United States v. Hanjuan Jin (833 F. Supp. 2d 977, 2012)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

RUBEN CASTILLO, District Judge.

On December 9, 2008, a Grand Jury returned a superseding indictment charging Hanjuan Jin (“Defendant” or “Jin”) with three counts of theft of trade secrets and three counts of economic espionage in violation of the Economic Espionage Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1831 et seq. (“EEA”). (R. 37, Superseding Indictment.) On- November 7, 2011, Jin voluntarily waived her right to a jury trial and proceeded to a bench trial, which was held from November 7, 2011, to November 15, 2011. The Court, having reviewed all of the evidence, its trial notes, the testimony of the witnesses to determine the credibility of each witness, and the parties’ post-trial submissions, hereby concludes that Jin criminally betrayed Motorola by stealing its trade secrets. The Court also concludes that there was not enough evidence to find that Jin criminally betrayed the United States by committing economic espionage for the Peoples’ Republic of China (“PRC”). The Court enters the following findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23(c).

BACKGROUND

A criminal complaint was filed against Jin on March 3, 2008. (R. 1, Compl.) On April 1, 2008, Jin was indicted by the Grand Jury. (R. 11, Indictment.) On December 9, 2008, the Grand Jury returned a superseding indictment (the “indictment”). (R. 37, Superseding Indictment.)

The indictment alleged that Jin began working as a software engineer for Motorola, a telecommunications company based in Chicago, in 1998. (Id. at 1.) In February 2006, Jin took a one-year medical leave of absence from Motorola. (Id. at 2.) According to the indictment, during this time, Jin negotiated and ultimately accepted employment with Sun Kaisens, a telecommunications company in China that develops telecommunications technology and products for the Chinese military. (Id. at 1-2.) The indictment further alleged that after accepting employment with Sun Kaisens, Jin briefly returned to work at Motorola at the end of February 2007, downloaded numerous Motorola proprietary technical documents, and was in possession of those documents as she attempted to board a flight to China on February 28, 2007. (Id. at 2-3.)

According to the indictment, three of the documents in Jin’s possession, Moto 1, Moto 2, and Moto 3, were trade secrets. Counts One through Three — one count for each document — charged Jin with possession of trade secrets with intent to convert them to the economic benefit of someone other than the owner, intending or knowing that the offense would injure the owner, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1832(a)(3) (“Section 1832(a)(3)”). (Id. at 1-6.) Counts Four through Six — again, one count for each document — charged Jin with possession of trade secrets, knowing the trade secrets were obtained and converted without authorization, intending or knowing that the offense would benefit a foreign Government, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1831(a)(3) (“Section 1831(a)(3)”). (Id. at 7-9.) In sum, the indictment alleged that Jin stole trade secrets pertaining to telecommunications technology from Motorola, and intended to convert those trade secrets to the benefit of herself, Sun Kaisens, and the PRC.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The Court concludes that the Government established by both direct and circumstantial evidence, as well as reasonable inferences therefrom, the following facts beyond a reasonable doubt:

Jin’s employment with Motorola

1. Jin attended the University of Science and Technology of China, and received her bachelor of science in physics. She received her master’s degree in physics from the University of Notre Dame. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3; Tr. 349.)

2. On June 16, 1998, Jin began working at Motorola as a software engineer in the iDEN-Systems Integration & Test department. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3.) iDEN is a proprietary standard for cellular telecommunications technology developed by Motorola.

3. In January 2000, Jin received a rating of “Met All Expectations” on her performance review. Her 2001 rating was “Exceed Expectations” and “Solidly Effective.” In 2002, she received a rating of “Meets all, exceeds some” and “Solidly Effective.” In 2003, her rating was “Exceed Expectations” and “Most Effective.” She was rated as “Excellent” in 2004, and “Effective” in 2005. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3.)

4. Over the course of her employment with Motorola, Jin received eight merit increases in her salary, two hierarchy promotions, and a special adjustment. In 2005, prior to her moving to a part-time schedule, her annual salary was $87,136. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3.)

Jin’s work for Lemko

5. While employed by Motorola and in contravention of Motorola’s policies, Jin worked for Lemko, another telecommunications company. In August 2004, Jin did consulting work for Lemko. (Tr. 657.) The following year, in March 2005, Jin began working as an employee of Lemko. (Tr. 653.) This position with Lemko introduced Jin to the work of Sun Kaisens in China.

6. From April 26, 2005, through May 2, 2005, Jin traveled to Beijing on business for Lemko with Beth Zhang and Shaowei Pan, the Chief Technology Officer of Lemko. (Tr. 595, 641.) Jin, Zhang, and Pan worked with Sun Kaisens to test CDMA technology on this trip. They did not work on any technology for the Chinese military. (Tr. 642-45.)

7. In May 2005, Jin began working part-time for Motorola. On June 15, 2005, Jin took an unpaid medical leave of absence from Motorola. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3.) Motorola prohibits employees on medical leave from performing work for Motorola. (Tr. 503.) Jin returned from leave on September 1, 2005. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3.)

8. On November 13, 2005, Jin took a second trip to China for Lemko with Zhang and Pan. (Tr. 595, 642; Govt. Ex. UAL 1.) On this trip, they continued to work on the same CDMA technology with Sun Kaisens. (Tr. 642.) Jin returned from China on November 28, 2005. (Govt. Ex. UAL 1; Tr. 595.)

9. In February 2006, Jin was diagnosed with meningitis. (Tr. 663.) On February 15, 2006, Jin took another unpaid medical leave of absence from Motorola. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3.) In March 2006, Jin was hospitalized for 21 days for the very serious condition of meningitis caused by tuberculosis. Her recovery while in the hospital and in the months following was rocky and complicated. She was placed in isolation and needed a tube inserted in her skull to relieve the pressure on her brain.

10. Jin was hospitalized for a second time that summer, and it was discovered that she had suffered a small stroke. In October 2006, Jin’s doctor recommended that Jin not work full-time, though she believed Jin could work for brief periods. She did not place any restrictions on Jin’s travel. (Tr. 664-66.)

11. Over the course of the next year, Jin downloaded numerous Chinese-language documents related to telecommunications technology, the Chinese Military, and Sun Kaisens onto her laptop, an Ion hard drive, and a thumb drive. On June 1, 2006, she saved the document “A Comparison of China’s Digital Trunked Systems” onto her Ion hard drive. (Govt. Exs. MH 1, ION 11.)

