Chase Investment Services Corp. v. Law Offices of Jon Divens & Associates, LLC (748 F. Supp. 2d 1145, 2010)

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

STEPHEN V. WILSON, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiff-in-Interpleader Chase Investment Services Corp. (“Plaintiff’ or “CISC”) filed this interpleader action against several Defendants-in-Interpleader that had conflicting claims to the assets in a CISC securities brokerage account, Account No. CM2-303194 (“the Account” or “the CISC Account”). The Account was opened in late July 2009 by Defendant-inInterpleader Jon Divens (“Divens”) on behalf of Defendant-in-Interpleader the Law Offices of Jon Divens & Associates, LLC (“JDA”).

Initially, the Account held no assets. However, after two transfers in September 2009, the Account held securities representing interests from three Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (collectively, “the CMOs”). The securities in the Account included: (1) a CMO designated as the Cobalt CBMS Series 2007-CS Class 10 00.02840 05/15/2046, CUSIP 1907DAG6, with a face value of $1,008,402,393 (hereinafter, “the Cobalt CMO”); (2) a CMO designated as the JPMCC Series 2007-CB19 Class X 00.01240 02/12/2049 MTG SEC, CUSIP 46630VAG7, with a face value of $235,250,000 (hereinafter, “the JPMCC Series CMO”); and (3) a CMO designated as the FNMA Series 2003-W19, Class 1-IO-l 0.33048% 11/25/2043 GTD Remic Pass Thru CTF Whole Loan, CUSIP 31393UA86, with a face value of $305,000,000 (hereinafter, the “FNMA Series CMO”). The three CMOs are interest-only CMOs, which provide the right to receive a portion of the interest payments on the mortgages owned by the CMO. The CMOs earn interest payments on a monthly basis. While the CMOs were in the CISC Account these interest payments were automatically deposited into the Account.

A. The Interpleader Action and Related Crossclaims

In or about late October 2009, CISC started to receive competing claims to the assets held in the Account. In response to those claims, CISC froze the Account on November 17, 2009. On December 14, 2009, CISC instituted this interpleader action naming the following parties who had asserted adverse claims to the assets in the Account: (1) Jon Divens, (2) Law Offices of Jon Divens & Associates, (3) Betts and Gambles Investments, Inc. and its affiliate Betts and Gambles Global Equities, LLC, (4) Midwest Royalties LLC, (5) Bryan Stallings, and (6) Amedraa LLC.

In January 2010, Midwest Royalties LLC informed CISC that Midwest Royalties LLC had been mistaken about the assets in the Account and that Midwest Royalties actually did not have any interest in the CMOs. Thus, Midwest Royalties was dismissed from this action on February 5, 2010. (Order, 02/05/10, Docket No. 55.) Also in January 2010, third-party Core Impact Consulting contacted CISC and asserted an interest in the JPMCC Series CMO held in the Account. Thus, CISC amended the Complaint-in-Inter-pleader on February 5, 2010 to add Core Impact Consulting as a Defendant-in-Interpleader. (Id.)

On January 22, 2010, Defendant-in-Interpleader Amedraa LLC (“Amedraa”) answered the Complaint-in-Interpleader and asserted several crossclaims against JDA and Divens. (Docket No. 47.) Amedraa alleged that it was the owner of the FNMA Series CMO and that Amedraa had transferred the FNMA Series CMO to JDA in trust in January 2009 to hold in escrow. Amedraa alleged that JDA failed to return the FNMA Series CMO upon demand in February 2009 and that Divens absconded with the FNMA Series CMO, transferring it to several institutions until eventually it was transferred to the CISC Account. Amedraa sought return of the FNMA Series CMO, as well as the interest payments paid on the FNMA Series CMO while it was in JDA’s possession.

Defendants-in-Interpleader Betts and Gambles Investments, Inc. and its affiliate Betts and Gambles Global Equities (collectively, “Betts and Gambles”) asserted a similar crossclaim against Divens and JDA on February 12, 2010. (Docket No. 61.) Betts and Gambles alleged that it owned the Cobalt CMO and had transferred it to Divens in February 2009 to hold in escrow for a proposed sale of the Cobalt CMO to a third party. Betts and Gambles alleged that when the sale fell through, they demanded that Divens return the Cobalt CMO but he refused. Betts and Gambles alleged that Divens transferred the Cobalt CMO to several different financial institutions so as to hide it from Betts and Gambles until it finally ended up in the CISC Account. Betts and Gambles sought return of the Cobalt CMO as well as the interest that had accrued on the Cobalt CMO while it was in Divens’s possession.

B. Prior Stipulations and Orders

Throughout the course of this litigation, several of the Defendants-in-Interpleader reached stipulations with Divens, JDA, and CISC regarding the assets in the Account. On February 2, 2010, the Court approved a Joint Stipulation between Bryan Stallings (“Stallings”), JDA, Divens and CISC, and ordered that a portion of the JPMCC Series CMO owned by Stallings be released from the Account to Stallings. Stallings was voluntarily dismissed from this action on February 2, 2010. (Order, Docket No. 51.)

On February 23, 2010, the Court approved a Joint Stipulation between Core Impact Consulting, JDA, Divens and CISC, and ordered that the remaining portion of the JPMCC Series CMO owned by Core Impact Consulting be released from the Account to Core Impact Consulting. (Order, Docket No. 72.) Core Impact Consulting was voluntarily dismissed from this action on March 8, 2010. (Docket No. 78.)

On February 23, 2010, the Court approved a Joint Stipulation between Amedraa, JDA, Divens, and CISC, and ordered that the FNMA Series CMO be released from the Account to Amedraa. (Order, Docket No. 71.) The parties stipulated that Amedraa owned the FNMA Series CMO, but could not agree as to who owned the interest that the FNMA Series CMO had earned while it was in JDA’s possession. Both JDA and Amedraa assert adverse claims to the interest held in the CISC Account that is attributable to the FNMA Series CMO, as well as the interest earned on the FNMA Series CMO from January 2009 through October 2009 while it was in JDA’s possession.

Finally, on April 14, 2010, the Court approved a Joint Stipulation between Betts and Gambles, JDA, Divens, and CISC, and ordered that the Cobalt CMO be released from the Account and transferred to Betts and Gambles. (Order, Docket No. 85.) Although the parties stipulated that Betts and Gambles owned the Cobalt CMO, the parties could not agree as to who owned the interest that the FNMA Series CMO had generated while it was in JDA and Divens’s possession. Both JDA and Betts and Gambles assert adverse claims to the interest held in the CISC Account that is attributable to the Cobalt CMO, as well as the interest earned from the Cobalt CMO from February 2009 through October 2009 while the FNMA Series CMO was in Divens’s possession.

