Full opinion text
OPINION AND ORDER BUCHWALD, District Judge. The plaintiff, Odyssey Re (London) Limited (“Odyssey”), a London-based corporation engaged in the business of insurance and reinsurance, brought this action against the defendants, a group of British and Bermudan insurance and reinsurance companies, their subsidiaries, and a number of individual principals of those companies. Odyssey asserts three counts against the each of the various defendants: (1) common law fraud; (2) violation of the Racketeer Influenced & Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO” or the “Act”), 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c); and (3) violation of RICO’s conspiracy provision, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). In brief, plaintiff alleges that the defendants engaged in an international conspiracy to fraudulently induce Odyssey to reinsure drastically unprofitable worker’s compensation policies. Currently pending are several motions to dismiss this action based on various grounds. A brief description of the named defendants in this case is necessary to begin this opinion. The first group of defendants are Euro International Underwriters Limited (“Euro”), John Hubert Whitcombe (“Whitcombe”), and Christopher R. Hen-ton (“Henton”), collectively the “Euro defendants.” According to plaintiffs Amended Complaint, Euro is “a corporation that Whitcombe and Henton began operating under English law in February 1997, and maintains its principal place of business [in] London, England.” Comp. ¶ 17. Both Henton and Whitcombe, the Amended Complaint alleges, reside in Essex, England and are “citizen[s]” (or, more accurately, subjects) “of the United Kingdom.” Id. ¶¶ 18-19. Whitcombe “approached Odyssey through Horace Holman International (“Holman”), a London broker, and requested Odyssey to extend [b]inding [authority to him” to enter into reinsurance contracts on Odyssey’s behalf. Id. ¶37. Whitcombe and Henton presented Odyssey with a “Background Report,” a “Business Plan,” and various other representations to entice Odyssey into conferring Whitcombe and Henton with the binding authority. Id. ¶¶ 38 — 43. Accepting the allegations of the Amended Complaint as true, Whitcombe and Henton apparently started Euro as a vehicle to solicit reinsurance on behalf of Odyssey. The second group of defendants are Stirling Cooke Brown Holdings Limited (“SCB Holdings”), Stirling Cooke Brown Insurance Brokers Limited, Stirling Cooke Brown Reinsurance Brokers Limited, Stirling Cooke Brown North American Holdings Limited, Stirling Cooke Brown North American Reinsurance Intermediaries, Inc., and Raydon Underwriting Management Company Limited, collectively the “SCB Defendants.” SCB Holdings, the parent company, is a Bermudan company whose securities are traded publicly in the United States on the NASDAQ exchange market. Comp. ¶ 8. The other SCB defendants are some of SCB Holdings’ subsidiaries throughout Britain, Bermuda, and the United States, all engaged in the business of selling insurance and reinsurance. Id. ¶¶ 9-11, 13. Additionally, the Amended Complaint names as a defendant Nicholas Brown, the “principal shareholder and controlling person of SCB Holdings” who “resides in England and Bermuda.” Id. ¶ 12. According to the Amended Complaint, the SCB defendants agreed to “direct substantial volumes of [worker’s compensation reinsurance] business” to the Euro defendants. Id. ¶ 37. Plaintiff alleges that this business took the form of “guaranteed loss contracts” that the Euro defendants would in turn pass on to Odyssey through the mechanism of the binding authority. Id. ¶ 36. The third group of defendants is JEH Re Underwriting Management (Bermuda) Limited (“JEH”) and its principal, Reginald Billyard (“Billyard”), collectively the “JEH defendants.” Billyard is a resident of Bermuda and JEH maintains its offices there. Comp. ¶¶ 14-15. The Amended Complaint alleges that Billyard, a longtime business associate of SCB Holdings’ Brown, served as “managing general underwriter” for John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company of America (“John Hancock”), and agreed to pass on John Hancock’s worker’s compensation liability, ultimately to Odyssey through the SCB defendants and Euro’s binding authority. Id. ¶¶ 23-27. The final defendant is Web Management, L.L.C., a Connecticut-based company partly owned by SCB Holdings. Comp. ¶ 16. According to the Amended Complaint, Chuck Bastan, one of the principals of Web, was a former colleague of Bill-yard’s when they were both in the employ of yet another company, Duncanson & Holt. Id. ¶24. Web’s other principals, Robin Ekwall and Steven Wright, were involved with transactions involving SCB entities when they were employed by Phoenix Home Life and Phoenix American Life. Id. ¶¶ 23-24. Web served as managing general underwriter for All American Life Insurance Company, U.S. Life Insurance Company, and Trustmark Insurance Company. Id. The Amended Complaint alleges that Web was able to reinsure those companies’ liability almost exclusively through other unspecified defendants, and that much of this liability was eventually ceded to Odyssey through Euro’s binding authority. Id. ¶¶ 23-25, 33-38. Defendant’s have moved to dismiss as follows: the Euro defendants, SCB Holdings, Raydon, and the JEH defendants based on the ground of lack of personal jurisdiction (Fed.R.Civ.P.12(b)(2)); the Euro defendants, SCB Holdings, and Raydon based on insufficient service of process (Fed.R.Civ.P.12(b)(5)); and all defendants based on the grounds of lack of subject matter jurisdiction (Fed.R.Civ. P.12(b)(1)) and insufficient pleading of the RICO and fraud counts (both Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b) and 12(b)(6)). Additionally, the Euro and SCB defendants have moved to dismiss based on the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Defendant Nicholas Brown has not responded to plaintiffs Amended Complaint in any way. Plaintiff, of course, disputes each of these grounds. Background Reinsurance is a contractual arrangement whereby one insurer (the "ceding insurer" or "reinsured") transfers, or "cedes" all or part of the risk it underwrites pursuant to a policy or group of policies to another insurer. See Colonial American Life Insurance Co. v. Commissioner, 491 U.S. 244, 246-248, 109 S.Ct. 2408, 105 L.Ed.2d 199 (1989); Unigard Security Insurance Co. v. North River Insurance Co., 4 F.3d 1049, 1053 (2d Cir.1993). "The purpose of reinsurance is to diversify the risk of loss ... and to reduce required capital reserves. Spreading the risk prevents a catastrophic loss from falling upon one insurer." Unigard Security, 4 F.3d at 1053 (internal citations omitted). "Reinsurance is simply an insurance policy issued to an insurer." Employers Insurance of Wausau v. American Centennial Insurance Co., No. 86 Civ. 8576, 1989 WL 6631, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 24, 1989). "Pursuant to the reinsurance contract, the reinsurer agrees to indemnify the ceding insurer in return for a portion of the premium on the risk transferred." Barry R. Ostrager and Thomas R. Newman, Handbook on Insurance Coverage Disputes, § 13.01[a] (1990) (citing, inter alia, Trans continental Underwriters Agency, S.R.L. v. American Agency Underwriters, 680 F.2d 298, 299 n. 2 (3d Cir.1982); Delta Holdings, Inc. v. National Distillers and Chemical Corp., No. 85 Civ. 3439, 1988 WL 36330, at *1-3 (S.D.N.Y. Apr.11, 1988)). According to the Amended Complaint, “[i]n or about mid-1996, Whitcombe and Henton [the principal Euro defendants] agreed with Brown and the “Stirling Cooke entities” that if Whitcombe and