Boehm v. Federal Bureau of Investigation (948 F. Supp. 2d 9, 2013)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

AMY BERMAN JACKSON, District Judge.

Plaintiff Josef Franz Boehm brings this action under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552 (2006), and the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a) (2006). Plaintiffs complaint challenges defendants’ responses' to written requests that he made to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (“FBI”), the Executive Office for United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”), and the Criminal Division (“CRM”) of the United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”). The requests sought copies of any records in agency files from the years 2000 to 2009 that mention or concern Joseph Franz Boehm. All three agencies have now responded to plaintiffs requests by conducting searches, disclosing some responsive records, and providing their reasons for withholding others. Defendants have filed a motion for summary judgment. Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Mot.”) [Dkt. # 36]. Plaintiff opposes the motion, challenging the adequacy of the agencies’ searches and their with-holdings. PL’s Response to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“PL’s Opp.”) [Dkt. # 42]. Because the agencies conducted adequate searches, but they have not provided adequate explanations for-.some of their with-holdings, the Court will grant in part and deny in part defendants’ motion.

BACKGROUND

■ Plaintiff is currently incarcerated at the Seagoville Federal Correctional Institution in Seagoville, Texas. Compl. [Dkt. # 1] ¶ 1. In 2004, he pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit the crime of sex trafficking of children, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 871 and 1591(a)(1), and one count of conspiracy to distribute controlled substances to persons under age twenty-one, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 859(a). Court Minutes, United States v. Boehm, Case No. 3:04-cr-00003-JWS (D.Alaska Nov. 22, 2004) [Dkt. # 692]; see also Hardy Decl. [Dkt. # 36-5] ¶ 5. In May 2005, he was sentenced in the United States District Court for the District of Alaska to approximately eleven years in prison. Judgment, United States v. Boehm, Case No. 3:04-cr-00003-JWS (D.Alaska May 16, 2005) [Dkt. # 779-1].

On June 22, 2009, plaintiff submitted written requests to the FBI, the EOUSA, and the CRM under the Privacy Act and FOIA. Ex. A to Luczynski Decl. [Dkt. # 36-4] (EOUSA); Ex. B to Hardy Decl. (Criminal Division of DOJ); Ex. A to Ar-gali Decl. [Dkt. # 36-2] (FBI). All of the requests stated:

I am requesting access to all records in agency files, including but not limited to all documents and records concerning Josef Franz Boehm ... for the years between 2000 and 2009 inclusive.... This is an all-inclusive request and includes any document, wherever located, in which the name of Josef Franz Boehm is made mention or listed including investigations of persons or business entities other than Josef Franz Boehm.

Id. The requests included plaintiffs date of birth, social security number, register number, place of birth, and the criminal case number of the offense for which he is currently incarcerated. Id.

I. Request to the EOUSA

The EOUSA acknowledged receipt of plaintiffs request by letter dated August 18, 2009. Ex. B to Luczynski Decl. On August 27, 2010, it responded to the request. Ex. C to Luczynski Decl. The response stated that the records plaintiff sought were located in a system of records that is exempt from the access provisions of the Privacy Act. Id. However, pursuant to FOIA, the EOUSA released 92 pages of responsive material in full and 128 pages in part. Id. In addition it withheld 1,545 pages of responsive material under FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, 7(C), 7(D), and 7(F), as well as grand jury material. Id. The letter also stated that the EOUSA had located records that originated with the FBI and that those the records were being referred to the FBI for review and for direct response to plaintiff. Id. The letter also notified plaintiff of the procedure for appealing the EOUSA’s decision. Id.

According to the declaration of David Luczynski, Attorney Advisor for the EOU-SA, the EOUSA referred 2,414 pages of material to the FBI. Luczynski Decl. ¶ 6. In addition, on October 27, 2010, the EOU-SA referred to the FBI case audiotapes and DVDs that had been compiled prior to plaintiffs prosecution. Id. ¶ 7. The EOU-SA also received a four-page referral letter sent by the CRM on March 14, 2011. Id. ¶ 8.

II. Request to the CRM

On July 21, 2009, the CRM sent plaintiff a letter acknowledging its receipt of his request and notifying him that additional information was required. Ex. 2 to Cunningham Decl. [Dkt. # 36-3]; Cunningham Decl. ¶ 7. Plaintiff provided the additional information to the agency, Ex. 3 to Cunningham Decl., and the agency acknowledged receipt on August 31, 2009, Ex. 4 to Cunningham Decl. The CRM’s first substantive response to plaintiffs request stated that all of the responsive documents uncovered by its search were exempt from disclosure under FOIA Exemption (7)(A) because the records related to an open and ongoing law enforcement proceeding and release could reasonably be expected to interfere with the proceeding. Ex. 5 to Cunningham Decl. However, the agency later determined that the records should no longer be withheld under Exemption 7(A), but that the FBI — not the CRM— was the proper processing agency for the records because they had originated with the FBI. Cunningham Decl. ¶ 14. The CRM then forwarded the records to the FBI for processing and direct reply to plaintiff. Id.

The CRM also received 202 pages of material from the FBI, which the CRM later determined to have originated from the EOUSA and the U.S. Marshals Service. Id. ¶¶ 15, 16. The CRM forwarded the documents to the originating agencies. Id. The CRM did not identify any responsive materials that had originated with it. See id. ¶ 17.

III.Request to the FBI

The FBI acknowledged receipt of plaintiffs request by letter dated July 8, 2009. Ex. B to Argali Decl. On September 14, 2009, it responded to the request by a second letter. Ex. C to Argali Deck That response stated that the material requested was located in an investigative file which is exempt from disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(A). Id. It further stated that plaintiff could file an appeal by writing to the DOJ Office of Information Policy, and that any appeal must be received within sixty days from the date of the response letter. Id. The Office of Information Policy has no record of receiving a notice of appeal from plaintiff, Argali Decl. ¶ 10, and plaintiff does not claim that he filed one, see PL’s Opp. at 7-8 (arguing that failure to exhaust does not preclude the Court from hearing plaintiffs claims).