Jin’s potential employment with Sun Kaisens

12. During the summer of 2006, Jin began corresponding with Sun Kaisens management about possible employment at Sun Kaisens. The emails make it clear that Jin was eager to obtain a job with Sun Kaisens, and was making plans to move back to China. Her health problems, however, caused her to repeatedly push back her move date. In one email to Chief Qi, a Sun Kaisens manager, Jin wrote about the health problems she was experiencing and her hope of returning to China by the end of August. She apologized for the trouble she had caused for Chief Qi’s “work arrangement,” and requested “documents related to the project” to prepare herself at home. (Govt. Ex. LAP 2 TR.)

13. Jin’s health problems continued to delay her move to China. On September 9, 2006, Jin sent another email to Chief Qi. In the email, she expressed regret for having to postpone her return date to China once again, and discussed her recovery. She wrote, “[b]y the time I join your team, I will be in high spirits as well as in good physical condition.” She also expressed interest in purchasing a home in Beijing and prior to that, renting a place near Sun Kaisens. She hoped to arrive in Beijing by October 1st. (Govt. Ex. LAP 2 TR.)

14. In an email dated November 6, 2006, Jin expressed relief that she finally had a solid return date to China after several postponements. She stated that she planned to resign from Lemko the following week and return to China on October 16th. She wrote that she would visit her mother and try to arrive in Beijing by the end of the month. She also requested a formal letter of appointment from Chief Qi. (Govt. Ex. LAP 2 TR.)

15. On November 9, 2006, Jin saved the Sun Kaisens document “Next Generation Soft-Switching Technology Program Version 1.0,” dated August 2006, onto her thumb drive. (Govt. Exs. MH 1, THD 6.)

16. Jin traveled to China on November 16, 2006. (Govt. Ex. UAL 1; Tr. 596.) While the full details of what occurred on this trip were not established at trial, it is clear that Jin continued to pursue a position with Sun Kaisens and even completed work for the company. Jin met with Gengshan Liu, a Sun Kaisens manager with whom she had met on her previous trips to China in 2005. At this meeting, Liu provided Jin with numerous Chinese documents that were found in Jin’s possession on February 28, 2007. He asked Jin to review the documents and ascertain how much assistance she could provide on the projects. Jin viewed this as a probationary period, and told Liu that she would provide him with the work when she finished. Jin also visited the Sun Kaisens office during this trip. (Tr. 146-49.)

17. Around this time, Jin obtained a Sun Kaisens email account. (Govt. Ex. LAP 5 TR.) On December 4, 2006, Liu sent Jin an email at her Sun Kaisens email address. (Govt. Ex. LAP 3 TR.) In the email, Liu asked Jin to familiarize herself with an attachment to the email, a document entitled “Softswitching Motorized System Technical Requirement (draft).doc,” which Liu said was going to be discussed with “Institute 61 and other units.” (Govt. Ex. LAP 3 TR.) The 61st Research Institute is under the oversight of the Chinese military and develops equipment for the People’s Liberation Army (“PLA”). (Tr. 564.)

18. Over the course of the next few days, Jin received emails at her Sun Kaisens account and saved several Chinese military and Sun Kaisens documents, later found in her possession, onto her electronic data storage devices. On December 4, 2006, Zhang emailed Jin at her Sun Kaisens email address. (Govt. Ex. LAP 1 TR.) On December 14, 2006, Jin saved a document entitled “An Introduction to SM2000 System, Portable Military Mobile Cellular Communication System, Economical Mobility Mobile System,” onto her Ion hard drive. (Govt. Ex. MH 1.) On December 15, 2006, Jin received an email from Zhang with a project update. (Govt. Ex. LAP 6 TR.) That same day, Jin saved documents entitled “Comprehensive Military Communications System 2nd General Meeting Summary” and “Integrated Mobile Communication System, Mobile Switch Development Technical Proposal” (Govt. Exs. ION 3, 4), onto her Ion hard drive, and documents entitled “Combat Use Requirements and Major Tactical Technology Specifications of Military Comprehensive Mobile Communication Systems,” “Major Tactical Technology Specifications of Vehicular Mobile Switches of Military Comprehensive Mobile Communication System,” and “Major Tactical Technology Specifications of Portable Mobile Switches of Military Comprehensive Mobile Communication” (Govt. Exs. THD 4, 5, 7) onto her thumb drive. (Govt. Ex. MH 1.)

19. On January 28, 2007, Jin emailed Shaowei Pan and told him that she had been spending time in Shanghai and Beijing. She said that her health had improved, but that her husband did not feel comfortable with her staying in the United States by herself, and that she was thinking about finding a job in Beijing. She said that she would like to work with Chief Qi at Sun Kaisens, and asked that Pan put in a good word for her with Chief Qi. (Def.’s Ex. 1.)

20. On February 8, 2007, Jin saved a Sun Kaisens document listing Jin as a chief director for a Sun Kaisens project (Govt. Ex. ION 6) onto her Ion hard drive. (Govt. Ex. MH 1.) On February 14, 2007, she saved additional Chinese military and Sun Kaisens documents (Govt. Exs. ION 2, 5, 7, and 9) onto her Ion hard drive. (Govt. Ex. MH 1.)

Jin’s temporary return to Motorola

21. On February 15, 2007, Jin returned from China. (Govt. Ex. UAL 1; Tr. 596.) The evidence before the Court overwhelmingly showed, however, that she intended for her return to the United States to be short-lived.

22. Over the next two weeks, Jin made preparations to return to China. On February 18 and 19, 2007, Jin accessed 28 files on Compass, a Motorola file sharing program, even though she was still on sick leave. (Govt. Ex. TC Summ. 4; Tr. 450.)

23. On February 21, 2007, Jige Chen, Jin’s husband, withdrew $10,000 from their Chase bank account. (Govt. Ex. CHA 4.)

24. On February 22, 2007, Jin reserved two one-way tickets to China, one ticket for a flight departing February 26, 2007, and one ticket for a flight departing February 28, 2006. (Govt. Ex. UAL 10; Tr. 597-98.)

25. The next day, Friday, February 23, 2007, Jin returned to Motorola. She sought to end her medical leave and return to work. (Tr. 503.) The direct and circumstantial evidence overwhelmingly establishes, though, that Jin did not in fact intend to work for Motorola. Rather, her return was a mere pretext to obtain thousands of Motorola proprietary documents, including the charged documents.

