Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM SURRICK, District Judge. Presently before the Court are Defendants PECO Energy Company, Philadelphia Regional Port Authority and General Dynamics American Overseas Marine’s Motions To Dismiss the Amended Complaint. (ECF Nos. 43-45.) For the following reasons, the Motions will be granted in part and denied in part. I. JURISDICTION We have subject matter jurisdiction over the alleged violations of the False Claims Act (“FCA,” or the “Act”) in the instant action pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3732(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We also have supplemental jurisdiction over the state law claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. United States ex rel. Wilkins v. United Health Grp., 659 F.3d 295, 302 (3d Cir.2011). II. BACKGROUND A. Background Facts 1. PRPA Provides Electric Power To LMSR Naval Vessels On January 29, 2003, the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority (“PRPA”) and the United States entered into a contract, No. “N00033-03-C-5310.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 14, ECF No. 18.) Pursuant to this contract, PRPA agreed to provide electric power to two Large, Medium-Speed, Roll-On/Roll-Off (“LMSR”) Naval Vessels (“Vessels”) at the Tioga Marine Terminal (“Terminal”), located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 14-15.) The United States agreed to procure electric power from PRPA, which agreed to subcontract electric services “at the most competitive rates obtainable.” (Id. at ¶ 18.) The competitive rates were to be supported by documentation. (Id. at ¶ 20.) The electric power consumed on the Vesseis was to be measured on the local utility’s meter. (Id. at ¶ 16.) On April 25, 2003, PRPA began ordering electric power from PECO Energy Company (“PECO”). (Id. at ¶¶ 16-17, 21.) On October 17, 2003, the Vessels arrived at the Terminal. Shortly after their arrival, PECO began generating and submitting monthly bills to PRPA. (Am. Compl. ¶ 22.) These bills reflected the demand for, and consumption of, electric power supplied to the Vessels. (Id.) 2. AYE’s Comprehensive Energy Audit on Behalf of PRPA Relator Lothar E.S. Budike, Sr. is a federally licensed United States Marine Chief Engineer, and President of A-Valey Engineers, Inc. (“AVE”), a multi-disciplinary engineering and consulting firm. (Id. at ¶ 8.) AVE has over fifty years of experience in working with naval vessels. (Id. at ¶ 54.) In 2005, PRPA hired AVE to provide on-call engineering services at its facilities. (Id. at ¶ 26.) AVE conducted a preliminary investigation. At the conclusion of this investigation, AVE recommended a comprehensive energy audit for PRPA. (Id.) After reviewing this recommendation, James T. McDermott Jr., Executive Director of PRPA, and Charles J. Lawrence, Director of Engineering for PRPA, expressed concern that PECO was submitting inflated bills for the electric power that was being supplied to the Vessels. (Id. at ¶ 29.) As a result, PRPA hired AVE to conduct the recommended comprehensive energy audit. (Id.) After the initial stages of the comprehensive audit, AVE confirmed to PRPA that its billing concerns were valid. (Id. at ¶ 30.) On June 22, 2006, PRPA notified PECO that it had retained AVE to investigate the electric power charges and authorized PECO to release to AVE all documentation and information related to the investigation. (Id.) On August 7, 2006, AVE requested from PECO copies of certain documents, including contracts and monthly bills to PRPA from January 2003 to July 2006. (Id. at ¶ 31.) On August 21, 2006, PECO responded that all of the documents that AVE requested were not available since PECO had moved its office location and, over the course of the move, some documents had been discarded. (Id. at ¶32.) On September 18, 2006, AVE again requested the information it deemed necessary to complete its audit. (Id. at ¶ 35.) AVE also requested that PECO respond in writing to its request for documents. (Id.) On October 3, 2006, PECO stated that it did not possess any signed agreement between PECO and PRPA with respect to the Vessels. (Id. at ¶ 33.) PECO stated that the first bill that it submitted to PRPA, which had been paid, set forth the terms of agreement. (Id. at ¶ 34.) In addition, PECO provided AVE with “an informal, unexplained, customer totalized report for PECO meter (918MQEC45482K) installed at the PRPA’s LMSR Naval Vessel(s) location,” as well as “non-specific blank forms and reference documents associated with the typical process required to energize a commercial customer’s facility.” (Id. at ¶ 36.) AVE concluded that it was not going to be provided with all of the documents requested from PECO. AVE continued to conduct the audit using information and documents obtained from PRPA’s record retention system. (Id. at ¶ 37.) This included copies of PECO’s monthly bills from September 4, 2003 to April 20, 2007. (Id.) As part of its investigation, AVE installed its own meter and monitoring equipment throughout the Vessels. (Id. at ¶¶ 38-39.) This enabled AVE to monitor continuously and capture the Vessels’ energy consumption from September 29, 2006 to April 30, 2007. (Id. at ¶ 40.) 3. Allegations of PECO’s Overcharges and Attempts To Conceal These Overcharges Relator alleges that “Defendants engaged in a pattern of deception, and fraudulently accounted] for electric power supply purportedly used in the performance of a government program and contract that was billed to and paid by the United States” and that they fraudulently manipulated and grossly inflated the cost of the monthly utility bills submitted to the United States, by directly inflating the units of kilowatts consumed, installing expensive and unnecessary capacitor bank equipment, charging the United States and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for unnecessary costs and misrepresenting the level of services provided to the United States. (Id. at ¶4.) Specifically, Relator alleges that PECO’s monthly energy bills from September 4, 2003 to April 20, 2007 were “grossly inflated and unrealistic.” (Id. at ¶ 44.) a) Allegations of False Actual Load Usage Data In September 2006, shortly after AVE commenced capturing the Vessels’ energy consumption, PECO’s electric supply meter shut down and ceased to capture electric load usage data. (Id. at ¶ 41.) During this shut-down period, PECO submitted estimated load usage and meter data to PRPA for payment. On March 20, 2007, PECO removed its meter entirely. (Am. Compl. ¶ 42.) From March 20, 2007 to April 9, 2007, PECO submitted to PRPA bills stating actual load usage data. The data amounted to 793,715 kWh total. (Id. at ¶ 43.) b) Allegations of PECO’s Overcharges Relator’s allegations of PECO’s overcharges are as follows: • On April 25, 2003, six months before the Vessels arrived at the Terminal, PECO prepared a contract for supplying electric power to the Vessels. Relator asserts that PECO “knowingly and intentionally” prepared this “illusory” document, in which figures were “grossly inflated and unrealistic.