Citations
- 854 F. Supp. 2d 546
Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER
JOAN B. GOTTSCHALL, District Judge.
Murray Hooper was convicted of three counts of murder, aggravated kidnapping, and armed robbery and sentenced to death following a trial before the infamous and thoroughly disgraced Judge Maloney. (Maloney would later be convicted of participating in a racketeering conspiracy, racketeering, extortion under color of official right, and obstruction of justice based on bribes he took while serving as a judge in Cook County. See generally United States v. Maloney, 71 F.3d 645, 649 (7th Cir.1995).) Following multiple rounds through the state court review system, Hooper filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in this court, arguing three grounds for relief: (1) prosecutors violated Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), when they used peremptory strikes to eliminate all black potential jurors; (2) Hooper’s due process right to a fair trial was violated because Maloney infected the proceedings with “compensatory bias” by taking a pro-prosecution bent to cover up Maloney’s own criminal conduct; and (3) Hooper’s due process rights were violated when Maloney allowed Hooper’s involuntary and coerced statements to be used against him at trial. After filing his petition, but before this court had the opportunity to rule, Hooper filed a motion requesting discovery, an expansion of the record, and an evidentiary hearing. For the reasons set forth below, the court denies the petition and the request for evidentiary development, and grants Hooper a certificate of appealability as to all issues.
I. Background
The charges at issue stem from Hooper’s indictment, along with Roger Collins and William Bracy (sometimes spelled “Bracey”), for the armed robbery, aggravated kidnapping, and murder of Frederick Lacey, R.C. Pettigrew, and Richard Holliman. According to the Illinois Supreme Court, on the morning of November 13, 1980, Lacey, Pettigrew, and Holliman were found dead from gunshot wounds under a viaduct at Roosevelt Road and Clark Street in Chicago. Holliman was found in the back seat of a red Oldsmobile with his hands bound; he had received three bullet wounds to the chest and one in the back of the neck. Lacey was found lying on the ground outside the driver’s side of the car. He had been shot in the back of the head. Pettigrew was lying under the front bumper with rope and cloth tied around his wrists. He had been shot in the face, chest, leg, and back.
Collins, Bracy, and Hooper were arrested and charged with the crimes. The case was initially assigned to another judge, but as the result of a motion for substitution, the case was reassigned to Judge Maloney. Bracy and Collins subsequently moved for, and were granted, a severance from Hooper; they proceeded to trial first, were convicted, and were sentenced to death. See Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 900-01, 117 S.Ct. 1793, 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997) (so noting).
Hooper had been scheduled for trial immediately thereafter, but his case was continued until after Maloney tried what Hooper calls the “Chinatown case.” In the Chinatown case, Maloney allowed three defendants who were charged with murder to remain on bond; he then directed findings of acquittal for all of them in exchange for some portion of a $100,000 bribe. Maloney, 71 F.3d at 650 (describing the fix). On August 14, 1981 — just after the Chinatown case concluded — Maloney began to resolve the final pretrial matters in Hooper’s case. On Monday, August 17, 1981, Maloney held a hearing on a motion Hooper’s counsel had filed seeking to suppress Hooper’s incriminating statements. Hooper claimed that he was beaten by the police and coerced into making the statements, but Maloney denied the motion after hearing testimony and argument.
Immediately following the suppression hearing, jury selection began. The prosecution and the defense each were given twenty peremptory strikes. Of the eleven peremptory strikes actually used by the prosecution, five were exercised against black veniremembers. Hooper’s counsel raised the issue of racial discrimination twice with Maloney during the voir dire, but Maloney stated that there was no reason to question the State’s use of peremptory challenges. Because all of the other black veniremembers had been excused for cause, Hooper — who is black — proceeded to trial without a single black person on his jury.
The Illinois Supreme Court summed up the evidence at trial as follows. Morris Nellum testified that he had been at his girlfriend’s home when, at about 9:30 p.m., Roger Collins arrived and spoke with Nellum. Nellum then went to an apartment at 2240 South State Street, where he saw Collins, Hooper, Bracy, and three other men he did not know; two of these men (later identified as Pettigrew and Holliman) were lying on a bed with their hands tied behind them. The third man (later identified as Lacey) was standing next to the bed. Collins gave Nellum the keys to a brown Cadillac, and Nellum went to the car. He was followed shortly by Collins, Bracy, Hooper, and the three victims. Collins and Hooper shoved the victims into the rear seat of a red Oldsmobile, and then got in, with Collins taking the driver’s seat. Bracy went to his own car, and when the red Oldsmobile pulled away, Bracy followed. After waiting a few minutes, Nellum drove to Clark Street and Roosevelt Road. As he approached the viaduct, he saw the other two cars and heard shots. Nellum saw Bracy put a shotgun in his car and drive away with Hooper. Collins got into Nellum’s car, and Nellum drove back to the parking lot at 2240 South State Street. Bracy gave Nellum $125, and Nellum then took Collins to Lake Michigan, where Collins threw two handguns — a .38-caliber Charter Arms revolver and a .357 Magnum revolver — into the lake. Nellum identified the .38-caliber revolver as the gun he had seen Bracy give to Hooper at the 2240 South State Street address in October 1980. He also identified a photograph he had taken of Collins and Hooper in October 1980; according to Nellum, the photo showed Hooper holding the same .38-caliber revolver.
Nellum further testified that on February 21, 1981, he was arrested and brought to the police station. As he sat in the interrogation room, he heard Hooper in the next room asking to talk to him. Nellum was brought to Hooper’s room, where Hooper told him in the presence of officers that “Bracey had told them everything,” that Hooper was “already buried,” and that Nellum should “save” himself. Nellum stated that he had reached an agreement with the State under which he would not be charged with murder or sent to prison, but would receive a three-year sentence of protective custody and have his family relocated. On cross-examination, Nellum said that he had initially denied any knowledge of the whereabouts of the weapons, but that was the only time he lied and he was not lying at trial.
Daretha Redmond testified that on the night of the murders, she was living in a first-floor apartment at 2240 South State Street. Between 10:00 p.m. and 10:30 p.m., she saw a group of men pass her living room window; the man leading the group was wearing a wide-brimmed “Mexican” hat, and two of the men appeared to have their hands tied behind their backs. A month later, she was shown over forty photographs by police officers. She said Hooper resembled one of the men in the group that had passed her window, and that Collins resembled the man that was wearing the wide-brimmed hat. She also stated that she had seen Hooper and Collins together near the building on other occasions. On cross-examination, she stated that she could not positively identify any of the men in the group, although on redirect, she again testified that the photographs she had identified “resembled” men she had seen that night.