26. When Jin arrived at Motorola that morning, she was stopped by a security guard, who called Linda Ebel, a nurse at Motorola. Ebel went to security, signed Jin in, and brought Jin to her office. (Tr. 503-04.) Jin gave Ebel her return-to-work slip, which was signed by her doctor and dated February 23, 2007. (Tr. 504; Govt. Ex. MBR 23.) Ebel was unable to initiate Jin’s return to work, however, because she had already turned Jin’s termination status over to Human Resources when Jin’s leave had expired the previous week. At Motorola, an employee is normally terminated after twelve months of medical leave. (Tr. 503-06.)

27. Ebel contacted Human Resources, and was told that Jin could return to work. Ebel next contacted Jin’s manager, Bob Bach, to see if he was ready to accept Jin that day, but she was unable to reach him. Jin said she would find Bach and start to work, but Ebel said that she could not permit that because Jin first needed Bach’s approval to return to work. Ebel continued to attempt to reach Bach, but to no avail. Jin once again asked if she could go find Bach and start working, but Ebel told her that was not possible. She told Jin that she had to take her back down to security, and security could continue to try and contact Bach. Jin complied and Ebel left her with the security guard at around 11:15 a.m. (Tr. 507-08.)

28. After leaving Jin with security, Ebel emailed the Visitor Center Security to advise them that Jin’s security badge could be reactivated based on the decision made by Human Resources. She also emailed Bach to let him know that Jin had left the office. (Tr. 508.)

29. That afternoon, not knowing that her security badge had been reactivated and therefore believing she could not obtain the Motorola documents over the weekend, Jin canceled the ticket reservation for the flight to China leaving on Monday, February 26, 2007, and purchased the ticket for the flight leaving Wednesday, February 28, 2007. (Govt. Ex. UAL 10; Tr. 600.)

February 26, 2007

30. On Monday, February 26, 2007, Jin officially returned to Motorola from her leave of absence. (Govt. Ex. MBR 3.) She met with Bach around 9:00 a.m., and they discussed what had been happening in the iDEN division while she was on leave. Bach did not give her any specific assignments, but asked her to start familiarizing herself with some documentation related to Melody, a project that the iDEN division was working on at the time. He also told her to get her email and accounts up-to-date. Bach told her that he would follow-up with her in a day or two, once he knew what she would be working on. (Tr. 519-20.)

31. Following that meeting, Jin began accessing and downloading thousands of documents, few of which, if any, were related to the Melody project. That morning, she accessed 166 files on Compass, including Moto 3. After leaving and returning to Motorola that afternoon, Jin accessed an additional 64 files, including Moto 1 and Moto 2. (Govt. Ex. TC Summ. 4; Tr. 450-51, 457-58.) She then saved 2,909 files onto her Ion hard drive. (Govt. Ex. JD Summ. 5.)

32. That evening, Jin returned to Motorola around 8:40 p.m. (Govt. Ex. MBR 1.) She accessed two files on Compass (Govt. Ex. TC Summ. 4; Tr. 451), and saved 2,219 files onto her Ion hard drive, including Moto 1, Moto 2, and Moto 3. (Govt. Exs. JD Summ. 5, 7.) At 12:17 a.m., Jin left the building with two large shopping bags. (Govt. Exs. MBR 1, 14; Tr. 463.) She returned immediately, and then left again with an armful of documents. (Govt. Ex. MBR 14.)

February 27, 2007

33. Jin returned to Motorola at around 11:00 a.m. the morning of February 27, 2007. (Govt. Ex. MBR 1; Tr. 463.) At 11:39 a.m., she downloaded 24 files onto her Ion hard drive. (Govt. Ex. JD Summ. 5.)

34. At 12:13 p.m., Jin emailed Bach. In the email, which has a subject of “Disappointment decision,” Jin wrote:

Hey, Bob,

It was nice talking with you yesterday. But I’m afraid that I have to disappoint you. Out of working for so long time, I feel that I cannot get used to the pace of working life anymore. I feel exhausted last night after just one workday. Being such physical condition, I am afraid I am not capable of fulfilling any task that you will assign me. Instead of drag the whole group’s performance down and disappoint you, I think it is better for me to volunteer the laying off now. If it is not workable, please let me know if there is other alternative. I am still on heavy medication, I need some more time for full recovery. Please let me know your decision ASAP.

Thanks, Hanjuan

(Govt. Ex. BB 3.) Although Motorola had recently undergone a round of reorganization lay-offs, Bach was surprised to receive this email because they had discussed Jin returning to work full time just the previous day. After receiving this email, Bach attempted to contact Jin without success. (Tr. 523-24, 529.)

35. A few hours after sending this email, at 3:06 p.m., Jin withdrew $20,000 from her Chase bank account. (Govt. Ex. CHA 5.)

36. That evening, at 10:10 p.m., Jin returned to the Motorola campus. (Govt. Ex. MBR 1; Tr. 463.) She accessed 119 documents on Compass between 10:49 p.m. and 12:37 a.m. (Govt. Ex. TC Summ. 4; Tr. 451.) She saved 1,868 documents onto her Ion hard drive, including Moto 1, 2, and 3 for the second time. (Govt. Exs. JD Summ. 5, 7.) She left Motorola at 12:46 a.m. carrying a laptop bag. (Govt. Ex. MBR 14.)

February 28, 2007

37. The following morning, between 5:38 a.m. and 9:51 a.m., Jin saved 124 documents onto her personal laptop. She also saved 2,472 documents onto her hard drive, including three additional copies of Moto 1, 2, and 3. (Govt. Ex. JD Summ. 5, 7.) In total, Moto 1, Moto 2, and Moto 3 appeared in five locations on the Ion hard drive. (Tr. 197; Govt. Ex. JD Summ. 7.)

38. The documents Jin accessed on the Motorola network between February 26th and the early morning of the 28th fell under three main categories: (1) iDEN; (2) Tetra/Dimetra; and (3) Human Resources job descriptions and grade levels. (Tr. 444; Govt. Ex. TC Summ. 2.) Tetra is a public safety standard used for police radios and public safety equipment, and Dimetra is a Motorola product that implements the Tetra standard. Jin accessed approximately 60 documents in this category during this time period. (Tr. 445-46.) Jin also accessed documents related to Motorola’s tiered structures of engineering and Motorola’s salary structure. (Tr. 446; Govt. Ex. TC Summ. 2.) Most of the documents Jin accessed were related to iDEN. (Tr. 447.)