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 45.) PECO agreed to reassess this contract once the Vessels arrived at the Terminal and began consuming electric power. (Id.) In accordance with this agreement, PECO prepared another electric-power-supply contract once the Vessels arrived at the Terminal. (Id. at ¶ 46.) Relator alleges that while PECO lowered its electric demand requirements, they were still “grossly inflated, unrealistic and a detriment to the United States.” (Id.) Relator asserts that PECO “knowingly and intentionally continued to grossly overcharge the PRPA, who in-turn continued to grossly overcharge[] the United States” and attempted to conceal their “overbilling practices.” (Id.) • During the periods in which only one Vessel was in port, PRPA submitted to the United States expenditure reports that reflected a dollar amount per kilowatt (“kw”) that was lower than what PECO was charging PRPA per kw. (Id. at ¶ 47.) Specifically, PRPA subtracted kw usage from the bills submitted by PECO to PRPA. (Id. at ¶ 23.) Relator alleges that these reports were “false” and “knowingly and intentionally” submitted and reflects attempts by PECO and PRPA to conceal PECO’s overbilling practices. (Id. at ¶ 47.) Relator alleges that this is evidenced by the fact that the electric power consumption rates on the expenditure reports that PRPA submitted to the United States did not match the corresponding data on the bills that PECO sent to PRPA. (Id. at ¶ 48.) PECO charged PRPA over ten cents per kw, whereas the reports that PRPA submitted to the United States reflected a four-cents-per-kw charge. (Id.) The United States, relying on the reports submitted to it by PRPA, paid the electric power bills for the Vessels in full. (Id. at ¶ 24.) Relator asserts that from September 29, 2006 to April 30, 2007, the United States was over-billed “in excess of $1.4 million dollars.” (Id. at ¶ 25.) • PECO “knowingly and intentionally overcharged the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania during the period when there were no LMSR Naval Vessel(s) in port.” (Id. at ¶ 49.) To maintain a “threshold payment of $25,000 [ ] per month,” PECO charged the Commonwealth “as much as $1.40 per kw.” (Id.) The average retail price of electric power for commercial customers between the years 2003 to 2007 was between 8.03 and 9.65 cents per kw. (Am. Compl. ¶ 49.) AVE and another engineering company, Avoca Engineers and Architects, LLC, conducted tests and, as a result, collectively determined that it was impossible for the Vessels to have consumed the number of kws stated on the bills. (Id. at ¶ 51.) • AVE assessed PECO’s power supply substation and power distribution equipment. (Id. at ¶ 53.) It reviewed the substation design documents and technical requirements. (Id.) AVE concluded that Defendants miscalculated the energy requirements for the Vessels and that the substation design was “oversized and flawed.” (Id.) Defendants also installed “unnecessary and expensive capacitor bank equipment.” (Id. at ¶ 55.) Defendants attempted to justify this installation by explaining that the docked Vessels had a “low power factor.” (Id.) Relator asserts that the alleged “low power factor” was impossible since the Vessels were in a docked position and were “practically dormant.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 55, 57.) Installing the capacitor bank equipment resulted in an increase in the United States’ utility bill by as much as thirty percent, through “ratchet charges.” (Id. at 55.) Relator asserts that Defendants “knew or should have known that this unnecessary capacitor equipment would increase the United States[’] utility bill up to as much as thirty (30%) percent” and installed this equipment “to further subject the United States to grossly inflated and unrealistic electric utility overcharges.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 55-56.) In addition, AVE inspected all input and output characteristics of the main switchgear, power transformers, secondary auxiliary electrical equipment, feeds, cable terminations, tracing cable layouts and raceways. (Id. at ¶ 58.) AVE identified and reported to PRPA the “improprieties- committed by PECO,” which included the improperly designed and installed electrical power supply substation and its auxiliary equipment. (Id.) Over the course of its investigation, AVE repeatedly requested from PECO and PRPA official documents supporting the design, building, construction and inspection of the electric power supply substation. (Id. at ¶ 59.) AVE never received these documents. (Id.) • For one of the Vessels, only one of the four amp circuit breakers was energized. (Id. at ¶ 61.) With the remaining three circuit breakers tripped, the Vessel functioned normally with less than a 400 amp load. (Id.) Relator alleges that Defendants billed the United States “over and above what the vessels could actually consume.” (Am. Compl. n. 6.) Ip. AVE Reports the Findings of Its Investigation to Defendants AVE discussed with PECO, PRPA, General Dynamics American Overseas Marine (“AMSEA”), the United States and John Duke, the Chief Engineer of one of the Vessels, the irregularities and overcharges it discovered during its investigation. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 60, 62-63.) At one point in time, PECO agreed to reimburse the United States for its overcharges. (Id. at ¶ 67.) At another point in time, AMSEA became active in the investigation and installed its own usage and consumption meters on the Vessels. (Id. at ¶ 68.) AMSEA compared its meter readings with AVE’s meter readings and concluded that AVE’s readings were accurate. (Id.) PRPA and AMSEA together concluded that PECO’s electric charges were up to forty percent higher than both AMSEA’s and AVE’s meter readings. (Id. at ¶ 69.) AMSEA subsequently requested that AVE drop its investigation because (i) there was no actual independent data going back several years to corroborate AVE’s findings and (ii) the Vessels could, in fact, draw the amount of kws that was being billed by PECO. (Id. at ¶ 70,) Relator asserts that AMSEA could have provided the missing independent data that AVE needed to complete its comprehensive audit but that it did not. (Id. at ¶ 78.) 5. Termination of AVE’s Services PRPA issued a stop-work order, which terminated AVE’s investigation. (Id. at ¶ 70.) AVE’s contract was terminated. (Id. at ¶ 74.) B. Procedural History Relator submitted a complaint to the Attorney General of the United States and the United States Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. (Id. at ¶ 75.) In the complaint, Relator alleged that the “improper billing practices by PECO, PRPA and AMSEA were systemic and widespread in its implementation across the country whenever LMSR Naval Vessel(s) were docked and where they were using shore power electric supply power.” (Id.) On October 3, 2007, Relator filed a qui tam complaint, pursuant to the FCA. (Compl., ECF No. 1.) Relator alleged that the named defendant in the action, PECO, submitted false and fraudulent claims and cost reports to the United States Navy in order to obtain “hundreds of thousands of dollars in overpayment for electricity and related services.” (Id. at ¶ 2.) Relator asserted three causes of action under the FCA: (i) presentation of false claims; (ii) making or using false records or statements to cause a false claim to be presented; and (in) making or using false records or statements to avoid an obligation to refund. (Id. at ¶¶ 14-24.) Relator requested relief in the form of civil damages, treble damages and attorneys’ fees and costs. (See Compl.) The qui tam complaint was sealed pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2). On November 1, 2010, the United States notified the Court of its intention to not intervene in this action. (ECF No. 14.) On November 2, 2010, we entered an Order that the qui tam complaint be unsealed. The other contents of the Court’s file in this action were to remain under seal. (Nov. 