Detective David O’Callaghan testified that a month after the murders he showed photographs to Daretha Redmond, and later recovered evidence from 2240 South State Street. Sergeant Michael Hoke testified that he arrested William Bracy shortly before midnight on February 20, 1981. Bracy gave him a telephone number where he said Hooper could be reached. The number was registered to an apartment at 1354 North Sedgwick in Chicago. Hoke and other officers went to the apartment, but Hooper was not there. However, they saw a telephone number on the wall that they speculated might be Hooper’s. They traced the number to a building at 1848 North Winnebago, where they were joined by Detective O’Callaghan. O’Callaghan then went to a public phone on the street and dialed the number. Hooper answered and identified himself. Officers at the building were able to hear the phone ringing in the apartment on the first floor. O’Callaghan returned and knocked on the door of that apartment, announcing that it was the police. Hooper opened the door and said, ‘You got me now. Be cool. Be cool.” He unlocked a burglar gate, and the police entered and told him that he was under arrest. He was wearing only undershorts and was told to get dressed. He said, “My clothes are in the back and there are some guns back there.” The officers recovered a .32-caliber revolver and a shotgun from the room.
Hooper was handcuffed and taken to a squad car, where his Miranda rights were read to him. He indicated his understanding, and said, ‘You got me now. I am going to tell you everything.” He asked who else the police had in custody, and O’Callaghan told him that they had Bracy. Hooper became angry, stating “I know that’s how you found me. Bracey freaked on me. He told you where I was at.” When asked if he was referring to the murders under the viaduct, Hooper said, “I know what you are talking about.” He directed the police to a building at 22nd and State, where Nellum was taken into custody. Both Nellum and Hooper were brought to the station, where they were placed in separate interrogation rooms.
Again Hooper was read his Miranda rights, and again he said that he would tell them “everything.” He told the police that he went to 2240 South State and saw Collins, Bracy, Nellum, and Lacey there, along with two men he did not know whose hands were bound. Hooper told O’Callaghan that it was supposed to be a “rip-off’ and he wanted a “piece of the action.” He said that he learned from Collins that the victims had come to buy narcotics, but it was decided that they would be robbed. Hooper said that they left the apartment and he and Nellum drove to the viaduct in the brown Cadillac, while Collins and Bracy drove in the red Oldsmobile with the three victims. According to Hooper, Nellum and Collins had .38-caliber revolvers and Bracy had a shotgun. Hooper first said that he remained in the car when Collins, Bracy, and Nellum began shooting, but when questioned, he said that he shot “the guy by the right front wheel,” apparently R.C. Pettigrew, with a .32-cali-ber pistol. At this point O’Callaghan left the room to talk to Nellum. Hooper asked to speak with Nellum, and O’Callaghan brought Nellum to see Hooper. O’Callaghan corroborated Nellum’s testimony that Hooper told Nellum “I am buried ... save yourself. You tell them everything.” After he spoke to Nellum, O’Callaghan told Hooper that there was no evidence that a .32-caliber pistol was used. Hooper then admitted that he was given a .38-caliber revolver by Collins, and that he “shot into the back seat of the car at the guy in the back,” presumably Holliman.
That morning, Lawrence Hyman, an Assistant State’s Attorney, spoke with Hooper at the station. Hooper related essentially the same story to Hyman as he had to O’Callaghan, except that he said that he and Bracy drove in the Cadillac, and that Collins, Nellum and the victims drove in another car. Hooper added that Bracy fired the shotgun at the victims and that he was given a gun by Collins with which he shot the victim in the back seat of the car.
Firearms expert Burt Nielson of the Chicago Police Department testified regarding his examination of the weapons recovered from Lake Michigan and the bullets and bullet fragments taken from the victims. He said that the .38-caliber Charter Arms revolver would mark a shell with eight lands and grooves, inclined to the right, and that the .357 Magnum revolver would mark a bullet with five lands and grooves, inclined to the right. All of the bullets and bullet fragments recovered from the victims exhibited one of these two class characteristics. Bullets with the class characteristics of the .38-caliber revolver were recovered from Holliman and Pettigrew, but because of the rusty condition of the recovered weapons, Nielson could not say with certainty that the bullets taken from the victims had been fired from the weapons recovered from the lake.
Hooper testified his own defense. He stated that at 5:30 a.m. on February 21, 1981, he was at 1848 North Winnebago when the police knocked on the door and said they had a warrant for his arrest. He opened the door and let the officers in, but he denied telling them of the guns in the bedroom. (In fact, he denied any knowledge of the weapons.) Hooper said that once he was in the squad car, he was beaten by Officers O’Callaghan and Hoke. He was then taken to a viaduct where he was taken from the car, knocked down, and questioned with a shotgun to his head. Hooper’s right leg was twisted, causing sharp pain. He was then returned to the car, and he asked to be taken to a hospital but no one heeded his request. The officers told him they “wanted” Roger Collins, and that if Hooper cared anything about himself or his family he had better cooperate. The officers took him to the parking lot at 2240 South State Street, stayed there for ten minutes, and then brought him to the police station. Hooper stated that at the station, he had requested an attorney and medical attention but the requests were denied. He further testified that the statement he gave to the Assistant State’s Attorney was what O’Callaghan had told him to say.
When cross-examined, Hooper said that he had known Collins for twenty years and had met Bracy while at Stateville penitentiary about a year before. He said that Officer Hoke had hit him in the forehead upon his arrest, but admitted that a photograph taken at the time showed no bruise or mark. He denied telling Harry Robertson, a physician’s assistant at the Cook County jail, that the wound on his leg was received three or four days before his arrest, although he admitted that he did not complain to the Assistant State’s Attorney of being mistreated by the police. Finally, Hooper said that he did not recall where he was on the night of the murders.
Dr. Anita Shorter testified for the defense that on February 23, 1981, she treated Hooper for an infected cut on his right ankle. On cross-examination, she stated that the wound might have been on the left leg, and that the injury could have been received anywhere from two to three days to a week before.