IV. Documents referred to the FBI from other agencies

By letter dated November 12, 2010, the FBI informed plaintiff that it had received approximately 4,791 pages of material from other agencies that had originated with the FBI, and that the material might be responsive to his request. Ex. C tp Hardy Decl. [Dkt. # 36-6]. The FBI determined that all of this material was exempt from disclosure under the Privacy Act. Hardy Decl. ¶ 26. However, the FBI eventually released 1,359 pages of responsive material under FOIA, of which 431 pages were released in full and 928 pages were released in part. Id. ¶ 27; see also Exs. E, G, J, M, O to Hardy Decl. [Dkt. # 36-6]. The FBI also released sixteen responsive CDs containing audio and two responsive DVDs containing video to plaintiff under FOIA. Hardy Decl. ¶ 27. The FBI withheld 2,763 pages in full, of which 628 pages were withheld because they were duplicates of other released pages and 2,135 pages were withheld under FOIA exemptions and/or a court order sealing them. Id.

V. Procedural Background

Plaintiff, acting pro se; filed the complaint in this action on November 16] 2009. The complaint alleges that “defendants have failed, refused, and. neglected-to comply with Plaintiffs reasonable requests for records, documents, and discovery.” Compl. ¶ 10. It seeks an order requiring defendants to produce all documents responsive to his request, including without limitation, all Brady and Jenks Act material relevant to his criminal case, all communications about him by the United States Attorney’s. Office, all FBI 302 reports concerning him, all inhouse agency reports, documents, and records naming him, and all material exculpatory or impeaching documents concerning the criminal investigation of him. Compl. at 3. After defendants notified the Court and plaintiff of their withholdings, the Court ordered plaintiff to notify the Court whether he intended to challenge some or all of the FOIA exemptions and, if so, to indicate to the Court whether he wanted to designate a representative sample or have defendants propose the sample and allow him to supplement it. Minute Order (June 29, 2011).

In response, plaintiff filed a motion for Vaughn index, [Dkt. # 19], and a notice of intent to challenge the asserted FOIA exemptions, [Dkt. # 20] (“Notice of Intent”). Plaintiff requested that he designate the representative sample. Notice of Intent. Defendants opposed plaintiffs motion and requested that the Court order defendants to designate a representative sample within thirty days, and order plaintiff to designate supplemental material within thirty days after defendants’ designation. [Dkt. # 21]. By Minute Order of September 30, 2011, the Court ordered defendants to prepare a representative sample of documents that they were withholding under FOIA exemptions, transmit the sample to plaintiff accompanied by a letter explaining the representative nature of the sample, and file a notice of designation with the Court by October 31, 2011. The Court further ordered plaintiff to designate any supplemental material and file a notice of designation with the Court by December 1, 2011.

Defendants filed their notice of designation on October 31, 2011. [Dkt. #22], The EOUSA has filed a declaration by David Luczynski, an Attorney Advisor with the EOUSA who is responsible for matters related to FOIA, Luczynski Decl. ¶ 1, that states that the EOUSA reviewed all of the responsive documents and prepared a 200-page sample out of unredact-ed and partially redacted pages. Luczyn-ski Decl. ¶ 9 & n. 1. According to the declaration, the sample was chosen to be “both a fair representative of all the FOIA Exemptions taken, and to also reflect the wide variety of documents contained within the release.” Id. ¶ 9. The sample was sent to plaintiff on October 28, 2011. Id. ¶ 9. In addition, the EOUSA provided a Vaughn index of all of the documents in the representative sample as well as a supplemental Vaughn index of a 154-page representative sample of the 1,545 pages of documents that were withheld in full. Id. ¶¶ 9, 10. According to Luczynski, “[t]hese records are selected as a fair and accurate representation” of the withheld documents. Id. ¶ 10.

The FBI has submitted a declaration by David M. Hardy, the Section Chief of the Record/Information Dissemination Section, Records Management Division of the FBI, Hardy Decl. ¶ 1, which states that the FBI has designated a representative sample consisting of 422 pages, one CD, one DVD, and one audiotape. Id. ¶ 24; Ex. P to Hardy Decl. [Dkt. # 36-7]. According to the declaration, this sample is representative of documents that were both withheld in part and withheld in full. Hardy Decl. ¶ 24. In addition, the FBI provided a Vaughn index of all of the documents in the representative sample along with a key to the codes used in the Vaughn index. Hardy Decl. at 8-13 (“FBI Vaughn Index”); Summary of Justification Categories, Hardy Decl. at 17-18. The Hardy declaration states that the indexed documents are representative of all the FOIA exemptions cited and reflective of the variety of documents contained within the responsive records. Hardy Decl. ¶ 24.

Plaintiff did not designate any supplemental material in response to défendants’ designations. On January 18, 2012, the Court entered a scheduling order for dis-positive motions. Sched. Order [Dkt. # 26]. Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on November 23, 2012. Defs.’ Mot. Counsel subsequently entered an appearance on behalf of plaintiff, Notice of Appearance [Dkt. #39]; see Minute Order (Jan. 25, 2013), and plaintiff filed an opposition to defendants’ motion through counsel, PL’s Opp. Defendants filed their reply on April 11, 2013. Defs.’ Reply to Pl.’s Response to Mot. for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Reply”) [Dkt. # 44].

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). The party seeking summary judgment bears the “initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). To defeat summary judgment, the non-moving party must “designate specific facts showing there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 (internal quotation marks omitted). The existence of a factual dispute is insufficient to preclude summary judgment. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” only if a reasonable fact-finder could find for the non-moving party; a fact is only “material” if it is capable of affecting the outcome of the litigation. Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C.Cir.1987). In assessing a party’s motion, the court must “view the facts and draw reasonable inferences ‘in the light most favorable to the party opposing the summary judgment motion.’ ” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007) (alterations' omitted), quoting United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962) (per curiam).

ANALYSIS

I. The Privacy Act

The Privacy Act provides:

Each agency that maintains a system of records shall ... upon request by any individual to gain access to his record or to any information pertaining to him which is contained in the system, permit him ... to review the record and have a copy made of all or any portion thereof in a form comprehensible to him....

5 U.S.C. § 552a(d)(l). Thus, any material that is subject to the disclosure provision of the Privacy Act must be a “record” that is, in turn, contained in a “system of records.” Fisher v. Nat'l Inst. of Health, 934 F.Supp. 464, 468 (D.D.C.1996).

