Full opinion text
ORDER AND REASONS CARL J. BARBIER, District Judge. Before the Court is a 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim (Rec. Doc. 10), filed by Defendants, the City of Slidell and six of its employees (collectively “the City Defendants”). Plaintiff has filed an opposition (Rec. Doc. 12), to which the City Defendants have replied. (Rec. Doc. 25) Both the Plaintiff and the City Defendants have filed supplemental memoranda. (Rec. Docs. 32, 37) The City Defendants’ motion was set for hearing on the briefs on September 12, 2012. Having considered the motion and legal memoranda, the record, and the applicable law, the Court finds that the City Defendants’ motion should be GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, for reasons explained more fully below. PROCEDURAL HISTORY AND BACKGROUND FACTS On July 26, 2012, Plaintiff, Troy Franklin, filed the instant pro se employment discrimination lawsuit. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1) Plaintiff alleges that his employer violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213 et seq., and the ADA regulations by: (1) disclosing his medical information, (2) requiring him to take a medical and psychological fitness for duty evaluation before returning to work from medical leave, and (3) not allowing him to return to work after he failed a fitness for duty evaluation, thereby forcing him to use his personal vacation and sick time. (PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 2) Plaintiff also alleges that the City Defendants intentionally violated his rights and retaliated against him for filing a discrimination complaint and civil lawsuit, all in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), as amended, 42 U.S.C. 2000e et seq. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 1) Plaintiff also makes claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 for racial discrimination, and claims under Louisiana law. Plaintiff seeks the following nonexclusive items of damages: (1) back pay with benefits, front pay with benefits, or retirement if front pay is not a viable option, (2) general damages for loss of reputation, inconvenience, and the abuse he allegedly received, (3) punitive damages, (4) costs, and (5) all other equitable relief the Court deems proper. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 3) Plaintiff alleges that he is an African-American and that he was formerly employed by the City of Slidell as a senior corrections officer in the Slidell Police Department. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 1; PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) Plaintiff further alleges that in September 2010, the Slidell Chief of Police, Randy Smith, relieved him of all duties with the Slidell Police Department after Dr. James Klein (“Dr. Klein”) evaluated Plaintiff and found that he was not fit for duty as a law enforcement officer. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2, ¶¶ 8-9) Plaintiff subsequently filed suit against the City of Slidell (“the City”), Dr. Klein, and six City employees, including: (1) Chief Randy Smith (“Chief Smith”), of the Slidell Police Department, (2) Captain Kevin Foltz (“Captain Foltz”), of the Slidell Police Department, (3) Captain Robert Jacobs (“Captain Jacobs”), of the Slidell Police Department, (4) Lieutenant Rockwell McLellan (“Lieutenant McLellan”), of the Slidell Police Department, (5) D. Rene Johnson (“Johnson”), the Slidell Civil Service Personnel Director, and (6) Tim Mathison (“Mathison”), the City’s Chief Administrative Officer (collectively “Employee Defendants”). (Compl, Rec. Doc. 1) In his Complaint, Plaintiff makes the following allegations. On September 5, 2008, he received a death threat from Captain Jacobs. (Pl.’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) After receiving the death threat, he filed a complaint with the Slidell Police Department’s Internal Affairs division and was referred to the employee assistance program. (PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) An unidentified individual at the employee assistance program informed Plaintiff that he might be suffering from “Post Traumatic Syndrome.” (PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s. Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) Thereafter, Plaintiff completed a “first report of injury” and was referred to Dr. Harold Ginzburg (“Dr. Ginzburg”) for a psychiatric evaluation. (PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) Dr. Ginzburg found that Plaintiff was fit for duty but needed counseling. Dr. Ginzburg also recommended that Plaintiff and Captain Jacobs be separated. (PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) Captain Jacobs and Plaintiff were never separated. Thereafter, Plaintiff reports that he received numerous unexpected visits from Captain Jacobs and that he went out on sick leave “with the understanding of Chief Freddy Drennan.” (PL’s Opp. to Dr. Klein’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 27, p. 1) Plaintiff kept Freddy Drennan (“Chief Drennan”), then the Slidell Chief of Police, informed of his progress in counseling, and in June 2010, negotiated with Chief Drennan to return to work from sick leave. (PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) On June 25, 2010, Chief Drennan signed an authorization permitting Plaintiff to return to work on administrative duties. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2,' ¶ 1) In the middle of June 2010, Lieutenant McLellan and Captain Foltz met with Chief Smith, then the Chief-elect set to succeed Chief Drennan, and disclosed medical information to Chief Smith to lead him to believe that Plaintiff was not fit for duty. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2, ¶ 2) On July 1, 2010, his first day of office, Chief Smith wrote a letter requiring Plaintiff to submit to a fitness for duty evaluation. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2, ¶'5; PL’s Opp., Rec. Doc. 12, p. 2) Plaintiff contends that Chief Smith did not give a valid reason for the fitness for duty evaluation and, thus, violated the ADA, ADA Amendments Act, and the Code of Federal Regulations, in particular 29 C.F.R. 825.380. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2, ¶ 5; PL’s Opp., Rec. Doc. 12, p. 2) Plaintiff also contends that Johnson, the Slidell Civil Service Personnel Director, sent him a letter dated July 7, 2010 requiring him to take a medical and psychological fitness for duty evaluation, thereby violating the ADA and ADA Amendments Act of 2008, the Code of Federal Regulations, in particular 29 C.F.R. 825.380, and state law. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2, ¶ 6; Pl.’s Opp., Rec. Doc. 12, p. 2) Plaintiff further asserts that Johnson sent a letter to Dr. Klein providing medical information and other information that reflected negatively on Plaintiffs fitness for duty. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2) Plaintiff asserts that in August 2010, Dr. Klein found him to be unfit for duty and that in September 2010, Chief Smith relieved him of all duties and. responsibilities with the Slidell Police Department. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 3, ¶¶ 8-9) Plaintiff further alleges that Defendants placed him on leave without pay for 32 days taking all benefits, (2) terminated Plaintiff without giving him recourse to fight the termination, (3) removed money from his checking account, and (4) had false stories placed in the local newspaper which prevented him from obtaining new employment. (Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Opp., Rec. Doc. 37, p. 1) Plaintiff reports that after Chief Smith relieved him of his duties with the Slidell Police Department, Tim Mathison refused to speak to him and sent out an interoffice memo daU ed November 16, 2010 instructing all Department Directors and Chief Smith not to talk to him, thereby “eliminating the option for an Administrative Remedy.” (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 3, ¶ 10) Plaintiff asserts that Captain Jacobs admitted in discovery in a prior lawsuit that he was monitoring Plaintiff because he made an official complaint to the Slidell Police Department administration and federal authorities. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 3, ¶ 11) On December 3, 2010, Plaintiff filed a Charge of Discrimination with the United States Equal Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) alleging that the City of Slidell and the Slidell Police Department discriminated against him on the basis of his race and disability and retaliated against him. (Charge of Discrimination, Ex. L to PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12-1, p. 47) In the Charge of Discrimination, Plaintiff described the allegedly discriminatory events as follows: I was released for return to work on July 15, 2010. Chief Randy Smith informed me I had to take a physical. Around August 13, 2010, I was told that I couldn’t go back to work because I failed part of [sic] physical. I believe I’m being discriminated against because of my race, Black, disability and in retaliation for filing a previous charge of discrimination with EEOC. Athough I was released for work by my doctor, Chief Smith informed me I couldn’t return to work because I was psychotic, delusional, and paranoid. Base [sic] on information provided by Dr. Aan James Klein Ph.D. It also stated that, I was not fit to work for any law enforcement agency. (Ex. L to PL’s Opp., Charge of Discrimination, Rec. Doc. 12-1, p. 47) The EEOC concluded that based upon its investigation, it was unable to conclude that the information obtained established violations of Title yil, the ADA, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. On April 27, 2012, the EEOC mailed Plaintiff a Notice of Right to Sue. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 3, ¶ 12). On August 21, 2012, the City Defendants filed the instant 12(b)(6) .Motion to Dismiss. (Rec. Doc. 12) On September 5, 2012, Plaintiff filed an opposition. (Rec, Doc. 12) On November 6, 2012, the Court granted the City Defendants leave to reply. (Rec. Doc. 13) On January 21, 2013, the City Defendants filed a supplemental memorandum in support of their motion to dismiss. (Rec. Doc. 32) On March 1, 2013, Plaintiff filed a response to the City Defendants’ supplemental memorandum in support of their motion. (Rec. Doc. 37) PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS The City Defendants make the following arguments: First, they argue that all of Plaintiffs claims against the Employee Defendants should be dismissed because Plaintiff cannot maintain a Title VII claim against both his employer, the City, and. the City’s individual agents. Alternatively, the City Defendants report that Plaintiff failed to name the Employee Defendants in his EEOC Charge of Discrimination, and, therefore, they contend that the Court should dismiss all of Plaintiffs claims against the Employee Defendants as premature for failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. Second, the City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs ADA claims against the City should be dismissed for two reasons. First, Defendants contend that Plaintiffs ADA claim must be dismissed because Plaintiff has failed to allege any facts showing that he was a qualified individual with a disability, as defined in 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1). The City Defendants contend that this is a basic requirement necessary to sustain a cause of action under the ADA. Second, the City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs ADA claim under 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d), relating to the alleged disclosures of medical information, should be dismissed, because Plaintiff failed to include them in the Charge of Discrimination submitted to the EEOC, thereby failing to exhaust his administrative remedies. Alternatively, they argue that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for release of confidential medical information under 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d), because he has failed to allege any facts indicating that the City or its employees disclosed any medical .information protected under Section 12112(d). The City Defendants contend that Plaintiffs allegation that Johnson provided medical information to Dr. Klein is insufficient. Specifically, they argue that Plaintiff failed to specify what medical information Johnson provided to Dr. Klein and failed to explain how he was damaged by the alleged disclosure. Third, the City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs claims under Title VII and Section 1981 should be dismissed. Without identifying particular deficiencies in Plaintiffs complaint, the City Defendants contend that his Title VII and Section 1981 claims should be dismissed in their entirety, because Plaintiff made no effort to set forth allegations that would substantiate a prima facie case of employment discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas framework, namely that: (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was qualified for the position; (3) he was subject to an adverse employment action; and (4) he was replaced by someone outside the protected class, or, in the case of disparate treatment, was treated less .favorably than similarly situated employees. Fourth, the City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs claims for punitive damages should be dismissed. They contend that they are immune from punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § T981a(b)(l). They argue that in 42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(l), Congress expressly prohibited punitive damage awards against state governmental actors, and that courts apply the same analysis for federal race discrimination claims pursuant to Title VII, 42 U.S.C. 2000e, and the Civil Rights laws, 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, and 1985. Consequently, the City Defendants contend that Plaintiffs Title VII discrimination claim must be reviewed in light of the Civil Rights laws. The City Defendants also assert that Plaintiff cannot recover punitive damages from the Employee Defendants, because the Fifth Circuit has held that state actors operating in an individual capacity are not liable for punitive damages associated with Title VII discrimination claims. Fifth, the City Defendants argue that under Title 42 U.S.C. § 20006-5(0(1), Plaintiffs claims against the City, a municipality, should be stayed pending Plaintiffs receipt of a Right to sue letter from the Department of Justice. Although the EEOC issued Plaintiff a Right to sue letter on April 27, 2012, the City Defendants contend that under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(1), the EEOC is required to refer Plaintiffs Charge of Discrimination against the City to the Department of Justice. They assert that there is no evidence that the EEOC has done that. Although the City Defendants note that failure' of the EEOC to obtain a Right to sue letter from the Department of Justice is not dispositive, they assert that the failure is a procedural defect that must be cured, and that Plaintiff should be required to seek a Right to