Harry Robertson, the physician’s assistant, was called as a rebuttal witness for the State. He identified his report of February 23, 1981, in which he stated that Hooper told him that the leg wound was sustained about a week earlier. Robertson’s report also noted that the wound was on Hooper’s left leg. Robertson testified that if Hooper had told him that the injury was inflicted by the police, he would have included that in his report.
Following the trial, Hooper was found guilty of each offense. After a hearing on the imposition of the death penalty for the murder convictions, the jury found that there were no mitigating factors sufficient to preclude a sentence of death. Maloney then sentenced Hooper to death, and further sentenced Hooper to concurrent terms of sixty years for each of three counts of armed robbery and sixty years for each of three counts of aggravated kidnapping. The death sentence was stayed pending direct appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 603.
While Hooper’s direct appeal was pending, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). Batson, of course, made it clear that “[pjurposeful racial discrimination in selection of the venire violates a defendant’s right to equal protection” under the Fourteenth Amendment, id. at 86, 106 S.Ct. 1712, and set out a three-step burden-shifting framework for courts to use in determining whether a defendant has established a prosecutor’s discrimination. In light of Batson, the Illinois Supreme Court retained jurisdiction over Hooper’s appeal, but remanded the case so that Maloney could conduct a Batson hearing. See People v. Hooper, 118 Ill.2d 244, 107 Ill.Dec. 250, 506 N.E.2d 1305 (1987). Hooper asked the Illinois Supreme Court to remand to a different judge, arguing that Maloney was unfairly biased against him. (These allegations had nothing to do with Maloney’s alleged “compensatory bias”— indeed, at the time Maloney had yet to be indicted.) The Illinois Supreme Court rejected the request. On remand, Maloney ruled that the totality of the evidence did not raise an inference that the State used its peremptory challenges to discriminate on the basis of race, and that Hooper had not established a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. The parties then filed supplemental briefs to the Illinois Supreme Court addressing Maloney’s ruling.
In its opinion, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed-in-part, vacated-in-part, and remanded the case with instructions. See Hooper, 142 Ill.Dec. 93, 552 N.E.2d at 689-703. In particular, the court held that Maloney did not abuse his discretion in denying Hooper’s motion to suppress his statements, and that various of the prosecutor’s arguably inflammatory statements during closing arguments at the guilt phase of trial were harmless or were made in response to the defense’s arguments. The court also found that Maloney did not improperly bolster Nellum’s credibility by asking questions of Nellum during the trial.
However, the court did modify Hooper’s sentence. First, it held that Hooper was improperly sentenced to three concurrent terms of sixty years on the aggravated kidnapping counts; as the kidnapping was not “for ransom,” it was a Class 1 felony that carried a maximum sentence of fifteen years. The court reduced Hooper’s sentence accordingly. The court also found that the prosecutor’s misconduct during the death penalty phase warranted a new sentencing hearing. The prosecutor had told the jury that if they did not impose the death penalty, they would have “lied to the judge and to God”; in addition, the prosecutor raised a question as to whether Hooper would commit further murders in prison, and placed responsibility for any such acts on the jury. See id., 142 Ill.Dec. 93, 552 N.E.2d at 697. In light of these remarks, the Illinois Supreme Court vacated the death sentence. Finally, the court addressed the Batson issue. The court found no basis for allegations of Maloney’s bias, and concluded that Maloney’s determination that Hooper failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
The case was remanded for a new sentencing hearing on the murder convictions. Much had changed since Hooper’s last sentencing hearing: Hooper had been convicted of two murders and an attempted murder in Phoenix, Arizona, and Maloney had been indicted for racketeering and extortion. Hooper’s second hearing took place before Judge Mannion. The jury again found Hooper to be eligible for the death penalty without any mitigating factors, and Judge Mannion sentenced Hooper to death on July 16, 1993. On direct appeal, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed. See People v. Hooper, 172 Ill.2d 64, 216 Ill.Dec. 633, 665 N.E.2d 1190, 1199 (1996).
On December 21, 1995 — about a month before the Illinois Supreme Court’s opinion issued — Hooper filed a pro se post-conviction petition. The Illinois Supreme Court appointed counsel for Hooper in mid-1996, and the State filed a motion to dismiss in 1998. Hooper’s counsel alerted the trial court to the fact that Hooper wished to file an amended petition, and requested an extension of time in which to do so. When the parties appeared before the trial court, however, the court denied the extension and dismissed the petition without permitting Hooper leave to amend. Hooper appealed, and on October 26, 1999, the Illinois Supreme Court remanded the case back to Judge Mannion in light of its opinion in People v. Bounds, 182 Ill.2d 1, 230 Ill.Dec. 591, 694 N.E.2d 560 (1998), in which it held that a court violates a defendant’s right to due process under the Illinois Constitution when it dismisses a petition at a hearing that the parties believe is merely a status call.
On remand, Hooper moved for discovery to support his post-conviction petition. Hooper also filed an amended petition for post-conviction relief, noting that he intended to supplement the petition with additional information uncovered in discovery. The State objected to the discovery requests, and Judge Mannion denied the discovery motion. Hooper’s counsel then moved to substitute judges, arguing that Judge Mannion was prejudiced against him. The request was denied. When the case returned to Judge Mannion for a hearing on the motion to dismiss, Hooper attempted to amend the petition, but Judge Mannion denied leave to do so and granted the State’s motion, dismissing the petition on June 15, 2004. Hooper appealed, requesting that the case be summarily remanded to a new judge at the trial court. On November 22, 2004, the Illinois Appellate Court granted that motion, and the case was remanded to a new judge for a third (and final) set of post-conviction proceedings.
The court now takes a detour from Hooper’s story, because by this point, Hooper’s one-time codefendants, Collins and Bracy, had made their way through various appeals and post-conviction proceedings, and had filed petitions for habeas corpus. These two raised the same compensatory bias due process claim that Hooper would raise, and they requested discovery to support their claim. The district court denied the discovery request, see U.S. ex rel. Collins v. Welborn, 868 F.Supp. 950, 991 (N.D.Ill.1994), and while the Seventh Circuit agreed with that decision, see Bracy v. Gramley, 81 F.3d 684, 691 (7th Cir.1996), the Supreme Court did not, see Bracy v. Gramley (“Gramley”), 520 U.S. 899, 908-09, 117 S.Ct. 1793, 138 L.Ed.2d 97 (1997). In determining that Bracy had established “good cause” for discovery, the Court took care to emphasize that Bracy supported his discovery request with specific evidence of Maloney’s “actualf ] bias in petitioner’s own case,” namely allegations that his trial attorney, an associate of Maloney’s, agreed to take case to trial quickly so Bracy’s conviction would deflect any suspicion that the Chinatown fix would otherwise attract. Gramley, 520 U.S. at 908-09, 117 S.Ct. 1793.