Henton would identify and secure [binding] authority to act on behalf of a financially sound, U.S. qualified [target] rein-surer, the [other defendants] would direct substantial volumes of business to Whitcombe and Henton, from which they would derive tremendous personal income.” Comp. ¶ 37. The plan worked as follows: First, the managing general underwriters (“MGU’s”) who were part of the enterprise (JEH, Web, and several of the SCB subsidiaries) would seek out and reinsure “materially under priced reinsurance” from U.S. workers’ compensation insurers. Id. ¶ 35. Then, Whitcombe and Henton would “ret-rocede,” or pass that liability from the MGU’s to the unknowing target reinsurer through the binding authority in such a way that “was structured to guarantee the purchaser [and the underwriter] a profit.” Id. Finally, the target reinsurer would be left beholden to the original insurer for a “guaranteed loss contract” for which “massive losses are inevitable.” Id. ¶ 36. It was key to the plan that the deals be structured in such a way that “created the illusion of profitability,” “delayed the inevitable presentation of these vast losses to the true risk bearers,” and “provided a further source for generation of risk-free income for the defendants.” Id. Plaintiff alleges that in mid-1996, Whit-combe approached Odyssey in England, through Holman, a London-based intermediary, to convince Odyssey to extend it binding authority. Id. ¶ 37. Later that fall, Whitcombe and Henton presented Odyssey with a “Background Report,” allegedly prepared with the assistance of other unspecified defendants, setting out the scope of the account they proposed to create for Odyssey though Holman in London. Id. ¶ 38. Whitcombe and Henton followed up with a “Business Plan,” on November 1,1996 which “confirme[ed] and reiteratfed] the earlier representations,” id. ¶ 39, as well as “further discussions” in which they made various other representations designed to entice Odyssey into signing off on the binding authority. Id. ¶¶ 40-43. On January 27, 1997, Odyssey signed Whitcombe’s proposed binding authority. Id. ¶ 43. Whitcombe and Henton then formed Euro in February of 1997. Id. ¶ 17. Odyssey alleges that, with the binding authority in hand, the Euro defendants committed Odyssey to a series of disastrously unprofitable, but deceptively structured reinsurance contracts. Odyssey further alleges that the Euro defendants induced it on February 11, 1998, to extend the binding authority to June 30, 1999, by masking the nature of the agreements entered into under the binding authority. Id. ¶¶ 56-59. In its Amended Complaint, Odyssey offers examples of agreements which are “representative of defendants’ manipulative practices.” Id. ¶ 48. Of particular importance to this discussion are: the “Spiral Contracts,” under which Euro bound Odyssey to assume $20 million worth of insurance liability that Euro received from the Bermudan JEH defendants and the multinational SCB defendants throughout 1997, id. ¶¶ 48-55; the December 24, 1997 “Christmas Eve Placements,” under which Euro retroceded to Odyssey an amount of liability that it had “actively concealed,” id. ¶ 60; the June 19, 1998 “Unicare Retrocession,” under which Euro committed Odyssey to assume “an estimated $42 million of losses” previously insured by various SCB defendants and Web, id. ¶¶ 68-69; the April 9, 1998 “Clarendon/Hallmark Retrocession,” under which SCB defendants coordinated to ret-rocede an as yet unrealized amount of liability from the SCB entities and Web to Odyssey through Euro, ¶¶ 70-72; and the May 1998 ‘Web Variable Quota Share Re-trocession,” under which Euro signed up Odyssey to indemnify additional yet unrealized liability from SCB entities, some of which those SCB entities had earlier accepted from Web. Id. ¶ 73. The Amended Complaint lists other various retrocessions by which SCB and JEH defendants were able to pass on liability to Odyssey through Euro. Id. ¶¶ 61-66, 74-82. Plaintiff, which was subsequently acquired by a new parent company, filed this suit on March 29, 1999. In late April and early May of 1999, defendants offered an initial set of motions to dismiss plaintiffs complaint, which were fully briefed and set down for .oral argument before Judge Lewis A. Kaplan of this Court on June 28, 1999. At that hearing, Judge Kaplan preemptively offered plaintiff the opportunity to replead the complaint in response to the deficiencies pointed out by defendants in their briefs and during argument. He specifically warned plaintiff that “having given [Odyssey the] opportunity [to replead] now,” he was “not so sure [he] would give it to [Odyssey] again.” Tr. 59. By letter, plaintiff accepted Judge Kaplan’s offer and filed the Amended Complaint on August 16, 1999. Defendants filed the instant renewed round of motions to dismiss in late September and early October of 1999. Discussion In most cases, the correct sequence in analysis commences with jurisdiction, proceeds to forum non conveniens, and finally to the underlying substantive issues. See, e.g., Syndicate 420 at Lloyd’s London v. Early American Insurance Co., 796 F.2d 821, 826-27 n. 8 (5th Cir.1986) ("This is so because forum non conveniens is a doctrine which permits a court to decline to exercise jurisdiction already vested."). This case differs from garden-variety forum non conveniens analysis, though, in that there are defendants who challenge the exercise of jurisdiction in this forum and another who contests its exercise in the proposed alternative forum. Web, an American company, contests the exercise of jurisdiction in Britain, while seven defendants challenge its exercise here. “[I]n order to grant a motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens, a court must satisfy itself [among other things] that litigation may be conducted elsewhere against all defendants.” PT United Can Co. v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 138 F.3d 65, 74 (2d Cir.1998). Because of this strain of case law, we suspect .that the British plaintiff, Odyssey, added the American Web to its list of mostly foreign defendants for the sole purpose of thwarting a forum non conveniens motion and keeping the case in the United States, where plaintiff would benefit from liberal rules of discovery and RICO’s treble damage provision. However, “any potential problem [is] cured [when] individual defendants are dismissed [and] are no longer parties before the court.” Id. at 74. For that reason, and since there is no jurisdictional impediment, we will proceed with the analysis of Web’s substantive motion to dismiss before proceeding with the forum non conveniens analysis as it pertains to the rest of the defendants. For the reasons stated below, the motion of Web to dismiss plaintiffs charges against it is granted outright, and the motions of the SCB and Euro defendants to dismiss the remainder of the complaint on the grounds of forum non conveniens are granted on the conditions set forth. A. Web’s Motion to Dismiss Web brought its motion to dismiss all three counts of Odyssey’s Amended Complaint: common law fraud, RICO’s § 1962(c) substantive provision, and the Act’s § 1962(d) conspiracy provision. It should be remembered that Web is American company who served as managing general underwriter to United States-based insurance companies to reinsure policies that ultimately ended up being reinsured by other international defendants and, eventually, the plaintiff. The thrust of Web’s argument is that Odyssey has failed to state a claim for which relief may be granted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and failed to plead with particularity