2 Order, ECF No. 15.) On November 3, 2010, Relator filed a motion requesting a 180-day extension of the seal on the qui tam complaint and related filings, as well as “a corresponding extension of time for Service of the Complaint pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(m).” (Rel.’s Ext’n Mot., ECF No. 16.) Relator stated that he required “additional time to evaluate the information that was recently provided to us by the United States Attorney Office, to conduct further investigative work, and to go over all the facts and circumstances surrounding this highly sensitive case.” (ReL’s Ext’n Mem. 1, ECF No. 16.) Relator further stated that “[t]he events involved in this action occurred in the year 2007 and go back several years respectively. If Plaintiff is not allowed an extension of time in which to serve the defendants, through no fault of his own, portions of his claims against these defendants could be time-barred.” (Id. at 2.) This motion was granted on November 17, 2010. (Nov. 17 Order, ECF No. 17.) The Order granting this motion stated that “[t]he complaint, docket entries and all filings, including the Relators’ Motion, shall REMAIN UNDER SEAL until April 3, 2011 or further Order of this Court” and that “[t]he Relators’ period in which to conclude its investigative work and to further advise the Court of its decision to proceed in this civil action shall be EXTENDED to April 3, 2011 or further Order of this Court.” (Id. at ¶¶ 2-3.) On April 8, 2011, Relator filed an Amended Complaint. (Am. Compl.) The Amended Complaint named as additional defendants PRPA and AMSEA and contained additional factual allegations. (Id.) The Amended Complaint alleged three Counts: (i) violation of the FCA (Count I); (ii) retaliation and discrimination under the FCA (Count II); and (iii) retaliatory discharge of Relator (Count III). (Id. at ¶¶ 77-86.) The relief requested was the same as in the original qui tarn complaint. (Id. at ¶¶ 1, 81, 83, 86.) On May 4, 2011, we ordered that the Amended Complaint be unsealed and be served on Defendants. (May 4 Order, ECF No. 20.) On August 9, 2011, we ordered that all documents filed in this action by Relator be unsealed. (ECF No. 29.) The docket text for all docket entries in this action and all documents filed after the United States’ notice to decline intervention were unsealed on August 22, 2011. (ECF No. 34.) On July 25, 2011, the Amended Complaint was served on PECO and PRPA. On August 1, 2011, the Amended Complaint was served on AMSEA. (ECF Nos. 39-41.) On October 14, 2011, PECO filed a Motion To Dismiss Relator’s Amended Complaint. (PECO Mot., ECF No. 43.) PECO seeks dismissal of the Amended Complaint on several grounds: • Dismissal of Amended Complaint for failure to comply with Court Orders and to timely serve PECO with the Amended Complaint; • Dismissal of Count I for failure to satisfy the' pleading requirements of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b) and 8(a); and • Dismissal of Counts II and III for failure to state a claim. (PECO Br., ECF No. 43.) On October 14, 2011, PRPA also filed a Motion To Dismiss the Amended Complaint. (PRPA Mot., ECF No. 44.) In its Motion, PRPA adopted and incorporated PECO’s arguments with respect to (i) Relator’s failure to comply with Court Orders and to timely serve the Amended Complaint, (ii) dismissal of Count I for failure to satisfy the pleading requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and (iii) dismissal of Counts II and III for failure to state a claim. (PRPA Br. 19, 27, 29, ECF No. 44.) In addition, PRPA asserted additional grounds for dismissal, including: • Dismissal of all three Counts on grounds of sovereign immunity; • Dismissal of Count II as being barred by the statute of limitations; and • Dismissal of Count II for failing to state a claim under Pennsylvania law. (PRPA Br.) On October 28, 2011, AMSEA filed a Motion To Dismiss the Amended Complaint. (AMSEA Mot., ECF No. 45.) In addition to incorporating the arguments set forth by PECO and PRPA in their Motions To Dismiss, AMSEA contends that Relator has failed to state FCA and related retaliation claims against AMSEA, specifically. (AMSEA Br., ECF No. 45.) Relator filed a Response opposing Defendants’ Motions on December 28, 2011. (Rel’s Resp., ECF No. 48; Rel’s Mem., ECF No. 48-2.) On January 17, 2012, PECO, PRPA and AMSEA each submitted a Reply. (PECO Reply, ECF No. 49; PRPA Reply, ECF No. 50; AMSEA Reply, ECF No. 51.) On January 25, 2012, Relator filed a Reply to PECO’s Reply memorandum. (Rel.’s Reply to PECO, ECF No. 52.) On February 6, 2012, Relator filed a Reply to PRPA’s Reply memorandum (Rel.’s Reply to PRPA, ECF No. 53) and a Reply to AMSEA’s Reply memorandum (Rel.’s Reply to AMSEA, EOF No. 54). Also on February 6, 2012, the Government filed a Statement of Interest, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 517, in response to Defendants’ Motions. (Statement of Interest, ECF No. 55.) In its Statement of Interest, the Government seeks to correct the record with respect to its conversation with Relator’s counsel. (Id. at 1.) The Government also requests that, if the Court should find grounds to dismiss the Amended Complaint, that it do so without addressing PRPA’s argument concerning sovereign immunity. (Statement of Interest 5.) The Government explains that there has been uncertainty in the law regarding this issue and that any decision by this Court “would undoubtedly have wide-ranging implications for cases far beyond this one ....” (Id.) In addition, the Government requests that if this Court does adjudicate the issue of sovereign immunity, that it “expressly limit its decision to those cases, like this one, where the United States had declined to intervene.” (Id.) If the Court declines this request, the Government requests that it and PRPA be allowed to fully brief the issue. (Id. at 8.) The Government takes no position with respect to the Motions to Dismiss filed by the other Defendants. (Id. at 2.) III. DISCUSSION A. Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss, Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(5), for Insufficient Service of Process Defendants seek to dismiss the Amended Complaint based on Relator’s failure to comply with two Court Orders requiring Relator to serve the unsealed Amended Complaint on Defendants and Relator’s failure to timely serve Defendants. (PECO Br. 10; PRPA Br. 19; PECO Reply 2-6; AMSEA Br. 1 n. 1; see also May 4 Order ¶ 1.) Defendants assert that Relator “waited nearly four months after the court-ordered extension had expired, and nearly three months after this Court’s second Order to serve PECO [and the other Defendants] with the Amended Complaint.” (PECO Br. 11.) Defendants contend that Relator has not provided any justification for this delay in service, that good cause does not exist to excuse the untimely service and that, on these grounds, the Amended Complaint should be dismissed. (Id. at 11,13.) Relator argues that the Amended Complaint was timely served. Relator further contends that, in the event that this Court determines that the Amended Complaint was untimely served, good cause exists to excuse such untimely service. (ReL’s Resp. Br. 12-13.) Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(5), a defendant may move to dismiss based on insufficient service of process. Rule 4(m) establishes the requirements with respect to service of process: If a defendant is not served within 120 days after the complaint is filed, the court — on motion or on its own after notice to the plaintiff — must dismiss the action without prejudice against that defendant or order that service be made within a specified time. But if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court must extend the time for service for an appropriate period. Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(m). In an action brought pursuant to the FCA, the 120-day time period for service mandated by Rule 4(m) begins with the unsealing of the complaint. United States ex rel. Pervez v. Maimonides Med. Ctr., No. 06-4989, 2010 WL 890236, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 9, 2010); United States ex rel. Mailly v. Healthsouth Holdings, Inc., Nos. 07-2981, 09-483, 2010 WL 149830, at *2 (D.N.J. Jan. 15, 2010); Sweet v. TMI Mgmt. Sys., No. 05-1683, 2006 WL 3675709, at *2 (D.N.J. Dec. 12, 2006). The original complaint was under seal from the filing date of October 3, 2007 to April 3, 2011. Rather than serve PECO with the original complaint on or before April 3, 2011, Relator filed an Amended Complaint on April 8, 2011. (Am. Compl.) On May 4, 2011, the Court ordered that the Amended Complaint be unsealed and that Relator serve the Amended Complaint on all of the named Defendants. (May 4 Order ¶ 1.) Thus, Relator had 120 days from May 4, 2011, or until September 1, 2011, to serve the Amended Complaint on Defendants. Relator served the Amended Complaint on the named Defendants on July 25, 2011 and on August 1, 2011 — well within the 120-day period. (ECF Nos. 39-41.) Accordingly, Relator timely served the Amended Complaint on Defendants, and Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(5) Motion to Dismiss for improper service must be denied. B. Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss Count I For Failure To State a Claim Defendants assert that Relator has failed to allege particularized facts to support a viable claim that they knowingly and intentionally submitted any false or fraudulent claims in violation of the FCA. (PECO Mot. ¶ 5; PECO Br. 2-3, 13-26; PECO Reply 6-8; PRPA Br. 21.) Defendants assert that Relator is required, and has failed, to identify with particularity at least one specific claim submitted to the United States by any of the Defendants. (PECO Br. 16; AMSEA Br. 1; PRPA Br. 22.) They state that Relator does not, and cannot, provide the particular details of a scheme to submit false claims or demonstrate that such claims were actually submitted. In other words, Relator omits the “who, what, when where or how” of the alleged fraud. (PECO Br. 16 n. 3, 19; PRPA Br. 21.) PECO argues that Relator has failed to allege that it acted with the requisite scienter — knowingly or fraudulently. (PECO Br. 24; see also AMSEA Br. 2, 9; PRPA Br. 22.) AMSEA argues that Relator can not allege a FCA claim against it, since it simply operates certain ships for the United States Navy. It contends that the Amended Complaint alleges, at most, that AMSEA failed to assist Relator’s efforts to substantiate and report the alleged fraud. (AMSEA Br. 2, 5-6, 8, 10.) Relator argues that a more “generous” or “flexible” Rule 9(b) standard should apply and that scienter may be averred generally. (Rel.’s Resp. 14.) He contends that he “clearly identifies that PECO, PRPA and AMSEA made misstatements regarding the amount of kilowatts used by the U.S. Navy. The Defendants were part of the ‘group’ who helped compile and/or cover up the overcharges.” (Id. at 17.) Moreover, Relator contends that the factual information regarding the alleged fraud is in Defendants’ control. (Rel.’s Resp. 15-16.) A complaint may be dismissed for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). Courts need not accept “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements ....” Id. “While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations.” Id. at 1950. This “ ‘does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage,’ but instead ‘simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary elements.” Phillips, 515 F.3d at 234 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955). The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure create a system of pleading whereby the particularity with which a litigant must state his claims varies with the substance of his assertions. As a general matter, pleadings setting forth one or more claims must contain only “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a). However, when a litigant alleges fraud, he must do so “with particularity.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). In order to satisfy this exacting standard, the plaintiff must “plead (1) a specific false representation of material fact; (2) knowledge by the person who made it of its falsity; (3) ignorance of its falsity by the person to whom it was made; (4) the intention that it should be acted upon; and (5) that the plaintiff acted upon it to his damage.” Shapiro v. UJB Fin. Corp., 964 F.2d 272, 284 (3d Cir.1992) (citing Christidis v. First Pa. Mortg. Trust, 717 F.2d 96, 99 (3d Cir.1983)). The stringency of this requirement stems from the goal of the Federal Rules of protecting] a defending party’s reputation from harm, to minimize strike suits, and to provide detailed notice of a fraud claim to a defending party. The Rule [9(b) ] also discourages meritless fraud accusations that can do serious damage to the goodwill of a business or a professional person. The requirements of Rule 9(b) effectively prevent a claimant from searching for a valid claim after a civil action has been commenced. 2 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 9.03[l][a] (3d ed. 2002) (citations omitted). Rule 9(b) commands that “[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). Pursuant to this heightened pleading standard, plaintiffs must “plead with particularity the ‘circumstances’ of the alleged fraud in order to place the defendants on notice of the precise misconduct with which they are charged, and to safeguard defendants against spurious charges of immoral and fraudulent behavior.” Seville Indus. Mach. Corp. v. Southmost Mach. Corp., 742 F.2d 786, 791 (3d Cir.1984). This requires a description of the “ ‘who, what, when, where and how’ of the events at issue.” In re Rockefeller Ctr. Props., Inc. Secs. Litig., 311 F.3d 198, 217 (3d Cir.2002) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Rule 9(b) is generally considered satisfied when a defendant has “fair notice” of the charges against it. United States v. Kensington Hosp., 760 F.Supp. 1120, 1126 (E.D.Pa.1991). The Third Circuit has recognized, however, that most purveyors of fraud, and especially those who engage in fraudulent activities within the corporate sphere, are consciously and vigilantly engaged in an effort to disguise the nature of their endeavors. See Craftmatic Secs. Litig. v. Kraftsow, 890 F.2d 628, 645 (3d Cir.1989) (explicitly noting that “sophisticated defrauders” can be expected to attempt to “conceal the details of their fraud”). In order to account for this reality, Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement is properly relaxed “when factual information [regarding the defendant’s conduct] is peculiarly within the defendant’s knowledge or control.” Id. “Nonetheless, even under a nonrestrictive application of the rule, pleaders must allege that the necessary information lies within defendants’ control, and their allegations must be accompanied by a statement of the facts upon which the allegations are based.” Id. FCA claims must be pleaded with particularity under Rule 9(b). United States ex rel. Schmidt v. Zimmer, Inc., 386 F.3d 235, 242 n. 9 (3d Cir.2004) (citing United States ex rel. LaCorte v. Smith-Kline Beecham Clinical Labs., Inc., 149 F.3d 227, 234 (3d Cir.1998)). Relator asserts FCA claims under subsections (a)(1), (a)(2) and (a)(7) of Section 3729. (Am. Compl. ¶ 13.) 