On remand, Bracy and Collins eventually made their way back up to the Seventh Circuit. Sitting en banc, the court recognized that Maloney was not entitled to the presumption that he had properly discharged his official duties, but that Maloney’s corruption did not warrant a per se finding that every case over which he presided was infected. As to the rest, the court recognized that it frankly continued to struggle with “[ejxactly what Bracy and Collins must prove to prevail on this claim.” Bracy v. Schomig {“Schomig"), 286 F.3d 406, 409-10 (7th Cir.2002). The majority interpreted the Supreme Court’s opinion as requiring actual bias, which it felt was a “surprising” limitation given that the appearance of bias typically sufficed. Id. at 411. However, the court did not require the petitioners to find a “smoking gun” to establish their claims; instead, the court looked to draw reasonable inferences from any evidence the petitioners might present. With regard to the guilt phase of trial, the court concluded that Maloney’s discretionary rulings did not lead to an inference of actual bias, as they were the type of rulings one might see in any ease. As to the sentencing phase, however, the court reached the opposite conclusion. It held that Maloney’s “egregious” failure to keep the proceeding fair supported the inference of compensatory bias, and this inference was a “more compelling explanation for Maloney’s actions than things like incompetence, negligence, happenstance, or accident.” As a result, file Seventh Circuit vacated Bracy’s and Collins’ death sentences. Before they could be re-sentenced, Governor George Ryan commuted their sentences to life imprisonment. See People v. Collins, 351 Ill.App.3d 959, 287 Ill.Dec. 216, 815 N.E.2d 860, 863 (2004).
Returning now to Hooper, on remand from the Illinois Appellate Court his post-conviction petition was assigned to Judge Fox. Hooper filed an amended petition, now entitled a “Superseding Amended Petition for Post-Conviction Relief,” on May 15, 2006. Because Hooper’s death sentence had been commuted to life imprisonment on January 10, 2003, no claims relating to Hooper’s sentence were raised. Still, this superseding petition included eleven separate claims for relief. On March 22, 2007, Judge Fox rejected those claims. In short, Judge Fox concluded that there was no evidence that Maloney had engaged in compensatory bias during the 1981 trial or the Batson hearing, and that in any event the issues were either waived or res judicata based on Hooper’s direct appeal. Judge Fox also addressed arguments based on, inter alia, alleged ineffective assistance of trial counsel and Brady violations, but rejected each claim in turn.
Hooper appealed to the Illinois Appellate Court, raising just two issues: Maloney’s bias (both compensatory and racial) during the Batson hearing, and the voluntariness of Hooper’s statements in light of new evidence that he was arrested by officers “associated with” Jon Burge, another one of the disgraced figures that dot the landscape of Illinois legal history. On May 26, 2009, the appellate court affirmed Judge Fox’s decision. The court concluded that Hooper failed to establish actual bias or a “nexus” between Maloney’s corruption in other cases and Maloney’s conduct at the Batson hearing. As to Hooper’s claim that he should have been granted an evidentiary hearing to present “new evidence” that the police officers beat and coerced him to obtain his statements, the appellate court held that this issue had been addressed on direct appeal and was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. Moreover, the court held that the new evidence was irrelevant and would not have changed the result of Hooper’s trial. Hooper filed a motion requesting a supervisory order in the Illinois Supreme Court, and subsequently filed a petition for leave to appeal. The Illinois Supreme Court denied the motion on October 21, 2009, and a little more than a month later, it denied leave to appeal.
Hooper then filed a pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus with this court on March 22, 2010. With the approval of the Chief Judges of the Seventh and Ninth Circuits, this court appointed counsel from the Federal Public Defender for the District of Arizona, where Hooper is presently incarcerated on death row for the Phoenix murders. Hooper filed his amended petition in September 2010. Before this court had the opportunity to rule, however, Hooper filed a motion for discovery, an evidentiary hearing, and expansion of the record. Both the petition and the request for evidentiary development are addressed herein.
II. Legal Standard
As the Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized, “a federal court may issue a writ of habeas corpus to a state prisoner ‘only on the ground that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.’ ” Swarthout v. Cooke, — U.S.-, 131 S.Ct. 859, 861, 178 L.Ed.2d 732 (2011) (quoting Wilson v. Corcoran, — U.S.-, 131 S.Ct. 13, 15, 178 L.Ed.2d 276 (2010)); see Perruquet v. Briley, 390 F.3d 505, 511 (7th Cir.2004). The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), further narrows a reviewing court’s inquiry. Under AEDPA, once a petitioner’s claim is “adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings,” a federal court can grant relief only where the challenged state court decision is “contrary to” or “an unreasonable application of’ clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or where the state court based its decision “on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,” see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). See Greene v. Fisher, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 38, 42, 181 L.Ed.2d 336 (2011); Cheeks v. Gaetz, 571 F.3d 680, 684-85 (7th Cir.2009).
Under § 2254(d)(1), a state court’s decision is contrary to clearly established Supreme Court law “if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Court on a question of law” or “if the state court confronts facts that are materially indistinguishable from a relevant Supreme Court precedent and arrives at a result opposite to [that of the Court’s].” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). A state court’s decision involves an “unreasonable application” of clearly established federal law where the state court unreasonably applied the controlling legal rule to the facts of the case. Id. at 407, 120 S.Ct. 1495. Under the “unreasonable application” theory, the facts in the case under review not need be identical to the facts of the case that announced a legal principle: “ ‘Certain principles are fundamental enough that when new factual permutations arise, the necessity to apply the earlier rule will be beyond doubt.’ ” Winston v. Boatwright, 649 F.3d 618, 625 (7th Cir.2011) (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 666, 124 S.Ct. 2140, 158 L.Ed.2d 938 (2004)). Still, the state court’s application of Supreme Court precedent must be more than incorrect or erroneous, it must be “objectively unreasonable.” Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 65, 123 S.Ct. 1166, 155 L.Ed.2d 144 (2003).
