Pom Wonderful LLC v. Coca Cola Co. (727 F. Supp. 2d 849, 2010)

United States District Court for the Central District of California 2010-05-05

Citations

Full opinion text

ORDER GRANTING IN PART, DENYING IN PART DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT PURSUANT TO FED. R. CIV. P. 56; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY ADJUDICATION RE: DEFENDANT’S AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES OF SAFE HARBOR AND COMPLIANCE WITH LAWS [Docket Nos. 149,150]

S. JAMES OTERO, District Judge.

This matter is before the Court on Defendant The Coca Cola Company’s (“Coca Cola” or “Defendant”) Motion for Summary Judgment Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56, filed December 28, 2009, and Plaintiff Pom Wonderful LLC’s (“Pom” or “Plaintiff’) Motion for Partial Summary Adjudication Re: Defendant’s Affirmative Defenses of Safe Harbor and Compliance with Laws, also filed December 28, 2009. The parties filed Oppositions and Replies to the respective Motions. The Court found this matter suitable for disposition without oral argument and vacated the hearings set for January 25, 2010. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 78(b). For the following reasons, Coca Cola’s Motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, and Pom’s Motion is DENIED.

I. BACKGROUND

Pom produces, markets, and sells POM WONDERFUL® brand bottled pomegranate juice and various pomegranate juice blends, including a pomegranate blueberry juice blend. (First Am. Compl. (“FAC”) ¶ 11; Pl.’s Statement of Genuine Issues of Fact and Proposed Conclusions of Law in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“PL’s SOF Opp’n”) ¶ 1.) Coca Cola, under the brand Minute Maid, is one of Pom’s primary competitors in the bottled pomegranate juice market. (FAC ¶ 17; PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 2.) In September 2007, Coca Cola announced a new product in its “Minute Maid Enhanced Juices” line, entitled “Minute Maid® Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored 100% Juice Blend.” (FAC ¶ 18; PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 3.) The formal name of “Minute Maid® Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored 100% Juice Blend” is “Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored Blend Of 5 Juices” (“the Juice”). (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 56 (“Def.’s Mot.”) 3; PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 3; Decl. of Charles Torrey in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Torrey Decl.”) ¶ 3.) Specifically, in ranking the ingredients of the Juice by volume, apple ranks first, grape ranks second, pomegranate ranks third, blueberry ranks fourth, and raspberry ranks fifth. (FAC ¶ 22.)

A. The Juice’s Bottle

“The Juice has used the same bottle and label since it was first introduced.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 8.) A “prominent banner or ‘flag’ (the “Banner”) on the Juice label states ‘Omega-3/D HA HELP NOURISH YOUR BRAIN 5 Nutrients To Support Brain & Body.’ ” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 9.) Pom acknowledges that the Banner is prominent, but contends that “the text ‘Omega-3/DHA and ‘5 Nutrients To Support Brain & Body’ is not prominently displayed.” (Torrey Decl. Ex. 1, p. 9.) Above the Banner reads “100% Fruit Juice Blend,” and below the Banner appears a fruit vignette (the “Fruit Vignette”) that “depicts each of the five fruit ingredients in the Juice.” (Torrey Deck Ex. 1, p. 9; Pk’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶10, 11.) Specifically, the Fruit Vignette includes images of a half-cut pomegranate, a half-cut apple, and several blueberries, grapes, and raspberries. (Torrey Deck Ex. 1, p. 9.) Below the Fruit Vignette reads “Pomegranate Blueberry,” and below that, “Flavored Blend Of 5 Juices.” (Torrey Deck Ex. 1, p. 9.) “The back of the Juice bottle reads ‘Minute Maid Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry Is Made With A Blend Of Apple, Grape, Pomegranate, Blueberry, And Raspberry Juices From Concentrate And Other Ingredients.’ ” (Torrey Deck Ex. 1, p. 9.) It is undisputed that “[t]he back of the bottle does not include other references to pomegranates or blueberries.” (Pk’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 16.)

B. The Juice’s Advertisements

Coca Cola advertises the Juice “through television and print advertisements], coupons, in-store promotions, and on the Minute Maid website.” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 17.) Coca Cola maintains that its “brain-nourishment” claims, which form the centerpiece of the Juice’s advertising and marketing campaign, “are based upon the unique combination of added nutrients, including not only Omega-3/DHA, but also choline, vitamin B-12, vitamin E, and vitamin C, all of which have been shown to contribute to brain development.” (Def.’s Mot. 3.) Coca Cola, therefore, contends that its “help nourish your brain” claim is fully substantiated, and that in fact, the National Advertising Division of the Council of Better Business Bureaus (“NAD”) concluded that “[Coca Cola] ha[s] a reasonable basis for its claim that [the Juice] can ‘help nourish your brain.’ ” (Def.’s Mot. 3; Deck of Steven A. Zalesin in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Zalesin Deck”) Ex. 2.) “Pom does not contest the scientific accuracy of this claim.” (Def.’s Mot. 3.) As such, Coca Cola argues that its advertising and marketing, separate and apart from the naming and labeling of the Juice, focus on the Juice’s added nutrients and “brain nourishment,” not on the Juice’s pomegranate or blueberry content. (Def.’s Mot. 3.) Coca Cola further notes that its “[o]ther ads similarly emphasize that the Juice tastes great.” (Def.’s Mot. 3.)

1. Coupons

Coca Cola contends that its “coupons have included pictures of the Juice bottle, but have focused on savings, rather than the fruit ingredients in the product,” and that “in-store promotional materials describe the Juice as a ‘Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored 100% Juice Blend’ or ‘Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored Blend Of 5 Juices,’ and [have] pictured the bottle sometimes next to its fruit ingredients— but have made no other references to pomegranates or blueberries.” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶ 18, 20; Torrey Decl. Exs. 2, 8.) Pom, on the other hand, alleges that Coca Cola’s “coupons prominently feature, in large text, the name ‘POMEGRANATE BLUEBERRY,”’ and that “[t]he promotional materials further display images of pomegranates only — and no other fruit — which are heaped about the bottle.” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶ 18, 20; Pl.’s Statement of Additional Material Facts (“Pl.’s Addt’l SOF”) ¶¶ 39-40; Torrey Decl. Exs. 2, 3.)

2. Print Advertisements

Coca Cola’s print advertising has included campaigns entitled ‘Love it or it’s free!,’ ‘Helps nourish your brain and your sense of taste,’ ‘help nourish your brain,’ ‘OOPS Someone forgot to boost,’ and ‘You.’ (Torrey Decl. Ex. 4; Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶22-23.) Coca Cola argues that these “print advertisements all featured] pictures of the [Juice] bottle with few other references to pomegranates.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 22.) Coca Cola states that “[the Juice’s] print ads [have] focused on the nutritional benefits of the Omega-3D/DHA fortification and the product’s great taste rather than the Juice’s pomegranate juice content.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 24.)

