acting against her will on all four occasions where she engaged in oral sex with Meyn.

Plaintiff knew and communicated to Meyn as early as October 2006 that she was being forced against her will to perform oral sex. This knowledge of the wrongfulness of the sexual harassment should have put plaintiff on notice to assert her rights against Meyn before September 2007. See Voices for Independence, 2007 WL 2905887 at *10 (“ ‘if prior events should have alerted a reasonable person to act at that time the continuing violation theory will not overcome the relevant statute of limitations’ ”) (quoting King v. Twp. of E. Lampeter, 17 F.Supp.2d 394, 416 (E.D.Pa.1998), aff'd, 182 F.3d 903 (3d Cir.1999)); cf. Cowell, 263 F.3d at 295 (plaintiffs were aware of the wrongfulness of the liens when the liens were imposed in 1992 and 1993, and should have brought a claim to strike the liens within the applicable limitations period).

Viewing all evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, no reasonable jury could find that the three Berry factors have been satisfied and under those circumstances, the continuing violations doctrine does apply in this case. Summary judgment must be granted in defendant’s favor with respect to plaintiffs claim of hostile work environment under the PHRA.

II. Retaliation Claims

A. General Framework

In addition to asserting hostile work environment claims, plaintiff asserted retaliation claims under Title VII and the PHRA. Defendant argues that these claims fail as a matter of law because plaintiff cannot demonstrate that (1) some of the acts complained of constitute adverse actions or (2) that there is a causal connection between her protected activity and the adverse action. The same standards, decisional law, and analysis apply to retaliation claims under both statutes. Slagle v. County of Clarion, 435 F.3d 262, 265 n. 5 (3d Cir.2006).

The antiretaliation provision of Title VII provides:

It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees ... because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this sub-chapter.

42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). Retaliation claims brought under Title VII follow the burden-shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). See Jalil v. Avdel Corp., 873 F.2d 701, 706 (3d Cir.1989). The Jalil court outlined the burden-shifting framework as follows:

Plaintiff has the initial burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination. Once the plaintiff succeeds in establishing a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant to rebut the proof of discrimination by articulating some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employee’s discharge. The ultimate burden of persuasion, which remains always with the plaintiff, may then be met by proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the alleged reasons proffered by the defendant were pretextual and that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff.

Jalil, 873 F.2d at 706 (citing Texas Dep’t of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 252-53, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981)).

B. Prima Facie Case

In order to establish a prima facie case of retaliation, plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) her employer took adverse action after or contemporaneous with her protected activity; and (3) a causal link exists between her protected activity and the employer’s adverse action. Abramson v. William Paterson Coll. of N.J., 260 F.3d 265, 286 (3d Cir.2001).

1. Protected Activity

The first prong of the prima facie case requires, at the very least, an informal protest of discriminatory employment practices. Barber v. CSX Dist. Servs., 68 F.3d 694, 701-02 (3d Cir.1995). The protest, in whatever medium, must specifically relate to the protected conduct allegedly being infringed. Barber, 68 F.3d at 701. For purposes of defendant’s partial motion for summary judgment, plaintiff engaged in protected activity when she complained of sexual harassment to Durniok in June and July 2007, complained of sexual harassment to Leonard in August 2007, filed her EEOC complaint on September 14, 2007, and filed her PHRC complaint on September 17, 2007. The first prong of plaintiffs prima facie case for retaliation is satisfied.

2. Adverse Employment Action

The term “adverse employment action” in the context of retaliation claims traditionally was understood to refer to a “significant change in employment status, such as hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment, or a decision causing significant change in benefits.” Weston v. Pennsylvania, 251 F.3d 420, 430-31 (3d Cir.2001); see Pa. State Police v. Suders, 542 U.S. 129, 124 S.Ct. 2342, 159 L.Ed.2d 204 (2004) (holding that under Title VII, a hostile work environment or constructive discharge may serve for adverse action). The United States Supreme Court, however, in Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006), interpreted the antiretaliation provisions of Title VII not to be limited to the traditional employment-related actions identified above. Id. at 67-69, 126 S.Ct. 2405. Instead, a plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. Id. at 68, 126 S.Ct. 2405.

In Burlington Northern, the Supreme Court stressed that an employment action is materidlly adverse when it is a significant, rather than trivial harm. Id. Specifically, “an employee’s decision to report discriminatory behavior cannot immunize that employee from those petty slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work and that all employees experience.” Id. (citing 1 Barbara Lindemann & Paul Grossman, Employment Discrimination Law 669 (3d ed.1996) (observing that “courts have held that personality conflicts at work that generate antipathy” and “ ‘snubbing’ by supervisors and coworkers” are not actionable)). The Title VII antiretaliation provision seeks to provide plaintiffs with “unfettered access,” free from interference by employers, to Title VII’s remedial mechanisms. Id. (citing Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 346, 117 S.Ct. 843, 136 L.Ed.2d 808 (1997)). To further this goal, the antiretaliation provision prohibits employer actions that are likely “to deter victims of discrimination from complaining to the EEOC,” the courts, and their employers. Id. (citing Robinson, 519 U.S. at 346, 117 S.Ct. 843). “[P]etty slights, minor annoyances, and simple lack of good manners” will not normally create such deterrence. Id.