Under § 2254(d)(2), a challenge to the state court’s factual determinations “will not succeed unless the state court committed an ‘unreasonable error,’ and § 2254(e)(1) provides the mechanism for proving unreasonableness.” Ben-Yisrayl v. Buss, 540 F.3d 542, 549 (7th Cir.2008). Section 2254(e)(1) establishes that factual findings based on the trial record — whether made by the state trial court or by the state court of review — are presumed correct unless the petitioner rebuts that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. Ben-Yisrayl, 540 F.3d at 546. Where the state court’s decision “rests upon a determination of fact that lies against the clear weight of the evidence, however, that decision is by definition, a decision so inadequately supported by the record as to be ... objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 549 (quoting Ward v. Sternes, 334 F.3d 696, 703-04 (7th Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Before a federal court may evaluate the merits of a habeas corpus petition, the petitioner must have exhausted his remedies before the state court. See Harrington v. Richter, — U.S.-, 131 S.Ct. 770, 787, 178 L.Ed.2d 624 (2011) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)). This means that a defendant “must give the state courts one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete round of the State’s established appellate review process.” O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845, 119 S.Ct. 1728, 144 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999) (describing Illinois’ appellate procedures).
In addition, “ ‘[a] habeas petitioner who has exhausted his state court remedies without properly asserting his federal claim at each level of state court review has procedurally defaulted that claim.’ ” Malone v. Walls, 538 F.3d 744, 753 (7th Cir.2008) (quoting Lewis v. Sternes, 390 F.3d 1019, 1026 (7th Cir.2004)). Federal review also is precluded when the state court’s decision rests on an adequate and independent state law ground, see Promotor v. Pollard, 628 F.3d 878, 885 (7th Cir.2010), because where an independent state ground supports the judgment, a ruling on the federal claims would be advisory. See Harrington, 131 S.Ct. at 787; Woods v. Schwartz, 589 F.3d 368, 373 (7th Cir.2009) (“[W]hen a state refuses to adjudicate a petitioner’s federal claims because they were not raised in accord with the state’s procedural rules, that will normally qualify as an independent and adequate state ground for denying federal review.”) (citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991)).
Procedurally defaulted claims will be evaluated, however, “if the petitioner can establish cause and prejudice for the default, or establish that the failure to consider the defaulted claim will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Promotor, 628 F.3d at 885 (citing Ward v. Jenkins, 613 F.3d 692, 696 (7th Cir.2010)). For claims that were not presented to the state court (and therefore did not receive an adjudication on the merits), a reviewing court may “dispose of the matter as law and justice require.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2243; Cheeks, 571 F.3d at 684-85.
III. Analysis
In Hooper’s petition, he raises three overarching issues for this court’s review. First, he raises the Batson challenge. Second, he brings a due process claim, arguing that he was denied a fair and impartial arbiter by virtue of Maloney’s compensatory and racial bias. Finally, Hooper argues that his due process rights were violated by the use of his involuntary, coerced statements at trial. For all of these reasons, Hooper argues that this court should vacate his conviction and grant him a new trial; in the alternative, he asks the court to permit further evidentiary development pursuant to Rule 6 (discovery), Rule 7 (expansion of the record), and Rule 8 (evidentiary hearing) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases in the United States District Courts. Despite the fact that Hooper was convicted more than thirty years ago, the State agrees that his habeas petition is timely, that Hooper has exhausted all of his state court remedies, and that none of Hooper’s claims are barred by nonretroactivity. The court therefore addresses each issue in turn, starting with Hooper’s request for evidentiary development.
A. Request for an Evidentiary Hearing, Discovery, or Expansion of the Record
Prior to the enactment of AED-PA, a habeas petitioner was entitled to a federal evidentiary hearing where “(1) [he alleged] facts which, if proved, would entitle him to relief and (2) the state courts— for reasons beyond the control of the petitioner — never considered the claim in a full and fair hearing.” Richardson v. Briley, 401 F.3d 794, 800 (7th Cir.2005). That changed with AEDPA, which “severely circumscribed” the federal court’s ability to hold such a hearing. Boyko v. Parke, 259 F.3d 781, 789-90 (7th Cir.2001). Now, this court “shall not” hold an evidentiary hearing unless Hooper shows that
(A) the claim relies on—
(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or
(ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and
(B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no reasonable fact-finder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2); see also Holman v. Gilmore, 126 F.3d 876, 880 (7th Cir.1997) (noting that AEDPA applies to habeas petitions filed after enactment).
The Supreme Court recently addressed the availability of an evidentiary hearing under § 2254(d)(1) of AEDPA in Cullen v. Pinholster, — U.S.-, 131 S.Ct. 1388, 179 L.Ed.2d 557 (2011). There, it held that evidence introduced for the first time in federal court is irrelevant to, and can have no bearing on, the court’s analysis of whether a state court decision is “contrary to” or “an unreasonable application of’ clearly established federal law. See Cullen, 131 S.Ct. at 1400. In other words, “[i]f a claim has been adjudicated on the merits by a state court, a federal habeas petitioner must overcome the limitation of § 2254(d)(1) on the record that was before that state court.” Id. (emphasis added); see Bland v. Hardy, 672 F.3d 445 (7th Cir.2012) (same). The Seventh Circuit has indicated that evidentiary hearings for claims under § 2254(d)(2) (i.e., where the petitioner alleges that the state court based its decision “on an unreasonable determination of the facts”) are circumscribed in much the same way. See Price v. Thurmer, 637 F.3d 831, 837 (7th Cir.2011) (noting that § 2254(d)(2)’s statutory language “appears to leave little or no room for an evidentiary hearing in the district court”).
Here, at least two of Hooper’s claims— the Batson challenge and the judicial bias due process claim — are rooted in § 2254(d)(1) or (d)(2). Thus, under Cullen, Hooper has to overcome the limitations of § 2254(d) based on the state-court record; only after he does so will the court decide whether an evidentiary hearing is warranted. By contrast, Hooper argues that § 2254(d) is “inapplicable” to his police coercion claim because the constitutional issue was never decided on the merits. Assuming arguendo that this is true, § 2254(e)(2) would “continued to have force,” and the court would look to that section to determine whether Hooper is entitled to an evidentiary hearing. See Cullen, 131 S.Ct. at 1401; id. at 1412 (Breyer, J., concurring and dissenting in part) (“If the federal habeas court finds that ... [§ 2254](d) does not apply[ ], then an (e) hearing may be needed.”).