1. Relator Has Adequately Alleged Section 3729(a)(1) and 3729(a)(2) Claims To state a claim under Section 3729(a)(1) of the FCA, a plaintiff must plead three elements: “(1) the defendant presented or caused to be presented to an agent of the United States a claim for payment; (2) the claim was false or fraudulent; and (3) the defendant knew the claim was false or fraudulent.” Schmidt, 386 F.3d at 242 (quoting Hutchins v. Wilentz, Goldman & Spitzer, 253 F.3d 176, 182 (3d Cir.2001)). “In order to prove a claim under § 3729(a)(2), a plaintiff must also show that the defendant made or used (or caused someone else to make or use) a false record in order to cause the false claim to be actually paid or approved.” Schmidt, 386 F.3d at 242. a) Section 3729(a)(1) Claim Against PECO Relator has adequately pleaded a claim against PECO under Section 3729(a)(1). Pursuant to the January 29, 2003 contract between PRPA and the United States, “PRPA [was] to provide auxiliary support services to the LMSR Naval Vessel(s) while they were in port” and “the United States [was to] order reimbursable electric power service from the PRPA.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 14-16.) Pursuant to the contract, PRPA would subcontract electric services from another entity — in this case, PECO. (Id. at ¶¶ 16, 18-20.) Relator alleges that PECO submitted electric power bills to PRPA. These bills were to be reimbursed, and ultimately paid, by the United States. When we view these allegations in favor of Relator, PECO caused to be presented to an agent of the United States a claim for payment. Relator adequately alleges the “who, what, when, where, and how” of a Section 3729(a)(1) claim. In re Rockefeller Cntr., 311 F.3d at 217. He establishes the “what” and “how” elements of fraud by alleging that PECO “fraudulently accounted] for electric power supply purportedly used in the performance of a government program and contract” that was billed to, and paid for by, the United States, and “fraudulently manipulated and grossly inflated the cost of the monthly utility bills submitted to the United States, by directly inflating the units of kilowatts consumed, installing expensive and unnecessary capacitor bank equipment, charging the United States and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for unnecessary costs and misrepresenting the level of services provided to the United States.” (Am. Compl. ¶4.) The Amended Complaint provides specific examples of this conduct. (See, e.g., id. at ¶¶ 30-37, 45-51.) Although Relator does not provide many specific dates in the Amended Complaint, he adequately alleges “when” the FCA violations occurred. These violations occurred from September 4, 2003 to 2007. (Id. at ¶ 44); see United States ex rel. Hunt v. MerckMedco Managed Care, L.L.C., 336 F.Supp.2d 430, 437 (E.D.Pa.2004) (denying motion to dismiss on Rule 9(b) grounds and finding that although “[t]he scope of the complained-of conduct is vast, and occurred over a long period of time,” the complaints specified the “general time frame” over which the fraudulent conduct allegedly occurred). Relator alleges the “where” by identifying that the fraud took place on the Vessels at the Terminal. (Am. Compl. ¶ 45.) Relator alleges the “who” of the FCA violation. He alleges that Nancy Vizzard, PECO’s employee, acted on behalf of PECO and took specific actions to perpetrate the fraud from around August 21, 2006 to September 18, 2006. Specifically, in response to AVE’s requests for documentation, she claimed that the requested documents were not available (id. at ¶ 32) and provided AVE with non-responsive documents in an attempt to perpetrate and conceal the fraud (id. at ¶36). Such allegations are sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss on grounds of failure to plead with particularity. See Gibbons v. Kvaemer Phila. Shipyard, Inc., No. 05-685, 2006 WL 328362, at *6-7 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 10, 2006) (denying motion to dismiss because plaintiff sufficiently pleaded the “essential factual background” to support her FCA claim); see also United States v. Torkelsen, No. 06-5674, 2007 WL 4245736, at *7 (E.D.Pa. Dec. 3, 2007) (denying motion to dismiss because plaintiff alleged complex scheme and when complaint was read in light most favorable to plaintiff, fraud could be reasonably inferred); United States ex rel. Drescher v. Highmark, Inc., 305 F.Supp.2d 451, 461 (E.D.Pa.2004) (denying motion to dismiss because of “the potential existence of sets of facts under which [defendant] may, in fact, be liable under the FCA”); United States ex rel. Givler v. Smith, 775 F.Supp. 172, 181-82 (E.D.Pa.1991) (denying motion to dismiss because in the complaint, relator identified the fraudulent acts and the party allegedly defrauded). The parties dispute whether identification of at least one specific claim is necessary to survive a motion to dismiss. Defendants contend that such identification is necessary. (PECO Br. 16, 22-24.) Relator asserts that it is not. The Third Circuit has not directly addressed how Rule 9(b) interacts with the elements of claims under Section 3729(a). Cf Wilkins, 659 F.3d at 308 (“[T]o our knowledge we never have held that a plaintiff must identify a specific claim for payment at the pleading stage of the case to state a claim for relief.”) (original emphasis). However, other courts have. In granting a motion to dismiss, the Eleventh Circuit, in United States ex rel. Clausen v. Lab. Corp. of Am., Inc., 290 F.3d 1301, 1311 (11th Cir. 2002), held that a plaintiff must plead the existence of at least one specific claim that was submitted to the government. The court stated: Rule 9(b)’s directive that “the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity” does not permit a False Claims Act plaintiff merely to describe a private scheme in detail but then to allege simply and without any stated reason for his belief that claims requesting illegal payments must have been submitted, were likely submitted or should have been submitted to the Government. Id. Underlying this holding was the court’s recognition that, without some allegation of the presentation of a false claim to the government, even if a defendant’s acts are improper, no damage has been done to the public fisc. Id. Some Circuits have followed Clausen and have held that the identification in the complaint of a false claim “is the sine qua non of a False Claims Act violation.” See, e.g., United States ex rel. Sikkenga v. Regence Bluecross Blueshield of Utah, 472 F.3d 702, 727 (10th Cir.2006). Other Circuits have rejected this requirement. See, e.g., United States ex rel. Grubbs v. Kanneganti, 565 F.3d 180, 190 (5th Cir.2009). Relying on Clausen, the Third Circuit held in United States ex rel. Quinn v. Omnicare, 382 F.3d 432, 440 (3d Cir.2004), that an FCA action requires the identification of at least one specific claim, and that a relator’s theory that false claims “must have been” submitted could not survive summary judgment. The Quinn court stated that an FCA relator must come to court with a “claim in hand.” Id. However, Quinn was decided at the summary judgment stage, and district courts in the Third Circuit remain divided as to whether an FCA action requires identification of at least