sue letter from the Department of Justice before proceeding with any of his claims against the City. In response to the City Defendants’ motion, Plaintiff filed an opposition, consisting primarily of additional factual allegations, which the Court has summarized above and treated as amendments to Plaintiffs Complaint. Plaintiffs opposition also included sixteen exhibits of supporting documentation. In their reply, the City Defendants argue that despite his amendments, Plaintiffs complaint still fails to state a cause of action under the ADA, Title VII, or Section 1981. With regard to Plaintiffs ADA claim stemming from the fitness for duty evaluation, the City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs allegation that he was required to take a fitness for duty examination, even when considered with Plaintiffs allegations that he suffered from “post-traumatic syndrome” and took medical leave from work, does not establish a violation of the ADA. They assert that simply being required to take a fitness for duty exam is not an ADA violation. The City Defendants assert that under 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A), an employer may not require a medical examination to determine whether an employee is disabled, “unless such examination or inquiry is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity.” The City Defendants assert that courts have recognized the business necessity exception in the context of police departments, because police departments place officers in positions where they can inflict harm if they act irrationally. (City Def.’s Reply, Rec. Doc. 25, p. 2-3) The City Defendants contend, relying on Brownfield v. City of Yakima, 612 F.3d 1140, 1145 (9th Cir.2010) and Conroy v. New York State Department of Correctional Services, 333 F.3d 88 (2d Cir.2003), that the ADA does not “require a police department to forego a fitness for duty examination to wait until a perceived threat becomes real or questionable behavior results in injuries,” but rather, allows the employer to require a medical examination “when the employer can identify legitimate,- non-discriminatory reasons to doubt the employee’s capacity to perform his or her duties.” (City Def.’s Reply, Rec. Doc. 25, p. 3) The City Defendants assert that in light of Plaintiffs allegation that he was a Senior Corrections Officer for the Slidell Police Department, it was “necessary and permissible” for the City to ensure that he could return to active duty safely before allowing him to do so. (City Defi’s -Reply, Rec. Doc. 25, p. 3) Both parties have filed supplemental memoranda. (Rec. Docs. 32, 37) In their supplemental memorandum, the City Defendants: (1) contend that Plaintiff failed to provide sufficient allegations to sustain a cause of action for discrimination or retaliation in violation of the ADA and Title VII, and (2) report that Plaintiff has provided evasive answers in his discovery responses that shed no light on the factual basis for his claims, in particular his retaliation and discrimination claims. (City Def.’s Supplemental Mem. in Supp. of Mot., Rec. Doc. 32, p. 1) They have also attached Plaintiffs responses to interrogatories and requests for production of documents. (Ex. A to City Defi’s Supplemental Mem. in Supp. of Mot., Rec. Doc. 32-1) In his supplemental opposition, Plaintiff asserts that: (1) the City Defendants, to date, have not answered his complaint and are in possession of his discovery responses but are concerned that Plaintiff might have' incriminating impeachment evidence against some of the Defendants; and (2) the only reason the City Defendants filed their supplemental memorandum was to cast the Plaintiff in a negative light before the Court. Plaintiff also points out that the City Defendants filed a Motion to Compel answers to the discovery in question. LEGAL STANDARD “Under Rule 12(b)(6), a claim may be dismissed when a plaintiff fails to allege any set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Taylor v. Books A Million, Inc., 296 F.3d 376, 378 (5th Cir.2002) (citing McConathy v. Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Corp., 131 F.3d 558, 561 (5th Cir.1998)). To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must plead enough facts to “state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff pleads facts that allow the court to “draw the reasonable inference that defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. The court “must accept all .well-pleaded facts as true and view them in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” In re Southern Scrap Material Co., LLC, 541 F.3d 584, 587 (5th Cir.2008). A court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. Lormand v. U.S. Unwired, Inc., 565 F.3d 228, 232-33 (5th Cir.2009). However, the Court does not accept “conclusory allegations, unwarranted factual inferences, or legal conclusions” as true. Plotkin v. IP Axess Inc., 407 F.3d 690, 696 (5th Cir.2005). While legal conclusions may provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Although “pro se complaints are held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers ... conclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as factual conclusions will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.” Taylor, 296 F.3d at 378 (internal quotations and citations omitted). In deciding a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, “courts must limit their inquiry to the facts stated in the complaint and the documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint.” Lovelace v. Software Spectrum, Inc., 78 F.3d 1015, 1017 (5th Cir.1996). “District courts should not dismiss pro se complaints pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) without first providing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend, unless it is obvious from the record that the plaintiff has pled his best case.” Hale v. King, 642 F.3d 492, 503 (5th Cir.2011) (citations omitted) (alterations added). Although “the definition of a plaintiffs ‘best case’ has been deemed ‘elusive,’” in determining whether a pro se plaintiff has pled his best case, courts generally review the record to determine whether the plaintiff could state a claim by amending his or her complaint. See Amanduron v. American Airlines, 416 Fed.Appx. 421, 423 (5th Cir.2011). If a pro se plaintiff gives no indication of what material facts he would include in an amended complaint, the district court may exercise its discretion to deny the plaintiff leave to amend. See Kastner v. Lawrence, 390 Fed.Appx. 311, 317 (5th Cir.2010). DISCUSSION As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that it will not address the issues surrounding the parties’ discovery dispute. Given that the Magistrate Judge has already addressed the City Defendants’ arguments regarding the sufficiency of Plaintiff’s discovery responses and ordered him to respond fully, the Court finds that further discussion is unnecessary. (Rec. Doc. 35, p. 3) The Court will limit itself to determining the sufficiency of Plaintiffs complaint, as amended. A. Plaintiffs Claims Under Federal Law 1. Plaintiffs Claims Against Employee Defendants Under Title VII and the ADA Plaintiff has alleged that he was employed by the City as a senior corrections officer with the Slidell Police Department for over twenty years before Chief Smith relieved him of his duties. (PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12, p. 1) Plaintiff has asserted that the Employee Defendants are proper defendants because they were either employees or agents of the City or agents of a City employee. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 1-2) The Court disagrees. A plaintiff may not maintain a Title VII claim against both his employer and the agents or employees of his employer. Ackel v. Nat’l Commc’ns, Inc., 339 F.3d 376, 382 n. 1 (5th Cir.2003) (“Individuals are not liable under Title VII in either their individual or official capacities”); Smith v. Amedisys, Inc., 298 F.3d 434, 449 (5th Cir.2002); Indest v. Freeman Decorating, Inc., 164 F.3d 258, 262 (5th Cir.1999). Thus, to the extent that Plaintiff is asserting claims against the Employee Defendants under Title VII, the Court finds that they are not legally cognizable. Furthermore, the ADA definition of “employer” mirrors the Title VII definition. Although the Fifth Circuit has not directly addressed the question of whether an employer’s agent or employee may be held liable under the ADA, this Court recently concluded that in light of (a) the similarities between the,-definition of “employer” in Title VII and the ADA, (b).the similar purposes of the two statutes, (c) the Fifth Circuit’s consistent holdings that individuals cannot be held liable under Title VII in either their individual'or official capacities, and (d) the weight of authority outside of the Fifth Circuit; individuals are not subject to liability under Title I of the ADA. (Order and Reasons, Rec. Doc. 38, p. 13-18) Thus-, to. the . extent that Plaintiff is asserting claims against the Employee Défendants under the ADA, the Court finds that they are not legally cognizable. Because the Court finds that Plaintiff has pled his best case against the Employee Defendants under both the ADA and Title VII, the Court will dismiss his claims against the Employee Defendants under the ADA and Title VII without granting him an opportunity to amend. 2. Plaintiffs Claims Against thé City Under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981 The City Defendants urge the Court dismiss all of Plaintiffs claims under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981 on the grounds that Plaintiff made no effort to plead specific facts establishing a prima facie case of discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas framework; However, based on the limited authority that the City Defendants rely on, the Court understands their Title VII and Section 1981 arguments to extend only to Plaintiffs racial discrimination claim under these statutes and not to his retaliation claim. Although the Court is not persuaded that all of Plaintiffs claims under Title VII and Section 1981 should be dismissed at this stage, the Court agrees with the City Defendants that Plaintiff has failed to state a plausible claim under Title VII or Section 1981 for racial discrimination. The Court is not persuaded by the City Defendants’ contention that Plaintiffs Title VII and Section 1981 discrimination claims should be dismissed for failure to plead specific facts establishing a prima facie case of discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas framework. A plaintiff is not required to plead a prima facie case of employment discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas framework in order to survive a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 510, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002); Cooper v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., No. 08-1583, 2008 WL 4809153, at *2 (E.D.La. Nov. 3, 2008) (noting that rather than overruling Swierkiewicz in Twombly, the Supreme Court instead, “explicitly reaffirmed its holding in Swierkiemcz when it noted that the Court does ‘not require heightened fact pleading of specifics, but only enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ”) “The prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas ... is an evidentiary standard, not a pleading requirement.” Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 510, 122 S.Ct. 992. As the Supreme Court explained in Swierkiewicz, McDonnell Douglas does not apply in all employment cases — in particular, those where the plaintiff is able to discover and produce direct evidence of discrimination — and it thus “seems incongruous to require a plaintiff, in order to survive a motion to dismiss, to plead more facts that he may ultimately need to prove to succeed on the merits ...” Id. at 511-12, 122 S.Ct. 992. In addition, as the Court observed, “the precise requirements of a prima facie case can vary depending on the context and were ‘never intended to be rigid, mechanized, or ritualistic.’ ” Id. at 512, 122 S.Ct. 992 (quoting Furnco Constr. Corp. v. Waters, 438 U.S. 567, 577, 98 S.Ct. 2943, 57 L.Ed.2d 957 (1978)); See also McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 n. 13, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) (“The facts necessarily will vary in Title VII cases, and the specification above of the prima facie proof required from respondent is not necessarily applicable in every respect to differing factual situations.”) Furthermore, “before discovery has unearthed relevant facts and evidence, it may be difficult to define the precise formulation of the required prima facie case in a particular case.” - Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 512, 122 S.Ct. 992. This particular difficulty is evident in this case, as Plaintiff uses the terms discrimination and retaliation interchangeably throughout his filings, and the prima facie elements of a retaliation claim under Title VII differs from the prima facie elements of a discrimination claim under Title VII or Section 1981. Nevertheless, even when considered under the proper standard, Plaintiffs allegations are insufficient to state a claim for racial discrimination under Section 1981 or Title-VII. The elements of a racial discrimination claim are the same, whether the claim is asserted .under Section 1981 or Title VII. Riley, 379 Fed.Appx. at 339 (citing Davis v. Dallas Area Rapid Transit, 383 F.3d 309, 316 (5th Cir.2004)); Lockett v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 337 F.Supp.2d 887, 891 (5th Cir.2004). In order to state a racial discrimination claim under either statute, Plaintiff must allege that his employer required the fit for duty exam or relieved him of his duties on the basis of his race, detail the events leading to his termination, provide relevant dates, and include the race of at least some of the relevant persons involved in his termination. See Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 514, 122 S.Ct. 992 (finding that complaint in a Title VII, case, based on national origin discrimination satisfied the requirements of Rule 8(a). where the Plaintiff alleged he had been terminated on the basis of his national origin in violation of Title VII, detailed the events leading to his termination, provided relevant dates, and included the nationalities of some of the relevant persons involved in his termination). Here, Plaintiff has not alleged in any of his filings that he was required to take the fit for duty exam or relieved of his duties on the basis of his race. Plaintiff has neither alleged that he was replaced by a non-African American nor that he was treated any differently than similarly situated non-African American employees. Plaintiff has not mentioned the race of a single person involved in the pertinent events, other than himself. In fact, this case is clearly distinguishable from Swierkiewicz and bears a striking resemblance to McClinton v. Sam’s East, Inc., No. 11-2156, 2012 WL 4483492 (E.D.La. Sept. 28, 2012). In McClinton, the court granted the défendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion and dismissed a pro se litigant’s claims for racial discrimination under Section 