Pom disputes whether the focus of Coca Cola’s print advertisements is solely on the nutritional benefits of the Omega-3/DHA fortification, and the Juice’s good taste, and not on the Juice’s pomegranate juice content. (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶ 22, 24; Torrey Decl. Ex. 4.) Pom argues that Coca Cola’s print advertisements prominently display the words “Blueberry Pomegranate.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶ 24, 25, 26.) Pom cites Coca Cola’s print advertisements, which include “Minute Maid Pomegranate Blueberry flavored juice blend packs goodness for your brain and body in every sip” as illustrative of Coca Cola’s emphasis on the Juice’s pomegranate blueberry content. (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 24.) Furthermore, Pom cites one print advertisement that depicts only the top half of the Juice’s bottle, thereby excluding “Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored Blend Of 5 Juices.” (Torrey Decl. Ex. 4, p. 36.)

3. Television Advertisements

Coca Cola maintains that the television advertisements used to promote the Juice have “flashed images of the five fruit ingredients, but have made no other references to pomegranates or blueberries.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 29.) “For example, [Coca Cola cites] the ‘We Meet Again’ commercial, [that] focused on a man who mistook his daughter’s art teacher for an ex-girlfriend before drinking the Juice, but correctly identified her afterwards.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 30.) Coca Cola argues:

The commercial showed the man drinking from the bottle, displayed the bottle and its ‘Help Nourish Your Brain’ flag on its own, and flashed the Juice’s five fruit ingredients ... An announcer described the Juice as ‘Minute Maid Enhanced with a five-nutrient boost,’ but made no mention of pomegranates or blueberries.

(Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 31.)

Pom, on the other hand, contends that Coca Cola’s television advertising identifies the Juice as a “pomegranate and blueberry juice blend,” first, and makes no explicit reference to the Juice’s flavor. (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 29; Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶¶41, 42.) Pom further alleges that the paper copy that Coca Cola submitted as evidence of the “Help Nourish Your Brain” commercial “does not depict the Juice’s five fruit ingredients.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 31.)

4. The Minute Maid Website

Finally, Coca Cola maintains that its “Minute Maid website [the “Enhanced Juices Website”] contains information about the Juice.” (Torrey Decl. Ex. 6; Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 33.) Coca Cola states that “References to the Juice are on [the Enhanced Juices Website], and [also] in a section of the website dedicated to the Juice [the Juice Webpage]” (collectively, the “Minute Maid Webpages”). (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 34.) Pom disputes whether the Enhanced Juices Website includes “sections,” as Coca Cola contends, but otherwise agrees that the Minute Maid Web-pages focus on the Juice’s “product and nutrition information, storage tips, the benefits of the Juice’s added ingredients, and games related to the Juice.” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 35.) Regardless of whether the relevant webpages form the same website, there are two distinct pages, one that relates to the Minute Maid® Enhanced Juices & Juice Drinks, generally, and which will be referred to as the Enhanced Juices Website, and one that relates to the Juice, specifically, and which will be referred to as the Juice Webpage. (Torrey Decl. 6.)

Coca Cola contends that “[h]eadings on [Minute Maid Webpages] refer to the Juice as ‘Minute Maid® Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored 100% Juice Blend,’ ” but which Pom contests. (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 36.) Instead, Pom argues that the “Flavored 100% Juice Blend” is in “a different text and font color, ... [and] far smaller than the header [Minute Maid® Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry].” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 36; Torrey Decl. Ex. 6, p. 47.) Because “Flavored 100% Juice Blend” is also located on a lower line, Pom argues that the header consists of only “Minute Maid® Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry.” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 36; Torrey Decl. Ex. 6, p. 47.)

The parties disagree over other features of the Juice Webpage, too. Coca Cola asserts that the Juice Webpage sufficiently emphasizes “ ‘Minute Maid® Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored 100% Juice Blend,’ ” and places “no emphasis on pomegranates or pomegranate juice, let alone on the specific health benefits (e.g., reduced risk of cancer) that Pom claims [Coca Cola] provide[s].” (PL’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 40; Torrey Decl. Ex. 6, p. 47.) The Juice Webpage contains the following language:

Minute Maid® Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry is a great tasting flavored 100% juice blend with 50mg of Omega-3/DHA per 8 fl. oz. serving and four other nutrients to help nourish your brain and body. Find it in the chilled juice section of your local store.

(Torrey Decl. Ex. 6, p. 47.) Below this language is an icon entitled “get product information,” that links to another page (the “Get Information Page”) that includes additional information about the Juice:

Minute Maid Enhanced Pomegranate Blueberry is a great tasting flavored 100% juice blend with 50mg of Omega-3/DHA per 8 fl. oz. serving and four other nutrients to help nourish your brain and body. By combining natural fruit juices and targeted fortification, this new Minute Maid Enhanced Juice delivers enhanced nutrition, and is a perfect addition to a healthy diet.

(Torrey Decl. Ex. 6, p. 48.) Still more, an icon entitled “Nutrition Information” on the Get Information Page, links to another page that contains the Juice’s nutritional information (the “Nutritional Information Page”). (Torrey Decl. Ex. 6, p. 50.) The Nutritional Information Page states that the Juice contains apple, grape, and pomegranate juices from concentrate, blueberry juice from concentrate, natural flavors, and raspberry juice from concentrate. (Torrey Decl. Ex. 6, p. 50.)

Consequently, Pom contends that the Minute Maid Webpages emphasize the Juice’s pomegranate and blueberry juice content. (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶ 36^40.) Pom notes that Minute Maid’s Brand Director, Ashley Ann Schmidt, confirmed that the Minute Maid Webpages are intended to advertise and market the Juice. (Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶ 5.)

C. Pom’s Allegations Against Coca Cola

“[T]he main ingredients in [the Juice] are neither pomegranate, nor blueberry juice, but rather, apple and grape juice.” (FAC ¶ 19; supra Part I.) Specifically, the Juice “contains only 0.3% pomegranate juice and 0.2% blueberry juice.” (Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶ 1; Silverman Decl. Ex. F.) By contrast, “[a]pple and grape juices make up more than 99.4% of the Juice’s contents, with the fifth type of juice, raspberry juice, making up just 0.1%.” (PL’s Addt’l SOF ¶ 1; Silverman Decl. Ex. F.) Therefore, Pom contends that Coca Cola labels the Juice as a “Pomegranate Blueberry” juice, and advertises and markets it, through its packaging, commercials, Minute Maid Webpages, and other forms of advertising, “based on the representation that the Juice’s primary ingredients ... are pomegranate and blueberry juice, when, in fact, the primary ingredients are actually apple and grape juice.” (FAC ¶¶ 8, 20.) Accordingly, Pom alleges that consumers of the Juice “are likely to be misled and deceived by [its] ... labeling, marketing and advertising,” which damages not only the consuming public, but also Pom, as Coca Cola’s competitor. (FAC ¶¶ 23-26.)