When a plaintiff challenges an agency’s withholding of documents under the Privacy Act, the, court determines de novo whether the withholding was proper, and the burden is on the agency to sustain its action. 5 U.S.C. § 552a(g)(2)(A); Doe v. United States, 821 F.2d 694, 697-98 (D.C.Cir.1987) (finding that in this context, de novo means “a fresh, independent determination of ‘the matter’ at stake,” and the court need not give “deference ... to the agency’s conclusion”) (en banc); see also Skinner v. DOJ, 584 F.3d 1093, 1096 (D.C.Cir.2009). “[T]he [Privacy] Act ‘safeguards the public from unwarranted collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal information contained in agency records ... by allowing an individual to participate in ensuring that his records are accurate and properly used.’ ” McCready v. Nicholson, 465 F.3d 1, 7-8 (D.C.Cir.2006), quoting Bartel v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 725 F.2d 1403, 1407 (D.C.Cir.1984).

Defendants assert that all of the records at issue here fall under an exemption to disclosure, codified at 5 U.S.C. § 552a(j)(2) (“Exemption j(2)”). Exemption j(2) applies if: (1) the records are stored in a system of records that has been designated by the agency to be exempt from the Privacy Act’s disclosure requirements, and (2) the system of records is “maintained by an agency or component thereof which performs as its principal function any activity pertaining to the enforcement of criminal law[s]” and consists of “information compiled for the purpose of a criminal investigation.” 5 U.S.C. § 552a(j)(2); see also Defs.’ Mem. in Support of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Mem.”) [Dkt. # 36-1] at 9-10.

Plaintiff has not opposed defendants’ assertion of Exemption (j)(2) over any of the material at issue in this case, so the Court may properly treat defendants’ assertion as conceded. See McMillan v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 898 F.Supp.2d 64, 69 (D.D.C.2012), citing Howard v. Locke, 729 F.Supp.2d 85, 87 (D.D.C.2010) (“It is well understood in this Circuit that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a motion ... addressing only certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded.”).

II. FOIA

“[A]ccess to records under [FOIA and the Privacy Act] is available without regard to exemptions under the other.” Martin v. Office of Special Counsel, 819 F.2d 1181, 1184 (D.C.Cir.1987). Accordingly, the Court will next turn to plaintiffs FOIA claims.

The purpose of FOIA is to require the release of government records upon request and to “ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the governors accountable to thé governed.” Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 220, 242, 98 S.Ct. 2311, 57 L.Ed.2d 159 (1978). At the same time, Congress recognized “that legitimate governmental and private interests could be harmed by release of certain types of information and provided nine specific exemptions under which disclosure could be refused.” FBI v. Abramson, 456 U.S. 615, 621, 102 S.Ct. 2054, 72 L.Ed.2d 376 (1982); see also Ctr. for Nat’l Sec. Studies v. DOJ, 331 F.3d 918, 925 (D.C.Cir.2003) (“FOIA represents a balance struck by Congress between the public’s right to know and the government’s legitimate interest in keeping certain information confidential.”). The Supreme Court has instructed that “FOIA exemptions are to be narrowly construed.” Abramson, 456 U.S. at 630, 102 S.Ct. 2054.

To prevail at the summary judgment phase in a typical FOIA action, an agency must satisfy two elements. First, the agency must demonstrate that it has made “a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the information requested.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C.Cir.1990). “[A]t the summary judgment phase, an agency must set forth sufficient information in its affidavits for a court to determine if the search was adequate.” Nation Magazine, Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C.Cir.1995), citing Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. Such agency affidavits attesting to a reasonable search “are afforded a presumption of good faith[,]” Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 314 F.Supp.2d 1, 8 (D.D.C.2004), and “can be rebutted only “with evidence that the agency’s search was not made in good faith.’ ” Id., quoting Trans Union LLC v. FTC, 141 F.Supp.2d 62, 69 (D.D.C.2001). Second, an agency must show that “materials that are withheld ... fall within a FOIA statutory exemption.” Leadership Conference on Rights v. Gonzales, 404 F.Supp.2d 246, 252 (D.D.C.2005). After asserting and explaining its exemptions, an agency must release “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record” and provide it to the requesting party, “after deletion of the portions which are exempt.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b).

Once a FOIA request has been processed, a plaintiff is required to exhaust all administrative remedies before bringing an action to compel disclosure of documents. See 28 C.F.R. § 16.9(c) (2012); Wilbur v. CIA, 355 F.3d 675, 677 (D.C.Cir.2004). Failure to exhaust such remedies bars the lawsuit. See Banks v. DOJ, 813 F.Supp.2d 132, 138-39 (D.D.C.2011) (granting agency’s motion for summary judgment in FOIA action where the plaintiff failed to file an administrative appeal before filing the lawsuit); Schwaner v. Dep’t of Army, 696 F.Supp.2d 77, 81 (D.D.C.2010) (same). A plaintiff is deemed to have exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to his FOIA request' when an agency “fails to comply with the applicable time limit provisions” of FOIA. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(C)®. The agency has twenty days to make an initial determination, and following an administrative appeal of a FOIA decision, twenty days to make a determination on the appeal. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(6)(A)(i, ii).

The district court reviews the agency’s action de novo, and “the burden is on the agency to sustain its action.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); accord Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C.Cir.1981). Once the case comes to court, “FOIA cases are typically and appropriately decided on motions for summary judgment.” Moore v. Bush, 601 F.Supp.2d 6, 12 (D.D.C.2009). In any motion for summary judgment, the Court “must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, draw all reasonable inferences in his favor, and eschew .making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.” Montgomery v. Chao, 546 F.3d 703, 706 (D.C.Cir.2008); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). However, where a plaintiff has not provided evidence that an agency acted in bad faith, “a court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of information provided by the agency in declarations^]” Moore, 601 F.Supp.2d at 12.

1. Defendants are entitled to summary judgment as to the documents that originated with the FBI and that were located at the FBI at the time the request was received because plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.