On March 3, 2010, the Court granted CISC’s unopposed Motion to Deem the Account Deposited with the Court (“Motion to Interplead”) and discharged CISC from the action. (Order, Docket No. 75.) On June 10, 2010, the Court granted in part CISC’s request for attorneys’ fees incurred in connection with the interpleader action and awarded CISC fees of $24,834.90, to be paid from the assets in the Account.

C. Remaining Issues for Trial

In sum, as of the trial date in June 2010, the only remaining disputes were: (1) whether the interest earned on the Cobalt CMO (both while the Cobalt CMO was in the CISC Account and prior to that time when it was in Divens’s possession) belongs to JDA or Betts and Gambles; and (2) whether the interest earned on the FNMA Series CMO (both while the FNMA Series CMO was in the CISC Account and prior to that time when it was in JDA’s possession) belongs to JDA or Amedraa LLC.

The Court held a bench trial on these issues on June 24 and 25, 2010. The Court heard testimony from James Savor on behalf of Amedraa and Jon Divens on behalf of JDA and himself. Additionally, direct testimony declarations of Evelyn Aardema, one of the member-managers of Amedraa, LLC, and Seth Beoku Betts, the president of Betts and Gambles Investments, Inc., were admitted without objection. Finally, the Court permitted the parties to submit post-trial briefing on an issue of law regarding JDA’s status as an entitlement holder under the California Commercial Code.

Having thoroughly examined the evidence and the testimony of the witnesses, and having considered the arguments and briefs of all parties, the Court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law.

II. FACTUAL FINDINGS

As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that resolution of many of the factual disputes between the parties turns in large part on the credibility of the witnesses. In that regard, the Court finds that Divens’s testimony was wholly incredible. The Court does not believe that Divens had any agreement with any representative or agent of Betts and Gambles or Amedraa that entitled Divens or JDA to the interest generated by the Cobalt CMO or the FNMA Series CMO. Instead, Divens acquired the CMOs under the false promise that he would act solely as an escrow agent with regard to the CMOs. Once the CMOs were in Divens’s possession, he absconded with the assets, moving them to different accounts at different institutions so they could not be located and stealing the interest generated from the CMOs for his own personal use. In short, the Court finds that Divens created a scheme to defraud Betts and Gambles and Amedraa and to steal their assets. His testimony is not credible.

In contrast, having observed the witness, the Court finds that James Savor’s testimony was credible. Moreover, Savor’s testimony was corroborated by the exhibits admitted at trial. With those considerations in mind, the Court makes the following factual findings.

A. The Cobalt CMO (Betts and Gambles)

Prior to February 2009, Betts and Gambles purchased and owned a collateralized mortgage obligation issued by CW Capital, referred to as CW Capital Cobalt Series 2007-C3 CL, CUSIP number 19075DAG6 (“the Cobalt CMO”). Divens does not dispute that Betts and Gambles is, and at all relevant times was, the owner of the Cobalt CMO. The face value of the Cobalt CMO is $1,008,402,393; however, the actual value of the Cobalt CMO is considerably less.

According to its terms, the Cobalt CMO provided for a monthly interest payment of $31,014.42 through its maturity date of May 15, 2046. In fact, however, the amount of interest generated by the Cobalt CMO varied monthly. From February 2009 through April 2010, the interest generated by the Cobalt CMO varied from approximately $23,500 to $30,500 per month.

In early January 2009, Betts and Gambles entered into a contract to sell the Cobalt CMO to a company called Up Right Holdings for a purchase price of $60,504,143.58. In connection with the proposed sale, the principal of Up Right Holdings, Jaime Williams (‘Williams”), suggested to the president of Betts and Gambles, Seth Beoku Betts (“Mr. Betts”), that the parties use Jon Divens as the escrow agent to hold the Cobalt CMO while Up Right Holdings arranged financing for the sale. Mr. Betts agreed.

On or about February 3, 2009, Betts and Gambles transferred the Cobalt CMO from its securities account at Pension Financial Services to JDA’s Business Services Account at UBS (hereinafter, “the JDA UBS Account”), which was controlled by Divens. Divens’s only obligation was to hold the Cobalt CMO escrow pending the sale of the asset to Up Right Holdings. Neither Up Right Holdings nor Divens provided any consideration for the transfer. No written escrow agreement or escrow instructions were ever entered into between Betts and Gambles and Divens.

Ultimately, Up Right Holdings was unable to finance the purchase of the Cobalt CMO. On March 6, 2010, at the request of Mr. Betts, counsel for Betts and Gambles, Derek Roberson, sent Divens a letter indicating that Up Right Holdings was unable to arrange financing and could not provide the advance payment required to purchase the Cobalt CMO. Roberson further stated that Betts and Gambles had no contractual or other obligation to enter the Cobalt CMO into any trading platform and had not consented to the investment of the Cobalt CMO in any trading platform. Roberson demanded the immediate return of the Cobalt CMO to Mr. Betts at the originating securities account at Pension Financial Services and provided wiring coordinates. Divens did not respond to the March 6, 2009 letter.

On March 10, 2009, Roberson sent Divens a letter via fax, again demanding that Divens immediately return the Cobalt CMO to Mr. Betts’s account. Divens did not respond.

Also in March 2010, Mr. Betts called Divens and left several messages on his voicemail asking Divens to return his calls. Mr. Betts also sent Divens several text messages indicating that Betts and Gambles was trying to reach him regarding the Cobalt CMO. Divens never returned any of Mr. Betts’s calls.

On May 5, 2009, counsel for Betts and Gambles, John D. Kelner, sent another letter to Divens demanding the return of the Cobalt CMO to Betts and Gambles. The letter indicated that if the Cobalt CMO was not returned within 30 days, Betts and Gambles would file a civil complaint against Divens for theft. Divens did not respond.

Divens testified that when he first received the Cobalt CMO in the JDA UBS Account in February 2009, Williams told him that the Cobalt CMO belonged to her and that she wanted to place the Cobalt CMO into trade. Divens testified that when he initially received the Cobalt CMO he did not know anything about Betts and Gambles. However, Divens also testified that within “a week or a month” of the transfer of the Cobalt CMO to JDA’s UBS account, Williams told him that, in fact, Betts and Gambles was the owner of the Cobalt CMO and that Williams was a broker trying (unsuccessfully) to purchase the Cobalt CMO from Betts and Gambles. Thus, even if the Court credits Divens’s testimony that he did not know initially that Betts and Gambles owned the Cobalt CMO, as of March 6, 2009, when Betts and Gambles contacted Divens demanding the return of the Cobalt CMO, Divens knew that Betts and Gambles was the owner of the Cobalt CMO and that Up Right Holdings could not generate the funds to purchase it.