The Stop at O’Hare

39. That afternoon, at around 12:30 p.m., Jin was stopped by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) officials at Chicago O’Hare International Airport (“O’Hare”) as she attempted to board a flight to Beijing. Officer Nicolas Zamora, who was conducting random examinations of passengers and luggage departing the United States, stopped Jin for a search on the jet bridge as she was boarding the flight. He asked to see Jin’s travel documents, asked her a few questions regarding her trip, and informed her of the currency reporting requirements, which require passengers traveling with more than $10,000 to declare the currency with CBP. Officer Zamora asked Jin how much money she was traveling with, and she initially stated she was traveling with $10,000. (Tr. 39-42.)

40. After a few more questions, Officer Zamora gave Jin a form that explains the currency reporting requirements. Jin requested the form in Chinese. After she read it, Officer Zamora asked Jin if she understood the form, she said yes, and Officer Zamora again asked Jin how much money she had with her. Jin then said that she had $11,000. She proceeded to change the amount that she declared on the form from $10,000 to $11,000. She also signed the form, which stated that “Under penalties of perjury, I declare that I have examined this report, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, it is true and correct.” (Tr. 43-45, 48; Govt. Ex. HJ 9.)

41. Officer Zamora next asked Jin to present her currency for verification, and she complied. Jin presented Officér Zamora with two bank envelopes from her laptop bag, and each contained $5,000. She also presented him with an additional $1,252 from her purse. Officer Zamora asked her if this was all the money she had, and Jin said yes. (Tr. 48-49.)

42. Officer Zamora then told Jin that he needed to examine her bags. He found four additional bank envelopes, each containing $5,000, in her laptop bag. Jin said that her husband must have placed the additional money in her bag without her knowledge. In total, Jin was carrying $31,252. (Tr. 49-50.)

43. Officer Zamora told Jin that because she had not properly declared her money with CBP, she would miss her flight while they processed paperwork. He and other CBP officials next searched Jin’s carry-on bags, and found Motorola documents marked as “confidential and proprietary information,” a laptop, a hard drive and thumb drive storage devices, and other documents in Chinese. (Tr. 50-53; Stipulation 2; Govt. Exs. Air 2, 4-6, 10-15, 17-25, 27.) They also found a bank receipt for a $10,000 withdrawal on February 21, 2007, identification, and other documents. Officer Zamora asked Jin why she had the Motorola documents, and Jin said she had them for work purposes. (Tr. 63-68.)

44. The CBP officers next escorted Jin to their office. They contacted their task force officer, notified the Federal Bureau of Investigations (“FBI”), and informed Jin of her Miranda rights. Jin agreed to be interviewed. The interview was conducted by FBI Agents Robert Klimas and Joe Devuono and lasted for approximately four to five hours. Agents Klimas and Devuono asked Jin about her education, family, and work background. (Tr. 69-70, 98,100-03.)

45. During this interview, Jin stated that she was a full-time employee at Motorola, that she had been employed by Motorola since 1998, and that she worked on the iDEN system. Jin also stated that she was planning to travel to China for an undetermined amount of time because of her mother’s illness, and that her trip to China was not related to her work at Motorola. (Tr. 103-04.)

46. Jin said that she was carrying the Motorola documents because she wanted to refresh her knowledge of the information contained in the documents as she had been on sick leave for an extended period of time. (Tr. 103-04.) Jin also said that she was not going to give the documents to anyone else, and that she had not thought about the consequences of leaving the United States with the documents. (Tr. 123.) She said that she understood that the Motorola documents marked “confidential and proprietary” belonged to Motorola and that she was prohibited from giving the documents to non-Motorola entities, organizations, or employees. (Tr. 107.)

47. Jin told Agents Klimas and Devuono that she had returned from sick leave in February 2007. She said that she returned from sick leave on Monday, February 26, 2007, and worked full days from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on the 26th and 27th. (Tr. 104,107-08.)

48. Jin told the agents that her supervisor was Bob Bach and that she had told him that she was going to China. Agent Klimas then called Bach, and Bach said he did not know that Jin was going to China or taking any kind of trip. When the interview resumed and Agent Klimas told Jin that Bach was unaware of her trip to China, she said that she had told him she was going to be off for a while. (Tr. 108-09.)

49. Jin said that she was not aware of the extra $20,000 found in her luggage, that her husband must have put it there, and that she and her husband had a savings and checking account at Chase Bank, a savings and checking account at the Motorola Federal Credit Union, and a bank account at the China Merchants Bank. (Tr. 105.)

50. Jin told the agents that she used two email accounts, a Motorola account and ehenjige@haimo.com.cn. (Tr. 105.) She did not mention her Sun Kaisens email account.

51. During the interview, Agent Klimas asked Jin about a Motorola handbook regarding proprietary information found in her possession. Jin said that she had never read it, but when asked about the handwriting on the document, Jin acknowledged that it was her handwriting. (Tr. 109-10; Govt. Ex. Air 17.)

52. Jin also told the agents that the laptop she had with her was her own personal computer, not a Motorola-owned personal computer. When Agent Klimas asked her if there were any Motorola documents similar to the ones she possessed in hard copies on her laptop’s hard drive, she said there were none. The agents then asked if they could look at the laptop’s hard drive, and Jin consented. Agent Klimas proceeded to conduct a search on the laptop for “Motorola,” and hundreds of documents came up. They went through the same process on the other storage devices in Jin’s possession, and additional Motorola documents marked “confidential and proprietary” were found. At this point, Jin said that she was a part-time worker at Motorola working 20 hours a week and earning an annual salary of $45,000. (Tr. 110-12.)

53. Agent Klimas asked Jin where she obtained the Thales Catalog, a catalog of military technology products, and she said she received it from a friend. Agent Klimas then asked the friend’s name, and after a silence of several minutes, Jin said that she was reluctant to give the name of the friend. After a few minutes, Jin said that she received the catalog from Zheng Shan Liu (spelling provided by Jin) to review and read. Jin said that Zheng Shan Liu was an engineer with an expertise in software development who owned or worked for a company in China. She said that she had met Zheng Shan Liu several years earlier and that she had met him approximately three times. She said that she did not know the name of the company where Zheng Shan Liu was employed, that he did not have any connections with the Chinese government, and that he was in the telecommunications business and purchased cell phones. Jin said that when she had met with Zheng Shan Liu in the past, he asked her about her work at Motorola. (Tr. 113-15.)

54. The agents obtained a translation of the first page of one of the Chinese-language documents, which indicated that the document was classified and related to Chinese military telecommunications systems. Jin said that she did not have any connections with the Chinese government, and that she downloaded the documents from the Internet. When Agent Klimas pressed her again about the origin of the documents, Jin changed her story and said she obtained the documents from Zheng Shan Liu. (Tr. 116-17.)