1981, explaining that: Nowhere in this section of his complaint does [plaintiff] allege facts that plausibly suggest that he was' passed over for a job opportunity based on his race. Rather, [plaintiff] alleges that he was passed over because of his gender. The race of the woman who actually obtained the job he was seeking is not even mentioned. Id. Thus, to the extent that Plaintiff purports to assert claims under Section 1981 or Title VII for disparate treatment or discriminatory discharge on the basis of race, the Court finds that they are not plausible. Moreover, after having reviewed the entire record, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed "to indicate what material facts he would' include in an amended complaint. Thus, the Court will dismiss Plaintiffs racial discrimination claims under Section 1981 and Title VII without granting him an opportunity to amend his complaint. However, the main thrust of Plaintiffs complaint is not that the City discriminated against him on the basis of his race, but that the City retaliated against him for filing a previous charge of discrimination and civil lawsuit by requiring him to take a fitness for duty evaluation and relieving him of his duties with the Slidell Police Department. The caption of Plaintiffs Complaint is entitled “Complaint for Damages -Retaliation in Violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 42 U.S.C.2000E, 42 U.S.C.1981 ...” (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 1) (emphasis added). Plaintiff affirmatively alleges that the Defendants “intentional took action to violate the Plaintiffs rights in retaliation from the Plaintiff Troy R Franklin filing a discrimination complaint, civil lawsuit and for personal gain” and lists Chief Smith among the seven named Defendants. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, p. 2) Plaintiff also states that “Chief Randy Smith relieve the Plaintiff of all duties and responsibilities with the Slidell Police ...” (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1, pp. 1-3) 42 U.S.C. 2000e-3(a) establishes a claim for retaliation against an employee who files a charge of discrimination with the EEOC and provides in pertinent part: (a) Discrimination for making charges, testifying, assisting, or participating in enforcement proceedings: It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees ... because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter. 42 U.S.C. 2000e-3(a). When the Court assumes that Plaintiffs allegations are true, construes them in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, and draws all reasonable inferences • in Plaintiffs favor, as it must, the Court finds that Plaintiff has alleged that Chief Smith relieved him of his duties because, he filed an EEOC charge — conduct which is actionable under Title VIL Ackel, 339 F.3d at 385. Moreover, given that the City Defendants’ brief argument did not extend to Plaintiffs Title VII retaliation claim, the Court finds that dismissal of Plaintiffs Title VII retaliation claim is not warranted at this stage. 3. Plaintiffs Claims Against the City Under the ADA a. Disability Discrimination To prevail on an ADA discrimination claim, a plaintiff-must ultimately prove that: (1) he is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (2) he is qualified to perform the essential functions of his job either with or without reasonable accommodations; and (3) he has suffered from an adverse employment action because of his disability. Kemp v. Holder, 610 F.3d 231, 235 (5th Cir.2010); Washburn v. Harvey, 504 F.3d 505, 508-09 (5th Cir.2007). To satisfy the causation standard, the “ ‘discrimination need not be the sole reason for the adverse employment decision, [but] must actually play a role in the employer’s decision making process and have a determinative influence on the outcome.’ ” Pinkerton v. Spellings, 529 F.3d 513, 519 (5th Cir.2008) (quoting Soledad v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 304 F.3d 500, 503-04 (5th Cir.2002)). The City Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not alleged that he was a qualified individual with a disability and has not alleged any facts to show that he had a disability as defined by Section 12102(1) of the ADA. Congress amended the ADA with the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (“ADAAA”), which was enacted on September 28, 2008 and became effective on January 1, 2009. Culotta v. Sodexo Remote Sites P’ship, 864 F.Supp.2d 466, 474 n. 15 (E.D.La.2012) (citations omitted). As a threshold matter, because Plaintiffs allegations involve conduct by his employer that occurred after the effective date of the ADAAA, we must determine whether Plaintiff has alleged that he was disabled under the ADA, as amended by the ADAAA. See Hale v. King, 642 F.3d 492, 498 (5th Cir.2011) (“Because [plaintiffs] allegations involved conduct occurring pri- or to the effective date of the ADAAA, we must determine whether [plaintiffl was disabled under the ADA prior to its amendment.”). The ADA defines a “disability” as “(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such individual; (B) a record of such impairment; or (C) being regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1). “An individual may establish coverage under any one or more of these three prongs of the definition of disability ...” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(g)(2). “The determination of whether an impairment substantially limits a major life activity requires an individualized assessment.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(l)(iv); See also Sutton, 527 U.S. at 483, 119 S.Ct. 2139, superseded by statute on other grounds, ADAA, Publ. L. No. 110-325, 122 Stat. 3553; 42 U.S.C. § 12102. Under the ADA regulations, a “physical or mental impairment” includes, inter alia, “[a]ny mental or psychological disorder, such as an ... emotional or mental illness ...” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(h) (emphasis added). “ ‘Simply having an impairment is insufficient to make one disabled under the statute; a plaintiff must also show that the impairment substantially limits a major life activity.’ ” Culotta, 864 F.Supp.2d at 474 (citations omitted). “A major life, activity ... includes the operation of a major bodily function, including but not limited to, functions of the immune system, normal cell growth, digestive, bowel, bladder, neurological, brain, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine, and reproductive functions.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)(B) (emphasis added). The regulations further indicate that “[i]n determining other examples of major life activities, the term ‘major’ shall not be interpreted strictly to create a demanding standard for disability.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i)(2). Prior to January 1, 2009, under Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc. and Murphy v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., when determining whether an individual was “substantially limited” in a major life activity and thus “disabled” within the meaning of the ADA, courts were to take into account the positive and negative effects of measures or devices taken to mitigate a physical or mental impairment. Kemp, 610 F.3d at 236. In addition, under Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky Inc. v. Williams, the Court held that “substantially limited,” meant that an individual must have an impairment that prevents or severely restricts the individual from doing activities that are of central importance to most people’s daily lives. 