Divens testified that after he learned about Betts and Gambles in February or March 2009, Betts and Gambles orally agreed on a phone call with Divens that Divens could place the Cobalt CMO into a trade program. The Court does not find this testimony credible. Divens has not presented any evidence, other than his self-serving testimony, that any such agreement existed. Furthermore, Divens’s testimony is flatly contradicted by the letters Betts and Gambles sent to Divens on March 6, 2009, March 10, 2009, and April 5, 2009, in which Betts and Gambles’s counsel clearly indicated that Betts and Gambles “has never given its consent to the investment of its CMO into any such [trade] platform” and demanded return of the Cobalt CMO. The Court finds that Betts and Gambles never authorized Divens to take any action other than hold the Cobalt CMO in escrow pending the proposed sale to Up Right Holdings.

On or about July 15, 2009, Betts and Gambles filed a civil Complaint against Divens in the Circuit Court for Palm Beach County Florida, Case No. 2009 CA 016734 XXXX MB for breach of contract, replevin, fraud and civil theft (“the Florida Complaint”). The complaint sought damages in the amount of $60,504,143.58, which represents the proposed purchase price of the Cobalt CMO. The Court takes judicial notice of the Florida Complaint.

On October 6, 2009, the Florida Circuit Court entered a judgment in favor of Betts and Gambles and against Jon Divens in the amount of $60,504,143.58. On November 25, 2009, the Superior Court of Los Angeles County in Case No. BS123564 entered a Judgment on the Sister-State Judgment from the Florida Court in the amount of $60,504,143.58 plus post-judgment interest in' excess of $400,000. The Court takes judicial notice of these judgments.

In April 2010, Divens stipulated to return the Cobalt CMO to Betts and Ganables while this action was pending. On April 16, 2010, the Court entered an order authorizing the transfer of the Cobalt CMO from Divens’s CISC Account to Betts and Gambles. The transfer was accomplished on April 26, 2010. Pursuant to an agreement between Divens and Betts and Gambles, once the transfer of the Cobalt CMO was complete Betts and Gambles acknowledged partial satisfaction of the judgments against Divens in the amount of $55 million.

Although Betts and Gambles has recovered the Cobalt CMO, it has not recovered any of the interest generated from the Cobalt CMO while it was in Divens’s possession, from February 3, 2009 to April 26, 2010. During this period, the Cobalt CMO generated the following amount of interest:

Month Interest

February 2009 $ 24,117.71

March 2009 $ 24,087.06

April 2009 $ 30,657.93

May 2009 $ 24,002.04

June 2009 $ 30,557.22

July 2009 $ 23,926.76

August 2009 $ 30,444.08

September 2009 $ 30,387.14

October 2009 $ 23,800.49

November 2009 $ 30,264.31

December 2009 $ 23,711.89

January 2010 $ 23,663.60

February 2010 $ 23,622.43

March 2010 $ 23,582.93

April 2010 $ 29,937.95

TOTAL $396,763.54

From February 2009 to September 2009, Divens transferred the Cobalt CMO from his UBS Account to several other securities accounts at different institutions prior to moving the Cobalt CMO to the CISC Account.

From February 2009 to the end of October 2009, Divens received a total of $241,980.43 in interest from the Cobalt CMO. Divens admitted that he never paid any of this interest to Betts and Gambles. Divens further testified that at various points between February and October 2009, he transferred the interest earned on the Cobalt CMO out of the various securities accounts where the Cobalt CMO was held and into his business account at Bank of America. Divens testified that he used these interest payments for his “personal use.”

In mid-November 2009, CISC froze the CISC Account. From November 2009 to April 26, 2010, when the Cobalt CMO was returned to Betts and Gambles, the interest earned on the Cobalt CMO accumulated in the CISC Account along with interest earned from other CMOs held in the Account. Pursuant to a stipulation by all parties, the Court finds that 69% of the funds currently held in the CISC Account are attributable to interest earned on the Cobalt CMO.

B. The FNMA Series CMO (Amedraa LLC)

Amedraa LLC (“Amedraa”) was formed in 2008 for the purpose of investing in and owning securities, including Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (“CMOs”). On or about July 29, 2008, Amedraa purchased a CMO issued by the Federal National Mortgage Association and identified as FNMA Series 2003-W19, Class l-IO-l 0.33048% 11/25/2043 GTD Remic Pass Thru CTF Whole Loan, CUSIP 31393UA86, with a face value of $305,000,000 (hereinafter, the “FNMA Series CMO”). Amedraa paid $2 million for the FNMA Series CMO. After the purchase, Amedraa held the FNMA Series CMO as a book entry with Pension Securities Transworld Financial in Dallas, Texas.

As stated above, the FNMA Series CMO is an interest-only CMO, which entitles the owner of the CMO to a portion of the interest payments on the mortgages owned by the CMO. The interest is paid on a monthly basis. From January 2009 to April 2010, the interest earned by the FNMA Series CMO ranged from approximately $13,200 to $16,800 per month.

In December 2008, Amedraa entered into a Joint Venture Agreement with LNJ Enterprise, LLC (“LNJ”). The Joint Venture Agreement authorized LNJ and its Vice President, James Savor (“Savor”), to act as Amedraa’s agent for purposes of placing the FNMA Series CMO with a broker for investment purposes. Prior to December 2008, Savor did not have extensive experience with investing or trading CMOs. However, in talking with others about investing CMOs, Savor was forewarned not to do business with a man named Frank Wilde (“Wilde”) or a company called Matrix Holdings.

1. The Asset Management Agreement Between LNJ and Wiseguy’s Investments LLC (WGI)

In December 2008, Savor entered into negotiations with Steve Woods, the principal of Wiseguy’s Investments LLC (“WGI”), regarding entering the FNMA Series CMO into an investment program. Woods represented to Savor that WGI had established credit lines and relationships with various financial institutions that would allow WGI to use the value of FNMA Series CMO combined with other assets to buy bank debt, which debt could then be sold for a greater value than the book value of the CMO. The strategy was to use the CMO in a “managed buy-sell program,” whereby the trader, WGI, would use the value of the CMO along with other assets to buy bank debt at a wholesale rate, for example 60 cents on the dollar, and then resell the debt to a third party for a higher rate, for example 65 cents on the dollar. WGI would then split the profit from the sale with LNJ.

On December 8, 2008, LNJ entered into a written Financial Consulting and Asset Management Agreement with WGI (hereinafter “the Asset Management Agreement”). The Asset Management Agreement provided that LNJ would deliver the FNMA Series CMO (along with two other CMOs controlled by LNJ) to WGI. WGI would then “identify and manage the entry of [the CMOs] into one or more investment opportunities.”

Pursuant to the Asset Management Agreement, WGI agreed to make an advance payment of 1% of the face value of the CMOs to LNJ within 5 business days of LNJ’s delivery of the CMOs to WGI. Thereafter, LNJ and WGI would split any profits generated by the investment programs according to a percentage schedule detailed in the Asset Management Agreement. Savor testified that the advance payment was critical to the transaction because it provided the owners of the CMOs with some security — that is, even if the trading programs were not profitable, the owners of the CMOs would have at least recouped a large portion of their original investment through the advance payment. The Asset Management Agreement was signed by Steve Woods of WGI and Linda Starr, the President of LNJ.