55. At the end of the interview, Jin was permitted to go home. CBP officials arranged for her to take the same flight the next day.

March 1, 2007

56. The next day, March 1, 2007, Jin was stopped again as she attempted to board a flight to China on the ticket provided by CBP. She was brought to the FBI office at O’Hare, and interviewed for four to five hours by Agent Michael Diekmann. Jin agreed to the interview. Although there was a translator present, she chose to have the interview in English. When asked about the Motorola documents marked “confidential and proprietary,” Jin said that she had them in her possession to refresh her memory and study them while she was in China. She said she had been on sick leave for the previous year, and wanted the documents to help her get her next job. (Tr. 129-134.)

57. Regarding her medical leave, Jin told Agent Diekmann that she had been on sick leave until February 26, 2007. She said that she had told her supervisor that she was ready to return to work and resume her duties, worked a full day on the 26th, and had returned to Motorola that evening to retrieve some personal items. Jin told Agent Diekmann that she had informed her supervisor on the 27th that she was not able to work due to her medical situation, and that she was taking a voluntary layoff. (Tr. 134-35.)

58. When questioned about the classified Chinese documents, Jin told Agent Diekmann that an individual named Fengshan Li (spelling provided by Jin) had given them to her when she was in China in November 2006. She said that Li had given her the documents so that she could determine what type of assistance she could provide on projects related to the documents, which pertained to telecommunications. Jin said that she had first met Li in April 2005 in Beijing, and during that meeting they had discussed technology-related materials. (Tr. 136-37,141.)

59. Agent Diekmann also asked Jin about the Thales catalog. Jin said that the catalog had been in Li’s possession, and that she thought it was interesting and asked to borrow it. (Tr. 138.)

60. At this point in the interview, Agent Diekmann advised Jin of her Miranda rights, and she agreed to continue with the interview. (Tr. 139.)

61. Agent Diekmann next asked Jin to translate the title of one of the documents. She provided a translation, “Mobile Telecommunications Configuration Management System.” The translator told Agent Diekmann that she had not translated the last few characters of the title, and Agent Diekmann asked her to translate the title again. Jin translated the title and added the last two words, “Requirements List.” She told Agent Diekmann that the document was created by Sun Kaisens, a company located in Beijing in the business of computers, telecommunication, and information technology. She said that an engineer gave her the document in December 2006. (Tr. 139-40; Govt. Ex. Air 22.)

62. Agent Diekmann also asked Jin about her name being listed on the document, and she acknowledged that her name was listed. The translator said her title on the document was “Project Chief Director,” but Jin disagreed with that translation and said the actual title was “Director of Guidance.” Jin said that she had previously assisted Sun Kaisens on similar projects. (Tr. 140-41.)

63. At the end of the interview, Jin provided a signed and dated handwritten statement. The statement reads as follows:

I have some Motorola documentation, they are related with the work that I have done these years in Motorola. I have been sick and took medical leave for a year and more. I felt so lack of sense of job that I had done. I plan to take vacation to China and visit my mom who is not well. I took the papers that I had in my cabinet with me for the trip. The only purpose that I have the papers is that I can refresh the work that I have done these years so that I can prepare myself for further career going. I swear that I have no intention to cause any damage to Motorola.

In my baggage I also had some Chinese paper with me. They are papers that were given to me for reviewing by my friend. He wanted to help with the project using my expertise. I have not done anything yet. My friend name is Fengshan Li.

Officers also asked me a lot of questions about import/export. I am very lacking of knowledge of this field. But I have never shipped anything out of country. My lack of export knowledge cause my stupidly took the Motorola document for the trip, I have no intention to break the law.

All to the best of my knowledge, the above statement is true and correct. The statement is voluntary, and it was made without threat, promise or coercion. I have agreed to consent to search my residence, 2331 County Farm Lane, Schaumburg, Illinois, 60194.

The statement was signed by Jin at 8:32 p.m. on March 1, 2007. (Tr. 142-44; Govt. Ex. HJ 1.)

64. In addition to consenting to a search of her residence, Jin also consented to a search of her computers. The search of her home occurred during the evening and early morning hours of March 1-2, 2007. (Tr. 145,154-55.)

March 2, 2007

65. Jin was next interviewed by Agent Diekmann in her home on March 2, 2007. Her husband was also present, and they were both advised of their Miranda rights. During this interview, Jin was asked about Gengshan Liu (spelling provided by Jin). Jin said he was located in Beijing, and that she had met with him at least three times in Beijing: in April 2005, November 2005, and during her last trip to China, from November 2006 to February 2007. She said that Liu had given her his phone number in order to facilitate meetings with him whenever she was in Beijing. She said that the second meeting was similar to an interview, and that they discussed her work experience and technical expertise. (Tr. 146-48.)

66. During the third meeting, she and Liu discussed whether she could provide assistance on a short message project. Liu also asked her to review the Chinese-language documents found in Jin’s possession on February 28, 2007, to determine how much assistance she could provide on the projects. She viewed this as a form of probation. Jin said that she would work on the project and provide whatever she had done to him when she finished. She said that she told Liu that she had terminated her employment at Motorola. Jin also told Agent Diekmann that she had planned to meet with Liu in Beijing during her February 28th trip, and that she believed Liu was going to offer her employment at Sun Kaisens. (Tr. 148-50.)

67. On March 5, 2007, $115,000 was transferred from Jin and her husband’s account in Chicago to a bank in China. (Govt. Ex. CHA 1.)

68. There was no mortgage on Jin’s home in 2007. (Tr. 636.)

iDEN technology

69. Bruce Drawert, the government’s expert witness regarding the technology at issue and the purported trade secrets, testified extensively regarding iDEN technology generally and the documents at issue in this case specifically. Although the Court finds that Drawert is clearly a “company man,” his testimony was detailed and largely objective.

70. Drawert received his master’s degree in mechanical engineering in 1983. He began working at Motorola in August 1991 as a digital signal processing engineer. In 1997, he became a system architect, a position he still holds today. He was also named a distinguished member of the technical staff. (Tr. 239-46.)

71. During his twenty-year career with Motorola, Drawert has principally worked on iDEN technology. When he first started with Motorola in 1991, iDEN technology was in its prototype stage. Drawert was part of the team responsible for inventing and developing iDEN at Motorola. Specifically, he was the co-developer of the iDEN base radio signal processing software. iDEN obtained its first customers in 1993. (Tr. 240-43, 309.)