1. Consumer Complaints

Pom contends that Coca Cola has received a record number of complaints regarding the Juice. (Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶¶ 16-23; see generally Nancy Tyndal Dep. 11-15, 43^4=9, 252, Dec. 10, 2009.) Nancy Tyndal (“Tyndal”), a fourteen-year employee of Coca Cola, and who has “field[ed] consumer complaints about many products, ... asserts that there have been no Minute Maid products about which consumers have complained more.” (Nancy Tyndal Dep. 252:6-18, Dec. 10, 2009.) Indeed, Pom provides a list of consumer complaints provided to it by Coca Cola, and which Pom contends suggests that consumers have been misled into believing that the Juice was something for which it is not. (Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶¶ 19-23.) For example, one consumer complaint reads:

Today I made the mistake of buying [the] Minute Maid product that you call ‘Pomegranate Blueberry[.]’ What a crock. It’s nothing but fancy apple grape juice. You people are scumbags for mislabeling your products. I’ll never buy this product again. I’ll never buy Minute Maid products again. And I’ll tell all of my friends about this fraud. Thanks for wasting my time and money

(Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶ 19; PL’s Opp’n 3-4.) The Court notes that Pom has referenced several other similar complaints, but con-eludes that it unnecessary to reference them all. (Pl.’s Opp’n 4.)

2. The Field Survey

“Pom commissioned Dr. E. Deborah Jay (“Dr. Jay”) to conduct a survey (the “Field Survey”) that assesse[d] consumer confusion in connection with [Coca Cola’s] advertising of the Juice.” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 43;. PL’s Addt’l SOF ¶¶ 24-33.) Dr. Jay concluded that “a substantial proportion of potential purchasers of pomegranate and blueberry juice blends are likely to mistakenly believe that [the Juice] mainly contains pomegranate and blueberry juice (and not other types of fruit juice) due to the packaging (the words ‘pomegranate blueberry’ on the front of the bottle and in the product name on the back of the bottle).” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 47.) Pom notes that “Dr. Jay did not purport to conclude that this was the only consumer confusion which exists regarding the Juice, or that such confusion is limited to the bottle, as opposed to other means of false advertising.” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 47.) Pom further contends that “[t]he 35% differential which the Field Survey found between the test and control groups’ respective belief that the Juice only contains pomegranate and blueberry juice far exceeds the percentage that district courts typically find acceptable for a consumer survey in support of a Lanham Act claim.” (Pl.’s Opp’n 5.) Therefore, Pom argues that the Field Survey demonstrates the misleading effect that the Minute Maid Webpages have on consumers, so that consumers are likely “to believe that the Juice mainly contains pomegranate and blueberry juice (and not other types of fruit juice).” (Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶¶ 32-33.) Accordingly, Pom claims that “[t]he Field Survey evidences the misleading effect of [Coca Cola’s] decision to identify the Juice by the name ‘Pomegranate Blueberry.’ ” (Pl.’s Addt’l SOF ¶ 31.)

Principally, Coca Cola contests the efficacy of the Field Survey. (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶¶ 43-47.) First, Coca Cola argues that “[t]he only stimulus shown to the survey participants was the bottle and the label of the Juice,” and so, the Field Survey did “not attempt to evaluate the messages conveyed by Minute Maid’s website or any of [Coca Cola’s] other advertising.” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 45; Def.’s Mot. 3-4.) Coca Cola notes that “[t]he [Field] [Survey found that the main message the [Juice’s] bottle communicated to most consumers was that ‘the product is healthy, nutritious, nourishes the brain, is good for you, has Omega-3/DHA or has other vitamins and nutrients.’ ” (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 46.) Finally, Coca Cola alleges that “Dr. Jay concluded that any consumer confusion about the [Juice] was due to packaging (the words ‘pomegranate blueberry’ on the front of the bottle and in the product name on the back of the bottle),” and not due to the Juice’s advertising or marketing. (Pl.’s SOF Opp’n ¶ 47.)

3. Coca Cola’s Alleged Knowledge That the Juice Is Misleading

Finally, Pom argues that Coca Cola knew that the Juice was misleading, but willingly assumed the advertising risk that any misconception necessarily created. (Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) 3.) Pom cites a correspondence between Coca Cola employees sent prior to the Juice’s launch, and which allegedly illustrates Coca Cola’s intent to launch a misleading product:

As discussed here is a copy of the front label for the new MM Enhanced Juice Pomegrante [sic] Blueberry product. The product has a blend of apple, grape, pomegranate, blueberry & raspberry juices from cone. We are in compliance with the FDA regs related to the naming of juice containing products. There is a risk from a misleading standpoint as the product has less than 0.5% of pomegranate and blueberry juices. Mike St. John is aware of this issue & is willing to assume the risk.

(Silverman Decl. Ex. H; PL’s Opp’n 3; PL’s Addt’l SOF ¶¶ 6-7.) According to Pom, “[t]his e-mail constitutes damning evidence of [Coca Cola’s] willful consumer deception.” (PL’s Opp’n 3.)

D. Procedural History

Based on the above-mentioned facts, Pom brought suit against Coca Cola on September 22, 2008, alleging causes of action for: (1) false advertising under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a); (2) false advertising under California Business and Professions Code § 17500; and (3) statutory unfair competition under California Business and Professions Code § 17200. CSee FAC ¶¶ 28-50.) On February 10, 2009, the Court denied in part, and granted in part, Coca Cola’s Motion to Dismiss (the “First Motion to Dismiss”). (See Order of Feb. 10, 2009.) Specifically, the Court granted in part Coca Cola’s First Motion to Dismiss Pom’s Lanham Act claim “only to the extent it challenges the Juice’s formal name and labeling in areas for which the FDA has promulgated regulations implementing the [Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act].” (See Order of Feb. 10, 2009.) Regarding Pom’s state law claims, the Court granted in part Coca Cola’s First Motion to Dismiss “to the extent [the state law claims] seek to impose any obligations that are ‘not identical to’ the sections of the FFDCA .... ” (See Order of Feb. 10, 2009.) The Court concluded:

[t]o the extent the safe harbor doctrine applied in this case, it would only bar Pom’s claim for statutory unfair competition under California Business and Professions Code § 17200 with respect to “business practices specifically permitted” or conduct “clearly permitted]” by the FFDCA .... [However,] [because Coca Cola merely contends that the safe harbor doctrine applies to the ‘FDA’s Juice naming regulations’ and the Court has already held that Pom’s state law claims are expressly preempted to the extent they seek to impose obligations differing from those contained in the FFDCA and its accompanying FDA regulations regarding the Juice’s “common or usual name,” the safe harbor would not extend beyond the portion of the claims that the Court has already found to be expressly preempted by the FFDCA.

(See Order of Feb. 10, 2009.)

Following the filing of Pom’s FAC on July 27, 2009, Coca Cola filed a Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) (the “Second Motion to Dismiss”). (See generally FAC.) The Court “reasserted its previous position” and denied Coca Cola’s Second Motion to Dismiss. (See Order of Sept. 15, 2009, 2009 WL 6254619.) The Court concluded that “FDA juice-naming and labeling regulations do not bar Pom from alleging that Coca Cola has advertised or marketed the Juice in a misleading manner on its website and in other advertising avenues ... at this motion to dismiss stage it is unnecessary to demarcate and identify which (if any) of the allegations in the FAC are within the FDA’s sole purview, and which allegations are encompassed by the Lanham Act.” (See Order of Sept. 15, 2009.) Moreover, regarding Pom’s state law claims, the Court permitted Pom to establish that Coca Cola’s profits can be “ ‘traced to ill-gotten funds,’ which would [therefore,] be a ‘vested’ interest, and entitle Pom to restitution.” (See Order of Sept. 15, 2009.) However, without more facts before it, the Court declined to preclude Pom from pursuing its state law claims at the motion to dismiss stage.