The Asset Management Agreement made some mention of the name “Matrix Holdings/WGI.” When Savor noticed this name in the contract, he questioned Woods extensively as to whether Frank Wilde had any involvement with the Asset Management Agreement. Savor told Woods that he wanted nothing to do with Wilde. Bethel Harris (“Harris”), counsel for LNJ, also questioned Woods to make sure that Wilde was not involved in the transaction. Woods unequivocally told Savor and Harris that Wilde was not involved.

2. The Escrow Agreement

In connection with the Asset Management Agreement, Woods suggested to Savor that LNJ transfer the FNMA Series CMO to the escrow account of the Law Offices of Jon Divens & Associates LLC (“JDA”) pending WGI’s payment of the 1% advance payment. Divens is the sole member of JDA and is a licensed California attorney. Savor had never done business with Divens or JDA in the past.

On December 31, 2008, LNJ, WGI and JDA entered into an Escrow Agreement. The Escrow Agreement provides that LNJ will deposit certain CMOs into the escrow account of JDA. It further provides that LNJ and WGI agree that an advance payment of 1% of the face value of the CMOs would be paid into the escrow account within one business day of delivery of the CMOs into the account. Once WGI deposited the advance payment in escrow, JDA was required to wire the advance payment to LNJ and then release the CMOs to WGI so that the CMOs could be used one or more investment programs. Paragraph 4 of the Escrow Agreement provides in relevant part:

[T]he Escrow Agent’s only responsibility and obligation to the Client [LNJ] and the Company [WGI] shall be to hold the CMOs and disburse the Advance Payment .... In the event that the CMOs are delivered to the escrow account and the Advance Payment is not deposited by the Company [WGI], it shall be the Escrow Agent’s duty to return the CMOs via DTC transfer to the coordinates given by the Client [LNJ].

(Tr. Exh. 4 [December 2008 Escrow Agreement].) The Escrow Agreement provides that no oral instructions would be honored. Finally, the Escrow Agreement provides that WGI would be solely responsible for all fees associated with the escrow, distribution of the advance payment, and delivery of the CMOs to WGI.

Divens signed the Escrow Agreement on December 22, 2008. Steve Woods on behalf of WGI and Linda Starr on behalf of LNJ signed the Escrow Agreement on December 31, 2009 and December 21, 2009, respectively.

Divens admitted at trial that his role with regard to the CMOs controlled by LNJ, including the FNMA Series CMO, was to act as an escrow agent until the advance payment was disbursed to LNJ. Divens testified: “Essentially, [I] was going to keep the CMOs under my control until a payment had been made.” Further, Divens admitted that he had no agreement with LNJ prior to March 2009 that authorized him to invest or trade the FNMA Series CMO.

3. WGI Fails to Make the Advance Payment

On January 5, 2009, LNJ received confirmation that the FNMA Series CMO had been transferred successfully to the Morgan Stanley securities account controlled by Divens and JDA (hereinafter, “the JDA Morgan Stanley Account”). In the first week of January 2009, Savor and Harris began making demands upon Woods for delivery of the 1% advance payment. However, Woods stalled Savor and Harris and did not give an explanation as to why the advance payment had not yet been delivered into the escrow account.

On January 14, 2009, Savor learned from a broker named Sharon Roitman that the JDA Morgan Stanley Account had been suspended. Savor immediately contacted Divens to learn what had happened to the CMOs in the account. Divens told Savor that the JDA Morgan Stanley Account had been shut down and that the CMOs were transferred to a UBS Financial Services Account controlled by Divens and JDA (hereinafter, the “JDA UBS Account”). At that point, because the advance payment had not been made and because Divens had moved the CMOs without notifying Savor, Savor made an oral request for the return of the CMOs. Divens told Savor that he would have to speak with Woods about returning the CMOs.

When Savor spoke to Woods, Woods told him that WGI had been unable to place the CMOs in a trading program and that WGI could not perform under the Asset Management Agreement. Woods told Savor to talk to Divens about getting the CMOs returned to LNJ.

In or about the third week of January 2009, Savor spoke to Divens on the phone and Divens agreed to return the CMOs to LNJ. However, Divens failed to do so. 4. Divens and Wilde Make Several Unauthorized Attempts to Sell, Encumber, or Trade the FNMA Series CMO

In late January 2009, Savor received a phone call from Divens and Frank Wilde. Wilde identified himself as Divens’s partner. Wilde’s name “set off a red flag” for Savor as he had previously been forewarned not to do business with Wilde. Savor told Divens and Wilde that he wanted the CMOs returned. In response, Wilde told Savor that the CMOs could not be returned because they had already been entered into a trading program. Savor was baffled. Savor told Wilde that LNJ did not have an agreement with Wilde to trade the CMOs and that by keeping the CMOs and entering them into trade, Wilde and Divens were stealing property. Wilde said there was nothing he could do because the CMOs were already in trade and it would cost a lot of money to get them back. The call ended without a resolution.

On or about February 2, 2009, Savor had a telephone conversation with a broker who worked with a joint venture partner of LNJ. The broker told Savor that he had been contacted by Frank Wilde and that Wilde had tried to sell the broker certain CMOs, including the FNMA Series CMO owned by Amedraa. Savor was shocked.

Savor immediately called Divens and spoke with Divens and Wilde together via conference call. Savor confronted Wilde about trying to sell the CMOs subject to the Asset Management Agreement, including the FNMA Series CMO. Wilde denied trying to sell the CMOs but nonetheless told Savor that the CMOs had been entered into a private placement trading platform. In response, Savor again told Wilde that LNJ did not have any agreement with Wilde that would allow Wilde to trade the CMOs, and that Divens was not to trade the CMOs, but rather to act solely as an escrow agent. Savor told Divens and Wilde that any attempts to encumber the CMO constituted a theft of LNJ’s property. Savor demanded immediate return of the CMOs. Wilde reiterated that the CMOs were already in trade and there was nothing he could do.

On February 3, 2009, Savor sent an email to Divens, Wilde, and Woods (among others) stating: “It has come to my attention today that Frank Wilde in [sic] interested in doing something with our CMO’s that LNJ Enterprise LLC has in your escrow account at UBS.... I have not spoken to Frank and have not authorized anything regarding the CMO’s. Specifically, the CMO’s are to remain unencumbered and not used for any purpose.” Savor also demanded that' Divens turn over to LNJ the monthly interest payments that the CMOs had generated since they had been in JDA’s account.