72. Dr. Ray Nettleton testified as Jin’s expert witness. Dr. Nettleton provided professional and objective testimony, which the Court largely credits. Nevertheless, as discussed more specifically below, Dr. Nettleton’s testimony tended to be general rather than specific, and some of his opinions were contrary to objective evidence.

73. Dr. Nettleton works in the field of wireless technology. He received a master’s degree in electrical engineering and a Ph.D. from Purdue University. His thesis topic was CDMA for cellular communications, and he holds two patents in CDMA technology stemming from his thesis work. Dr. Nettleton has worked as a professor, a contractor for the military and NASA, for a technology company as director of wireless research, as a private consultant for clients including MCI and Motorola, and as a co-founder of a communications start-up company. He has published over 80 papers in the trade press, technical journals, and at conferences. (Tr. 674-77.)

74. Dr. Nettleton worked for a company contracting to Motorola in the 1990s in Beijing, China, and assessed an iDEN network that was being deployed in Beijing. Dr. Nettleton also evaluated iDEN technology for MCI in the early 1990s as it was coming on to the market, and the design of an iDEN system that was to be deployed in Sao Paulo, Brazil. (Tr. 677-78.)

Cellular Phone Technology

75. Cellular phone technology employs both open and proprietary standards. A standard is a set of documents or specifications that describe how the various elements in a network should behave and what functions they should perform. (Tr. 690.)

76. Open standards are available to any member of the public and can be downloaded from the Internet. The purpose of open standards is to ensure compatibility between the equipment of different manufacturers so that it works on the same network. Open standards are maintained by committees made up of technical staff members of manufacturers and government regulators. The two main bodies are called 3GPP and 3GPP2. Open standards do not provide information on how to actually build a system, so manufacturers develop hardware and software that complies with the standard but that may not have similar features as other competitors’ products that also comply with the standard. (Tr. 690-92.)

77. Proprietary standards are sets of documents or specifications like open standards, but which are held within a company or group of companies without publication. (Tr. 691.)

78. Cellular phone technology has evolved over time. Since cellular technology was first developed in the United States in the early 1980s, there have been four generations of technology. First generation (“1G”) technology was analog and worked similarly to old radio telephones, with no possibility of significant data transmission. (Tr. 685-86.)

79. Around 1990, the first generation of digital cellular technology, known as second generation (“2G”) technology, began evolving. 2G technology uses circuit-switch technology for voice and data, meaning channels are dedicated to individual calls, whether people are speaking or not, and when a user is in a data session, the radio signal is dedicated to that user. 2G technology employs digital voice, and the data rate available is around 64 kilobits, which is sufficient for text messaging and email. The most typical types of cell phone technology initially developed in the second generation were GSM and CDMA. GSM became a global standard, and billions of GSM units have been sold worldwide. CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. CDMA was initially proprietary, but later became an open standard. (Tr. 674-75, 686-88, 696.)

80. By the 2000s, cellular technology had evolved into the third generation (“3G”). 3G technology supports higher data rates, usually ones to tens of megabits per second, which permit the transmission of emails with attachments, complex web pages, and video. (Tr. 687.)

81. Currently, fourth generation (“4G”) technology is being launched around the world. 4G technology has very high data rates, typically from 100 to 500 megabits per second. (Tr. 687.)

82. Both 3G and 4G technology use packet data, meaning that circuits or channels are not assigned in a dedicated way to any one user. Rather, packets, or a group of bits, are sent when needed and the same channel is available for other users. (Tr. 687.)

83. Each generation of technology takes around ten years to define and evolve. This means that at any given time, while the current generation is being deployed and used, the next generation is being developed. This leads to an overlap between the generations, as some people keep their older phones while others buy new ones. At some point, the older cellular technology is phased out completely to enable the newer technology to access the spectrum used by the older technology. (Tr. 688-89.)

iDEN

84. iDEN is a proprietary standard created by Motorola for cellular telecommunications technology. iDEN is 2G technology. Its top speed is 64 kilobits per second. iDEN does not use and is not compatible with CDMA. (Tr. 692-93.)

85. Most of iDEN is based on open standards. The unique aspect of iDEN is the air interface, which is the set of signals exchanged between the mobile unit and the base station. The other parts of the iDEN network resemble the GSM network, which is an open standard. (Tr. 693.)

86. iDEN was developed in response to a problem with a specific frequency band called Specialized Mobile Radio (“SMR”). The SMR band was originally envisioned as a specialized service for first responders and private businesses. As a result, individual groups of channels were assigned to individual companies or first responder services like the police. The channels were usually assigned in groups of four, but the four were not contiguous. This meant that when Fleet Call, later to become Nextel, began purchasing spectrum from the companies that owned the channels in order to aggregate spectrum, Fleet Call could not guarantee contiguous channels. As a result, GSM and CDMA could not be used because they required the aggregation of a large number of contiguous channels. The only alternative was to use individual channels one at a time, 25 kilohertz apart. iDEN was developed to address this need. (Tr. 692, 695-96.)

87. While the development of iDEN served as a solution to this problem, the use of the individual channels came with limitations. Specifically, the use of 25 kilohertz channels limits the data rate that can be achieved. iDEN efficiently uses the narrow space of individual channels, but it does not have the capabilities necessary to provide very large bandwidths. Dr. Nettleton opined that because it is not possible to aggregate adjacent channels to produce wider bandwidth with iDEN, there is no development path through which iDEN can achieve higher data rates, meaning it is at a technological “dead-end.” iDEN cannot develop into 3G or 4G technology. (Tr. 697.)

88. iDEN is a turnkey system. This means that it has end-to-end network elements, including the subscriber unit, commonly known as the mobile device, as well as the infrastructure to support it. It also knits in with the Public Service Telephone Network, which means that its mobile devices can reach any other mobile device and/or landline. The major infrastructure pieces of the iDEN network include the mobile switching center, the base station controller, base radios, an access controller gateway, packet data network elements including mobile data gateway and routers, and dispatch and application processors. (Tr. 241-42.)

89. iDEN customers are located globally. (Tr. 247.) iDEN was introduced in China in around 1995 or 1996. (Tr. 694.) iDEN customers offer services directly to consumers, also known as subscribers, and to enterprise. The services offered to subscribers are: (1) interconnect, which is regular telephone service; (2) dispatch, which is push-to-talk; (3) short message service, which is text messaging; (4) and packet data, which enables internet applications. (Tr. 247-48.) Competitors of Motorola provide similar features; it is the way that iDEN supports and provides these features that is unique. (Tr. 320.)