The court must address one final point: Hooper argues throughout his motion that since he is requesting discovery and expansion of the record in addition to an evidentiary hearing, “the standards governing evidentiary hearings do not apply.” (Pet’r Mot. for Disc, at 4, 9.) In light of Cullen, this court disagrees. Although Cullen dealt specifically with evidentiary hearings, it did so in the context of determining what evidence a federal court could evaluate when looking at claims under § 2254(d)(1). The Court emphasized time and time again that until a petitioner “overcome[s] the limitation of § 2254(d)(1),” habeas review “is limited to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Cullen, 131 S.Ct. at 1398, 1400. In this court’s view, it defies logic to preclude a petitioner from developing factual information in an evidentiary hearing, but to allow the petitioner to introduce the very same factual information via discovery and expansion of the record. See also U.S. ex rel. Hampton v. Leibach, 347 F.3d 219, 233 (7th Cir.2003) (applying limits to evidentiary hearings under § 2254(e)(2) to “any means used in lieu of such a hearing to expand the record in order to introduce new factual information”). A number of the circuit courts that have addressed this issue agree. See Kemp v. Ryan, 638 F.3d 1245, 1258 & n. 8 (9th Cir.2011) (post-Cullen, reasoning that if AEDPA barred a petitioner from having an evidentiary hearing, the petitioner necessarily could not show “good cause” for discovery under Rule 6); Frazier v. Bouchard, 661 F.3d 519, 527-28 (11th Cir.2011) (citing Cullen in declining to consider the expanded record received by the district court under Rule 7, and instead limiting review to the record developed by the state courts). Cf. Donald v. Spencer, 656 F.3d 14, 16 n. 3 (1st Cir.2011) (“Because we resolve this appeal under Rule 6, we need not address the implications of Cullen v. Pinholster.”). As a result, unless Hooper’s claims first pass muster under § 2254(d), this court will not consider allowing him to expand the record or take additional discovery.
B. The Judicial Bias Due Process Claim
The court now turns to Hooper’s judicial bias claim, because this issue weaves its way through every other point raised by Hooper in his petition. Hooper argues that his fundamental right to due process was violated by virtue of the fact that Maloney-who Hooper calls the “antithesis of a neutral arbiter”-presided over his pretrial suppression hearing, trial, and Batson hearing. The State responds that much of the claim is procedurally defaulted: Hooper failed to raise any issue relating to Maloney’s bias at trial with the Illinois Appellate Court in his post-conviction proceedings, and therefore Hooper is limited to arguing bias at the pre-trial suppression and Batson hearings. On the merits, the State agrees that Maloney is not entitled to a presumption that he properly discharged his official duties, but argues that the claim must fail because Hooper cannot establish that Maloney was actually biased in Hooper’s own case.
1. Procedural Default
Turning first to the procedural default issue, Hooper raised the due process claim in his post-conviction petition before Judge Fox, arguing that Maloney was guilty of compensatory bias during “all stages of the proceedings” and that this violated his due process rights under both the U.S. and the Illinois Constitutions. In discussing the Batson hearing, Hooper also alleged that Maloney was “unduly race conscious” and favored racial segregation, making any deference to his Batson findings inappropriate. Judge Fox rejected those claims. On appeal, however, Hooper raised just two issues: Maloney’s judicial bias (both compensatory and racial) at the Batson hearing, and Maloney’s compensatory bias at the suppression hearing (along with “new evidence” relating to police brutality).
The question becomes whether Hooper “fairly presented” his allegations of judicial bias at trial to the Illinois Appellate Court. Of course, “[a] ‘hypertechnical congruence’ of the claims is not required between federal and state court for a claim to be fairly presented; instead [the federal court looks to] whether the petitioner alerted the state court to the federal nature of his claim in a manner sufficient to allow that court to address the issue on a federal basis.” Crockett v. Hulick, 542 F.3d 1183, 1192-93 (7th Cir.2008) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The court analyzes four factors to determine whether an issue was fairly presented: “1) whether the petitioner relied on federal cases that engage in a constitutional analysis; 2) whether the petitioner relied on state cases which apply a constitutional analysis to similar facts; 3) whether the petitioner framed the claim in terms so particular as to call to mind a specific constitutional right; and 4) whether the petitioner alleged a pattern of facts that is well within the mainstream of constitutional litigation.” Byers v. Basinger, 610 F.3d 980, 985 (7th Cir.2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Hooper admits that he used “different wording” before the Illinois Appellate Court, but argues that he still fairly presented his claim of judicial bias at trial. This court disagrees. Hooper was represented by counsel both before Judge Fox and during his post-conviction appeal. While Hooper raised a due process claim on appeal by alleging bias, he chose to specifically focus on the pre-trial suppression hearing and the Batson proceedings; he did not direct any arguments to Maloney’s alleged bias at trial, even though Hooper mentioned in his appellate brief that this was one of the issues Judge Fox addressed. In fact, Hooper did not mention any discretionary ruling made by Maloney at trial in his appellate briefs. While the general background facts relating to Maloney’s corruption were presented, Hooper did not set out facts relating to the trial that would even enable the state courts of review to evaluate that claim. Particularly in light of the fact that Judge Fox emphasized Hooper’s need to establish actual bias, Hooper’s briefing — both to the appellate court and in his PLA — undermines his claim to have fairly presented the issue of judicial bias at trial to the appellate court. The court finds that this particular issue is procedurally defaulted, and will limit its analysis to the pretrial suppression and Batson hearings.
2. Habeas Relief
The court now turns to the merits of Hooper’s due process claim. The relevant decision is that of the Illinois Appellate Court. See Morgan, 662 F.3d at 797 (“The relevant decision for purposes of our assessment under AEDPA is the decision of the last state court to rule on the merits of the petitioner’s claim.”); Simms v. Acevedo, 595 F.3d 774, 780 (7th Cir.2010) (“ ‘Denials of petitions for leave to appeal are not decisions on the merits.’ ”) (quoting In re Leona W., 228 Ill.2d 439, 320 IIl.Dec. 855, 888 N.E.2d 72, 81 (2008)).