The next day, February 4, 2009, Woods responded to Savor via email and told him that, “your CMOs remain in the account of Jon Divens unencumbered.” Woods also wrote that “cmos pay interest to the owner, which is you.” Woods suggested that Savor contact Divens and Wilde about their offer to enter the CMOs into trade. Woods wrote that Wilde would explain the details and that “if you do not wish to move on his offer[,] no problem the asset remains in tact [sic].” Once again, Savor could not understand why Wilde or Divens were involved in any attempts to trade the CMOs controlled by LNJ.

Also on February 4, 2009, Woods sent Savor an unsolicited purchase agreement on JDA/Divens letterhead, which Divens had already executed. The purchase agreement stated that Savor was to sell the FNMA Series CMO to an entity identified as PM Management Services, and that Divens would act as the escrow agent for the sale. Savor had never heard of PM Management Services and had not authorized any sale of the FNMA Series CMO. Savor did not sign the sale agreement.

In mid-February 2009, Savor and Harris contacted Woods to try and resolve what was happening with the CMOs. Woods told Savor that WGI was unable to place the CMOs into any investment or trading program. Further, WGI still had not made the advance payment to LNJ for the CMOs. Thus, on February 16, 2009, LNJ’s counsel, Bethel Harris, emailed Jon Divens and Steve Woods, stating: “As per the escrow agreement, since WGI was unable to place the CMOs in a private placement platform, we are requesting that the bonds be returned.” Harris stated that Savor would be sending wiring coordinates for the transfer of the CMOs. On the same day, Savor sent Divens and Wilde an email reminding them that they had no authority to trade or encumber the CMOs.

Divens responded to Harris and Savor via email on February 17, 2009. The email stated in its entirety: “per the instructions of the contracted parties the cmo package address [sic] in you [sic] email was sent out to a trade program. Please contact mr. frank wilde for further details.” Divens did not return the CMOs to Savor.

In the weeks that followed, Savor and Harris had several additional conversations with Wilde, many of which were hostile. On February 18, 2009, Wilde emailed Savor and told him that Wilde and Divens had placed the CMOs in a trading program. Wilde indicated that since Savor did not communicate with him after rejecting the proposed sale of the FNMA Series CMO to PM Management, Wilde was under the impression that Savor consented to Divens and Wilde placing the FNMA Series CMO into trade. Wilde also sent Savor a draft agreement that would authorize Wilde and Divens to place the FNMA Series CMO into a trading program, thereby memorializing what Wilde claimed he had already done. Savor refused to sign the February 18, 2009 agreement.

On or about February 18, 2009, Savor set up a conference call with Divens and Wilde to resolve the situation regarding the CMOs. Neither Divens nor Wilde took the call. On the same day, Harris sent Divens and email stating: “As you are well aware (i) we never contracted with Frank [Wilde] to have the CMOs placed into any trade program, (ii) we never gave permission to you to move the CMOs from your escrow account, and (iii) Steve Woods concurred that the CMOs should be returned to LNJ Enterprise.” Harris threatened to report Divens to the California Bar Association, the FBI, and the SEC. Divens did not respond.

Savor sent two similar emails to Divens and Wilde on February 20, 2009 and February 21, 2009. Savor wrote: “At this point I have no other alternative than to take the position that the two of you (Jon Divens, Frank Wilde) have stolen property that does not belong to you and violated numerous laws in doing so.” Savor also made it clear that he never agreed to allow Divens or Wilde to trade the FNMA Series CMO and that the only contract Savor ever had regarding investment of the FNMA Series CMO was with WGI, which Woods confirmed was now void.

On February 23, 2009, Savor and Harris traveled to Los Angeles in the hopes of meeting with Divens and Wilde in person to find out what had happened to the FNMA Series CMO and the other assets entrusted to Divens. Savor called and sent numerous text messages and emails to Divens and Wilde to set up a meeting, but neither Divens nor Wilde responded. While in Los Angeles, Savor contacted the Beverly Hills Police Department regarding Divens’s theft of the FNMA Series CMO. Savor also contacted the United States Attorney, the SEC, and the FBI.

On February 23, 2009, Evelyn Aardema, the principal of Amedraa LLC sent Divens and Wilde a formal cease and desist letter. The letter stated that Amedraa was the owner of the FNMA Series CMO; that neither Divens nor Wilde were authorized to trade the CMO; that the Asset Management Agreement with WGI was void due to WGI’s inability to place the CMOs into trade; and that Divens and Wilde were ordered to immediately return the FNMA Series CMO to LNJ.

On February 26, 2009, Savor left phone messages for Divens and Wilde stating that Savor had contacted the Beverly Hills Police Department about theft of the CMOs. Wilde responded to the message via email, stating that Divens would not release the FNMA Series CMO to LNJ unless LNJ agreed to a trade deal with Wilde and Divens. Divens, Wilde, Harris, and Savor then had a phone conference regarding the terms of the trade program into which Divens and Wilde had purportedly placed the FNMA Series CMO. However, Wilde and Divens would not give Savor any specific information about where Divens had sent the FNMA Series CMO.

On February 27, 2009, Savor emailed Wilde and Divens stating that the trade deal that Wilde proposed was unacceptable. Savor again demanded that Divens immediately return the CMOs, including the FNMA Series CMO, to LNJ. Savor provided wiring coordinates for an LNJ securities account where the CMOs were to be returned. Once again, Divens did not return the CMOs.

After this last email, Savor did not receive any response from Divens or Wilde for nearly a week. Then, on or about March 4, 2009, Savor was finally able to reach Wilde via phone. Wilde refused to give the FNMA Series CMO back to LNJ, claiming that the CMO had already been entered into a trading program. Wilde stated that if LNJ would enter into a contract with Divens and Wilde, they could split the profits generated by the trade program. Wilde said that he would be getting paid from the trading program within the next week or two.

Savor discussed Wilde’s proposal with the principals of Amedraa LLC, Evelyn Aardema and her husband (“the Aardemas”). Savor did not want to enter into any agreement with Divens or Wilde because he feared that doing so would give Wilde and Divens legal rights regarding the assets that they had stolen and traded without authorization. However, the Aardemas felt that they had no choice but to enter into a deal with Wilde and Divens. Despite numerous demands from both Savor and Evelyn Aardema, LNJ had not been able to get the FNMA Series CMO back from Divens. The Aardemas believed that signing a binding contract with Wilde and Divens was the only option they had for exercising some control over the FNMA Series CMO; further, if Divens and Wilde did not perform on the contract, the Aardemas believed it would be easier to get the FNMA Series CMO returned. Thus, the Aardemas authorized Savor to enter into a contract with Divens and Wilde.