under Rule 9(b). We will address each of plaintiffs claims against Web in turn. 1. Common Law Fraud It is basic to the Court’s analysis of common law fraud to determine first what state or nation’s law should be applied. Initially, this Court would apply New York’s conflict of law rules to the substance of the non-RICO common law fraud claim. PT United Can Co. v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., No. 96 Civ. 3669, 1997 WL 31194, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Jan.28, 1997) (citing Colgate Palmolive Co. v. S/S Dart Canada, 724 F.2d 313, 316 (2d Cir.1983)) aff’d, 138 F.3d 65 (2d Cir.1998). Under New York conflicts of law principles, fraud claims are governed by the state in which the injury is deemed to have occurred, "which is usually where the plaintiff is located." Telecom International America, Ltd. v. AT & T Corp., 67 F.Supp.2d 189, 207 n. 16 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (quoting Pinnacle Oil Co. v. Triumph Oklahoma, L.P., No. 93 Civ. 3434, 1997 WL 362224, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. June 27, 1997)). Accord Robinson v. Avis Rent-A-Car, Inc., No. 98 Civ. 4321, 1999 WL 342037, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. May 24, 1999); Trionic Associates, Inc. v. Harris Corp., 27 F.Supp.2d 175, 182 n. 7 (E.D.N.Y.1998). Here, the alleged injury is to Odyssey, which is located in England. As such, British law should govern the substance of plaintiff’s common law fraud claim. However, although British law must govern the overall structure of Odyssey’s fraud claim, we must undertake an additional analysis to determine what law governs the specific issue of the nature of the duty Web may have owed to Odyssey. See Bank Brussels Lambert v. Fiddler Gonzalez & Rodriguez, 171 F.3d 779, 785-86 (2d Cir.1999) (remanding fraud case back to district court because it had not addressed question of whether New York or Puerto Rico law applied to the fiduciary duty/duty to disclose at issue). This determination is particularly important because American attitudes toward the duties owed by parties to a reinsurance arrangement may differ from those under British law. See American Special Risk Insurance Co. v. Greyhound Dial Corp., No. 90 Civ.2066, 1996 WL 551659, at *85 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 26, 1996) (noting the difference between “United States law” and “English law” on the question of duties owed between a reinsured and a reinsurer). In Aaron Ferer & Sons, Ltd. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, National Association, 731 F.2d 112, 120-21 (2d Cir.1984), the Second Circuit analyzed whether a breach of fiduciary duty claim would be governed by British, Chilean, New York or Nebraska law. Even though the plaintiff in that case was English, the Court concluded that New York law should apply to the breach of duty claim because all of the acts complained of took place in New York and New York has a substantial interest in preventing torts by banks operating within its jurisdiction. Id. Here, Web is a Connecticut corporation doing business in the American reinsurance industry. As a general proposition, the duties owed by American reinsurance companies such as Web must be governed according to one set of rules. Cf. BBS Norwalk One, Inc. v. Raccolta, Inc., 60 F.Supp.2d 123, 129 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (claim of breach of fiduciary duty to a corporation governed by law of the state where corporation was incorporated). The United States has the greatest substantive interest in determining that standard. As such, American law governs the duty Web owed to Odyssey even though, overall, intentional torts against Odyssey may be governed according to British law. Finally, for the purposes of evaluating the sufficiency of plaintiff’s fraud pleadings, it is Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that governs. See Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1127 (2d Cir.1994); In re Time Warner, Inc. Securities Litigation, 9 F.3d 259, 265 (2d Cir.1993); Stamm v. Barclays Bank of New York, 960 F.Supp. 724, 729-30 (S.D.N.Y.1997). a. Rule 9(b) Analysis Allegations of fraud must be pled with sufficient particularity to serve the three goals of Rule 9(b), namely: (1) to provide a defendant with fair notice of the claims against it; (2) to protect a defendant from harm to its reputation or goodwill by unfounded allegations of fraud; and (3) to reduce the number of strike suits. See DiVittorio v. Equidyne Extractive Industries, Inc., 822 F.2d 1242, 1247 (2d Cir.1987); Segal v. Gordon, 467 F.2d 602, 606-07 (2d Cir.1972); Granite Partners, L.P. v. Bear, Stearns & Co., 17 F.Supp.2d 275, 285-86 (S.D.N.Y.1998). “To pass muster [under Rule 9(b)] in this Circuit, a complaint `must allege with some specificity the acts constituting fraud’ ...; conclusory allegations that defendant’s conduct was fraudulent or deceptive are not enough." Lobatto v. Berney, No. 98 Civ.1984, 1999 WL 672994, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.26, 1999) (quoting Decker v. Massey-Ferguson, Ltd., 681 F.2d 111, 114 (2d Cir.1982); Rodman v. Grant Foundation, 608 F.2d 64, 73 (2d Cir.1979)). Specifically, Rule 9(b) requires plaintiffs to allege "(1) the specific statement or omission; (2) the aspect of the statement or omission that makes it false or misleading; (3) when the statement was made; (4) where the statement was made; and (5) which defendant was responsible for the statement or omission." Lobatto, 1999 WL 672994, at *9; Ross v. Patrusky, Mintz & Semel, No. 90 Civ. 1356, 1997 WL 214957, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 29, 1997). In cases where the alleged fraud consists of an omission and the plaintiff is unable to specify the time and place because no act occurred, the complaint must still allege: (1) what the omissions were; (2) the person responsible for the failure to disclose; (3) the context of the omissions and the manner in which they misled the plaintiff, and (4) what defendant obtained through the fraud. Weaver v. Chrysler Corp., 172 F.R.D. 96, 101 (S.D.N.Y.1997); Adler v. Berg Harmon Assoc., 816 F.Supp. 919, 924 (S.D.N.Y.1993). In this case, plaintiff does not allege that Web made any statements directly to Odyssey, let alone any that directly contained falsehoods or misrepresentation. When fraud is alleged against multiple defendants, a plaintiff must plead with particularity by setting forth separately the acts or omissions complained of by each defendant. Ellison v. American Image Motor Co., 36 F.Supp.2d 628, 640 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (citing, inter alia, Manela v. Gottlieb, 784 F.Supp. 84, 87 (S.D.N.Y. 1992)). See also Pallickal v. Technology International, Ltd., No. 94 Civ. 5738, 1996 WL 153699, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Apr.3, 1996) ("[w]here there are multiple defendants, a complaint must identify which defendant is responsible for which act"). In Skydell v. Ares-Serono S.A., 892 F.Supp. 498, 501-02 (S.D.N.Y.1995), this Court (Duffy, J.) dismissed a claim against one of two codefendants where the complaint failed to sufficiently allege that the dismissed defendant “itself committed any misrepresentations or non-disclosures.” Similarly, in Department of Economic Development v. Arthur Andersen & Co. (U.S.A.), 747 F.Supp. 922, 988-39 (S.D.N.Y.1990), the court dismissed common law fraud claims against third-party defendants based on the “view that at the very least, Rule 9(b) requires some identification of specific alleged misrepresentations or omissions in the financial statements supplied to [the