Coca Cola now moves for summary judgment, arguing that “Pom can point to no evidence that [Coca Cola’s] marketing or advertising for the Juice — as distinguished from [the Juice’s] name and label — is false or misleading.” (Def.’s Mot. 2) Pom, too, moves for partial summary adjudication, on the grounds that applicable law does not provide Coca Cola with the “safe harbor” or “compliance with laws” affirmative defenses to Pom’s claims, and which are asserted pursuant to the Lanham Act § 43(a) (“the Lanham Act”) and Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code §§ 17200 and 17500. (See Pl.’s Notice of Mot. and Mot. for Partial Summ. J. Re: Def.’s Affirmative Defenses of Safe Harbor and Compliance with Laws; Mem. of P. & A. (“Pl.’s Mot.”) 2.)

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard for Summary Judgment

Summary judgment is proper only if “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A “material” fact is one that could affect the outcome of the ease under the governing substantive law, and an issue of material fact is “genuine” if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non[-]moving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); see Atlanta Attachment Co. v. Leggett & Platt, Inc., 516 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed.Cir.2008) (internal citation omitted).

In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the court must not make credibility determinations or weigh conflicting evidence. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Rather, the court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, drawing all “justifiable inferences” in its favor. Id. (internal citation omitted); see Atlanta Attachment Co., 516 F.3d at 1365 (internal citation omitted); Group One, Ltd. v. Hallmark Cards, Inc., 254 F.3d 1041, 1045 (Fed.Cir.2001) (internal citations omitted).

B. The Lanham Act

“Under the Lanham Act, any person that uses a ‘false description or representation’ that is ‘in connection with any goods’ is liable to another private individual ‘who believes he is or is likely to be damaged by the use of any such false description or representation.’ ” Pom Wonderful LLC v. Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. (“Ocean Spray”), 642 F.Supp.2d 1112, 1117 (C.D.Cal.2009); see Jack Russell Terrier Network of Northern California v. American Kennel Club. Inc., 407 F.3d 1027, 1036 (9th Cir.2005); 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). Indeed, the Lanham Act is designed to protect commercial interests from a competitor’s false advertising and to protect the business community from having its reputation and good will diverted. See Phoenix v. McDonald’s Corp., 489 F.3d 1156, 1168 (11th Cir.2007); see also Schering-Plough Healthcare Products, Inc. v. Schwarz Pharma, Inc., 586 F.3d 500, 512 (7th Cir.2009) (“The purpose of the false-advertising provisions of the Lanham Act is to protect sellers from having their customers lured away from them by deceptive ads or labels, or other promotional materials.”). To establish a false advertising claim under the Lanham Act, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the challenged description or representation is false. Gonzalez v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2005 WL 5891935, *5 (C.D.Cal. Aug. 2, 2005). “Falsity may be established by proving that (1) the advertising is literally false as a factual matter, or (2) although the advertisement is literally true, it is likely to deceive or confuse consumers.” Lipton v. Nature Co., 71 F.3d 464, 474 (2d Cir.1995); see Southland Sod Farms, 108 F.3d 1134, 1139 (9th Cir.1997) (“[t]o demonstrate falsity within the meaning of the Lanham Act, a plaintiff must show that an advertisement is literally false, ... or that the statement was literally true but likely to mislead or confuse consumers.”); see Mutual Pharm. Co. v. Watson Pharm., Inc. (“Mut. Pharm. Co. II”), 2009 WL 3401117 (C.D.Cal. Oct.19, 2009). “[T]he Lanham Act encompasses more than blatant falsehoods. It embraces ‘innuendo, indirect intimations, and ambiguous suggestions’ evidenced by the consuming public’s misapprehension of the hard facts underlying an advertisement.” The Procter & Gamble Co. v. Chesebrough-Pond’s Inc., 747 F.2d 114, 119 (2d Cir.1984) (internal citations omitted); see Cytosport, Inc. v. Nature’s Best, Inc. (“Cytosport”), 2007 WL 1345379, *1 (E.D.Cal. May 8, 2007); see Cottrell, Ltd. v. Biotrol Int’l, Inc. (“Cottrell”), 191 F.3d 1248, 1252 (10th Cir.1999); see also Pfizer, Inc. v. Miles, Inc., 868 F.Supp. 437, 442 (D.Conn.1994) (holding that [the Lanham Act] embraces false impressions, innuendo, and ambiguous suggestions). Moreover, the Lanham Act covers only “commercial advertising or promotion.” Schwarz Pharma, Inc. v. Breckenridge Pharm., Inc., 388 F.Supp.2d 967, 981 (E.D.Wisconsin 2005) (citing Sanderson v. Culligan Intern., Co., 415 F.3d 620, 624 (7th Cir.2005) and First Health Group Corp. v. BCE Emergis Corp., 269 F.3d 800, 803 (7th Cir.2001)).

Finally, because “[t]he Lanham Act and the FFDCA have overlapping jurisdiction in areas such as marketing and product labeling, though the purposes of the two statutes are different,” the Court now turns to an analysis of the FFDCA and FDA. Ocean Spray, 642 F.Supp.2d at 1118.

1. The FFDCA and FDA

Compared to the Lanham Act, which is “primarily intended to protect commercial interests from unfair competition,” the FFDCA, which was passed by Congress in response to “unsafe drugs and fraudulent marketing,” is intended to “protect the public from unsafe or mislabeled products” by setting forth federal labeling requirements. Wyeth v. Sun Pharm. Industries, Ltd., 2010 WL 746394 (E.D.Mich. Mar.2, 2010) (citing Wyeth v. Levine, S.Ct. 1187, 1195 (2009)); see 21 C.F.R. §§ 101 et seq.; see Schwarz Pharma, Inc., 388 F.Supp.2d at 973 (“The Lanham Act provides a remedy to a plaintiff harmed by ‘commercial advertising or promotion’ that ‘misrepresents the nature, characteristic, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person’s goods, services, or commercial activities ... In contrast, the FDCA ‘is not focused on the truth or falsity of the advertising claims’ but on protecting the public interest in safety and efficacy of food, drugs, and cosmetics.”) (internal citations omitted). Moreover, the FFDCA can only be enforced by the FDA or the Department of Justice. Id.; Ocean Spray, 642 F.Supp.2d at 1118 (internal citations omitted).