Plaintiff alleges several adverse employment actions occurred in retaliation for filing her original charge and complaining of sexual harassment. Based upon the record before the court, the court will analyze the following actions: (1) emails received by plaintiff from Leonard and threats made to plaintiffs employment; (2) discontinuation of plaintiffs ability to work from home, (3) Leonard’s invitation to Meyn to eat lunch during a staff meeting at the Womancare Center and Meyn’s sitting next to plaintiff, after plaintiffs EEOC complaint was faxed to Horizon on September 11, 2007; (4) the forcing of plaintiff onto a medical leave of absence; (4) the request made by Solo to plaintiff, while plaintiff was on leave, asking plaintiff to close the Womancare Center because she had keys; and (5) the termination of plaintiff from employment. The court will address each alleged adverse employment action.

a. Emails and Employment Threats

On August 7, 2007, plaintiff was issued a performance improvement plan by her supervisor, Leonard, which among other things addressed the issue of inconsistencies with plaintiffs timesheet. This performance improvement plan was issued on the same day that plaintiff told Leonard she was having problems with Meyn and that he was making sexual advances toward her. Leonard responded to plaintiff by stating that she could either resign, or Leonard would terminate her and ruin her employment file. Plaintiff spoke to Durniok regarding Leonard’s threat, to which he responded, “nobody gets terminated without me saying so.” (J.S. ¶ 60; Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 36) at 118.) Ten days after the performance improvement plan was issued, Leonard sent an email to plaintiff reiterating the inconsistencies with plaintiffs recorded time and time spent in her office. (Pl.’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 34.) Additionally, she repeated a request that plaintiff not work at home. (Id) After about one month, Leonard sent plaintiff a final email on September 12, 2007 stating that because the timesheet inconsistencies had not been resolved, plaintiff would no longer be allowed to work at home, could only record her hours at the Womaneare Center or Birth Place, and must follow additional record keeping policies. (PL’s Dep. (Docket No. 32), Ex. 33.)

Under those circumstances, the emails outlined above concerning the performance improvement plan and the threats from Leonard do not qualify as adverse employment actions as defined by the Supreme Court in Burlington Northern. Plaintiff promptly brought the threat from Leonard to the attention of Durniok, who dismissed it by saying that only he had the authority to terminate employees. Cf. Sconfienza v. Verizon Pa. Inc., 307 Fed.Appx. 619, 621-22 (3d Cir.2008) (“formal reprimands that result in a notation in an employee’s personnel file” could be considered an adverse employment action, “but harsh words that lack real consequences” do not).

b. Discontinuation of Privilege to Work at Home

The emails following the placement of plaintiff on the performance improvement plan and plaintiffs complaint of sexual harassment to Leonard on August 7, 2007 concerned discrepancies in plaintiffs timesheet, which allegedly resulted in the discontinuation of her privilege to work at home. Plaintiff asserts that she had been allowed to work at home until Leonard’s September 12, 2007 email barred the practice. Plaintiff points to her being a single parent taking classes towards her master’s degree at the time Leonard made the decision to restrict her work location. This evidence suggests plaintiff could have endured significant hardship due to the change in working conditions. Indeed, plaintiff left work two days after the September 12, 2007 email and remained on a medical and family leave of absence for the next six months.

Tellingly, when explaining why the standard for adverse employment actions must be phrased in general terms, the Supreme Court stated in Burlington Northern:

[T]he significance of any given act of retaliation will often depend upon the particular circumstances. Context matters. “The real social impact of workplace behavior often depends on a constellation of surrounding circumstances, expectations, and relationships which are not fully captured by a simple recitation of the words used or the physical acts performed.”

Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 69, 126 S.Ct. 2405 (citing Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81-82, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998)). The Court described how a change in working conditions may affect certain workers: “A schedule change in an employee’s work schedule may make little difference to many workers, but may matter enormously to a young mother with school-age children.” Id.

Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiff, it is a question of fact for the jury to determine whether, a reasonable employee would find that being prohibited from working from home (the “workplace restriction”) was materially adverse. The court holds that there is a genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether the workplace restriction was an adverse employment action,

c. Staff Meeting Lunch with Meyn

After plaintiff faxed the initial EEOC complaint to defendant, Leonard invited Meyn to a staff lunch at the Womaneare Center, and he sat in the only open seat which was next to plaintiff. This incident does not rise to the level of a materially adverse employment action that would dissuade a reasonable employee from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. A jury would have to speculate that Leonard purposefully created a situation where Meyn was required to sit next to plaintiff. Geraci v. Moody-Tottrup Intern., 905 F.Supp. 241, 247 (W.D.Pa.1995) (“speculation unsupported by fact cannot create a genuine issue of fact precluding summary judgment.”), aff'd, 82 F.3d 578 (3d Cir.1996). Simply being present at a meeting in a room with other individuals and sitting next to the alleged harasser, without more, could not be found by a reasonable jury to prevent a reasonable employee from making a charge of discrimination.

d. Medical Leave of Absence

Plaintiff alleges that she was forced to take a medical leave of absence because defendant failed to take corrective action once it learned about the alleged sexual harassment. Plaintiff tries to construe this lack of corrective action as an adverse employment action. Plaintiff, however, did not point to any decision which holds that an employer’s failure to take corrective action constitutes an adverse employment action under the antiretaliation provision of Title VII. Such inaction, which could foster a hostile work environment, Swenson v. Potter, 271 F.3d 1184, 1192 (9th Cir.2001), does not necessarily affect the terms and conditions of employment for a claim of retaliation. Under the circumstances, a reasonable employee would not find the inaction a materially adverse action. See Burlington No