Defendants first argue that summary judgment is warranted for the subset of documents that originated with the FBI and that were located at the FBI at the time the request was received by the agency. Defs.’ Mem. at 5. These documents were processed by the FBI and, in a letter dated September 14, 2009, plaintiff was informed that the FBI was withholding them under FOIA exemption 7(A) and that they were exempt from the Privacy Act’s disclosure requirement. Ex. C to Argali Decl. In addition, the letter informed plaintiff that he could file an appeal by writing to the Director of the Office of Information Policy for DOJ within sixty days. Id. Defendants assert that the Office of Information Policy never received an appeal from plaintiff, Argali Decl. ¶ 10, and therefore that plaintiffs challenge in this Court to the FBI’s withholding of these records is barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies.

Plaintiff does not claim that he filed an administrative appeal of the FBI’s decision. Rather, he argues that failure to exhaust does not preclude judicial review of his challenge. Pl.’s Opp. at 7-8. Plaintiff is correct that “the exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional because the FOIA does not unequivocally make it so.” Hidalgo v. FBI, 344 F.3d 1256, 1258 (D.C.Cir.2003). “[S]till, as a jurisprudential doctrine, failure to exhaust precludes judicial review if the purposes of exhaustion and the particular administrative scheme support such a bar.” Wilbur v. CIA 355 F.3d 675, 677 (D.C.Cir.2004) (internal quotation marks omitted), quoting Hidalgo, 344 F.3d at 1258-59. And “the FOIA’s administrative scheme favors treating failure to exhaust as a bar to judicial review.” Hidalgo, 344 F.3d at 1259. Moreover, permitting plaintiff to obtain judicial review without exhausting his administrative remedies in this case would undermine the purpose for the exhaustion requirement: “preventing premature interference with agency processes, affording the parties and the courts the benefit of the agency’s experience and expertise, or compiling a record which is adequate for judicial review.” Id. (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted), quoting Ryan v. Bentsen, 12 F.3d 245, 247 (D.C.Cir.1993). Since plaintiff did not object to the FBI’s decision before the Office of Information Policy, the agency has not had a chance to reconsider its initial decision in light of his objections, and this Court does not have before it the record that such a review would have produced.

Plaintiff argues that this case is distinct because the FBI has waived the affirmative defense of failure to exhaust by not raising it in a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and not asserting it in the answer to plaintiffs complaint. Pl.’s Opp. at 8. This is plainly wrong; defendants asserted the failure to exhaust defense with particularity as the “third defense” in their answer to plaintiffs complaint. Answer [Dkt. # 4] at 2 & n. 2. Accordingly, that defense has not been waived under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(h). See Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(h)(2) (stating that failure to state a legal defense to a claim may be raised in any pleading allowed or ordered under Rule 7(a), which includes an answer to a complaint).

Plaintiff also argues that the FBI should be estopped from raising the exhaustion defense because it continued to provide documents to plaintiff after he filed suit. Pl.’s Opp. at 8. This argument is misleading. While the FBI did continue to provide documents to plaintiff even after it asserted the exhaustion defense in this Court, they were documents that had been referred to the FBI from other agencies because they originated from the FBI but were housed in a different agency at the time of the request. See Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 6-23. Plaintiff offers no evidence that the FBI ever revisited its initial decision regarding the documents that originated from the FBI and were located at the FBI at the time the agency received the request. Those are the only records with which the FBI’s September 14, 2009 decision was concerned. Therefore, the Court will not consider whether such conduct would warrant estoppel.

Consistent with the precedent from this circuit, the Court finds that plaintiff is barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies from challenging the FBI’s decision on the subset of documents that originated from the FBI and were located at the FBI at the time of plaintiffs request. See also Love v. FBI, 660 F.Supp.2d 56, 59-60 (D.D.C.2009) (finding that the plaintiffs failure to exhaust his administrative remedies barred his claim); Callaway v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, Civ. A. No. 04-1506(RWR), 2006 WL 6905083, at *4-5 (D.D.C. Apr. 26, 2006) (finding that the plaintiffs challenge to some of the agency’s withholdings was barred for failure to, exhaust administrative remedies because the plaintiff did not appeal the agency’s decision to the Office of Information Policy).

2. The defendant agencies performed adequate searches.

Plaintiff next asserts that defendants did not perform adequate searches for records responsive to his request. To prevail in a FOIA case, the agency must demonstrate that it has made “a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the information requested.” Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C.Cir.1990). “[A]t the summary judgment phase, an agency must set forth sufficient information in'its affidavits for a court to determine if the search was adequate.” Nation Magazine, Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 890 (D.C.Cir.1995), citing Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68. Such agency affidavits attesting to a reasonable search “are afforded a presumption of good faith,” Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 314 F.Supp.2d 1, 8 (D.D.C.2004), and “can be rebutted only ‘with evidence that the agency’s search was not made in good faith.’ ” Id., quoting Trans Union LLC v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 141 F.Supp.2d 62, 69 (D.D.C.2001).

To show that the CRM and the EOUSA performed adequate searches for' information responsive to plaintiffs requests, defendants have submitted declarations by John Cunningham III — a Trial Attorney in the CRM currently assigned to the FOIA and Privacy Act Unit, Cunningham Decl. ¶ 1;' and David Luczynski.

The Cunningham declaration states that the CRM searched its central index of records, “which is the most comprehensive system of records maintained by the Division and contains information about people referred to in potential/actual cases and other matters of concern to the Criminal Division.” Cunningham Decl. ¶ 10. It used plaintiffs name as a search term, as well as the names of the co-defendants in his criminal case. Id.; see also Ex. 8 to Cunningham Decl. In addition, since plaintiff had indicated in his submission of materials to the CRM that the sections of the CRM that he reasonably believed may contain responsive records were the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section, the Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Section, and the FOIA and Privacy Act Unit of the Office of Enforcement Operations, the CRM made specific requests to those units. Cunningham Decl. ¶ 10; see also Ex. 3 to Cunningham Decl. Responsive documents were found only in the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section. Cunningham Decl. ¶¶ 10, 12. Those documents were originally withheld under FOIA Exemption 7(A), but that exemption was later determined to be inapplicable. Id. ¶¶ 13-14. However, the CRM determined that the documents had originated from the FBI, so they were referred to that agency for further processing. Id. ¶ 14. In addition, the CRM received materials from other agencies for processing, but it determined that none of those documents had originated with the CRM and it referred the material to the agencies where the materials had originated for further processing. Id. ¶¶ 15-16. The de-clarant states that in his experience, it is not unusual for the CRM to locate no original records in response to Privacy Act requests from federal inmates because it is not the agency responsible for prosecuting or investigating most federal criminal cases. Id. ¶ 17. Consistent with that experience, the declarant notes that plaintiff in this case was prosecuted by the United States Attorney’s Office in Anchorage, Alaska, and not by the CRM. Id.