Indeed, the FFDCA is explicit: “all such proceedings for the enforcement, or to restrain violations, of this chapter shall be by and in the name of the United States.” 21 U.S.C. § 337(a). “When and if a claim strays too close to the exclusive enforcement domain of the FDA, it cannot stand.” Schwarz Pharma, Inc., 388 F.Supp.2d at 973 (citing Summit Tech., Inc., 922 F.Supp. at 306); see Schering-Plough, 586 F.3d at 508-09 (holding that the FDA should be given the chance to opine on the proper labeling before a Lanham Act suit is filed because it has more experience with consumers’ understanding of drug labels than judges do); see also United States v. An Article of Food ... Manischewitz, 377 F.Supp. 746, 749 (D.C.N.Y.1974) (“The function of the court in [sic] merely to determine whether the existing label is misleading, not to tell the [FDA] what amendments may be appropriate in order to rectify the situation.)”.

In 1990, Congress passed the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (“NLEA”), which promulgated rules for labeling and branding foods. See The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, (Public Law 101-535). Specifically, the NLEA addressed the issue of when consumers may be led to believe that a named juice is present in a beverage more than is actually the case. Id. On July 2, 1991, in response to the passage of the NLEA, the FDA published for comment, proposed rules (the “1991 proposals”) pertaining to the naming and labeling of multi-juice beverages. See Food Labeling; Declarations of Ingredients; Common or Usual Name for Nonstandardized Foods; Diluted Juice Beverages, 56 Fed. Reg. 30452-01 (proposed July 2, 1991) (to be codified at 21 C.F.R. §§ 101, 102). The FDA expressly noted:

[C]onsumers should be given enough accurate information to easily ascertain the nature of the juices represented to be present in a multiple-juice beverage. Many multiple-juice beverages, for example, contain only a small amount of a highly flavored, expensive juice ... Consequently, the agency is proposing to revise the current § 102.33(a) to state that if a product contains less than 100 percent juice, and uses the word “juice” in the common or usual name, then the word “juice” must be qualified by a term that indicates dilution (e.g., drink, beverage, cocktail).

Id. at 30455, 30461. The FDA further suggested:

[I]f a product is a multiple-juice beverage or blend of single-strength juices, and declares, names, implies, or represents on the label, other than in the ingredient statement, one or more of the individual juices (represented juices), then the names of the juices so listed shall be included in the common name or usual name in descending order of predominance by volume, unless the common or usual name specifically shows that the represented flavor is used as a flavor (e.g., raspberry-flavored apple and pear juice drink) ... Thus, FDA [proposes in 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(c) ] that if a diluted multiple-juice beverage or blend of a single-strength juice contains a represented juice and one or more that is not represented i.e., not named or implied through words or vignettes, other than in the ingredient statement, then the common or usual name for the product shall indicate that the non-represented juices are present (e.g., “Raspcranberry: raspberry and cranberry juice in a blend of two other fruit juices.”)

Id. at 30462. Thus, the 1991 proposals reflected the FDA’s position that a multiple-juice beverage named for a represented flavor would not necessarily be misleading. Id.

Thereafter, on January 6,1993, the FDA issued final rules in response to the NLEA (the “1993 Final Rules”). See Food Labeling; Declarations of Ingredients; Common or Usual Name for Nonstandardized Foods; Diluted Juice Beverages, 58 Fed. Reg. 2897-01 (Jan. 6, 1993) (to be codified at 21 C.F.R. §§ 101, 102). Here, the FDA explained that if a named juice is not the predominant juice:

The label must either state that the beverage is flavored by the named juice (e.g., “raspberry flavored juice drink”) or declare that the content of the named juice in a 5 percent range (e.g. “raspberry juice drink 2 to 7 percent raspberry juice”). The agency believes that this approach will adequately deal with the kinds of misleading labeling discussed in the comments from consumer groups.

Id. at 2900 (emphasis added); see 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(b) (2009) (“If the product is a diluted multiple-juice beverage or a blend of single-strength juices and names, other than in the ingredient statement, more than one juice, then the names of those juices must be in descending order or predominance by volume unless the name specifically shows that the juice with the represented flavor is used as a flavor (e.g., raspberry-flavored apple and pear juice.”) (emphasis added)).

Again, the 1993 Final Rules reflected the FDA’s position that multiple-juice beverages named for a represented or characteristic flavor or juice are not necessarily misleading. 58 Fed. Reg. 2897 at 2918-19 (“The basic nature of a product can be described in various ways, e.g., as a blend of five juices,” and a product containing apple, grape, raspberry, and cranberry juice may include the name “Raspberry and cranberry flavored juice beverage in a blend of two other juices ... There are several ways in which a multiple-juice beverage can be appropriately labeled.”).

Consequently, in accordance with the 1993 Final Rules, 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(c) states:

If a diluted multiple-juice beverage ... contains a juice that is named or implied on the label or labeling other than the ingredient statement (represented juice) and also contains a juice other than the named or implied juice (nonrepresented juice), then the common or usual name for the product shall indicate that the represented juice is not the only juice present (e.g., “Apple blend; apple juice in a blend of two other fruit juices”).

See 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(e) (2009). Similarly, 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(d) provides:

In a diluted multiple-juice beverage or blend of single-strength juices where one or more, but not all, of the juices are named on the label other than in the ingredient statement, and where the named juice is not the predominant juice, the common or usual name for the product shall: (1) Indicate that the named juice is present as a flavor or flavoring (e.g., “Raspcranberry”; raspberry and cranberry flavored juice drink); or (2) Include the amount of the named juice, declared in a 5-percent range (e.g. Raspcranberry; raspberry and cranberry juice beverage, 10- to 15-percent cranberry juice and 3- to 8-percent raspberry juice.) The 5-per-cent range, when used, shall be declared in the manner set forth in § 102.5(b)(2).

See 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(d) (emphasis added). In addition to that which is explained in 21 C.F.R. §§ 102 et seq., the FDA adopted regulations concerning the use of the word “flavored” for all foods generally, and provides that a food may be described as “flavored” with natural flavor derived from a “characterizing” ingredient, even if little of the “characterizing” ingredient is actually present in the food. 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)(l)(i) explains:

If the food is one that is commonly expected to contain a characterizing food ingredient ... and the food contains natural flavor derived from such ingredient and an amount of characterizing ingredient insufficient to independently characterize the food, or the food contains no such ingredient, the name of the characterizing flavor ... shall be immediately followed by the word ‘flavored’

See 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)(l)(i) (emphasis added).

Finally, in the 1993 Final Rules, the FDA considered whether fruit vignettes on juice labels have the potential to mislead the public, and whether such vignettes shall be FDA-regulated. See 58 Fed. Reg. 2897, at 2919-22. The FDA concluded:

The agency did not [referring to previous proposals] propose a specific requirement regarding the relative amounts of the various fruits depicted in a label vignette but solicited comments on whether it should require that the vignette accurately reflect the quantity of the fruit present or the taste of the product, or whether some other requirement is appropriate ... The agency agrees that it is not always necessary that the label of a multiple-juice beverage depict each juice in a vignette. The agency believes that a vignette that pictures only some of the fruit or vegetables in the beverage would not be misleading where the name of the food adequately and appropriately describes the contribution of the pictured juice. For example, a 100 percent juice product consisting of apple, grape, and raspberry juices, in which the raspberry juice provides the characterizing flavor, a vignette depicting raspberries would not necessarily be misleading if the statement of identity were “raspberry juice in a blend” or “raspberry juice in a blend of two other juices, 3 to 8 percent raspberry juice.” Moreover, if these three juices were in a beverage containing 50 percent total juice, a vignette picturing raspberries would not be misleading in the presence of a name like “raspberry flavored juice beverage.” Accordingly, FDA is not requiring that vignettes depict the fruit or vegetables for all juices present. However FDA believes that a vignette that pictures the fruit or vegetable sources of all juices present in a product would provide useful information and thus encourages manufacturers to use such vignettes.