5. The March 2009 Agreement

On or about March 12, 2009, LNJ entered into an agreement with the Law Offices of Jon Divens and Associates (“JDA”) and Matrix Holdings LLC. Frank Wilde is the Managing Director of Matrix Holdings LLC. The March 2009 Agreement provides that two CMOs, including the FNMA Series CMO and one other, had been previously delivered to JDA/Matrix Holdings and had been entered into an investment program on or about February 16, 2009. The March 2009 Agreement also provides that any profits from the investment program would be split equally, with 50% to be paid to LNJ, and the remaining 50% to be paid to JDA and Matrix Holdings.

The term of the March 2009 Agreement was from March 10, 2009 to March 31, 2010. The agreement provides that although the CMOs were delivered to JDA/Matrix, “Party 2 [LNJ] shall remain the sole legal and beneficial owner of the CMO at all times during the term of this Agreement.” It also provides: “Furthermore, at the end of the term of this Agreement, the CMO shall be returned free and clear and unencumbered by Party 1 [JDA/Matrix Holdings] to Party 2[LNJ] .... ” (Tr. Exh. 20, ¶ 3 [March 2009 Agreement].)

Paragraph 12 of the March 2009 Agreement provides that “approximately $1,000,000 (USD) shall be paid to Party 2[LNJ] within two (2) weeks from the execution of this agreement, or such additional amount as actually be earned and paid to Party 1 [JDA/Matrix Holdings].” If JDA/Matrix Holdings failed to pay the $1 million payment or any other payment due under the contract and did not cure such failure within 7 business days, the March 2009 Agreement provides that LNJ may recall the CMOs.

6. JDA Fails to Make Any Payments to LNJ and Absconds with the FNMA Series CMO

In late March 2009, JDA and Matrix had not made any payments under the March 2009 Agreement. Additionally, JDA had not paid LNJ any of the interest earned on the FNMA Series CMO since January 2009. On March 25, 2009, Savor emailed Divens regarding the interest that the FNMA Series CMO had generated while in JDA’s possession. Savor wrote: “You owe LNJ Enterprise the interest payments for at least the last three months. That’s around $30,000.... I take this to mean that you have no intention in paying the ayments [sic] and trying to keep the money for yourself.”

Divens responded the next day, and promised Savor: “we have every intention of paying you every dime earned on your CMO.” Divens stated that he hoped to have all payments to LNJ within a matter of days. However, JDA did not pay.

On March 31, 2009, Harris wrote a letter to Divens and Wilde informing them that they were in breach of the March 2009 Agreement by failing to pay the required $1,000,000 payment by March 27, 2009. Thereafter, Divens made repeated promises to pay LNJ the amounts due under the March 2009 Agreement, but JDA never did so.

On April 14, 2009, the President of LNJ, Linda Starr, sent Divens and Wilde a formal notice of default of the March 2009 Agreement. The notice stated that JDA and Matrix Holdings had failed to pay the $1,000,000 payment provided for in Paragraph 12 by March 27, 2009, and had failed to make weekly payments thereafter as provided for in the agreement. Starr demanded that the CMOs be returned to LNJ within 5 business days and provided wiring coordinates for the account to which the CMOs should be delivered. Neither Divens nor Wilde responded. After April 14, 2009, Savor and Harris lost all contact with Divens and Wilde.

It is undisputed that JDA never made any payments to LNJ under the March 2009 Agreement. It is also undisputed that the FNMA Series CMO was never successfully entered into any trading program. Divens admitted that LNJ made several demands for return of the FNMA Series CMO.

After April 2009, JDA continued to hold onto the FNMA Series CMO and transferred it to several different financial institutions so that LNJ could not locate the asset. In total, JDA moved the FNMA Series CMO to at least six different financial institutions between January 5, 2009 and September 2009, when it was finally moved to the CISC Account. The FNMA Series CMO remained in the CISC Account from September 2009 until March 2010 when it was transferred back to LNJ pursuant to a stipulation and order in this litigation.

The FNMA Series CMO continued to earn interest income in each account while it was in JDA’s possession, as follows:

Month Interest

January 2009 $ 16,847.29

February 2009 $ 16,677.63

March 2009 $ 16,458.13

April 2009 $ 16,182.34

May 2009 $ 15,975.53

June 2009 $ 15,653.59

July 2009 $ 15,377.44

August 2009 $ 15,069.34

September 2009 $ 14,738.15

October 2009 $ 14,464.92

November 2009 $ 14,321.64

December 2009 $ 14,166.64

January 2010 $ 13,960.47

February 2010 $ 13,712.60

TOTAL $213,605.70

From January 2009 to the end of October 2009, the FNMA Series CMO generated a total of $157,444.40 in interest. Divens admitted at trial that JDA never paid any of this interest to LNJ or Amedraa. Divens further testified that he withdrew all of the interest earned on the FNMA Series CMO from each account where the CMO was held until CISC froze the CISC Account in November 2009. Divens transferred these interest payments to his business account at Bank of America and used it for his personal needs.

From November 2009 when CISC froze the CISC Account until March 2010 when the FNMA Series CMO was returned to Amedraa, the interest earned on the FNMA Series CMO accumulated in the CISC Account along with interest earned from other CMOs. Pursuant to a stipulation by all parties, the Court finds that 31% of the funds currently held in the CISC Account are attributable to interest earned on the FNMA Series CMO.

III. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

A. Jurisdiction and Venue

CISC brought this interpleader action under 28 U.S.C. § 1335, or alternatively, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 22. Rule 22 is not itself a source of federal jurisdiction; in a Rule 22 inter-pleader action, subject matter jurisdiction is determined in the same manner as in other civil actions. William W. Schwarzer, A. Wallace Tashima & James M. Wagstaffe, California Practice Guide: Federal Civil Procedure Before Trial § 10:107 (Rutter Group 2009). Diversity jurisdiction exists if the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and there is complete diversity between the plaintiff-in-interpleader and all of the defendants-in-interpleader. Id. (citing Franceskin v. Credit Suisse, 214 F.3d 253, 259 (2d Cir.2000)); see Travelers Ins. Co. v. First Nat’l Bank of Shreveport, 675 F.2d 633, 638 n. 9 (5th Cir.1982).

These requirements are met here. Complete diversity exists between the plaintiff-in-interpleader, CISC, which is a citizen of Delaware and Illinois, and the defendants-in-interpleader, who are citizens of California, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Nevada, Colorado, and Virginia. The amount of assets held in the CISC Account exceeds $75, 000.