The Luczynski declaration states that, upon receiving plaintiffs request, the EOUSA forwarded it to the FOIA contact for the District of Alaska because each United States Attorney’s Office maintains the case files for criminal matters prosecuted by that office. Luczynski Decl. ¶ 12. The FOIA. contact for the District of Alaska searched for records from the case files in plaintiffs criminal case, and sent emails to the Assistant United States Attorneys in the Criminal Division to ascertain whether they had any responsive records. Id. To search for files, the FOIA contact used the “LIONS” system, which is a computer system used by United States Attorneys’ Offices to access databases which can be used to retrieve files pertaining to cases and investigations based on a defendant’s name, the internal administrative number for the case, and the district court case number. Id. The FOIA contact used plaintiffs name as the search term. Id. According to the declarant, “[a]ll responsive documents to Plaintiffs FOIA request would have been located in the [United States Attorney’s Office] for the District of Alaska.... There are no other record systems or locations within EOUSA or DOJ in which other files pertaining to Plaintiffs name were maintained.” Id.

These affidavits establish that the agencies searched the databases that were likely to turn up documents responsive to plaintiffs requests using search terms that correspond to the scope of the requests. In addition, because the EOUSA had employees who were familiar with plaintiffs criminal case, it also requested additional documents from those individuals. The Court therefore finds, on the basis of defendants’ affidavits, that the searches were “reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.” Weisberg v. DOJ, 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C.Cir.1983).

Plaintiffs, main objection to the adequacy of the agencies’ searches is that they did not uncover all of the documents that he believes they should have. Pl.’s Opp. at 5-7. While the defendants have uncovered over 4,000 documents, plaintiff posits that the searches were deficient because he believes “the actual number of responsive documents currently in the government’s possession ... total[s] around 15,000.” Boehm Decl. [Dkt. # 42-1] ¶ 4; see also PL’s Opp. at 5-6 (“[0]nly a fraction of the documents known to exist have to date been produced or even cited for exemption by defendants. Of the nearly 15,000 documents Plaintiff encountered as part of his criminal prosecution, only 4173 have been identified by defendants.”). But plaintiff provides no support for his belief that the government possesses 15,000 responsive documents or that a prosecution of an individual for the charges involved here would have generated that volume of paper. In addition, his argument does not account for any withheld documents that originated from, and were in the possession of, the FBI at the time his requests were received — which this Court has already determined that it may not review because plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies to challenge the agency’s response to his request.

In addition, plaintiff does not identify any problems with the way in which the search was conducted, but rather challenges the results of the search. However, “the issue to be- resolved is not whether there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the search for those documents was adequate.” Weisberg v. DOJ, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C.Cir.1984); Iturralde v. Comptroller of the Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C.Cir.2003) (“[T]he" adequacy of a FOIA search is generally determined hot by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search.”); see also Adionser v. DOJ, 811 F.Supp.2d 284, 293 (D.D.C.2011) (rejecting a plaintiffs challenge to the adequacy of a search because he challenged it “based on the results of the search rather than the actual method by which” the search was conducted).

Plaintiff has provided no basis for the Court to find that the search in this case was inadequate. This case is therefore distinguishable from the casé he cites, Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 326-28 (D.C.Cir.1999), in which the D.C. Circuit found a search for a particular document to be inadequate because the document was produced to the requester with pages missing,, and there were other obvious places and source’s likely to turn up the missing pages that had not been searched. PL’s Opp. at 5.

Plaintiff also argues that defendants’ searches failed to uncover documents re-i lated to his criminal case that were mentioned in a report about prosecutorial misconduct in the case United States v. Theodore F. Stevens, 715 F.Supp.2d 1 (D.D.C.2009), and that would have been responsive to his request. PL’s Opp. at 6. According to plaintiff, this proves that the government did not act in good faith in searching for responsive documents. Id. While it is true that a plaintiff can rebut an agency’s initial demonstration of the adequacy of the search with evidence that the search was not made in good faith, see Trans Union LLC v. FTC, 141 F.Supp.2d 62, 69 (D.D.C.2001), plaintiff has not made a showing of bad faith here. First, the report that plaintiff -cites does not contain any indication that the documents plaintiff claims should have been released were created and retained by the CRM or the EOUSA. See Callaway v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 893 F.Supp.2d 269, 275 (D.D.C.2012), quoting Kissinger v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S. 136, 152, 100 S.Ct. 960, 63 L.Ed.2d 267 (1980) (“The FOIA ‘only obligates [an agency] to provide access to those [documents] which it in fact has created and retained.’ ”). Moreover, even if the agencies have the documents, there is some possibility that they have been legitimately withheld in full under a FOIA exemption. And although plaintiff argues vigorously that the withholding of any of these documents would not be appropriate, PL’s Opp. at 6-7, that inquiry is not part of the assessment of the adequacy of the search and it will be addressed in connection with the Court’s assessment of defendants’ asserted FOIA exemptions on the merits. See infra Section 4. Since plaintiff has presented no evidence that the CRM and the EOUSA did not perform their searches in good faith, and since the agencies have demonstrated that their searches were reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents, the Court finds that the searches were adequate.

3. With certain exceptions, the Vaughn indices provided by defendants are adequate and the Court need not review the withheld documents in camera.

Both the FBI and the EOUSA have provided plaintiff and the Court with Vaughn indices of a representative sample of the withheld documents. Contrary to arguments advanced by plaintiff, the fact that each entry in the indices is representative of other documents that have not been individually indexed does not reveal any deficiency in the quality of the indices. “Representative sampling is an appropriate procedure to test an agency’s FOIA exemption claims when a large number of documents are involved.” Bonner v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 928 F.2d 1148, 1151 (D.C.Cir.1991).