See 58 Fed. Reg. 2897 at 2918-21 (emphasis added). Thus, in the 1993 Final Rules, the FDA concluded that in the context of multi-juice beverages, manufacturers are not required to depict all the fruits or vegetables in vignettes. Id. at 1921-22. Instead, the FDA merely encouraged manufacturers to depict all fruits and vegetables present in the juice, as that would be instructive to consumers. Thus, in the context of vignettes on multi-juice beverages, the 1993 Final Rules reflect the FDA’s position that it is an agency specifically tasked with regulating names and labels in order to prevent the misbranding of products. Id.

2. Interplay Between the Lanham Act and the FFDCA

In light of the distinction between the Lanham Act and the FFDCA and their remedial mechanisms, a line of cases has arisen finding that Lanham Act claims are barred where private litigants ask the court to determine preemptively how the FDA will interpret and enforce its own regulations. See Mutual Pharm. Co. v. Ivax Pharm., Inc. (“Mutual I”), 459 F.Supp.2d 925, 933 (C.D.Cal.2006). This interplay between the Lanham Act and the FFDCA, therefore, requires “courts [to] ... tread carefully when applying the Lanham Act to advertising of goods ... that are also subject to regulation by the FDCA, lest it be used as a vehicle to accomplish indirectly something a party could not accomplish directly.” Id.

On one hand, “[c]ourts have refused to allow a Lanham Act claim to proceed where, in order to determine the falsity or misleading nature of the representation at issue, the court would be required to interpret and then apply FFDCA statutory or regulatory provisions.” Mutual I, 459 F.Supp.2d at 934 (citing Sandoz Pharm. Corp. v. Richardson-Vicks, Inc., 902 F.2d 222, 231 (3d Cir.1990)); see Cottrell, 191 F.3d at 1255; see also All One God Faith, Inc. v. The Hain Celestial Group, Inc., 2009 WL 4907433 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 14, 2009). “Simply put, the Lanham Act does not allow a federal court to determine preemptively how a federal agency will interpret and enforce its own regulations.” Summit Tech., 922 F.Supp. at 306 (citing Sandoz Pharm. Corp., 902 F.2d at 231); see Summit Tech., Inc. v. High-Line Med. Instruments, Co. (“Summit II”), 933 F.Supp. 918, 933 (C.D.Cal.1996) (refusing to allow a Lanham Act claim to proceed where the claim would force the court to rule directly on the legality of the defendant’s conduct before the FDA had a chance to do so). This is especially true “in light of Congress’ intention to repose in [the FDA] the task of enforcing the FDCA.” Braintree Lab., Inc. v. Nephro-Tech., Inc. (“Braintree”), 1997 WL 94237, *6 (D.Kan. Feb. 26, 1997). “It is in this context that many courts have refused to allow a Lanham Act claim to proceed, as the alleged ‘falsity’ is not something that is verifiable without ... interpretation and application of FDA regulations.” Id. at 936; see also Sandoz Pharm. Corp., 902 F.2d at 231 (refusing to adjudge falsity of a cough syrup label when “the FDA ha[d] not found conclusively that [the product was mislabeled]” because doing so would require original interpretation of the FFDCA or its regulations). As the court in Mutual I concluded:

If the allegedly false or misleading nature of the statement can be easily verified, then the fact that the determination of the truth of that statement was made by the FDA is immaterial so long as the party can also show the other requirements for establishing a Lanham Act claim, that is, that the false or misleading statement is likely to deceive consumers.

Mutual I, 459 F.Supp. at 935. In American Home Products Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, the court similarly concluded that FDA approval was a defense to a competitor’s Lanham Act claim. American Home Prods. Corp. v. Johnson & Johnson, 672 F.Supp. 135, 145 (S.D.N.Y.1987). The court held that “[i]f FDA approval of the precise label used by a drug manufacturer is a defense to a consumer’s product liability action, it should be & fortiori, a defense to a competitor’s action under the Lanham Act.” Id.

“On the other hand, the simple fact that a matter touches upon an area dealt with by the FDA is not a bar to proceeding with a claim under the Lanham Act.” Ocean Spray, 642 F.Supp.2d at 1118 (citing Mutual I, 459 F.Supp.2d at 935). For example, a Lanham Act claim may proceed where a plaintiff alleges that the defendant has affirmatively misrepresented compliance with FDA regulations, or where a court would only need to “verify whether defendant’s specific label or conduct conforms to what the FDA has already determined is required.” Id.; see also Braintree, 1997 WL 94237, *6 (holding that “[m]ost obviously, a false statement of FDA approval is sanctionable”); see also Cytosport, 2007 WL 1345379 at *2 (holding that “courts have refused to dismiss Lanham Act claims when plaintiffs can establish that the statements at issue are false or misleading without relying on the FDCA or FDA regulations”). To this end, preclusion of a Lanham Act claim will likely rest on “whether the false advertising involves a fact that can be easily verifiable, without requiring the truth of the fact to be determined by the FDA.” Ocean Spray, 642 F.Supp.2d at 1118 (internal citation omitted).

Moreover, some courts have concluded that “false statements are actionable under the Lanham Act, even if their truth may be generally within the purview of the FDA.” Cytosport, 2007 WL 1345379, at * 2 (citing Summit II, 933 F.Supp. at 933); see Cottrell, 191 F.3d at 1256; As the court in Summit Tech. explained, “a plaintiff may bring a Lanham Act cause of action for affirmatively misrepresenting facts, even if the facts may be governed by FDA regulations.” Summit Tech., 922 F.Supp. at 307; see also Pfizer, Inc., 868 F.Supp. at 449 (holding that literally false statements concerning areas of the FDA’s purview can be actionable under the Lanham Act).

In Grove Fresh Distributors, Inc. v. The Flavor Fresh Foods, Inc., the defendants sold orange juice labeled as “100% Orange Juice from Concentrate.” Grove Fresh, 720 F.Supp. 714, 715 (N.D.Ill.1989). The plaintiff sued under the Lanham Act, “asserting that because defendants’ product was not 100% orange juice, its labeling was false and misleading.” Summit Tech., 922 F.Supp. at 307. The court found that plaintiffs claim was not an FFDCA cause of action “because, even without the FDA’s orange juice definition, plaintiff could still establish a violation of [the Lanham Act]— indeed, the commercial definition of pure orange juice could be determined without any reference to FDA regulations.” Id. The plaintiff could “rely on the FDA regulation merely to establish the standard or duty which [the] defendants allegedly failed to meet. Nothing prohibited] [the plaintiff] from using the FDCA or its accompanying regulations in this fashion.” Id. Likewise, in Summit II, the plaintiff argued that the defendant’s imported products were improperly labeled because they were labeled as “identical” to domestically manufactured products that were FDA-approved. Summit II, 933 F.Supp. at 933. The court declined to dismiss the action because “the question of whether the domestic and international [products] are ‘identical’ is a factual one that can be resolved without the interpretation or application of FDA regulations.” Id.