Amedraa’s and Betts and Gambles’s crossclaims against Divens and JDA for the interest earned on the CMOs while the assets were in Divens’s possession are proper under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 13(g). Both Amedraa’s and Betts and Gambles’s crossclaims arise out of the same transaction that is the subject matter of the original interpleader action. Additionally, the crossclaims relate to property that is the subject matter of the original action — namely, the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO. Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 13(g); see 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil § 1431 (3d ed. 2010 update) (the “transaction or occurrence standard is expansive and requires a logical relationship between the crossclaim and the original action or counterclaim”); Schwarzer, Tashima & Wagstaffe, California Practice Guide: Federal Civil Procedure Before Trial § 8:1318 (Rule 13(g) permits crossclaims among claimants to a common fund). Rule 13(g) crossclaims “are within the ancillary jurisdiction of the court and do not require an independent jurisdictional basis.” Jones v. Illinois Dept, of Rehabilitation Servs., 689 F.2d 724, 732 (7th Cir.1982); Danner v. Himmelfarb, 858 F.2d 515, 521 (9th Cir. 1988); 6 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil § 1433.

Venue is proper in the Central District of California because a substantial part of the events giving rise to the claim occurred in this district and a substantial part of the property that is the subject of the action is situated in this district. 28 U.S.C. § 1391. Namely, Divens opened an account in the name of JDA at the Inglewood branch of Chase Investment Services Corporation in July 2009. A substantial part of the interest income at issue in this dispute is held the CISC Account.

B. Standard of Review

In an interpleader action, each claimant has the burden of establishing his or her right to the fund or property by a preponderance of the evidence. 7 C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice & Procedure: Civil § 1714 & n. 21; Rhoades v. Casey, 196 F.3d 592, 600 (5th Cir.1999); Napa Valley Bank v. Morgan, No. Civ. S-90-1355MLS JFM, 1994 WL 720242, at *2 (E.D.Cal., Sept. 15,1994.) Betts and Gambles and Amedraa bear the burden of proving each element of their crossclaims by a preponderance of the evidence. See Judicial Council of California Civil Jury Instruction 200.

C. The Interest Earned on the CMOs

As stated above, both the interpleader action and the crossclaims asserted by Betts and Gambles and Amedraa relate to the interest earned on the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO while the assets were in Divens’s or JDA’s possession. The interpleader action relates to interest earned on the CMOs from November 2009 to April 2010, which is currently held in the CISC Account, whereas the crossclaims relate to the interest earned on the CMOs prior to November 2009, which Divens admittedly withdrew from various securities accounts and used for his personal benefit. The parties assert identical legal arguments regarding their rights to the interest payments earned pri- or to November 2009 and their rights to the interest payments earned after November 2009. Thus, to streamline the issues, the Court will discuss the parties’ legal arguments related to the interpleader action and the crossclaims concurrently.

1. Neither Divens Nor JDA Are Not Entitled to the Funds in the CISC Account

JDA asserts two principal arguments in support of its claim to the interest earned on the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO. First, JDA argues that under Title 8 of the California Commercial Code, JDA became an “entitlement holder” with regard to the CMOs when the CMOs were transferred to various securities accounts controlled by JDA. As an entitlement holder, JDA contends that it has a legal right to the accrued interest earned on the CMOs. Second, JDA argues that it is entitled to the interest earned on the CMOs under a quantum meruit theory, as payment for its services in trying to place the CMOs into trading programs. Because the second argument is less complicated, the Court addresses the latter argument first.

a. JDA is Not Entitled to the Interest Under a Quantum Meruit Theory

JDA argues that the Court should award it the interest earned on the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO under a quantum meruit theory as a payment for “the value of its services in attempting to place the CMOs in trade programs.” (JDA’s Post-Trial Br. at 8.) This argument fails.

First, with regard to the Cobalt CMO, Betts and Gambles never authorized Divens or JDA to attempt to trade the Cobalt CMO. JDA could not produce any valid written agreement between Betts and Gambles (or any representative thereof) and JDA authorizing JDA to trade the Cobalt CMO. Further, the Court does not believe Divens’s testimony that he had oral agreement with Betts and Gambles to trade the Cobalt CMO, especially in light of the fact that Betts and Gambles sent Divens at least three written notices stating that it had not authorized Divens or JDA to trade the Cobalt CMO. Instead, JDA and Divens absconded with the Cobalt CMO and attempted to trade it without Betts and Gambles’s knowledge or authorization, and over Betts and Gambles’s strenuous objection. To contend that JDA or Divens should be compensated for its purported trading services is absurd.

Furthermore, it is undisputed Betts and Gambles received no benefit from JDA’s alleged attempts to trade the Cobalt CMO. Thus, Divens cannot recover under a quantum meruit theory. Maglica v. Maglica, 66 Cal.App.4th 442, 450, 78 Cal.Rptr.2d 101 (Ct.App.1998) (“The idea that one must be benefited by the goods and services bestowed is thus integral to recovery in quantum meruit.”) (emphasis in original); see Palmer v. Gregg, 65 Cal.2d 657, 660-61, 56 Cal.Rptr. 97, 422 P.2d 985 (1967) (plaintiff could not recover in quantum meruit where defendant received no direct benefit from plaintiffs actions).

With regard to the FNMA Series CMO, JDA entered an agreement with LNJ in March 2009 authorizing JDA to attempt to trade the FNMA Series CMO. However, the March 2009 Agreement contemplated that JDA would be paid for its efforts by receiving a share of the profits from the trading program. Nothing in the March 2009 Agreement contemplated that JDA would keep the interest accrued on the FNMA Series CMO as a payment for its services. Furthermore, it is undisputed that JDA was never able to successfully trade the FNMA Series CMO and that Amedraa never received any benefit from JDA’s services. See Palmer, 65 Cal.2d at 660-61, 56 Cal.Rptr. 97, 422 P.2d 985. Thus, there is no basis for JDA to recover in quantum meruit.

b. JDA’s Status as an Entitlement Holder

JDA’s next argument — that it is entitled to the interest earned on the CMOs by virtue of its status as an “entitlement holder” — requires an understanding of the nature of the CMOs and the indirect holding system. The Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO are not physical securities and are not represented by certificates. Rather, the CMOs are represented as “book entries” in a securities account and are governed by the rules relating to the indirect holding system in Revised Article 8 of the California Commercial Code. See Cal. Comm.Code § 8104, UCC official cmt. 1; Cal. Comm.Code § 8501, UCC official cmt. 4.

In the indirect holding system, a person acquires a security or an interest therein if the person acquires a “security entitlement” under Section 8501(b). Under § 8501(b), a security entitlement is created “if a securities intermediary ... indicates by book entry that a financial asset has been credited to the person’s securities account.” A “securities intermediary” is either a clearing corporation or any person, including a bank or broker, that in the ordinary course of business maintains securities accounts for others. Cal. Comm. Code § 8102(a)(14). In sum, once a securities intermediary indicates by book entry that a security has been credited to one’s account, the account holder becomes an “entitlement holder” and acquires a securities entitlement against the securities intermediary. Section 8102(a)(7).