one specific claim on a motion to dismiss. See Wilkins, 659 F.3d at 308 (noting that Quinn was decided on a summary judgment motion). Some courts have dismissed qui tarn complaints that failed to identify an actual false claim. See United States ex rel. Bartlett v. Tyrone Hosp., Inc., 234 F.R.D. 113, 121 (W.D.Pa.2006); United States ex rel. Schmidt v. Zimmer, Inc., No. 00-1044, 2005 WL 1806502, at *3 (E.D.Pa. July 29, 2005) (citing Quinn and Clausen). Other courts have distinguished Quinn, noting that the decision upheld a grant of summary judgment, as opposed to a motion to dismiss, and included criticisms of Clausen. See, e.g., United States ex rel. Singh v. Bradford Reg’l Med. Ctr., No. 04-186, 2006 WL 2642518, at *7 (W.D.Pa. Sept. 13, 2006); United States ex rel. Landsberg v. Levinson, No. 03-1429, 2008 WL 2246308, at *1 (W.D.Pa. May 29, 2008). For example, in Singh, the court held that requiring the pleading of particularized evidence of a false claim contravenes the Third Circuit’s “flexible” interpretation of Rule 9(b) and “would effectively negate the Third Circuit’s instruction that ‘Plaintiffs are free to use alternative means of injecting precision and some measure of substantiation into their allegations of fraud.’ ” 2006 WL 2642518, at *7 (citing Seville, 742 F.2d at 791). The Rule 9(b) requirement that a plaintiff plead with particularity serves to place the defendant on notice of the precise misconduct with which it is charged, and “charges of immoral and fraudulent behavior.” Seville, 742 F.2d at 791. In the instant action, we fail to see how requiring Relator to provide a single claim example would put PECO in a better position to answer and defend against Relator’s. claims. The fraud of the instant claims does not turn on anything unique to an individual claim or anything that would be revealed from an examination of any claim. Relator alleges that PECO “fraudulently manipulated and grossly inflated the cost of the monthly utility bills submitted to the United States, by directly inflating the units of kilowatts consumed, installing expensive and unnecessary capacitor bank equipment, charging the United States and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for unnecessary costs and misrepresenting the level of services provided to the United States.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 4.) This allegation is a sufficient description of the scheme since the fraudulent conduct at issue does not rely on any specific claim. See United States ex rel. Underwood v. Genentech, Inc., 720 F.Supp.2d 671, 680 (E.D.Pa.2010) (finding allegation of scheme, supported by details, sufficiently informed defendant of the “precise misconduct” charged); Singh, 2006 WL 2642518, at *7 (finding that it was unnecessary for relator to provide a single claim example because “[t]he addition of specific identifying information of each claim adds little to complete the description of the scheme since the fraudulent conduct at issue does not rely on any specific claim”); see also Merck-Medco, 336 F.Supp.2d at 439 (noting that plaintiffs could not be expected to allege every single false statement that was created as a result of the alleged scheme and holding that plaintiffs’ description of defendant’s system of creating false records and statements sufficient). The Amended Complaint sufficiently alerts PECO of the alleged wrongdoing. We will not require Relator to provide a single claim example in these circumstances. Keeping in mind that no proof of specific intent to defraud is required, Relator adequately alleges that PECO “knew the claim was false or fraudulent.” Wilentz, 253 F.3d at 182. Relator asserts that PECO knowingly attempted to conceal its overbilling practices. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 45-46.) In support of this allegation, Relator states that PECO, through its employee, Vizzard, refused to comply with Relator’s request for documents for the investigation of PECO’s billing practices. {See id. at ¶¶ 30-37.) Relator further alleges that PECO “knowingly and intentionally prepared an illusory contractual document purported to establish electric supply power for the LMSR Naval Vessel(s).” {Id. at ¶ 45.) To conceal the overbilling, PECO subsequently drafted another contract once the Vessels arrived at the Terminal that reduced the electric demand requirements but were still “unrealistic.” {Id. at ¶46.) In support of the allegation that PECO had knowledge, Relator alleges that the rates that PECO charged were much higher than the average retail price of electricity for commercial consumers. {Id. at ¶ 49.) Another engineering company, Avoca Engineers and Architects, LLC, agreed with AVE’s opinion that the energy consumption charged by PECO was not “physically or mathematically” possible. {Id. at ¶ 51.) When the Amended Complaint is read in a light most favorable to Relator, it can reasonably be inferred from these facts that PECO knew of its overbilling practices. See Torkelsen, 2007 WL 4245736, at *7 (drawing reasonable inference of knowledge in light of complex scheme); see also United States v. Honeywell Int’l Inc., 798 F.Supp.2d 12, 23 (D.D.C.2011) (finding that allegations that (i) defendant “possessed a wealth of scientific data showing” degredation of product over time and (ii) defendant “discouraged ... notifying] the end users about problems ... due to a concern with the negative market impact” allowed for a reasonable inference that defendant had actual knowledge of the falsity of its representations); cf. Born v. Iannaconne, No. 97-5607, 1999 WL 357373, at *2 (E.D.Pa. June 3, 1999) (holding that whether defendant had knowledge “is an issue of fact that cannot be resolved on a motion to dismiss”). Relator has sufficiently stated a Section 3729(a)(1) claim against PECO. b) Section 3729(a)(2) Claim Against PECO For similar reasons, Relator has adequately alleged that PECO made or used, or caused PRPA to make or use, a false record in order to cause the false claim to be actually paid or approved by the Government. Zimmer, Inc., 386 F.3d at 242; see also Allison Engine, 553 U.S. at 668, 128 S.Ct. 2123 (explaining that “a person must have the purpose of getting a false or fraudulent claim ‘paid or approved by the Government’ in order to be liable under § 3729(a)(2)”). The Amended Complaint does not specifically allege that PECO knew that PRPA was seeking reimbursement from the United States, or that PECO knew that the bills it submitted to PRPA would be the basis for reimbursement by the United States. Nevertheless, based on the facts alleged, it is reasonable to infer that PECO knew that the bills it submitted to PRPA would ultimately be paid by the Government. As discussed supra, in Part III.B.l.a, Relator has properly alleged PECO’s involvement in a scheme to defraud the Government. It is alleged that PECO knowingly and intentionally submitted fraudulent inflated bills to PRPA, that PRPA concealed PECO’s overbilling practices, and that fraudulent bills were submitted to the United States for payment. Moreover, PECO knew that it was supplying electric power to LMSR Naval Vessels. Based upon the allegations in the Amended Complaint, it is logical to conclude that PECO knew that the United States was ultimately paying the bills for these Government vessels. Accordingly, Relator’s Section 3729(a)(2) claim against PECO will not be dismissed. 