Similarly, in Cytosport, the court concluded that it would “not need to rely on the FFDCA or any FDA regulation to show that the statement ‘Carb Conscious’ is misleading.” Cytosport, 2007 WL 1345379 at *3. Specifically, the court would not need to interpret or otherwise apply FFDCA or FDA regulations. Id. “To make its case, [the plaintiff] [could] present evidence, such as consumer surveys, that indicate consumers would consider such statement misleading when [the product] contains 15 grams of carbohydrate.” Id. The court in Mutual I, therefore, concluded that it could distinguish between instances where courts “find either as a matter of common sense or normal English, that which the FDA, with all of its scientific expertise, has yet to determine ... [and instances where] the [FDA] should be given the first chance to exercise that discretion or to apply that discretion.” Mutual I, 459 F.Supp.2d at 938.

3. Establishing Advertising under the Lanham Act Is Misleading

Assuming a Lanham Act claim is not precluded by the FFDCA or FDA regulations, “in order to recover damages, ... the plaintiff must demonstrate that it has been damaged by actual consumer reliance on the misleading statements.” Emerging Material Tech., Inc. v. Rubicon Tech., Inc., 2009 WL 5064349, *4 (N.D.Ill. Dec. 14, 2009). Here, the statements-at-issue, namely Coca Cola’s naming, labeling, advertising, and marketing, are not alleged to be literally false, but rather, misleading in context. Thus, “[w]here a statement is not literally false and is only misleading in context, ... proof that the advertising actually conveyed the implied message and thereby deceived a significant portion of the recipients becomes critical.” Mut. Pharm. Co. II, 2009 WL 3401117 at *3 (citing The William H. Morris Co. v. Group W, Inc., 66 F.3d 255, 258 (9th Cir.1995)); see Del Webb, 2009 WL 3053709 at * 13; see Sandoz Pharm. Corp., 902 F.2d at 228-29 (context is important in evaluating the message conveyed); see also Merck Consumer Pharm. Co. v. Smithkline Beecham Corp., 960 F.2d 294, 297-98 (2d Cir.1992) (requiring plaintiff to demonstrate that a “statistically significant part of the commercial audience holds the false belief allegedly communicated by the challenged advertisement”). Indeed, “[e]ven if an advertisement is not literally false, relief is available under [the] Lanham Act § 43(a) if it can be shown that the advertisement has misled, confused, or deceived the consuming public.” Southland Sod Farms, 108 F.3d 1134 at 1140.

“Reactions of the public are typically tested through the use of consumer surveys.” Southland Sod Farms, 108 F.3d 1134 at 1140; see also J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 27:55 (4th ed. 1996) (“If the ad is not clear, plaintiff must produce evidence, usually in the form of market research or consumer surveys, showing exactly what message ordinary consumers received from the ad .... [T]he moving party must provide expert testimony or other evidence.”) (internal citations omitted). “To assess the truth of [the] more amorphous, [or] misleading statements, the courts favor testing by consumer reaction surveys, but have also found falsity based on their own independent reaction and the reaction of witnesses testifying before the court, including testimony based on test results, consumer surveys, complaints received, allegations of more than a few instances of misrepresentation and otherwise.” Cottrell, 191 F.3d at 1252. In Cottrell, the Tenth Circuit concluded that “if [the plaintiff] can establish by consumer surveys or other means that [the defendant’s] advertising is likely to confuse or actually confuses consumers, then the effect of the false ‘implication’ of EPA approval that [the plaintiff] now assumes could be as damaging for Lanham Act purposes as an express false claim of EPA approval.” Id. at 1256; see also Mut. Pharm. Co. II, 2009 WL 3401117 at *3 (holding that the plaintiff did not need to rely on the FDCA or any FDA regulations in order to determine whether a statement was misleading, and instead, could “present evidence, such as consumer surveys, to indicate [that] consumers would consider [said] statement misleading”). However, “[t]o prove that use of [a] particular marketing channel conveys such a false impression ... [the plaintiff] cannot ... obtain relief by arguing how consumers could react; it must be shown how consumers actually do react.” Mutual I, 459 F.Supp.2d at 940 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). Similarly, in Sandoz, the Third Circuit concluded:

A Lanham Act plaintiff ... is not entitled to the luxury of deference to its judgment. Consequently, where advertisements are not literally false, plaintiff bears the burden of proving the actual deception by a preponderance of the evidence. Hence, [a plaintiff] cannot obtain relief by arguing how consumers could react; it must show how consumers actually do react ... The effect of the advertisement on the consumer is the critical determination, and it must be demonstrated by a Lanham Act plaintiff regardless of whether the claim is facially ambiguous.

Sandoz, 902 F.2d at 228-29. However, “[sjubjective claims about products, which cannot be proven either true or false, are not actionable under the Lanham Act.” (Cytyc Corp. v. Neuromedical Sys., Inc., 12 F.Supp.2d 296, 300 (S.D.N.Y.1998)) (citing Lipton v. Nature Co., 71 F.3d 464, 474 (2d Cir.1995)), and “[a]s a general rule, summary judgment is inappropriate where an expert’s testimony supports the non-moving party’s case.” Southland Sod Farms, 108 F.3d at 1144.

In any event, the “failure to establish that a significant number of consumers [are] actually deceived is not necessarily fatal to [a plaintiffs] case. If [the defendant has] intentionally misled consumers, [the court will presume that] consumers were in fact deceived and [the defendant] would have the burden of demonstrating otherwise.” The William H. Morris Co. v. Group W, Inc., 66 F.3d 255, 258 (9th Cir.1995); see Del Webb, 2009 WL 3053709 at *13; see also Novartis Consumer Health, Inc. v. Johnson & Johnson, 290 F.3d 578, 594 (3d Cir.2002). Indeed, where a defendant “intentionally misleads]” consumers, by “deliberate conduct of egregious nature,” courts may presume that consumers have been deceived. William H. Morris Co., 66 F.3d at 258; see also Gonzalez v. Allstate Ins. Co., 2005 WL 5891935, *10 (C.D.Cal. Aug. 2, 2005). Accordingly, even if Pom cannot establish by a preponderance of evidence that consumers were actually deceived by Coca Cola’s allegedly misleading statements, if Pom can establish willful misconduct by Coca Cola, then the Court may presume that consumers have been deceived.