In its opinion, the appellate court began by setting out the legal standard: Hooper had to establish “(1) a ‘nexus’ between the judge’s corruption or criminal conduct in other cases and the judge’s conduct at petitioner’s trial; and (2) actual bias resulting from the judge’s extrajudicial conduct.” The court first examined the Batson hearing, and analyzed several of Hooper’s proffered reasons for inferring bias: Maloney’s discretionary ruling that resulted in exclusion of evidence at the hearing, Maloney’s finding that Hooper had not made out a prima facie case of discrimination, and Maloney’s acceptance of the race-neutral explanations offered by prosecutors. After analyzing these issues, the appellate court concluded that Maloney’s findings and behavior at the Batson hearing were not evidence of bias and that Hooper had not established a nexus to his particular case.
The court reached the same conclusion with respect to allegations of Maloney’s alleged racial bias. Hooper pointed to, inter alia, Maloney’s purported history of permitting race-based jury selection, certain private writings in which Maloney expressed concerns that his children would be bussed through black neighborhoods or would ride the bus with black students, and statements Maloney made at the Bat-son hearing which indicated that he had issues with the Batson decision and did not believe that discrimination had taken place in his courtroom. The appellate court held that Hooper had not established a nexus between Maloney’s purported racial intolerance and his particular case, and that Maloney’s statements at the hearing did not indicate that he was biased against Hooper.
Finally, the court touched upon the issue in the context of the police coercion claim. Hooper argued that the closeness in time of his pre-trial suppression hearing to the Chinatown case, in conjunction with Maloney’s reliance on Detective O’Callaghan’s testimony at the suppression hearing (after Maloney found O’Callaghan not credible in the Chinatown case), established judicial bias. The court disagreed. Citing to the Seventh Circuit’s Schomig opinion, the court found that Maloney’s challenged rulings were merely “routine evidentiary ruling[s].”
Hooper now argues that the Illinois Appellate Court’s decision violates both § 2254(d)(1) and § 2254(d)(2). In particular, he claims that (1) in ruling on his post-conviction petition, the court acted “contrary to” clearly established federal law when it held that he was not entitled to relief on this claim — a result the court reached by “requiring a showing of observable unfair conduct,” looking exclusively to Maloney’s on-the-record behavior, and deferring to the Illinois Supreme Court’s review of Maloney’s rulings (Am. Pet. at 65-69); (2) the court unreasonably applied clearly established federal law in failing to extend the principles set out in Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, 47 S.Ct. 437, 71 L.Ed. 749 (1927), to the facts of his case; and (3) the court made unreasonable determinations of fact in light of the evidence by finding that Maloney was not biased at the pre-trial hearing on the motion to suppress or at the Batson hearing.
Hooper’s argument under § 2254(d)(1) is rooted in Turney, in which the Court held that a defendant’s due process rights are “certainly violate[d]” when he is tried by a judge who has “a direct, personal, substantial pecuniary interest in reaching a conclusion against him in his case.” Tumey, 273 U.S. at 523, 47 S.Ct. 437. From Tumey, which he calls “[t]he controlling rule,” Hooper apparently argues that no proof of actual bias is required, and the appellate court’s reliance on the “actual bias” test described in People v. Fair, 193 Ill.2d 256, 250 Ill.Dec. 284, 738 N.E.2d 500 (2000), is misplaced. (Am. Pet. at 61, 66.) Hooper instead would have the court look to the “uniquely strong evidence” that Maloney had an interest the outcome of Hooper’s case: Maloney’s need to avoid detection, because “[i]f Maloney’s coverup failed, he stood to lose ... liberty, reputation, financial assets, family and homes.” (Am. Pet. at 47, 65-67.) Because this is not the relevant “clearly established” federal law, Hooper’s § 2254(d)(1) claim must fail. See Yarborough, 541 U.S. at 660, 124 S.Ct. 2140 (“We begin by determining the relevant clearly established law.”); Etherly v. Davis, 619 F.3d 654, 660 (7th Cir.2010) (“As a threshold matter, we must identify the ‘clearly established Federal law^ at issue.”); House v. Hatch, 527 F.3d 1010, 1018 (10th Cir.2008) (“[Ojnly if we answer affirmatively the threshold question as to the existence of clearly established federal law, may we ask whether the state court decision is either contrary to or an unreasonable application of such law.”).
Generally speaking, this area of law is not always as clear as Hooper would have the court believe. Compare Railey v. Webb, 540 F.3d 393, 400 (6th Cir.2008) (“In only two types of cases has the Supreme Court actually held that something less than actual bias violates constitutional due process — (1) those cases in which the judge ‘has a direct, personal, substantial pecuniary interest in reaching a [particular] conclusion,’ (subsequently expanded to include even indirect pecuniary interest); and (2) certain contempt cases, such as those in which the ‘judge becomes personally embroiled with the contemnor.’ ”) (citations omitted), with Schomig, 286 F.3d at 411 (“[0]rdinarily ‘actual bias’ is not required, the appearance of bias is sufficient to disqualify a judge.”). And there is another, more significant roadblock in Hooper’s way: although Maloney’s bias is “not the stuff of typical judicial-disqualification disputes,” Gramley, 520 U.S. at 904-05, 117 S.Ct. 1793 (citations omitted), Hooper’s case is not unique. In fact, the Supreme Court addressed nearly identical facts in Gramley, as that case involved Hooper’s one-time codefendants. There, the Court relied heavily upon the fact that Bracy supported his habeas discovery request “by pointing not only to Maloney’s conviction for bribe taking in other cases, but also to additional evidence ... that Maloney was actually biased in petitioner’s own case.” Id. at 909, 117 S.Ct. 1793 (further noting that difficulties of proof would likely arise, and Bracy might be “unable to obtain evidence sufficient to support a finding of actual judicial bias in the trial of his case”) (emphasis in parenthetical added).