90. iDEN is best known for its push-to-talk feature. Unlike a telephone call, which is a full-duplex conversation from one handset to another, push-to-talk is a half duplex. This means that it is a walkie-talkie style of conversation. The conversation can be one to many, and only one person can talk at a time. The motivation behind push-to-talk systems was to enable members of a dispatch system, such as taxis and first responders, to talk instantly to another member or group of members of the same network. In 2007, several of iDEN’s competitors provided push-to-talk features that rely on open standards, such as Tetra. iDEN’s push-to-talk service is the fastest in the market, meaning it can achieve a call setup time in approximately 500 milliseconds. (Tr. 249-50, 317)

91. Technology that competes with iDEN includes CDMA, GSM, LTE, and Tetra. No company owns these technologies; rather, they are standards that are publicly accessible. iDEN, on the other hand, is proprietary technology that is not publicly accessible. (Tr. 264-65, 697-98.)

92. Another difference between iDEN and GSM and CDMA is, as previously mentioned, that an iDEN radio frequency channel is only 25 kilohertz wide. GSM technology requires a 200 kilohertz channel. CDMA requires a 1.25 megahertz channel. Due to the larger channels, GSM and CDMA are more efficient in terms of how many telephone users they can support per megahertz, and can carry data at much higher speeds than iDEN and other 2G technology. (Tr. 266-67, 696-988.)

93. Tetra is an open standard that has similar functionality as iDEN when it is used with 25-kilohertz channels. Unlike with iDEN, it is possible to use Tetra on accumulated adjacent channels to provide higher data rates. It also supports ground-to-air transmission, which iDEN cannot support. Tetra phones are also capable of communicating like walkie-talkies, without the need for an intermediate network. (Tr. 700-01.)

Value of iDEN

94. iDEN generates revenue for Motorola through hardware sales, software and licensing sales, and support and services. (Tr. 328-29.) The three main components of the iDEN system are the iDEN subscriber unit, the base station equipment, and the mobile switching center. All of these components contain iDEN software. Aside from RadioFrame, which manufactures certain base radios for iDEN pursuant to a nondisclosure agreement with Motorola, only Motorola manufactures iDEN software and hardware. (Tr. 327-28.)

95. When Motorola adds a new customer on an iDEN network, the customer must purchase most of the systems’ components from Motorola, such as handsets, a certain number of base stations, and switching equipment. If an existing customer expands its coverage area, at a minimum, it needs to buy more base radios. (Tr. 269-71.)

96. All but one of the components employed when the push-to-talk feature is used contain iDEN software, and Motorola sells the components. (Tr. 261-62.) While competing technologies use some of the same components as iDEN in transmitting a call, certain software related to the transmission path is unique to iDEN. (Tr. 255.) Motorola does not currently have any competitor in the iDEN market for iDEN components. (Tr. 289.)

97. As of February 2007, Motorola had over 700 employees related to iDEN, and there were 32 cellular phone operators using iDEN. The 32 operators were located in 22 countries worldwide. In 2007, several iDEN operators had service provider arrangements with government agencies. The Israeli Defense Forces subscribed to the iDEN system in 2007. (Tr. 334-36.)

98. Motorola monitors the number of iDEN subscriber units around the world. While the total number of iDEN subscribers is decreasing worldwide, outside the United States and Canada the total number of subscribers is increasing. As of July 2011, there were between 19 and 20 million iDEN subscribers. (Tr. 332-37.)

99. iDEN revenues decreased in 2006 compared to 2005. Motorola reported to the SEC in 2006 that it expected iDEN sales to decline further in 2007. Net sales of iDEN infrastructure equipment has also been declining since 2006. (Tr. 344^46.)

100. Dr. Nettleton testified that he “cannot imagine” why any other entities would want to build an iDEN system as of 2007 because an open standard that was more advanced than iDEN was available, and iDEN was already an obsolete generation of cellular technology. (Tr. 715.) As discussed in more detail below, Dr. Nettle-ton also opined that none of the charged trade secret documents would have been of value to any entity outside of Motorola in 2007. This opinion was based on his belief that iDEN had been eclipsed technologically by 3G and 4G technology, and therefore that no one would be interested in developing an iDEN-like system or want to know anything about it. (Tr. 703-04.) While the Court finds that this belief is sincere on the part of Dr. Nettleton, the Court discounts his opinions regarding the value of iDEN generally and the trade secret documents specifically because these opinions are contradicted by the fact that the use of iDEN technology was expanding in certain parts of the world in 2007. The objective evidence before the Court indicated that — eclipsed or not by superior technology — iDEN still had growth potential in certain parts of the world in 2007. Although many consumers may want the latest technology, others are content with less expensive, less advanced options. Thus, while iDEN technology may be phased out and become obsolete in the long run, it was still a viable product that was generating revenue for Motorola in 2007.

The charged documents: Moto 1, Moto 2, and Moto 3

Moto 1

101. The first purported trade secret document, Moto 1, is titled “Harmony Support for Horizontal Dispatch Networking, SAD-172.” Harmony is a small-scale iDEN system for customer sizes of about 50,000 subscribers. A typical customer for the Harmony system would be a company, an academic campus, or an entity of a similar size. (Tr. 272, 710; Govt. Ex. Moto 1.)

102. Moto 1 is marked as “Motorola Confidential Proprietary.” The following statement is found on the cover of Moto 1: “The information contained in this document is classified Company Confidential. The use and divulgence of any part of this information can seriously affect the welfare and financial security of the company.” (Govt. Ex. Moto 1.)

103. Moto 1 is a systems architecture document, which means that its intended audience is iDEN network element developers and software coders. Systems architecture documents are teaching instruments. Moto 1 was created on June 17, 2005, and it was last revised on August 30, 2006. (Govt. Ex. Moto 1, at ii; Tr. 272-75.)

104. Moto 1 discusses the horizontal dispatch networking feature of Harmony, which involves connecting one urban area to another in order to enable push-to-talk between those areas. Without this feature, a user would be limited to using push-to-talk through the local Harmony switching center, meaning the user could not use push-to-talk on a nationwide basis. (Tr. 272-73.) Moto 1 discusses the changes that have to be made to the Harmony system to support horizontal dispatching. (Tr. 711.) Moto 1 describes only part of iDEN, not the whole system. (Tr. 277.)

105. Moto 1 contains information that describes aspects of how the user’s voice is conveyed over the internet protocol. Specifically, this information relates to the interconnection of hDACs. The hDAC is a piece of hardware containing iDEN-speeific software that is one of the central network elements of the horizontal dispatch networking feature. Table 2 on page 29 of Moto 1 contains numbers to which a system format must adhere in order to enable the interconnection. The numbers convey how the audio moves from one point to another. This is a feature unique to iDEN, and it is used wherever the horizontal networking feature is deployed, which is globally. (Tr. 276-82.)