plaintiff]” and “[n]either the main complaint nor third-party complaint” sufficiently alleged facts that could support the inference that the third-party defendants were aware what was in the contents of the allegedly fraudulent financial statements. Cf. Weinberger v. Kendrick, 451 F.Supp. 79, 83 (S.D.N.Y. 1978) (“Although plaintiffs have alleged the manner in which [the information provided] was false or misleading, they have omitted assertions crucial to the vitality of the claim, [to wit], nowhere do the pleadings provide the approximate amount of the [consolidated financial statements’] overstatement, notice of which defendant is entitled.”). With these requirements in mind, we find that plaintiffs allegations are deeply flawed. Of the specifically delineated transactions which plaintiff claims are “representative of defendants’ manipulative practices,” Comp. ¶ 48, only four somehow involve Web. Although the pleadings regarding these four agreements do contain a smattering of statistics and industry jargon, they do not approach the level of specificity (as applied to Web) required by Rule 9(b). For example, Odyssey’s pleading regarding the “Christmas Eve Placements” alleges that the defendants collectively “concealed from Odyssey information concerning the loss history and certain unprofitability of these transactions.” Comp. ¶ 60. At a minimum, 9(b) means that plaintiffs may not maintain an action in fraud by simply alleging a failure to disclose “information.” And for the reasons discussed above, it is insufficient to make such an allegation against defendants collectively. See Ellison, 36 F.Supp.2d at 640. Reading plaintiffs “Unicare Retrocession” pleadings generously, plaintiff maintains that Web was aware that: (a) “75% of the losses would be transferred to Odyssey;” (b) the original insurer would keep 57% of the premium; (c) Odyssey’s losses would exceed $42 million; (d) Web would derive “substantial management fees for ‘underwriting the transaction;”’ and (e) the specific amounts that the other intermediaries would make on the transaction. Comp. ¶ 69. However, the Amended Complaint does not directly allege that Web omitted to inform Odyssey of these “facts.” Rather, according to the Amended Complaint, they are merely “illustrative of how a cession could be structured to generate a guaranteed profit to All American and loss to Odyssey.” Even if Odyssey had pled that these were fraudulently omitted facts, Odyssey still has not distinguished which of the six parties to the Unicare Retrocession was specifically responsible for the failure to disclose, nor have they distinguished how these “facts” relate to each party. Moreover, Odyssey has failed to allege with specificity that employees of Web knew that Euro had failed to inform Odyssey of these “facts.” See, e.g., Department of Economic Development, 747 F.Supp. at 938-39. To the extent that these “facts” are forecasts as to the profitability of insurance policies, which are by their nature subject to elements of risk, plaintiff has cited no authority for the proposition that a defendant may be held liable in fraud for a failure to disclose its prediction as to the profitability or unprofitability of an agreement, let alone for the failure of someone else as well. The “Clarendon/Hallmark Retrocesión” and “Web Variable Quota Share Retrocession” pleadings not only suffer from these same defects, but also fail to specify what Odyssey’s losses are, if any, stemming from the transactions. See Barr v. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 710 F.Supp. 95, 97 (S.D.N.Y.1989) (“To satisfy Rule 9(b), plaintiffs must plead [among other things] the losses suffered.”). b. Pleadings of Intent Odyssey has also insufficiently pled Web’s fraudulent intent. See Moore v. Painewebber, Inc., 189 F.3d 165, 172-73 (2d Cir.1999) (Although intent may be averred generally under Rule 9(b), plaintiff must allege facts that give rise to a "strong inference of fraudulent intent."); Chill v. General Electric Co., 101 F.3d 263, 267 (2d Cir.1996) (same). A complaint may give rise to a sufficient inference of fraudulent intent in two ways, either: (1) by identifying circumstances indicating conscious behavior by the defendant through "correspondingly" strong allegations; or (2) by alleging a motive for committing fraud and a clear opportunity for doing so. Powers v. British Vita, P.L.C., 57 F.3d 176, 184 (2d Cir.1995). Odyssey’s Amended Complaint simply does not plead Web’s involvement in the alleged conspiracy sufficiently to meet either standard. The Second Circuit has stated that an inference of intent must entail allegations of “concrete benefits that could be realized by one or more of the ... nondisclosures alleged.” Chill, 101 F.3d at 267-68. However the Court warned in Chill, that “[t]he motive to maintain the appearance of corporate profitability, .or the success of an investments, will naturally involve benefit to a corporation, but does not ‘entail concrete benefits.’ ” Id. See also Acito v. IMCERA Group, Inc., 47 F.3d 47, 54 (2d Cir.1995) (“[i]f scienter could be pleaded on [the] basis [of a desire to increase compensation] alone, virtually every company in the United States” would face fraud liability.). Here, even if. one assumes Odyssey sufficiently pled the above mentioned “facts,” plaintiff still has failed to plead that Web had any basis to believe that its failure to directly inform Odyssey of them would yield “concrete benefits.” Odyssey has pled no facts from which one could conclude that Web was aware of what the Euro defendants did or did not disclose to Odyssey. And as the SCB defendants correctly point out, under British law, Odyssey enjoyed the right to inspect all of the relevant documents of the other defendants at any time. SCB Mem. at 16 (citing, inter alia, Evan Bennett, Digging for Truth, Justice and ... Reinsurance Forensic Audits in Arbitration and Litigation, 6 No. 12 Mealey’s Litigation Reporter: Reinsurance 14 (October 25, 1994)). Accord MacGillivray on Insurance Law § 33-81. Even if Web was aware of the alleged fraud against Odyssey by its own agent Euro, there is still no basis to believe Odyssey would not have discerned the truth through its right to inspection. Since Odyssey has not pled that Web was assured of “concrete benefits” stemming from its individual nondisclosure, its claim of fraud against Web must fail. Moreover, “[w]hen courts speak of ‘clear opportunity’ to commit fraud, they do not envision the kind of elaborate plot that is alleged to have unfolded in this case.” Powers, 57 F.3d at 185. Plaintiffs Amended Complaint alleges only the barest of contacts between Web, in the United States, and the Euro defendants, on an entirely different continent, and none between Web and Odyssey. The number of inferences of collusion the finder of fact would need to draw to connect Web and Odyssey is well outside the realm of “clear opportunity.” This Circuit requires more facts to support a claim of fraudulent intent. c. Web’s Duty to Odyssey Apart from plaintiffs failings as to specificity and intent, plaintiffs case also suffers from a failure to allege properly a duty on the part of Web to disclose that which was allegedly omitted. In case of fraud resting on an alleged omission, plaintiff must allege facts giving rise to a duty to disclose. Aaron Ferer & Sons, 731 F.2d at 123; Armstrong v. McAlpin, 699 F.2d 79, 90 (2d Cir.1983); Canpartners Investments IV, L.L.C. v. Alliance Gaming Corp., 981 F.Supp. 820, 825 (S.D.N.Y. 1997). See also Royal Business Group, Inc. v. Realist, Inc., 933 F.2d 1056, 1064 (1st Cir.1991) (“[T]here can be no actionable claim of fraud for failure to disclose in the absence of a duty to disclose.”). Although the existence of a duty to disclose is ultimately a matter of substantive law, plaintiffs Amended Complaint fails Rule 9(b) analysis here as well. “Rule 9(b) is ‘not satisfied by a complaint in which defendants are clumped together in vague allegations.’ ” Ellison, 36 F.Supp.2d at 640-41 (quoting In re Blech Securities Litigation, 928 F.Supp. 1279, 1294 (S.D.N.Y.1996); Three Crown L.P. v. Caxton Corp., 817 F.Supp. 1033, 1040 (S.D.N.Y.1993)). Cf. Royal Business Group, 933 F.2d at 1064 (dismissing fraud case where “plaintiffs can identify no legal basis on which an affirmative duty to disclose might rest”); Connolly v. Havens, 763 F.Supp. 6, 10 (S.D.N.Y.1991) (“The allegation, without more, that [defendant was] ‘responsible for compliance with securities laws and regulations’ [in broker/customer relationship with plaintiff], without any allegation or legal authority that [defendant] owed any [fiduciary] duty to the plaintiffs, cannot create a fiduciary duty where none existed.”). Plaintiff argues that all sixteen defendants owed it a “a duty to disclose all material facts concerning the reinsurance transactions at issue in this case.” Pl. Mem. at 22. However, the case plaintiff cited for this. proposition, St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co. v. Heath Fielding Insurance Broking, Ltd. No. 91 Civ. 0748, 1993 WL 187778, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 25, 1993), does not so state and has never been cited for that proposition in any reported opinion. Moreover, Judge Lowe’s opinion in St. Paul is entirely distinguishable from this present case. There, the duty involved was between the plaintiff company, its former employee and its representative under a binding authority agreement. While the case has relevance to the duty between Odyssey, the Euro defendants, and the Odyssey employee who signed the binding authority agreement on its behalf, it does not support the existence of a duty of Web to disclose on behalf of the third-party Euro defendants. Plaintiff does not make any sufficient argument that a party to a reinsurance contract (Web) has a duty to independently inform a disclosed principal (Odyssey) anything beyond that which it has disclosed to the principal’s agent (Euro). Indeed, this proposition has been rejected in other cases. See China Union Lines, Ltd. v. American Marine Underwriters, Inc., 755 F.2d 26, 29 (2d Cir.1985) (finding “no merit” in plaintiff insurance company’s argument that a reinsurer had a duty to disclose to it “the difference in premiums” at the time that the plaintiffs agent made a deal with the reinsurer on plaintiffs behalf); Philan Insurance Ltd. v. Frank B. Hall & Co., 748 F.Supp. 190, 197 (S.D.N.Y.1990) (“A review of the case law makes it clear that, contrary to plaintiffs claim, there is no general rule that insurance intermediaries act in a fiduciary capacity to reinsurers....”). The very crux of Odyssey’s Amended Complaint is that its agents in Euro were well aware of the profitability or, more accurately, risk associated with the policies being ceded to Odyssey. See, e.g., Comp. ¶ 72. The Amended Complaint simply does not set forth a sufficient basis to hold Web liable for fraud by omission. Odyssey’s argument that all parties to a reinsurance agreement owe one another an obligation “of utmost good faith” finds more support in case law. See, e.g. Unigard Security, 4 F.3d at 1066 (describing duty of “utmost good faith” implied in all reinsurance contracts). However, this duty does not extend as far as plaintiff takes it. The case plaintiff cites, Sun Mutual Insurance Co. v. Ocean Insurance Co., 107 U.S. 485, 510, 1 S.Ct. 582, 27 L.Ed. 337 (1883), is 117 years old and does not address the duty owed between parties as far removed as Web and Odyssey, who had at least one and often two or three parties to the transaction between them. Sun Mutual, like St. Paul, revolved around the duties implied into a contract between the parties to that contract, not between third and fourth parties. See Philan Insurance, 748 F.Supp. at 197 (finding no such general duty between insurance intermediaries and rein-surers). As such, plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged a duty to disclose on the part of Web that could be the basis of a fraud claim. d. Vicarious Liability for Statements of Euro In apparent recognition of the precariousness of its position, plaintiff has endeavored to use its conspiracy allegations to attribute to Web the allegedly fraudulent "Background Report," "Business Plan," and other statements and omissions for which Euro was responsible. Pl.Mem. at 20-21. "The Court must be especially vigilant in applying Rule 9(b) where a complaint is made against multiple defendants." Lobatto, 1999 WL 672994, at *9 (citing Scone Investments, L.P. v. American Third Market Corp., No. 97 Civ. 3802, 1998 WL 205338, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Apr.28, 1998)). "To this end, a complaint may not rely upon blanket inferences to the acts of all defendants without identifying each defendant’s participation in the fraud." Id. See also Mills v. Polar Molecular, 12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir.1993) (A pleading cannot satisfy Rule 9(b) by "vaguely attribut[ing] the alleged fraudulent statements to `defendants.’"); DiVittorio, 822 F.2d at 1247 (reciting that where multiple defendants are asked to respond to allegations of fraud, the complaint should inform each defendant of the nature of his alleged participation in the fraud). “The word ‘conspiracy’ does not alone satisfy the specificity requirement of Rule 9(b).” Segal, 467 F.2d at 608. “Mere general allegations that there was fraud, corruption or conspiracy, or acts or conduct in these terms are not enough [to make them more than conclusory] no matter how frequently repeated.” Id. at 607 (citations omitted). See also Ross v. A.H. Robins Co., 607 F.2d 545, 557-58 (2d Cir. 1979) (“It will not do merely to ... rely on such meaningless phrases as ‘scheme and conspiracy.’ ”). A proper allegation of a conspiracy to commit fraud in a civil complaint must set forth with certainty facts showing particularly: (1) what a defendant or defendants did to carry the conspiracy into effect; (2) whether such acts fit within the framework of the conspiracy alleged; and (3) whether such acts, in the ordinary course of events, would proximately cause injury to the plaintiff. Ramos v. Patrician Equities Corp., 765 F.Supp. 1196, 1199 (S.D.N.Y.1991) (citing Hoffman v. Halden, 268 F.2d 280, 295 (9th Cir.1959); Martin Hodas, East Coast Cinematics v. Lindsay, 431 F.Supp. 637, 643-44 (S.D.N.Y.1977)). In short, the complaint must "allege some factual basis for a finding of a conscious agreement among the defendants." Hecht, 897 F.2d at 26 n. 4. See also Moore, 189 F.3d at 172-73; Chill, 101 F.3d at 267; Ouaknine v. MacFarlane, 897 F.2d 75, 79-80 (2d Cir.1990) ("To pass muster under Rule 9(b) ... there must be some factual basis for conclusory allegations of intent ... giving rise to a `strong inference’ of fraudulent intent."). Cf. Kolbeck v. LIT America, Inc., 923 F.Supp. 557, 569-570 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (By alleging fraud through a theory of agency, "plaintiffs have assumed responsibility not only to plead the underlying fraud, but also the fraudulent agency, with Rule 9(b) particularity."). Even in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the Amended Complaint provides only the following alleged facts to support its oft-repeated claim that Web was party to defendants’ conspiracy: (1) Web