In light of Gramley• — a decision addressing almost identical facts and resting in significant part upon Bracy’s ability to establish actual bias — the appellate court did not act contrary to, or unreasonably apply, “clearly established” Supreme Court law by requiring Hooper to establish actual bias in his case. This conclusion is bolstered by the Seventh Circuit’s later decision in Schomig. There, the Seventh Circuit interpreted Gramley as requiring a petitioner to show “actual bias,” as opposed to the appearance of bias, and to connect the complained-of bias to his specific case. Schomig, 286 F.3d at 410. This is the same standard that the Illinois Appellate Court applied when it required Hooper to establish actual bias and a “nexus” between Maloney’s criminal conduct elsewhere and in Hooper’s own case. The Seventh Circuit does not dictate “clearly established” federal law under AEDPA— only the Supreme Court can do that. But at the very least, the fact that the Seventh Circuit interpreted Gramley to require a showing of actual bias supports this court’s conclusion that the Illinois Appellate Court did not act contrary to, or unreasonably apply, “clearly established” Supreme Court law to these particular facts. See Mitchell v. Esparza, 540 U.S. 12, 17, 124 S.Ct. 7, 157 L.Ed.2d 263 (2003) (per curiam) (“A federal court may not overrule a state court for simply holding a view different from its own, when the precedent from this Court is, at best, ambiguous.”). As a result, Hooper’s claims under § 2254(d)(1) cannot succeed.
Hooper also argues that, under § 2254(d)(2), the Illinois Appellate Court made unreasonable determinations of fact by finding that Maloney was not biased at the pretrial suppression hearing or at the Batson hearing. But the appellate court did something different: it applied the “actual bias” test described above and held that Hooper failed to make the requisite showing. The appellate court arrived at that result by analyzing Hooper’s proffered evidence of bias — such as Maloney’s decision to exclude evidence of the alleged discriminatory practices of the prosecutors at unrelated trials — before concluding that Hooper either had not established the requisite nexus, or that the proffered evidence was not evidence of bias at all. These decisions were not objectively unreasonable.
Hooper attempts to paint the appellate court’s decision as necessarily unreasonable by arguing that the appellate court deferred to the Illinois Supreme Court’s 1989 opinion. Since the Illinois Supreme Court knew nothing of Maloney’s corruption in 1989, Hooper argues that any deference is unreasonable. A full and fair reading of the appellate court’s opinion, however, puts this concern to rest. In most instances, the appellate court did not even reference the Illinois Supreme Court’s reasoning or holdings. Instead, it engaged in a fresh look at Hooper’s proffered evidence. With regard to Maloney’s determination that Hooper failed to make out a prima facie case of race discrimination in jury selection, the appellate court did note that the Illinois Supreme Court found Maloney’s determination not to be against the manifest weight of the evidence, and the appellate court went on to state that “[i]n light of the supreme court’s ruling, we conclude that Maloney’s findings at the Batson hearing were proper and, therefore, are not evidence of his bias.” But this court does not read the statement to indicate some sort of deference to Maloney; instead, the statement reflects the fact that a particular ruling that falls within the range of discretion says little about whether that ruling was infected by compensatory bias. See Schomig, 286 F.3d at 434 (Rovner, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“Rulings that on their face are justifiable ... tell us little about whether compensatory bias was at work in the judge’s decision-making.”).
The fact is that the appellate court was fully aware of Maloney’s egregious behavior at the time of its review, and that court made an independent determination that Hooper failed to establish actual bias or a nexus between Maloney’s corruption and his own case. Regardless of whether this court would reach that conclusion in the first instance, the court cannot say that the appellate court’s decision was objectively unreasonable.
One final point: Hooper takes the appellate court to task, arguing that the court could not have evaluated the evidence of bias fully because it “devoted only three weeks to this case,” thereby raising a “strong inference” that the court’s review of the record “was far too superficial to warrant deference under Section 2254(d).” (Am. Pet. at 68, n. 25.) But while Maloney is no longer entitled to the presumption that he properly discharged his official duties, see Schomig, 286 F.3d at 409, the appellate court unequivocally is entitled to such a presumption. Moreover, the record itself strongly supports the conclusion that the appellate court conducted a thorough review of Hooper’s petition. See, e.g., supra note 9 (discussing the appellate court’s review of the Batson hearing transcripts).
C. The Batson Claim
In his petition, Hooper recounts in detail the manner in which the prosecution exercised its peremptory strikes, resulting in the exclusion of all black veniremembers from the jury. Twice during the voir dire Hooper’s counsel raised the issue with Maloney, and twice Maloney rejected Hooper’s claims of prosecutorial discrimination. At the time, the State provided race-neutral explanations for peremptorily striking four of the five black veniremembers.
After the U.S. Supreme Court decided Batson and the Illinois Supreme Court remanded the case, Maloney held a Batson hearing. At the hearing, the State conceded that the prosecution had not provided any explanation for striking a black veniremember named Minnie Nelson. At the close of the hearing, Maloney found that (1) there were fewer black potential jurors in the venire than typical for a venire of that size (about sixty members), (2) the State had exercised peremptory challenges against five black veniremembers and six white veniremembers, (3) the State had offered specific reasons for excluding four of the five black jurors, and (4) the State purported to strike the fifth juror not because she was black, but because she was female, in an attempt to “effect a better gender balance.” Maloney concluded that the pattern of strikes did not give rise to an inference of discriminatory intent. Thus, he held that Hooper failed to make out a prima facie case of discrimination.
The Illinois Supreme Court scrutinized Maloney’s ruling in great detail. The court began by correctly identifying the governing legal principles in Batson, including the facts and circumstances relevant to the question of whether a prosecutor has purposefully discriminated. See Hooper, 142 Ill.Dec. 93, 552 N.E.2d at 698-99 (noting that considerations relevant under Batson might include “[rjemoval of all black venirepersons” as well as “a pattern of excusing black jurors; the prosecutor’s questions and statements during voir dire examination and in exercising his challenges; the disproportionate use of peremptory challenges to blacks; the level of black representation in the venire as compared to the jury; whether the excluded blacks were a heterogeneous group sharing race as their only common characteristic; the race of the defendant and the victim; and the race of the witnesses”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). The court then went on to note that great deference was owed to Maloney, because Maloney made factual findings and observed first-hand the jury selection process.
The court expressly recognized that the prosecutor did not provide a reason for excusing one of the black prospective jurors, but did offer explanations for the four remaining black veniremembers. In analyzing the factors that Maloney considered, the court mentioned the fact that “an unusually small number of blacks were called to serve on the venire,” that “the crime was not interracial in the sense that the defendant, the victims and the principal witnesses were black,” that “the use of challenges to excuse blacks was not disproportionate in that slightly more whites were excused than blacks,” and that “a prosecutor had peremptory challenges remaining but did not use them to strike a black venireperson,” all of which weighed against a prima facie finding of discrimination. Id., 142 Ill.Dec. 93, 552 N.E.2d at 701. In light of these considerations, the Illinois Su