Moreover, defendants’ use of representative sampling complied with this Court’s directions. Defendants first proposed proceeding by sampling in their status reports of May 12, 2011, [Dkt. # 14], and June 27, 2011, [Dkt. # 15]. By Minute Order of June 29, the Court ordered plaintiff to notify the Court whether he intended to challenge some or all of the FOIA exemptions that defendants asserted and, if so, to indicate whether he wanted to designate a representative sample or have defendants propose the sample and allow him to supplement it as may be appropriate. Plaintiff proceeded to file a motion for Vaughn Index, [Dkt. # 19], and a notice of intent to challenge the government’s asserted FOIA exemptions, [Dkt. #20]. He did not oppose defendants’ proposal to proceed via sampling in either pleading and, in fact, in the notice of intent, he stated that he wanted to designate the representative sample. See Notice of Intent at 1.

By Minute Order of September 30, 2011, the Court ordered defendants to prepare the representative sample of the documents it was withholding and transmit the sample to plaintiff along with a letter explaining the representative nature of the sample by October 31, 2011. The Minute Order also permitted plaintiff to designate any supplemental material by December 1, 2011. As explained above, defendants complied with the Minute Order, see Notice of Designation of Representative Sample, [Dkt. # 22], but plaintiff did not designate any supplemental material. At no point did plaintiff oppose defendants’ proposal to proceed via sampling. The Vaughn indices now at issue index each of the documents in defendants’ representative sample. So, the Court cannot find that the categorical nature of the indices is improper. See Bonner, 928 F.2d at 1151 (finding that since the representative sample was selected by agreement of the parties, “[t]here is therefore no attack on the sample’s capacity to represent the entire group of ... documents”).

Although plaintiff complains that the Vaughn indices include “generically-grouped categorical listings of documents,” Pl.’s Opp. at 10, both indices include specific descriptions of each representative document, whether it is being withheld in full or in part, and specific justifications for the withholding. See Hardy Decl. at 8-13, 17-18 (“FBI Index”); Attachments 1 & 2 to Luezynski Decl. (“EOUSA Index”). Along with this information, defendants have also provided the Court with a copy of all of the redacted representative documents. Ex. P to Hardy Decl. (FBI); Notice of Filing of Representative Sample [Dkt. #45] (EOUSA). Except as noted later in this Memorandum Opinion, defendants’ Vaughn indices and submissions satisfy the requirement that an agency withholding information must “provide a relatively detailed justification, specifically identifying the reasons why a particular exemption is relevant and correlating those claims with the particular part of a withheld document to which they apply.” Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dept. of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 251 (D.C.Cir.1977).

Plaintiffs other objections to the adequacy of the Vaughn indices — that there is no way for the Court or plaintiff to determine where defendants searched for responsive materials or indicate which agencies were in possession of which documents, and that the searches turned up only a fraction of the nearly 15,000 documents it should have, Pl.’s Opp. at 10,— are merely restatements of his objections to the adequacy of the agencies’ searches, which this Court has already rejected.

Accordingly, the Court finds defendants’ Vaughn indices to be adequate — except as specifically indicated later in this Memorandum Opinion — and the Court need not conduct an in camera inspection of the documents. See PHE, Inc. v. DOJ, 983 F.2d 248, 253 (D.C.Cir.1993), quoting Schiller v. Nat’l Labor Relations Bd., 964 F.2d 1205, 1209 (D.C.Cir.1992) (“[I]n camera review is generally disfavored. It is ‘not a substitute for the government’s obligation to justify its withholding in publicly available and debatable documents.’ ”).

4. With certain exceptions, the FOIA exemptions defendants have invoked adequately justify their withhold-ings

Plaintiff also challenges the specific FOIA exemptions under which defendants have withheld information. The Court will assess each of them.

A. Exemption 3

Defendants relies on Exemption 3 to withhold information covered by 18 U.S.C. § 3509(d) and Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e).

FOIA Exemption 3 authorizes the government to withhold information that is:

[Specifically exempted from disclosure by statute ... if that statute

(A)(i) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue; or

(ii) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld; and

(B) if enacted after the date of enactment of the OPEN FOIA Act of 2009 [enacted Oct. 28, 2009], specifically cited to this paragraph.

5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3).

Plaintiff concedes defendants properly invoked Exemption 3 to withhold the names and identifying information of child victims and witnesses in plaintiffs prosecution pursuant to the Child Victims’ and Child Witnesses’ Rights Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3509(d), which statutorily prohibits disclosure of those types of information. Pl.’s Opp. at 12. However, he objects to defendants’ invocation of Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) as a basis for withholding information concerning the grand jury proceedings in his criminal case. Defendants have withheld all information obtained pursuant to a grand jury subpoena that was contained in an FBI report of investigation, Hardy Decl. ¶ 40 & p. 11; names of grand jury witnesses, EOUSA Index at 1; and a draft indictment, EOU-SA Supplemental Vaughn Index at 9. They justify the withholding under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e), which bars disclosure of “matters occurring before [a] grand jury.” Defs.’ Mem. at 12.

While Rule 6(e) is not so broad as to bar disclosure of all materials that a grand jury sees or hears, it does cover information that would “tend to reveal some secret aspect of the grand jury’s investigation such matters as the identities of witnesses or jurors, the substance of testimony, the strategy or direction of the investigation, the deliberations or questions of jurors, and the like.” Senate of Puerto Rico v. DOJ, 823 F.2d 574, 582 (D.C.Cir.1987) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Plaintiff does not dispute that Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(e) is a “statute” for purposes of Exemption 3 or that it prohibits disclosure of matters occurring before a grand jury. PL’s Opp. at 12-13; see also Fund for Constitutional Govt. v. Nat’l Archives & Records Serv., 656 F.2d 856, 867 (D.C.Cir.1981). Instead, he argues that since there is no reasonable expectation that the identities of the testifying witnesses would remain secret, the withholding of that information is improper. PL’s Opp. at 12-13. According to plaintiff, the names of most of the “purported victims who testified in the grand jury,” have been revealed to the public at the sentencing hearing, through television, radio, or other media, and through civil suits that some or all of the victims brought against plaintiff for which they gave depositions that have become a part of the public record. PL’s Opp. at 13. However, plaintiff cites no case law to support the theory that the public disclosure of any of this type of information makes 6(e) inapplicable, and he has submitted no evidence that any of this information has actually been made public. He offers only conclusory assertions.