is partially owned by SCB Holdings (Comp. ¶ 16); (2) One of Web’s principal, Bastan, was formerly employed with Billyard and “transacted substantial business” with the other defendants (id. ¶ 24); (3) Web’s other principals, Ekwall and Wright, were employed by Phoenix Home Life and Phoenix American Life in other transactions involving SCB entities (id. ¶¶ 23-24); (4) Since its formation, Web’s “retro-cessional protection has been provided almost exclusively through companies controlled by the enterprise” (id.); (5) Web, among other defendants was “poised” to “accept knowingly under-priced U.S. worker’s compensation risks” (id. ¶ 25); (6) Web derived “substantial fees” for “ ‘underwriting’ insurance and reinsurance” (id. ¶ 27(a)); (7) Web served as underwriter for All American Life Insurance Company in a 1998 transaction by which Euro accepted on behalf of Odyssey liability for a policy All American had previously rein-sured for the California company Uni-care (the “Unicare Retrocession,” id. ¶ 69); (8) Web served as underwriter for Trustmark Insurance Company in an incoherently described 1998 transaction in which a company named as “Reliastar” accepted “three Lloyd’s of London Syndicates” which were eventually ceded to Odyssey (the “Clarendon/Hallmark Re-trocession,” id. ¶¶[ 70-72); (9) In another 1998 transaction, risks “accepted originally by Web,” were later ceded to Odyssey through two of the SCB defendants, the JEH defendants, the previously dismissed defendant Centaur Underwriting Management (Bermuda) Limited, and Euro (the “Web Variable Quota Share Retrocession,” id. ¶ 73); ■ (10) Web and Ekwall sent two faxes to Jeff Butler of SCB Reinsurance Brokers (id. ¶¶ 92(z), 92(bb)); and (11) Web sent a fax to Unicare describing the Unicare Retrocession (id. ¶ 92(aa)). Taken together, these facts can only lead to the inference that Web and its principals successfully did business with their long-time business contacts, not the kind of “conscious behavior” that courts have required. See Powers, 57 F.3d at 185 (Intent may be found through conscious behavior when a defendant violates an agreement “maliciously.”). Plaintiff must allege more than that defendants' had worked together previously to create an inference of the fraudulent intent to enter into a conspiracy against this particular plaintiff. See Gerstenfeld v. Nitsberg, 190 F.R.D. 127, 131-32 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (finding no inference of fraud where plaintiff “points to no circumstances that show [defendant] consciously set out to defraud him”). Plaintiff also cannot meet the alternative requirement of showing motive and a clear opportunity. Odyssey must plead more than that a corporate defendant sought to profit from an arrangement in order to give rise to an inference of fraudulent motive. See Grossman v. Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc., No. 87 Civ. 6295, 1995 WL 552744, at *10 (S.D.N.Y. Sept.16, 1995) (“Plaintiffs allegations of motive [of economic self-interest] are of the generalized, commonplace nature that the courts within this circuit have found to provide an insufficient basis of scienter”). . The required strong inference of "clear opportunity" is lacking here. Again, plaintiff has not alleged any direct connection between Web and the allegedly fraudulent representations that caused Odyssey to extend the Euro defendants the binding authority. See NCA Holding Corp. v. Ernestus, No. 97 Civ. 1372, 1998 WL 229510, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 7, 1998) ("As plaintiffs have not pleaded facts connecting [the American defendant] to any of the transactions involving his [foreign] co-defendants in which false representations have been alleged, plaintiffs’ fraud claim against [the American defendant] is also dismissed."). Nowhere does plaintiff provide facts giving rise to a strong inference that Web knew what the Euro defendants did or did not represent to Odyssey, an ocean away. See Ackerman v. National Property Analysts, Inc., 887 F.Supp. 494, 505 (S.D.N.Y.1992) (To plead fraud conspiracy properly, plaintiff must set forth "allegations which demonstrate that each defendant knew or had reason to know of the false statements and material omissions" conveyed to the plaintiff.) (citing DiVittorio, 822 F.2d at 1247; Luce v. Edelstein, 802 F.2d 49, 55-57 (2d Cir.1986)). Even under the theory that Web was one of the spokes to the conspiratorial wheel, plaintiff has not alleged enough facts to infer that Web had "sufficient awareness of the existence of other members of the alleged conspiracy to render them part of the `rim of the wheel to enclose the spokes.’" Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Young, No. 91 Civ. 2923, 1994 WL 88129, at *31 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.15, 1994) (dismissing conspiracy charge where allegations of conspiracy were merely conclusory and "impermissibly "collectivize[d] the defendants") (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946); United States v. Zabare, 871 F.2d 282, 287-88 (2d Cir.1989)). The facts pled against Web do not create a "strong inference of fraudulent intent." As such, they are insufficient to attribute conspiratorial liability to Web for the statements of the Euro defendants. Odyssey cites Dimon, Inc. v. Folium, Inc., 48 F.Supp.2d 359, 364 (S.D.N.Y.1999), in support of its claim that Web should be held liable for the statements of the other defendants. However, the portion of the case cited addresses personal jurisdiction, not fraud. More importantly, in Dimon, Judge Kaplan dismissed a common law fraud claim against one defendant because plaintiff "advanced no basis for holding [the dismissed defendant] responsible for the alleged fraud or negligent misrepresentation with respect to [another party]." Id. at 367. Inasmuch as Judge Kaplan’s decision and the other decision cited by plaintiff, Ghazoul v. International Management Services, Inc., do support the proposition that the "allegations of conspiracy are permitted to connect the actions of separate defendants in an action for fraud," they do so under New York substantive law, not the law of Britain that governs plaintiff’s fraud action, and do not eliminate the Amended Complaint’s deficiencies described above. 2. RICO — Direct Liability The crux of plaintiffs claim, of course, is brought under RICO and it treble damage provision. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961 et. seq. RICO authorizes a private cause of action for “[a]ny person injured in his business or property by reason of a violation of Section 1962.” 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). To state a claim for damages based upon a violation of § 1962, plaintiff must allege the following elements: (1) that the defendants, (2) through the commission of two or more predicate acts, (3) constituting a “pattern” (4) of “racketeering activity,” (5) directly or indirectly invest in or maintain some interest in, or participates in (6) “an enterprise,” (7) the activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce. See Moss v. Morgan Stanley, Inc., 719 F.2d 5, 17 (2d Cir.1983). Specifically, plaintiff alleges that Web has committed violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Section 1962(c) makes it unlawful to participate in the conduct of an enterprise through “a pattern of racketeering activity” in interstate or foreign commerce. In defining “a pattern of racketeering activity,” the RICO statute requires at least two predicate acts that occurred within ten years of each other. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5). However, while the showing of two acts is necessary, without more it is not sufficient to establish a pattern. In H.J., Inc. v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 492 U.S. 229, 240, 109 S.Ct. 2893, 106 L.Ed.2d 195 (1989), the Supreme Court explained that, in order to show a pattern, a plaintiff must show both relationship and continuity among the predicate acts. Here, plaintiffs complaint not only suffers from its inability to plead the requisite predicate offenses, but it also has failed to allege facts which could show that plaintiff suffered “injury ... by reason of [Web’s alleged] violation.” a. Mail and Wire Fraud Plaintiffs RICO claim is grounded in alleged predicate acts of mail and wire fraud. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343. Because [the mail and wire fraud statutes] are broader than common law fraud, it is possible for a plaintiff to have sufficiently pled mail or wire fraud while having failed nevertheless to plead common law fraud. In re Sumitomo Copper Litigation, 995 F.Supp. 451, 455 (S.D.N.Y.1998) (quoting Ray Larsen Associates, Inc. v. Nikko America, Inc., No. 89 Civ. 2809, 1996 WL 442799, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 1996)). Because of this dichotomy, we briefly address the elements of plaintiffs mail and wire fraud claims. A complaint alleging mail and wire fraud must show (1) the existence of a scheme to defraud, (2) the defendant’s knowing or intentional participation in the scheme, and (3) the use of interstate mails or transmission facilities in furtherance of the scheme. S.Q.K.F.C., Inc. v. Bell Atlantic Tricon Leasing Corp., 84 F.3d 629, 633 (2d Cir.1996). At the same time, any alleged predicate acts involving fraud must be pled with the same specificity required by Rule 9(b). Moore, 189 F.3d at 172-73; Mills, 12 F.3d at 1176. Here, plaintiffs claim against Web fails because of the insufficiency of its pleadings against Web related to both the second and third elements of mail and wire fraud. First, the Amended Complaint is barren of facts that could support an inference that Web used either mail or wire “in furtherance of the scheme.” Where a complaint does not delineate specifics regarding the defendant’s use of mail or wire, there can be no predicate act of mail or wire fraud. Bernstein v. Misk, 948 F.Supp. 228, 239 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (citing McCoy v. Goldberg, 748 F.Supp. 146, 154 (S.D.N.Y.1990)). See also Qantel Corp. v. Niemuller, 771 F.Supp. 1361, 1369 (S.D.N.Y.1991) (requiring plaintiffs to identify number of telephone calls máde and dates on which they were made to plead wire fraud with particularity). Although material omissions may violate the mail and wire fraud statutes (see United States v. Mittelstaedt, 31 F.3d 1208, 1217 (2d Cir.1994); United States v. Federal Record Service Corp., No. 99 Civ. 3290, 1999 WL 335826, at *17 (S.D.N.Y. May 24, 1999)), plaintiffs must "identify the purpose of the mailing within the defendant’s fraudulent scheme." Moore, 189 F.3d at 173 (quoting McLaughlin v. Anderson, 962 F.2d 187, 191 (2d Cir.1992)); Lorentzen v. Curtis, 18 F.Supp.2d 322, 330 (S.D.N.Y.1998). "[A]llegations of predicate mail and wire fraud acts should state the contents of the communications, who was involved, where and when they took place, and explain why they were fraudulent." Mills, 12 F.3d at 1176. And while the use of the mail or wire need not be an essential element of the alleged fraud, it must at least be "incidental to an essential part" of the underlying fraudulent scheme. Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 712, 109 S.Ct. 1443, 103 L.Ed.2d 734 (1989); DiFiore v. DiLorenzo, No. 91 Civ. 4209, 1997 WL 722697, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Sept.19, 1997). Here, as in Bernstein, 948 F.Supp. at 239, plaintiff’s mail and wire fraud claims are insufficient because there are no facts in the body of the complaint that refer to use of the mail or telephone in connection with the fraudulent scheme. In fact, the Amended Complaint does not allege even a single specific use of the mails by Web. As for wire fraud, the Amended Complaint does allege that Web and its principals sent three faxes in mid to late 1998. However, the Amended Complaint, which describes the faxes only by sender, recipient, date, and a general three-word description does not begin to "identify the purpose of the mailing within the defendant’s fraudulent scheme." See, e.g., Moore, 189 F.3d at 173; Lorentzen, 18 F.Supp.2d at 330. Odyssey has not pled facts that can lead to any inference as to what the contents were, where they took place, why they were fraudulent, Mills, 12 F.3d at 1176, or even why they were "incidental to an essential part" of the fraud. See Schmuck, 489 U.S. at 712, 109 S.Ct. 1443; DiFiore, 1997 WL 722697, at *4. Second, for the reasons discussed, supra, plaintiff has failed to plead Web’s "knowing or intentional participation in the scheme." If anything, the specific intent requirement for mail or wire fraud is higher than that discussed above in the context of plaintiff’s common law fraud claim. See, e.g., Powers, 57 F.3d at 184 (since mail fraud may be completed without proof that anyone was actually defrauded, plaintiff must adequately allege intent to defraud); United States v. Frank, 156 F.3d 332, 336-37 (2d Cir.1998) ("[I]t was error for the district court to instruct the jury that it could find an intent to defraud based solely on the applicants desire to gain a benefit for themselves."); United States v. D’Amato, 39 F.3d 1249, 1257 (2d Cir.1994) (finding that mail fraud "cannot be charged against a corporate agent who in good faith believes that his or her (otherwise legal) misleading or inaccurate conduct is in the corporation’s best interests"). Additionally, for the reasons described above, Odyssey has failed to plead facts sufficient to support a duty to disclose on behalf of Web. An omission cannot give rise to a claim of mail or wire fraud liability absent a duty to disclose. Mittelstaedt, 31 F.3d at 1217; United States v. Autuori, No. 3:96 Cr. 161, 1998 WL 774232, at *23 (D.Conn. Aug.28, 1998). It is true that a RICO complaint need not be specific as to each allegation of mail or wire fraud when the nature of the RICO scheme is sufficiently pled so as to give notice to each of the defendants where, as here, the sufficiency challenge precedes discovery. See, e.g., Ifill v. West, No. 96 Civ. 6308, 1999 WL 690144, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.24, 1999). However, such a relaxation is not merited here, where the pleadings as to the overall scheme suffer from the multiple deficiencies described above and below as applied to Web. See, e.g., First Interregional Advisors Corp. v. Wolff, 956 F.Supp. 480, 485 (S.D.N.Y.1997) (dismissing RICO case against certain defendants where plaintiff "failed to sufficiently allege that [they] participated in any acts of mail or wire fraud"). c. RICO Causation and Wire Fraud The Supreme Court has interpreted RICO’s “injured ... by reason of’ language in § 1964(c) to require a showing of “proximate causation” in all RICO cases. Holmes v. Securities Investor Protection Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268, 112 S.Ct. 1311, 117 L.Ed.2d 532 (1992). “This causation requirement, which is jurisdictionally mandated has two different components.” Moore, 189 F.3d at 169. “There must be ‘transaction causation,’ meaning that the [omission] must have led the plaintiffs to enter into the transactions at issue, and there must be ‘loss causation,’ meaning that the [omission] must be both actual and a proximate source of the loss that