106. While some of the information in Moto 1 is shared with customers, the information related to the formatting of the voice as it traverses the internet protocol and the interconnection of the hDACs has not been shared.

107. The information in Table 2 could benefit someone outside of Motorola because it is part of the information necessary to build a competing iDEN product that performs the same functions, and it could also be used as a part of discovering the content of the voice that appears on the network. (Tr. 278-29, 282.)

108. In making this finding, the Court acknowledges Dr. Nettleton’s opinion that Moto 1 would not have been useful to anyone outside of Motorola. He based his opinion, first, on his belief regarding the value of iDEN technology generally. As discussed above, however, the Court believes this opinion is contradicted by the objective evidence regarding iDEN revenue in 2007.

109. Dr. Nettleton also highlighted several problems with Moto 1 as a document. Specifically, he pointed out that Moto 1 is a delta document, which means that it only refers to the changes that have to be made to other documents in order to realize the horizontal dispatching capability. Thus, it does not describe the system itself, only the changes. Moto 1 also uses multiple abbreviations that are Motorola-specific and necessary to understand the document. There are also deletions, edits, and additions in the document that make clear that it is not a final document reflective of the final design of the feature. (Tr. 712-13.) While Dr. Nettleton’s testimony regarding the general problems with Moto 1 as a document is clearly supported by the document itself, none of these problems contradict Drawert’s very specific testimony regarding the value or usefulness of the information related to the formatting of the voice as it traverses the internet protocol found in Table 2 of Moto 1. Of course, that information would be more useful if the document were not in draft form, did not contain abbreviations, and explained the whole Harmony system, as opposed to just changes to that system necessary to enable the horizontal dispatching feature. That the document is not in an optimal state, however, does not mean that the accurate information in Table 2 — information that would be necessary to build a competing product — would not be “useful” or “valuable” to someone outside of Motorola.

Moto 2

110. Moto 2 is the second charged trade secret document. It is entitled “iDEN EOTD-based 911 Location without HAMR.” (Tr. 283; Govt. Ex. Moto 2.) Moto 2 is marked as “Motorola Confidential Proprietary.” It was created on March 30, 2000, and last revised on November 14, 2000. Drawert is one of the authors of this document. (Tr. 287, 316.) The following statement is found on the cover of Moto 2: “The information contained in this document is classified Company Confidential. The use and divulgence of any part of this information can seriously affect the welfare and financial security of the company.” (Govt. Ex. Moto 2.)

111. Moto 2 is a white paper. A white paper is used by developers to estimate how many staff months would be required to put a particular feature together after an investigation is done on that feature. White papers also illustrate whether a particular feature was successful in meeting an intended goal. The intended audience of a white paper within Motorola is an iDEN network developer or a network element developer. (Tr. 283-84.)

112. Moto 2 discusses the feature known as “iDEN EOTD-based E911 location.” E-OTD is a type of technology that may be used to establish the location of a cell phone. This location technology was explored by iDEN developers in response to the FCC’s enhanced 911 mandate. In 2000, when Moto 2 was created and last revised, the mandate required that with two-thirds of calls, the phones should be locatable within 50 meters, and that with 95% of calls, the location of the phone should be accurate within 150 meters. (Tr. 284, 705-06.)

113. The feature discussed in Moto 2 was not implemented in its entirety in iDEN. Some of the information was implemented, including information indicating performance, timing specifications, and channel structures for the base station control channel. Figure 3 on page 20 of Moto 2 contains information that illustrates the channel structure, or how the iDEN system uses its broadcast control channel. iDEN, or any other cellular technology, cannot function without a broadcast control channel. The broadcast control channel set forth in Figure 3 is specific to iDEN. It contains numbers and sizes related to the broadcast control channel used in iDEN. The described broadcast control channel structure is in continuous use in iDEN technology, and is found in every iDEN product. (Tr. 290-94.)

114. Some of the information in Moto 2 has been shared with customers and, pursuant to a nondisclosure agreement, with Radioframe, the company that built base radios for iDEN. The information in Figure 3 is only disclosed under a nondisclosure agreement. (Tr. 285, 294.)

115. The information in Figure 3 would be valuable to someone outside of Motorola because it is part of the information would be necessary to build a competitive base radio. It would also be useful for someone who is interested in understanding how to get information off the radio frequency; while Figure 3 does not provide all of the information necessary, it does detail necessary pieces. Without this information, an iDEN-based radio would not function on an iDEN network. (Tr. 289, 296.)

116. Dr. Nettleton opined that Moto 2 would have been useless to anyone outside or inside of Motorola in 2007 because, first, by 2007, all cellular providers had given up on E-OTD as a possibility for location technology as it turned out to be quite inaccurate and difficult to implement. Second, better technologies, including GPS, were adopted as early as 2002, and by 2004 in the case of Motorola. Third, E-OTD technology was an open standard available to the public as early as 2000. Finally, the document itself indicates that it would not have fulfilled the FCC’s requirements. (Tr. 706-11.) Once again, although the Court does not doubt these general facts regarding E-OTD, they do not impact the Court’s finding that the specific information identified by Drawert in Figure 3 could be useful to a potential competitor. Although E-OTD was abandoned by Motorola by 2004, the information pertaining to the base station channel control structure in Figure 3 was implemented in iDEN technology, and is in continuous use today.

Moto 3

117. The third charged trade secret, Moto 3, is entitled “Base State System MOBIS Call Processing Interface Specification.” (Govt. Ex. Moto 3; Tr. 296.) Moto 3 discusses the messaging protocol that is used between the access controller gateway and the base station controller in an iDEN system. MOBIS is a modification of the ABIS interface, which is the open standard interface switch over which communications between the base station and the rest of the network occur. Moto 3 was created on May 14, 2001, and was last revised on February 8, 2007. (Govt. Ex. Moto 3 at I-ii; Tr. 296-99, 713-14.)

118. Moto 3 is an interface control document. Interface control documents are used at Motorola to catalog messages that are used between network elements, and in this case, the base station controller and the access control gateway. The intended audience of Moto 3 is the developers of the base station controller and the access controller gateway at Motorola. (Tr. 296-97.)

119. Moto 3 is marked as “Motorola Confidential Proprietary” in small font on the bottom of the pages of the document beginning with page “iii.” The cover and the table of contents of Moto 3 are not marked as “Motorola Confiden