A securities entitlement is “a package of personal rights against the securities intermediary and an interest in the property held by the securities intermediary.” Section 8102, UCC official cmt. 17. Part 5 of Revised Article 8 of the Commercial Code defines the rights of the entitlement holder and the duties of the securities intermediary. Id. (“In a sense, then, the entirety of Part 5 is the definition of security entitlement.”) Chief among such rights, the securities intermediary must treat the entitlement holder as “entitled to the financial asset,” Section 8501, UCC official cmt. 2, and ensure that the entitlement holder “receives all of the economic and corporate rights that comprise the financial asset.” Section 8503, UCC official cmt. 2; see Section 8505(a) (requiring the securities intermediary to take action to obtain any payments or distributions made by the issuer of the financial asset). The entitlement holder’s property interest with regard to the financial asset is only enforceable against the securities intermediary; the entitlement holder “cannot assert rights directly against other persons.” Section 8503(c), and UCC official cmt. 2.

JDA correctly contends that, in September 2009, when CISC indicated by book entries that the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO were credited to the securities account in JDA’s name, JDA became an entitlement holder with regard to the CMOs. There is no dispute that CISC is a securities intermediary as defined in the California Commercial Code, and that the CMOs were indicated by book entry in a CISC securities account in JDA’s name. Thus, CISC was obligated to, and in fact did, obtain the interest income from the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO and credit it to JDA’s securities account. JDA makes the same argument with regard to each of the securities accounts in JDA’s name in which the CMOs were held prior to September 2009 — i.e., that JDA became an entitlement holder when the financial institutions indicated by book entry that the CMOs were credited to JDA’s accounts.

Although JDA clearly was an entitlement holder to the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO while the CMOs were held in its securities accounts, JDA misunderstands the implications of this status. JDA contends that by virtue of its status as an entitlement holder it acquired superior rights to those of the legal owners of the assets, Amedraa and Betts and Gambles, and that it is not subject to any adverse claims by such owners. Under the circumstances of this case, JDA is wrong.

c. JDA Held the CMOs In Trust for the Owners and Is Not a Purchaser for Value

Under California Commercial Code § 8502, an entitlement holder is protected from adverse claims to the security entitlement only where the entitlement holder acquires the security entitlement (1) for value and (2) without notice of an adverse claim. The Court has not found any case law discussing which party bears the burden of establishing the requirements of Section 8502; however, under analogous provisions regarding protected purchasers in the direct holding system, courts generally agree that the burden to prove both elements is on the party claiming protected purchaser status. See Meadow Homes Development Corp. v. Bowens, 211 P.3d 743, 746 (Colo.Ct.App.2009); Hollywood Nat’l Bank v. Int’l Business Machines Corp., 38 Cal.App.3d 607, 613, 113 Cal.Rptr. 494 (Ct.App.1974); Young v. Kaye, 443 Pa. 335, 279 A.2d 759, 764-66 (1971) (reasoning that in the vast majority of cases it would be much easier for the holder of the security to prove that he is a bona fide purchaser than for an adverse claimant to prove otherwise; thus, the burden should be on the person claiming to be a bona fide purchaser); Section 8502, UCC official cmt. 1 (stating that Section 8502 plays an analogous role in the indirect holding system to the rule in the direct holding system that bona fide purchasers take securities free from adverse claims). Thus, to defeat Betts and Gambles and Amedraa’s claims to the interest earned on the CMOs, JDA must prove that it acquired the security entitlements for value and without notice of any adverse claims. For the reasons stated below, JDA has not met this burden.

1. Value

Under the Commercial Code, a person gives value for rights if the person acquires such rights:

(1) in return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit ...;

(2) as a security for, or in total or partial satisfaction of a preexisting claim;

(3) by accepting delivery under a preexisting contract for purchase; or

(4) in return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.

Section 1204. Here, it is clear that none of the first three requirements are met; JDA does not argue otherwise. Instead, JDA argues that it obtained the Cobalt CMO and the FNMA Series CMO for value in exchange for its services in attempting to place the CMOs into trade programs. In short, JDA appears to contend that its trading services constitute “consideration sufficient to support a simple contract” in exchange for which Betts and Gambles and Amedraa conveyed the CMOs to JDA.

To constitute consideration sufficient to support a contract, it is not sufficient that a party simply confer a benefit or provide a service to the other party; rather, the performance of that service must be bargained, for. Restatement (Second) Contracts § 71 (1981); 1 Witkin, Summary of California Law: Contracts § 204, p. 238 (10th ed. 2005) (“The act or forbearance must be something bargained for in exchange for the offeror’s promise; i.e., it is immaterial what detriment the offeree suffered or what benefits he or she may have conferred on the offeror, unless the offeror agreed to be bound in return.”). A performance or promise to perform by Party A is bargained for only if (1) it is sought by Party B in exchange for Party B’s promise to perform and (2) is given by Party A in exchange for Party B’s promise. Rest.2d Contracts § 71; E. Allen Farnsworth, Contracts § 2.2 (3d ed. 1999). An action is not bargained for and cannot constitute consideration for a promise if it was wholly unsolicited by the promisor. Farnsworth, Contracts § 2.9; Patel v. American Bd. Of Psychiatry & Neurology, 975 F.2d 1312 (7th Cir.1992) (Posner, J.) (“Unbargained detriments are relevant not to contracts____”); see, e.g., Bard v. Kent, 19 Cal.2d 449, 122 P.2d 8 (1942) (lessee provided no consideration for an option to extend the lease where the lessee spent money for architect’s drawings of proposed improvements on the property but the lessor/offeror had not agreed to accept these acts as consideration).

a. The Cobalt CMO

Here, there is no evidence (other than Divens’s wholly incredible testimony) that Betts and Gambles ever sought JDA’s services to attempt to trade the Cobalt CMO. Instead, Betts and Gambles transferred the Cobalt CMO to Divens to hold in trust as an escrow agent for a pending sale of the Cobalt CMO to Up Right Holdings. When the proposed sale fell through, Betts and Gambles demanded return of the Cobalt CMO.

Several facts demonstrate that Betts and Gambles never bargained for Divens’s or JDA’s trading services. First, Betts and Gambles sent numerous letters to Divens indicating that it had never authorized Divens to trade the Cobalt CMO and demanding the CMO’s return. {See, e.g., Tr. Exh. 110, March 6, 2009 letter from Roberson to Divens [“BGI’s only obligation was to deliver the CMO to the securities escrow account ..., such delivery being conditioned upon payment of the purchase price by the agreed date.... [Betts and Gambles] has never given its consent to the investment of its CMO into any such [trading] platform, and is entitled to the immediate return of the CMO.”].) Second, Divens hid his attempts to trade the Cobalt CMO from Betts and Gambles. Divens absconded with the Cobalt CMO and transferred it to several different accounts without Betts and Gambles’ knowledge or authorization. Betts and Gambles made repeated attempts to get in touch with Divens, but Divens refused to have any contact with Betts and Gambles after March 200