the plaintiffs suffered.” Id. Odyssey fails on both counts. To show transaction causation, the plaintiff must demonstrate that but for the defendant’s wrongful acts, the plaintiff would not have entered into the transactions that resulted in their losses. Id. at 172. In other words, plaintiff must show that it relied on defendant’s omission. Lorentzen, 18 F.Supp.2d at 327; DiFiore, 1997 WL 722697, at *6 (both citing Metromedia Co. v. Fugazy, 983 F.2d 350, 368 (2d Cir.1992)). Here, Odyssey extended the allegedly fraudulently-procured binding authority on January 27, 1997. Yet the earliest factual allegation related to Web is the “Christmas Eve Placements,” which took place nearly eleven months later. The remaining three allegedly fraudulent transactions, as well as all three alleged uses of international wires, occurred well after Odyssey extended the binding authority on February 11, 1998. Whatever role Web may have had in the activities of the Euro defendants, it apparently took place well after the allegedly fraudulent scheme had been consummated. Because, as discussed earlier, Web did not have a duty to disclose the “facts” of these transactions directly to Odyssey, there can be no claim that Odyssey “relied” on Web’s silence. See, e.g., Feeley v. Whitman Corp., 65 F.Supp.2d 164, 174-75 (S.D.N.Y. 1999) (finding no reliance for RICO liability where plaintiff could not have relied on defendant). To show loss causation, the plaintiff must show that the defendant’s omissions were the "the reason the transaction[s] turned out to be ... losing one[s]." Moore, 189 F.3d at 172. Where the loss is the result of intervening direct causes, there can be no proximate causation. See Powers, 57 F.3d at 189-90; First Nationwide Bank v. Gelt Funding Corp., 27 F.3d 763, 769 (2d Cir.1994) ("[W]hen factors other than the defendant’s fraud are an intervening direct cause of a plaintiff’s injury, that same injury cannot be said to have occurred by reason of the defendant’s actions."). Here, the proximate cause of the losses pled by Odyssey was the alleged failure to disclose by Odyssey’s agents, the Euro defendants, not Web. See Department of Economic Development, 747 F.Supp. at 941 ("Assuming arguendo that [one defendant’s] failure to disclose [a] fraudulent scheme caused [plaintiff] injury, any harm to [the plaintiff] stemmed from the alleged nondisclosure by [those with a duty to disclose it to the plaintiff] rather than from [the first defendant’s] predicate acts themselves."). 3. RICO — Conspiracy Liability Again, plaintiff attempts to overcome the problems in its direct case against Web by relying on allegations of conspiracy, specifically under RICO’s statutory provision, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). Section 1962(d) provides that "[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section." To state a claim under § 1962(d), a plaintiff must plead as to each alleged co-conspirator: (1) an agreement to join the conspiracy; (2) the acts of each co-conspirator in furtherance of the conspiracy; (3) that the co-conspirator knowingly participated in the same. Hecht, 897 F.2d at 25; First Interregional Advisors, 956 F.Supp. at 488. Second Circuit case law has made it clear that it is not enough to allege that a defendant agreed to the commission of two or more predicate acts by any co-conspirator; the plaintiff must allege that each defendant agreed to personally commit at least two predicate acts. Terminate Control Corp. v. Horowitz, 28 F.3d 1335, 1344-45 (2d Cir.1994); Hecht, 897 F.2d at 25; Merrill Lynch, 1994 WL 88129, at *30-31. Where a RICO conspiracy claim is based on predicate acts that have been dismissed by the court, the conspiracy claim "must be dismissed as well." Medgar Evers Houses, 25 F.Supp.2d at 124 (citing Discon, Inc. v. NYNEX Corp., 93 F.3d 1055, 1064 (2d Cir.1996)). Since we have previously dismissed plaintiff’s claim against Web for the underlying predicate acts of mail and wire fraud, plaintiff’s RICO conspiracy count must be similarly dismissed. See id. See also Naso v. Park, 850 F.Supp. 264, 275 (S.D.N.Y.1994) (finding that where plaintiff failed to plead any intent to commit predicate acts, they could not have pled a conspiracy to commit predicate acts). As we discussed above in the context of Odyssey’s pleadings of Web’s intent, plaintiff has failed to allege facts that could lead to the conclusion that Web agreed either to join the conspiracy or to commit the two predicate acts. See, e.g., Casio Computer Co. v. Sayo, 98 Civ. 3772, 1999 U.S.Dist. Lexis 14675, at *72-73 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 1999) (granting motion to dismiss where amended complaint "does not make specific factual allegations required for the Court to conclude that defendants consciously agreed to become part of a RICO conspiracy and commit the necessary predicate acts of racketeering"); American Buying Insurance Services, Inc. v. S. Kornreich & Sons, Inc., 944 F.Supp. 240, 247-48 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (granting motion to dismiss § 1962(d) claim where complaint "specifically alleges no actions by any of the individual corporations either in defrauding plaintiffs or in participating in or approving any of the predicate acts"); Merrill Lynch, 1994 WL 88129, at *30 ("[N]umerous district courts within this circuit have dismissed conclusory allegations of agreement as insufficient to state a RICO conspiracy claim.") (citations omitted); Com-Tech Associates v. Computer Associates International, Inc., 753 F.Supp. 1078, 1092 (E.D.N.Y.1990) (dismissing conspiracy count because plaintiff failed to allege facts establishing that each of the defendants, by words or actions, manifested an agreement to commit two or more predicate acts). As such, plaintiffs claims against Web are properly dismissed. B. Forum Non Conveniens The Euro and SCB defendants move to dismiss this case based on the doctrine of forum non conveniens, contending that England is the more appropriate forum for the resolution of this dispute. The doctrine of forum non conveniens "leaves much to the discretion of the court to which plaintiff resorts." Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 507, 67 S.Ct. 839, 91 L.Ed. 1055 (1947). See also Capital Currency Exchange, N.V. v. National Westminster Bank, P.L.C., 155 F.3d 603, 609 (2d Cir.1998) ("[T]he decision lies wholly within the broad discretion of the district court....") (quoting Peregrine Myanmar Ltd. v. Segal, 89 F.3d 41, 46 (2d Cir.1996)). Although a plaintiff’s choice of forum warrants strong deference, such deference is weakened when the plaintiff is itself foreign. Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 255-56, 102 S.Ct. 252, 70 L.Ed.2d 419 (1981); Capital Currency Exchange, 155 F.3d at 609, 612 ("Because the real parties in interest are foreign corporations, there is not a strong presumption in favor of plaintiffs’ choice of forum."); PT United, 1997 WL 31194, at *7. There are two steps to resolving a forum non conveniens motion. Peregrine Myanmar, 89 F.3d at 46. First, the court must determine whether an alternative forum is available and adequate. See id.; Blanco v. Banco Industrial de Venezuela, S.A., 997 F.2d 974, 981 (2d Cir.1993). Second, if an adequate forum is available, the court must then consider the relevant "private" and "public" interest factors and determine whether "the balance of convenience tilts strongly in favor of trial in the foreign forum." R. Maganlal & Co. v. M.G. Chemical Co., 942 F.2d 164, 167-68 (2d Cir.1991) (citing Gulf Oil, 330 U.S. at 508, 67 S.Ct. 839). 1. Available and Adequate Alternative Forum The de