C. The State Law Claims

Since this Court’s September 15, 2009 Order, several other courts in the Central District have addressed the issue of whether Pom has standing to assert similarly pled state law claims, and which the Court finds compelling. See Pom Wonderful LLC v. Tropicana Products, Inc., et al. ("Tropicana”), CV 09-00566 DSF (CTx) (C.D.Cal. Oct. 21, 2009); Pom Wonderful LLC v. Welch Foods, Inc. ("Welch”), CV 09-00567 AHM (AGRx), (C.D.Cal. Dec. 21, 2009). Specifically, to have standing under California Business & Professions Code § 17200, referred to as California’s Unfair Competition Law (“UCL”), and California Business & Professions Code § 17500, referred to as California’s False Advertising Law (“FAL”), Pom must show that it has suffered an injury in fact, namely that it has “lost money or property as a result of ... unfair competition.” Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17204, 17535. “[L]ost money or property” have been interpreted as requiring that a plaintiff show he is entitled to restitution from a defendant. See Citizens of Humanity, LLC v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 171 Cal.App.4th 1, 89 Cal.Rptr.3d 455, 472 (2009) (holding that the alleged harm to a plaintiffs goodwill is not a loss of “money or property as a result of the unfair competition,” and is insufficient to confer standing on the plaintiff); see also Buckland v. Threshold Enterprises, Ltd., 155 Cal.App.4th 798, 66 Cal.Rptr.3d 543, 557-58 (2007) (holding that a plaintiffs purchase of goods which was made expressly in order to establish standing for an action in the public interest was “not reasonably viewed as lost money or property under the standing requirement”).

In Korea Supply Corp. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., the California Supreme Court held that for purposes of California’s UCL, restitution is not “limited only to the return of money or property that was once in the possession of that person.” Korea Supply Corp. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 29 Cal.4th 1134, 131 Cal.Rptr.2d 29, 42, 63 P.3d 937 (2003). Specifically, the California Supreme Court held that “restitution is broad enough to allow a plaintiff to recover money or property in which he or she has a vested interest.” Id. Thus, although earned “wages [can] be recovered as restitution under the UCL,” a lost business opportunity, which is only an “attenuated expectancy interest,” and not subject to a constructive trust, is not a vested interest, and cannot be recovered under the UCL as restitution. Id. The court further noted: “As the United States Supreme Court recently said, a constructive trust requires ‘money or property identified as belonging in good conscience to the plaintiff [which can] clearly be traced to particular funds or property in the defendant’s possession.’ ” Id. (citing Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson, 534 U.S. 204, 213, 122 S.Ct. 708, 151 L.Ed.2d 635 (2002)).

Here, it has been shown that Pom is not entitled to restitutionary relief. Specifically, it is clear that Pom has no vested share of the pomegranate juice market, or a vested interest in Coca Cola’s profits from the Juice. As Judge Dale S. Fischer succinctly explained in Tropicana, “there is no reasonable definition of vested interest that would include market share.” Tropicana, CV 09-00566, at 2. Similarly, Judge Howard A. Matz concluded that “like the plaintiff in Korea Supply, Pom seeks to recover nonrestitutionary disgorgement of profits that are nothing more than a ‘contingent expectancy of a payment from a third party’- — -in this case, consumers.” Welch, CV 09-00567, at 5 (citing Korea Supply Corp., 131 Cal.Rptr.2d at 42, 63 P.3d 937). Moreover, Pom is not entitled to seek injunctive relief under the UCL and FAL, either. Indeed, as both Judge Dale S. Fischer and Judge Howard A. Matz noted, a restitutionary interest is required for standing, even if the plaintiff does not seek restitution as a remedy. See Welch, CV 09-00567, at 5; see Tropicana, CV 09-00566, at 2; see Walker, 558 F.3d at 1027. Because Pom’s state law claims are strikingly similar to those it has pled in the above-mentioned cases, and because the Court finds Judge Howard A. Matz and Judge Dale S. Fischer’s reasoning to be compelling, Coca Cola’s summary adjudication as to this issue is GRANTED.

Accordingly, Coca Cola’s Motion is GRANTED IN PART to the extent that Pom’s state law claims are DISMISSED. Pom’s Motion is DENIED as moot to the extent that it seeks to preclude Coca Cola’s affirmative defenses against its state law claims.

D. The Lanham Act Claim

1. Naming and Labeling

Principally, Pom contends that Judge A. Howard Matz, Judge Dean D. Pregerson, and Judge Dale S. Fischer, as well as this Court, “all got it right at the motion to dismiss stage that federal law does not preclude or preempt Pom’s claims against juice product naming and labeling.” (Pl.’s Opp’n 2.) To that end, Pom seeks to have this Court indirectly require that Coca Cola change the Juice’s naming and labeling to reflect what Pom believes is a more appropriate naming and/or labeling of the Juice’s bottle. (FAC ¶ 20.) Pom states:

Instead of calling its product “Apple Grape” juice, which are the two primary juices in its product, Coca Cola made a marketing decision to give this product the brand name “Pomegranate Blueberry” juice on the front label, and to juxtapose this brand name with a picture of a pomegranate and other fruits, among other misleading elements.

(FAC ¶ 20; Pl.’s Mot. 5.) Specifically, Pom alleges that Coca Cola’s naming and labeling on the Juice’s bottle is voluntary, and thus, Pom’s claims are not directed at the features of the Juice’s “formal” naming and labeling. (Pl.’s Opp’n 10; PL’s Mot. 5.) Pom argues therefore, that the Lanham Act claim is directed towards the Juice’s naming and labeling, for “which [Coca Cola] chose in order to maximize the label’s deceptive impact on consumers.” (Pl.’s Opp’n 10.)

Coca Cola contends that the Juice’s name, “Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored Blend Of 5 Juices,” “complies with all applicable FDA regulations,” and so, is precluded from being challenged by the Lanham Act. Def.’s Mot. 8; see 58 Fed. Reg. 2897 at 2920; see also 21 C.F.R. § 102.33 (stating that “this revision of new § 102.33 along with the others discussed below are adequate to prevent misleading labels on multiple-juice beverages”). In support of its contention that the Juice’s naming and labeling comport with the relevant FFDCA and FDA regulations, Coca Cola states that the Juice’s “name includes two identified juices, pomegranate and blueberry. Because these named juices are not the predominant juices by volume, the product name includes the word ‘flavored,’ as required by 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(d), and as expressly permitted by 21 C.F.R. § 101.22(i)(l)(i), based upon the inclusion of ‘natural flavors’ in the Juice.” (Def.’s Mot. 8.) Coca Cola further maintains that “because there are additional juices in the product, the [Juice’s] name also includes the word ‘blend,’ as required by 21 C.F.R. § 102.33(c).” (Def.’s Mot. 8.)

This Court’s previous Order held that Pom’s Lanham Act claim against the Juice’s formal name and label, “Pomegranate Blueberry Flavored Blend Of 5 Juices,” “impermissibly challeng[es] the FDA’s labeling for a multiple-juice beverage.” (Order of Feb. 19, 2009). The FDA has directly spoken on the issues that form the basis of Pom’s Lanham Act claim against the naming and labeling of the Juice, and has therefore, reached a conclusion as to what is permissible. See 21 C.F.R. §§ 102.33(c), (d). Indeed, the FDA has spoken on several occasions, and each time, it has concluded that manufacturers of multiple-juice beverages may identify their beverages with a non-primary, char