Notwithstanding both parties’ failures to produce any case law on this issue, there is relevant precedent from this Circuit. Although “Rule 6(e) does not create a type of secrecy which is waived once public disclosure occurs,” In re North, 16 F.3d 1234, 1245 (D.C.Cir.1994), quoting Barry v. United States, 740 F.Supp. 888, 891 (D.D.C.1990), the D.C. Circuit has found that “when information is sufficiently widely known” it can lose its character as Rule 6(e) material. In re Motions of Dow Jones & Co., 142 F.3d 496, 505 (D.C.Cir.1998). In that case, the D.C. Circuit released the identity of a person subpoenaed to appear before the grand jury after his attorney had publicized that fact. Id.; see also In re North, 16 F.3d at 1245 (finding that Rule 6(e) did not bar release of a report containing grand jury material because the information in the report had been widely publicized); In re Grand Jury Subpoena, Judith Miller, 493 F.3d 152, 154 (D.C.Cir.2007) (“Although not every public disclosure waives Rule 6(e) protections, one can safely assume that the ‘cat is out of the bag’ when a grand jury witness — in this case Armitage — discusses his role on the CBS Evening News.”). So although defendants casually dismiss plaintiffs argument as “miss[ing] the mark,” Defs.’ Reply at 7, it has some teeth.

The problem here, though, is that plaintiff has not supplied the Court with any evidence that the information being withheld was widely publicized or even disclosed to the public at all. Thus, there is no basis to conclude that the evidence withheld, which often does remain secret, has become such a matter of public record that Exemption 3 should not apply.

Plaintiff also argues that the government’s assertion of Exemption 3 is too broad: “Nothing in the case law supports the proposition that the government can simply state that all responsive grand jury documents fall within the exemption.... ” PL’s Opp. at 13. In this circuit, “[t]he disclosure of information ‘coincidentally before the grand jury [which can] be revealed in such a manner that its revelation would not elucidate the inner workings of the grand jury’ is not prohibited.” Senate of Puerto Rico, 823 F.2d at 582, quoting Fund for Constitutional Gov’t, 656 F.2d at 870. But the EOUSA has given more detailed descriptions of the withheld grand jury documents than plaintiff indicates. The Vaughn index describes the type of information that was withheld: the names of grand jury witnesses and other contextual information that could lead to the derivation of the name from letters that were exchanged by attorneys, EOUSA Index at 1, and a draft of a grand jury indictment, EOUSA’s Supplemental Index at 9. The Court is satisfied that this information would tend to reveal the secret workings of the grand jury and has been appropriately -withheld. See Senate of Puerto Rico, 823 F.2d at 582.

However, the description of the one representative document that the FBI has withheld under Rule 6(e) is vague: “FBI FD-302 form, Information obtained pursuant to Federal Grand Jury subpoena.” Hardy Decl. at 11 (BOEHM-2738). The Hardy declaration does little more to clarify the basis for the withholding. Hardy states, “Exemption [3] has been asserted to protect information obtained pursuant to a Grand Jury Subpoena on page BOEHM-2738. Disclosure of this material would clearly violate the secrecy of the grand jury proceedings and could reveal the inner workings of the Federal Grand Jury that considered this ease.” Hardy Decl. ¶ 40. But this description is not detailed enough for the Court to determine whether disclosure of the particular record would reveal some secret aspect of the grand jury’s investigation or whether the information was simply peripheral to the grand jury investigation. See Senate of Puerto Rico, 823 F.2d at 582. Is the FBI 302 an agent’s summary of material submitted to the grand jury pursuant to subpoena? A witness interview? Accordingly, the Court will remand representative document BOEHM-2738 and the other responsive documents it represents to the agency for closer review and supplementation of the basis for the withholding.

Moreover, the Luczynski declaration explains that the U.S. Attorney’s Offices may not have even processed some documents that might have been responsive to plaintiffs request if they were found to be “related to the grand jury.” Luczynski Decl. ¶ 11. But Rule 6(e) is not so broad; it shields matters “occurring before the grand jury.” So, the EOUSA has not provided a sufficient factual basis — or legal support — for its position that these materials are categorically exempt from not only disclosure but any FOIA processing. This set of materials will therefore also be remanded for further processing and a supplementation of the record.

B. Exemption 5

Exemption 5 allows agencies to withhold records if the requested documents include “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). In determining whether a document was properly withheld under Exemption 5, a court must ensure that the document satisfies two conditions: (1) “its source must be a Government agency, and [ (2) ] it must fall within the ambit of a privilege against discovery under judicial standards that would govern litigation against the agency that holds it.” Dep’t of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 8, 121 S.Ct. 1060, 149 L.Ed.2d 87 (2001). These privileges include the attorney work product and deliberative process privileges. Id. Because the documents originated from the FBI and from the EOUSA (which is a section within DOJ), the first prong is not at issue here. The Court therefore will examine only the second prong of the standard articulated in Klamath: whether the withheld documents are protected by the claimed privilege. 532 U.S. at 8, 121 S.Ct. 1060.

Plaintiff concedes that “[t]o the extent that defendants have provided sufficient information regarding withheld documents that may be determined to be attorney work product or otherwise civilly privileged ... those documents are likely properly withheld.” PL’s Opp. at 15. But he continues: “To the extent that such documentation contains witness statements or any other exculpatory or mitigating Brady materials[,] however, the government must segregate the exempted information and provide the remaining factual information.” Id. Plaintiff provides no support for the proposition that exculpatory or Brady materials cannot be withheld under Exemption 5. And although neither party provides any relevant precedent, there is case law from this circuit that expressly negates that theory. See Williams & Connolly v. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, 662 F.3d 1240, 1245 (D.C.Cir.2011) (“[Disclosure in criminal trials is based on different legal standards than disclosure under FOIA, which turns on whether a document would usually be discoverable in a civil case.... If [plaintiffs counsel] believes that its client should have received the notes during his criminal trial, FOIA is neither a substitute for criminal discovery ... nor an appropriate means to vindicate discovery abuses ....”) (citations omitted).