534 U.S. at 198, 122 S.Ct. 681. In the ADAAA, Congress overruled Sutton and amended the ADA to mandate that courts determine whether an impairment substantially limits a major life activity without taking into account the-effects of mitigating measures or devices. Kemp, 610 F.3d at 236 (citations omitted). Congréss also overruled the Court’s holding in Williams “that to be substantially limited in performing a major life activity under the ADA, ‘an individual must have an impairment that prevents or severely restricts the individual from doing activities that are of central importance to most people’s daily lives,’ ” explaining that it created an “inappropriately high level of limitation necessary to obtain coverage under the ADA.” ADAAA, §§ 2(b)(4)-(b)(5). Congress also stated that the term “substantially limits” is not meant to be a demanding standard and should be broadly construed in favor of expansive coverage. Id. § 2(b)(4); 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(l)(i). The EEOC regulations interpreting the ADA provide that: [a]n impairment is a disability within the meaning of this section if it substantially limits the ability of an individual to perform a major life activity as compared to most people in the general population. An impairment need not prevent, or significantly or severely restrict, the individual from performing a major life activity in order to be considered substantially limiting. Nonetheless, not every impairment will constitute a disability within the meaning of this section. Id. § 1630.2(j)(l)(ii) (emphasis added). Congress has indicated that “substantially limits,” is to be interpreted and applied to require a lower degree of functional limitation than courts required prior to the ADAAA under Williams. ADAA §§ 2(a)(7), 2(b)(4)-(5); .See also 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(l)(iv). Moreover, the threshold questions of “whether an individual’s impairment is a disability under the ADA,” and “whether an impairment ‘substantially limits’ a major life activity,” should not require extensive analysis. ADAAA, § 2(b)(5); 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(l)(iii). The EEOC regulations recognize that: Applying the principles set forth in paragraphs (j)(l)(I) through (ix) of this section, the individualized assessment of some types of impairments will, in virtually all cases, result in a determination of coverage under paragraphs (g)(l)(I) (the ‘actual disability’ prong) or (g)(1)(h) (the ‘record of prong) of this section. Given their inherent nature, these types of impairments will, as a factual matter, virtually always be found to impose a substantial limitation on a major life activity. Therefore, with respect to these types of impairments, the necessary individualized assessment should be particularly simple and straightforward. 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(j)(3)(ii). Most importantly, the regulations specifically provide that: [Ajpplying the principles set forth in paragraphs (j)(l)(i) through (ix) of this section, it should easily be concluded that the following types of impairments will, at a minimum, substantially limit the major life activities indicated: Deafness substantially limits hearing ... post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia substantially limit brain function. Id. § 1630.2(j)(3)(iii) (emphasis added). Although “the Supreme Court has not decided what deference, if any, is due to implementing regulations issued by the EEOC, it has relied on these regulations in analyzing cases, particularly when neither party to a case challenges their reasonableness.” E.E.O.C. v. Chevron Phillips Chem. Co., LP, 570 F.3d 606, 614 n. 4 (5th Cir.2009). Because (a) neither party has challenged the reasonableness of the EEOC implementing regulations and- (b) the Court finds that they are instructive, the Court will rely on the these regulations. As a result, the Court finds that Plaintiff has adequately alleged-that he has a “disability,” under 12102(A) — the “actual disability” prong of the ADA. Plaintiff alleges that after he received a death threat from his supervisor, he was informed that might be suffering from “Post Traumatic Syndrome,” which the Court liberally construes as a reference to post-traumatic stress disorder. Considering that Congress has clearly indicated that the threshold question of whether an individual’s impairment constitutes a disability should not demand extensive analysis, and that the EEOC regulations interpreting the ADA indicate that post-traumatic stress disorder is an impairment that should easily be concluded to substantially limit brain function, the Court finds that Plaintiff has adequately pleaded that he is disabled within the meaning of the ADA. Thus, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiffs claim against the City Defendants under Section 12112(a) on that basis. b. Disclosure of Confidential Medical Information The City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs ADA claim under 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d), arising from the alleged disclosure of confidential medical information should be dismissed. The Court agrees. A plaintiff asserting a claim against his employer under the ADA must, exhaust his administrative remedies before filing suit against his employer in federal court. Dao v. Auchan Hypermarket, 96 F.3d 787, 788-89 (5th Cir.1996). “The ADA incorporates by reference the procedures for exhaustion applicable to claims under Title VII.” Williamson v. American Nat. Ins. Co., 695 F.Supp.2d 431, 444 (S.D.Tex.2010) (citing Wesley v. Dallas ISD, No. 03-08-CV-2025-K, 2009 WL . 193786, *2 (N.D.Tex. Jan. 27, 2009)). In the Title VII context, this Court has recognized that the liberal standard for construing EEOC charges must be balanced against the fact that Title VII contemplates that no issue will be the subject of a civil action until the EEOC has first had the opportunity to attempt to obtain voluntary compliance. Huda v. Lockheed Martin, No. 07-9090, 2008 WL 191300, at *2 (E.D.La. Jan. 22, 2008) (citing Pacheco v. Mineta, 448 F.3d 783, 789 (5th Cir.2006)). Consequently, the Court finds that the scope of its inquiry in an ANA action, like in a Title VII action, should be limited to “the scope of the EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination.” Young v. City of Houston, 906 F.2d 177, 179 n. 1 (5th Cir.1990); Sanchez v. Standard Brands, Inc., 431 F.2d 455, 465 (5th Cir.1970); Huda, 2008 WL 191300, at *2 (citing Pacheco, 448 F.3d at 789). “[A] judicial complaint filed pursuant to Title VII ‘may encompass any kind of discrimination like or related to allegations contained in the charge and growing out of such allegation during the pendency of the case before the Commission.’ ” National Ass’n of Gov’t Emp. v. City Pub. Serv. Bd. of San Antonio, Tex., 40 F.3d 698, 711 (5th Cir.1994). Plaintiff’s Charge of Discrimination was limited to complaints about Chief Smith requiring him to take a physical and relieving him of his duties, because he failed part of that physical. Plaintiff did not mention any allegedly improper disclosure of medical information by either Foltz, McLellan, or Johnson in his Charge of Discrimination. There is no evidence that Plaintiff brought this grievance to the EEOC at any point during the investigation of his original charge, and there appears to be no reason to infer that the EEOC’s investigation of Plaintiffs psychological fitness for duty examination with Dr. Klein would have encompassed Plaintiffs allegations that Foltz and McLellan disclosed medical information to Chief Smith or that Johnson disclosed medical information to Dr. Klein. Compare, Huda, 2008 WL 191300, at *3 (finding that reasonable investigation would have reached a failure to promote claim based on evidence that Plaintiff submitted a rebuttal letter to the EEOC stating that he had several documented meetings with executives regarding discrimination in promotion and that he was twice denied supervisor positions despite being the most qualified candidate). Moreover, in the Title VII context, “ ‘[discrimination and retaliation claims are distinct, so alleging one and not the other in an EEO charge does not exhaust a plaintiffs remedies as to the one not included.” Lopez v. Kempthorne, 684 F.Supp.2d 827, 852 (S.D.Tex.2010) (citing Bouvier v. Northrup Grumman Ship Sys., Inc., 350 Fed.Appx. 917, 921-22 (5th Cir.2009)). Similarly, the Court finds that in the ADA context, a claim that an employer unlawfully required a medical examination and a claim that an employer unlawfully disclosed confidential medical information are distinct. Thus, the EEOC investigation that resulted from Plaintiffs original Charge of Discrimination could not reasonably have been expected to extend to the alleged disclosures of medical information by Foltz, McLellan, and Johnson. Consequently, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies with respect to his ADA claim for disclosure of confidential medical information. Moreover, even if Plaintiff had exhausted his administrative remedies, his complaint still fails to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d). The City Defendants argue, relying on Dean v. City of New Orleans, No. 11-2209, 2012 WL 2564954 (E.D.La. July 2, 2012) and McPherson v. O’Reilly Auto., Inc., 491 F.3d 726, 732 (8th Cir.2007), that in order to state a claim under Section 12112(d) of the ADA for release of confidential medical information, a Plaintiff must allege facts showing: (1) that the information that was disclosed was “confidential” as defined in Section 12112(d), (2) that any medical information released was obtained through an entrance exam or disability-related inquiry, and (3) that he suffered a tangible injury as a result of the disclosure of the confidential medical information. The City Defendants contend that Plaintiffs allegation that Johnson, the City’s Civil Service Personnel Director, disclosed medical information to Dr. Klein is insufficient, because Plaintiff has failed to specify what medical information was provided and how he was damaged by the disclosure. The Court agrees. 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A) governs “medical examinations and inquiries.” Under Section 12112(d), an employer is expressly permitted to require a medical examination and to make ■ inquiries of an employee as to whether that employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of the disability, if the examination or inquiry is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity. 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d)(4)(A); See also 29 C.F.R. § 1630.14(c) (“A covered entity may require a medical examination (and/or inquiry) of an employee that is job-related and consistent with business necessity. A covered entity may make inquiries into the ability of an employee to perform job-related functions.”) In addition, an employer is permitted to conduct voluntary medical examinations that are part of an employee health program and to make inquiries into the ability of an employee to perform job-related functions. Id. § 12112(d)(4)(B). However, the employer is required to treat any information regarding the medical condition or history of an employee that the employer obtains from a medical examination or inquiry authorized under Section 12112(d) as a confidential medical record, subject to certain limited exceptions. E.E.O.C. v. C.R. England, Inc., 644 F.3d 1028, 1047 (10th Cir.2011) (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 12112(d)(4)(C), (d)(3)(B); 29 C.F.R. § 1630.14). A plaintiff cannot succeed on a claim under Section 12112(d) unless the employer obtained the medical information that was disclosed through an entrance exam or disability-related inquiry. Dean, 2012 WL 2564954, at *20 (citing C.R. England, Inc., 644 F.3d at 1047; Cash v. Smith, 231 F.3d 1301, 1307 (11th Cir.2000); Montano v. INOVA Health Care Servs., No. 1:08cv565, 2008 WL 4905982, at *7 (E.D.Va. Nov. 12, 2008); Pouliot v. Town of Fairfield, 226 F.Supp.2d 233, 246 (D.Me.2002); E.E.O.C, v. Overnite Transp. Co., No. 7:01CV00076, 2001 WL 1521584, at *2 (W.D.Va. Nov. 30, 2001)). A plaintiff must also allege that he suffered a tangible injury due to the disclosure of the protected medical information. Dean, 2012 WL 2564954, at *21 (citations omitted). Thus, to state a claim under Section 12112(d), Plaintiff must allege facts showing: (1) that Johnson obtained the medical information that she allegedly disclosed to Dr. Klein through ah entrance examination or a disability-related inquiry, and (2) that Plaintiff suffered a tangible injury as a result of her disclosure. Id. Plaintiff merely alleges that Johnson “provided medical information” to Dr. Klein, without alleging any facts indicating that Johnson obtained the medical information in question from an entrance exam or disability-related inquiry. Moreover, nothing in Plaintiffs complaint suggests that Chief Smith’s decision to relieve him of his duties with the Slidell Police Department, or any other tangible injury, was based on Johnson’s alleged disclosure. Rather, the temporal proximity between Dr. Klein’s letter indicating that Plaintiff was unfit for duty and Chief Smith’s letter indicating that he was relieving Plaintiff of his duties with the Slidell Police Department suggests that Chief Smith’s decision was based on Dr. Klein’s opinion. Thus, the Court finds that'Plaintiff has failed to state a,claim for disclosure of confidential medical information against the City under 42 U.S.C. § 12112(d). Moreover, the Court finds that Plaintiff has pled his best case against the City with respect to this claim, and will thus' dismiss this claim without granting Plaintiff an opportunity to amend, c. Medical and Psychological Fitness for Duty Examinations Section 12112(d)(4)(A) of the ADA provides that “[a] covered entity shall not require a medical examination and shall not make inquiries of an employee as to whether such employee is an individual with a disability or as to the nature or severity of the disability, unless such examination or inquiry is shown to be job-related and consistent with business necessity.” Id. § 12112(d)(4)(A). “Relatively few courts have addressed either [Section 12112(d)(4)(A) ] or the related subsections involving preemployment inquiries and employment entrance examinations.” Conroy v. N.Y. State Dep’t of Corr. Servs., 333 F.3d 88, 94 (2d Cir.2003). Generally, “Section 12112(d)(4)(A) prohibits employers from using medical exams as a pretext to harass employees or to fish for nonwork-related medical issues and the attendant ‘unwanted exposure of the employee’s disability and the stigma it may carry.’ ” Brownfield v. City of Yakima, 612 F.3d 1140, 1140 (9th Cir.2010) (citing EEOC v. Prevo’s Family Mkt., Inc., 135 F.3d 1089, 1094 n. 8 (6th Cir.1998)). Section 12112(d)(4)(A) does not forbid all medical inquiries, but only those “as to whether such employee is an individual with, a disability or as to the nature or severity of the disability.” Conroy, 333 F.3d at 95; Yin v. State of Cal., 95 F.3d 864, 868 (9th Cir.1996). A medical or psychological fitness for duty examination triggers Section 12112(d)(4)(A) if a goal of the proposed examination is to determine whether the employee is an individual with a disability or to determine the nature or severity of the disability. See Yin, 95 F.3d at 868. In addition, a medical or psychological fitness for duty examination may also trigger the protections of the ADA if the examination would tend to or is likely to reveal an employee’s disability. See Conroy, 333 F.3d at 95-96 (employer’s policy of requiring employees to provide a medical certification, including a “general diagnosis” after an absence from work triggered Section 12112(d)(4)(A), because it could tend to reveal a disability and expose individuals with disabilities to employer stereotypes, thereby implicating the concerns expressed in Section 12112(d)(4)). Although the general prohibition in Section 12112(d)(4)(A) is subject to an exception, “the business necessity standard ‘is quite high, and is not to be confused with mere expediency.’ ” Brownfield, 612 F.3d at 1146. “[A]n examination that is ‘job related’ and ‘consistent with business necessity’ must, at minimum, be limited to an evaluation of the employee’s condition only to the extent necessary under the circumstances to establish the employee’s fitness for the work at issue.” Tice v. Centre Area Transp. Auth., 247 F.3d 506, 515 (3d Cir.2001); Sullivan v. River Valley Sch. Dist., 197 F.3d 804, 811-12 (6th Cir.1999). “When health problems have had a substantial and injurious impact on an employee’s job performance, the employer can require the employee to undergo a physical examination designed to determine his or her ability to work.” Yin, 95 F.3d at 868; See also Sullivan, 197 F.3d at 811. Moreover, several circuit courts have indicated that: the business necessity standard may be met before an employee’s work performance declines if the employer is faced with ‘significant evidence that could cause a reasonable person to inquire as to. whether an employee is still capable of performing his job. An employee’s behavior cannot be merely annoying or inefficient to- justify an examination; rather, there must be genuine reason to doubt whether that employee can perform job-related functions.’ Brownfield, 612 F.3d at 1146 (citing Sullivan, 197 F.3d at 811; Conroy, 333 F.3d at 98) (emphasis added). As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that it is unclear from the City Defendants’ memorandum in support of their motion to dismiss whether they are arguing that Plaintiffs ADA claim stemming from the fitness for duty examination should be dismissed as premature on the grounds that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. At one point, the City Defendants request that Plaintiffs’ claims “except those regarding [Plaintiffl’s being required to take a fit for duty exam and being allowed to return to work,” be dismissed as premature because Plaintiffs EEOC Charge of Discrimination was shorter than his complaint and limited to complaints that he was required to undergo a fit for duty exam and then told that he could not return to work due to the results of that exam. (Mem. in Supp. of City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 10-1, p. 8) However, a few sentences later, Defendants appear to request that “all claims regarding violation of the ADA, due to ... requiring the Plaintiff to undergo a medical and psychological exam, should be dismissed.” (Mem. in Supp. of City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 10-1, p. 8) Although it appears to the Court that the City Defendants may be attempting to draw a distinction between an ADA claim stemming from being required to take a fit for duty exam and an ADA claim' stemming from being required to take a medical or psychological exam, the Court finds that the distinction is threadbare. Having reviewed Plaintiff’s Complaint, as amended, and his EEOC Charge of Discrimination, the Court finds it obvious that Plaintiff’s alternating references to being required to take a “physical,” “fit for duty exam,” and “medical and psychological,” are all references to the same event — being required by his employer to take a psychological fitness for duty evaluation with Dr. Klein. (Compl., Rec. Doc. 1; Pl.’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12; Charge of Discrimination, Ex. L to Pl.’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12-1, p. 47) Plaintiff did not specifically use the term “fit for duty exam” in his Charge of Discrimination. He actually complained that he was: (1) being required to take a “physical,” (2) being relieved of duty after (a) Chief Smith informed him that he was “psychotic, delusional, and paranoid,” and (b) Dr. Klein opined that he not fit for duty in a law enforcement agency in any capacity. (Charge of Discrimination, Ex. L to PL’s Opp. to City Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Rec. Doc. 12-1, p. 47) Plaintiff’s explicit references in his EEOC Charge of Discrimination to being required to take a “physical,” to Dr. Klein’s credentials as a doctor of philosophy rather than a medical doctor, and to being told that he couldn’t return to work because he was “psychotic, delusional, and paranoid,” lead the Court to conclude that Plaintiff has exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to his ADA claims stemming from being required by his employer to take a psychological exam and/or fitness for duty exam. Plaintiffs Charge of Discrimination was sufficient to put the City on notice that Plaintiffs grievance was being required to take a psychological evaluation. In addition, the EEOC’s investigation of Plaintiffs Charge of Discrimination would have encompassed that claim. Thus, the Court rejects the City Defendants’ possible ■ argument that Plaintiffs ADA claim stemming from- being required by his employer to undergo a medical and psychological evaluation should be dismissed for failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. Having dispensed with this preliminary matter, the Court will address the City Defendants’ other arguments relative to the fitness for duty examinations. First, City Defendants argue that Plaintiffs claim under Section 12112(d)(4)(A) should be dismissed, because he failed to plead that he was a qualified individual with a disability. Second, the City Defendants contend that Plaintiffs allegation that he was required to take a fitness for duty exam before returning to work from sick leave does not establish an ADA violation, because simply being required to take a fitness for duty exam is not an ADA violation. Third, they argue that courts have specifically recognized the business necessity exception in the context of police departments, because they place armed officers in positions where they can do tremendous harm if they act irrationally. Relying on Brownfield v. City of Yakima, Watson v. City of Miami Beach, 177 F.3d 932, 935 (11th Cir.1999), and Cody v. CIGNA Healthcare of St. Louis, Inc., 139 F.3d 595, 599 (8th Cir.1998), they assert that the ADA does not require a police department to forego a fitness for duty examination to wait until a perceived threat becomes real or questionable behavior results in injuries. They further assert, relying on Conroy v. N.Y. State Department of Correctional Services, 333 F.3d 88, 98 (2d Cir.2003), that an employer is permitted to require a medical examination when it “can identify legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons to doubt the employee’s capacity to perform his or her duties.” According to the City Defendants, because Franklin was a senior corrections officer for the Slidell Police Department, it was necessary and permissible for the City to require Plaintiff to submit to a fit for duty examination before allowing him to return to activ