2. Relator’s Section 8729(a)(1) and (a)(2) Claims Against PRPA In the Amended Complaint, Relator alleges that: PRPA knowingly and intentionally submitted false expenditure reports to the United States. The reports decreased the amount and/or cost PECO was billing and charging the PRPA per kilowatt (kw). This blatant attempt to conceal the cost PECO was billing and charging the PRPA per kw helped PECO continue to conceal its overbilling practices. (Am. Compl. ¶ 47.) Based on the allegation that PRPA decreased the amount in charges that PECO was billing to it, it is reasonable to infer that PRPA knew about PECO’s overcharges and attempted to conceal the fraudulent practice from the Government. The Third Circuit has stated that “[djespite Rule 9(b)’s stringent requirements ... ‘courts should be “sensitive” to the fact that application of the Rule prior to discovery “may permit sophisticated defrauders to successfully conceal the details of their fraud.” ’ ” In re Burlington Coat Factory Secs. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1418 (3d Cir.1997) (citing Shapiro v. UJB Fin. Corp., 964 F.2d 272, 284 (3d Cir.1992) (internal citation omitted)). We will not dismiss Relator’s Section 3729(a)(1) and (a)(2) claims against PRPA at this juncture. 3. Relator’s Section 3729(a)(1) and (a)(2) Claims Against AMSEA There are no allegations in the Amended Complaint showing that AMSEA knowingly made, or caused to be made, a false claim paid by the United States. Indeed, the Amended Complaint states that AMSEA believed that the Vessels could draw the amount of kws that were being billed by PECO in its invoices to PRPA. (Am. Compl. ¶ 70.) Relator states that AVE brought “all the issues outlined in this complaint” to the attention of AMSEA. (Id. at ¶ 67.) He further alleges that “AMSEA became active in the investigation and ... concluded that AVE electrical readings were accurate and consistent with current AMSEA readings.” (Id. at ¶ 68.) In addition, he alleges that PRPA and AMSEA together concluded that PECO’s electric charges were up to forty percent higher than both AMSEA’s and AVE’s meter readings. (Id. at ¶ 69.) Subsequently, however, “AM-SEA requested that the investigation be dropped” because it “had no actual independent electrical metered data going back several years to corroborate AVE’s findings” and “AMSEA stated that the LMSR Naval Vessel(s) could in fact draw the amount of electric kws that were invoiced/billed by PECO.” (Id. at ¶ 70.) As a result, AVE’s investigation was “circumvented.” (Id.) Relator alleges that “the only independent data missing over the last several years, which AMSEA could have provided to complete this investigation was a copy of the electric bills / payments made to the utility companies that provided electrical service to the LMSR Naval Vessel(s) while they were in AM-SEA’s control.” (Id. at ¶72.) At most, these allegations show that AMSEA failed to assist Relator with his investigation of overcharges. These allegations cannot support a conclusion that AMSEA knowingly prepared fraudulent bills; knowingly overcharged PRPA or the United States; knowingly submitted, or caused to be submitted, false claims to the United States; or knowingly used, or caused to be made or used, a false record in order for a false claim to be paid. See United States ex rel. Piacentile v. Wolk, No. 93-5773, 1995 WL 20833, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Jan. 17, 1995) (“Mere inaction is not enough to constitute a violation of the False Claims Act.”) Indeed, there is no allegation that AMSEA was even aware of the existence of the contract between PRPA and the United States. The Section 3729(a)(1) and (a)(2) claims against AMSEA must be dismissed. J. Relator’s 3729(a)(7) Claim Against All Defendants To show liability under 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(7), a plaintiff must demonstrate that a defendant “knowingly makes, uses or causes to be made or used, a false record or statement to conceal, avoid, or decrease an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the Government.” Merck-Medco, 336 F.Supp.2d at 444. The plaintiff must allege that the defendant did not pay back to the government money or property that it was obligated to return. Quinn, 382 F.3d at 444; United States ex rel. Piacentile v. Sanofi Synthelabo, Inc., No. 05-2927, 2010 WL 5466043, at *9 (D.N.J. Dec. 30, 2010). This means that the defendant must have had an existing legal obligation to give money or property to the government. Sanofi Synthelabo, 2010 WL 5466043, at *9 (citing Kennard v. Comstock Res., Inc., 363 F.3d 1039, 1048 (10th Cir.2004)). Relator has failed to allege such an existing legal obligation. Accordingly, the Section 3729(a)(7) claim against all Defendants will be dismissed. C. Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss Count II for Lack of Standing In the Amended Complaint, Relator alleges that he and AVE were “discharged and discriminated against in the terms and conditions of his employment contract by the PRPA and AMSEA” in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h) of the FCA. (Am. Compl. ¶ 83.) Defendants contend that Count II should be dismissed because Relator cannot show that he is, or ever was, an employee of Defendants and therefore lacks standing to assert this Count. Defendants argue that at most, Relator can only show that he was an independent contractor. (PECO Br. 27 n. 8; PECO Reply 9; PRPA Br. 27; PRPA Reply 5-6; AMSEA Br. 6,10-11; AMSEA Reply 4-5.) Relator argues that he has standing because Section 3730(h) was amended in May 2009 to extend a cause of action for retaliation to contractors, in addition to employees. (Rel’s Br. 20.) Defendants counter that the 2009 amendment does not apply retroactively. They argue that, because Relator’s claims accrued before the date of the amendment — when Section 3730(h) provided a cause of action only to employees — Relator lacks standing on his retaliation claims. We agree with Defendants. In enacting the 2009 amendment, Congress explicitly provided that the amendment “shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act and shall apply to conduct on or after the date of enactment.” Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-21, § 4(f), 123 Stat. 1617, 1625. Where Congress has “expressly provided that the statute in question ... should not apply retrospectively ..., then we should follow Congress’ express prescription and apply the statute accordingly.” Mathews v. Kidder, Peabody & Co., 161 F.3d 156, 160 (3d Cir.1998). Because the conduct that Relator challenges occurred before or during 2007, he cannot claim the benefit of the post-amendment version of Section 3730(h). See Lytle v. Capital Area Intermediate Unit, 393 Fed.Appx. 955, 958 (3d Cir.2010) (“Plaintiffs challenge only conduct occurring well before 2009, and we can find no authority that would give them the benefit of the amended version of § 3730(h).”). Nothing in the Amended Complaint alleges that Relator was an employee of Defendant. At most, he and AVE were hired as independent contractors. Accordingly, Count II must be dismissed. See Lytle, 393 Fed.Appx. at 958 (affirming grant of summary judgment on plaintiffs’ retaliation claims based on Section 3730(h)); Malone v. Omaha Hous. Auth., No. 09-3208, 2011 WL 1435257, at *3 (D.Neb. Apr. 14, 2011) (dismissing with prejudice Section 3730(h) retaliation claim because plaintiff was not an employee and because he alleged only pre-May 20, 2009 conduct that at most showed that he “ ‘directly manages] residential real estate rental properties’ and has engaged in contracts with [defendant]”). In the alternative, Relator argues that his retaliation claims “date back to late 2009, well after May 20, 2009, the date § 3730(h) was amended.” (Rel.’s Resp. 21.) In support of this argument, he alleges additional facts that were not alleged or referred to in the Amended Complaint. Relator instead attaches exhibits to his Response. (See id. at 17-18, 20-21.) Because these additional allegations do not appear in the Amended Complaint, they cannot be considered here. See In re Burlington- Coat Factory, 114 F.3d at 1426 (stating that courts deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss are limited to the allegations found in the complaint, exhibits attached to the complaint and matters of public record); Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 998 F.2d at 1196 (noting same); Burgess-Walls v. Brown, No. 11-275, 2011 WL 3702458, at *9 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 22, 2011) (holding that plaintiff failed to state a plausible claim of retaliation under Title VII because allegation appearing in her response to defendants’ motion to dismiss did not appear in her complaint). A court may consider an exhibit to a defendant’s motion to dismiss if the plaintiff’s claims are based op that document and if that document is indisputably authentic. Pryor v. Nat’l Coll. Athletic Ass’n, 288 F.3d 548, 560 (3d Cir.2002); Pension Benefit Guar. Corp., 998 F.2d at 1196. Here, the exhibits which Relator now seeks to have the Court consider— specifically, Exhibits 6, 13, 14 and 15— were not “integral to or explicitly relied upon” in the Amended Complaint. In re Burlington Coat Factory, 114 F.3d at 1426 (internal quotations and citation omitted). Furthermore, Relator does not attach an affidavit or declaration to the Response attesting that the exhibits are authentic. Accordingly, we must rely solely on the allegations contained in the Amended Complaint. See Diener v. Renfrew Ctrs., Inc., No. 11-4404, 2011 WL 4401720, at *6 n. 3 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 22, 2011) (refusing to consider exhibit attached to response to motion to dismiss because the exhibit was both unauthenticated and constituted hearsay offered for the truth of the matter asserted). Relator’s claims accrued before May 20, 2009, when Section 3730(h) provided a cause of action only to employees. Because there is no allegation in the Amended Complaint that he or AVE was anything other than an independent contractor, Relator lacks standing to pursue his False Claims Act retaliation claims. Accordingly, Count II will be dismissed for lack of standing. D. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Count III for Failure To State a Claim In the Amended Complaint, Relator alleges in Count III that “[b]y harassing and abruptly discharging [Relator], the defendants willfully and in bad faith retaliated against him in violation of the clear public policy mandated by the False Claims Act and state law, causing him in excess of $1,000,000 in damages.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 86.) Defendants argue that Count III should be dismissed because (i) Relator “fail[s] to identify any specific statute or case that would support his conclusory assertion that Defendants have violated state law in allegedly retaliating against him” (AMSEA Br. 12; AMSEA Reply 5), (ii) Pennsylvania does not provide for a common law cause of action for wrongful discharge (AMSEA Br. 12; see also PRPA Br. 29-30; PECO Br. 26-27 & n. 8), and (iii) with respect to PECO, Relator fails to allege any employment or contractual relationship between them or that PECO took any adverse employment or any other type of action against him (PECO Mot. ¶ 6; PECO Br. 27; PECO Reply 9; AMSEA Br. 6,10). Relator does not address these arguments in his Response. He instead alleges for the first time a conspiracy by and among Defendants to retaliate against him. He argues that claims of retaliation need not meet the heightened pleading requirements for substantive claims under the FCA. (Rel.’s Resp. 18-19.) Relator alleges that Defendants’ conduct is actionable under “state law” and “decisions of the courts of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 86.) However, he fails to articulate a theory under which he intends to proceed. A generalized reference to Pennsylvania’s tort law is not sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. See Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1965 n. 3 (explaining that Rule 8 still requires a plaintiff to provide “fair notice” of both “the nature of the claim” and the “grounds” upon which the claim rests); Goldhaber v. Higgins, 576 F.Supp.2d 694, 728 (W.D.Pa.2007) (dismissing Pennsylvania state law claims because amended complaint failed to identify a common law tort theory under which plaintiff could proceed in accordance with Pennsylvania law). Nevertheless, even if Relator did specifically allege a state law theory, his claim would be dismissed for failure to state a claim. We have already determined that Relator is, at most, an independent contractor, and not an employee of Defendants. It is unclear whether a wrongful discharge claim is available to independent contractors, although there is authority indicating that it is not. See Fraser v. Nationwide Mut. In,s. Co., 352 F.3d 107, 111 (3d Cir.2004) (finding “no Pennsylvania case [that] addresses whether there are limitations on a company’s ability to terminate an independent contractor (as opposed to an employee)”); see also Spyridakis v. Riesling Grp., Inc., No. 09-1545, 2009 WL 3209478, at *7 n. 8 (E.D.Pa. Oct. 6, 2009) (“Defendant does, however, make a very strong argument that in view of Pennsylvania’s reluctance to allow employees to assert wrongful discharge claims except in the narrowest of circumstances, there is little reason to extend the tort to apply to independent contractors.”). Moreover, nothing in the Amended Complaint indicates that the contract between AVE and PRPA was anything other than an at-will contract. Cf. Daniel Adams Assocs., Inc. v. Rimbach Pub., Inc., 360 Pa.Super. 72, 519 A.2d 997, 1003 (1987) (affirming directed verdict favoring employer on wrongful discharge claim because employee was “an independent contractor whose contract was terminable at will upon notice”). To the extent that an independent contractor has standing to bring a state wrongful discharge retaliation claim, such claim is available only if there is no statutory remedy for the alleged retaliatory discharge. See Preobrazhenskaya v. Mercy Hall Infirmary, 71 Fed.Appx. 936, 941 (3d Cir.2003) (holding that Pennsylvania law does not recognize a common law cause of action for violating public policy where there is a statutory remedy); Wolk v. Saks Fifth Ave., Inc., 728 F.2d 221, 223-24 (3d Cir.1984) (“The availability of a [statutory] remedy precludes [the] common law remedies even where the statute is not invoked.”); Bruffett v. Warner Comm’ns, Inc., 692 F.2d 910, 919 (3d Cir.1982) (noting that “the only Pennsylvania cases applying the public policy exception have done so where no statutory remedies were available”). Relator alleges a violation of a public policy “favoring truthfulness and accuracy in representations and claims made by Government contractors to the United States, and encouraging employees of such contractors to object to and report violations of this policy.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 86.) The facts underlying this allegation are the same facts underlying the FCA retaliation claim. Whether Relator’s FCA claim can succeed is irrelevant. “It is the existence of the rem