Plaintiff also argues — without pointing to any specific documents — that the Vaughn index is not sufficiently detailed and that there is no indication that the agency has released all segregable information. Pl.’s Opp. at 9-11. The Court disagrees. The FBI and EOUSA’s Vaughn indices as well as the EOUSA’s supplemental Vaughn index, combined with the explanations in the Hardy and Luczynski declarations, give detailed descriptions of the information that has been withheld, and reveal that the agencies released segregable information. Since plaintiff offers no evidence that the descriptions in the declarations are false, the Court finds them to be sufficient. See Military Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C.Cir.1981) (“[I]t is now well established that summary judgment on the basis of such agency affidavits is warranted if the affidavits describe the documents and the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.”).

Accordingly, the Court will uphold defendants’ Exemption 5 withholdings.

C. Exemption 7(C)

FOIA Exemption 7(C) exempts documents compiled for law enforcement that “could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). Because this is a lower standard than the standard for Exemption 6, which requires a “clearly unwarranted” invasion of privacy, id. 552(b)(6) (emphasis added), the Court will address Exemption 7(C) before it addresses Exemption 6.

In order for particular records to qualify for this exemption, the agency must first demonstrate that the documents were compiled for law enforcement purposes. See Rural Hous. Alliance v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 498 F.2d 73, 80 (D.C.Cir.1974). Both the Luczynski and Hardy declarations state that all of the information at issue was compiled for law enforcement purposes because it was compiled to as part of the investigation and criminal prosecution of plaintiff. Luczynski Decl. ¶ 21; Hardy Deck ¶ 42. Plaintiff does not contest those assertions.

This Circuit has consistently held that, where a FOIA request for law enforcement records invokes the privacy interests of any third party mentioned in those records (including investigators, suspects, witnesses, and informants), the exemption applies unless there is an overriding public interest in disclosure. See Schrecker v. DOJ, 349 F.3d 657, 661 (D.C.Cir.2003); Lewis v. DOJ, 609 F.Supp.2d 80, 84 (D.D.C.2009). So the first step in any Exemption 7(C) analysis is to determine whether any privacy interest exists, and then the court balances the privacy interest against the public interest in disclosure. See, e.g., People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Nat’l Insts. of Health Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 853 F.Supp.2d 146, 154-59 (D.D.C.2012).

a) There is a privacy interest in the withheld information

According to the Luczynski and Hardy declarations, as well as the Vaughn indices, the information withheld under Exemption 7(C) is identifying information — including names, addresses, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, social security numbers, license plate numbers, birth dates, job descriptions, ages, and photographs — of child victims, third parties of investigative interest, third parties who provided information to the FBI or local law enforcement, potential witnesses in plaintiffs criminal case, other third parties, local law enforcement officers, FBI Special Agents, FBI support employees, and non-FBI federal governmental personnel. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 45-46; Luczynski Deck ¶¶ 21-23.

“As a general rule, third-party identifying information contained in [law enforcement] records is ‘categorically exempt’ from disclosure.” Lazaridis v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 934 F.Supp.2d 21, Civ. A. No. 10-1280(RMC), 2013 WL 1226607, at *12 (D.D.C. Mar. 27, 2013), citing Nation Magazine, Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 896 (D.C.Cir.1995) (stating that under Exemption 7(C), an agency may “redact the names,.addresses, or other identifiers of individuals mentioned in investigatory files in order to protect the privacy of those persons”); see also Dunkelberger v. DOJ, 906 F.2d 779, 781 (D.C.Cir.1990), quoting Stern v. FBI, 737 F.2d 84, 91-92 (D.C.Cir.1984) (“Exemption 7(C) takes particular note of the ‘strong interest’ of individuals, whether they be suspects, witnesses, or investigators, ‘in not being associated unwarrantedly with alleged criminal activity.’ ”).

Plaintiff concedes that the exemption applies to identifying information about child victims and witnesses. Ph’s Opp. at 17. However, he argues that there is no privacy interest in the identities of the local law enforcement officers who have appeared in the press concerning his criminal case. Id. It is well established that Exemption 7(C) protects the identities of local law enforcement officers. See, e.g., Thompson v. DOJ, 851 F.Supp.2d 89, 99-101 (D.D.C.Cir.2012); Negley v. FBI, 825 F.Supp.2d 63, 70-73 (D.D.C.2011); Adionser v. DOJ, 811 F.Supp.2d 284, 299 (D.D.C.2011). And while there is some support for the notion that a private citizen waives her privacy interest in information when she voluntarily brings that information into the public domain, see Nation Magazine, 71 F.3d at 896, plaintiff has not met his burden of showing that has occurred here. To establish that a privacy interest has been waived, the plaintiff bears the burden of showing that the information: “(1) is ‘as specific as the information previously released’; (2) ‘matchfes] the information previously disclosed’; and (3) ‘was made public through an official and documented disclosure.’ ” McRae v. DOJ, 869 F.Supp.2d 151, 165 (D.D.C.2012), quoting Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 911 F.2d 755, 765 (D.C.Cir.1990). Plaintiff has not met that burden here. As described above, plaintiff has presented no evidence that any individual publicly disclosed his or her role in his criminal prosecution, much less that the information publicly disclosed is the same as the information being withheld. See Span v. DOJ, 696 F.Supp.2d 113, 122 (D.D.C.2010), quoting Cottone v. Reno, 193 F.3d 550, 554 (D.C.Cir.1999) (“Because Span has not identified any specific information or ... ‘the exact portions’ of a specific document that is in fact ‘preserved in a permanent public domain,’ his public domain challenge fails.”). Accordingly, the Court finds a substantial privacy interest in the withheld identifying information.

b) The privacy interest at stake outweighs the public’s interest in disclosure.

Where a legitimate privacy interest exists, the requester must “(1) show that the public interest sought to be advanced is a significant one, an interest more specific than having the information for its own sake, and (2) show the information is likely to advance that interest.” Boyd v. DOJ, 475 F.3d 381, 387 (D.C.Cir.2007), quoting Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 172, 124 S.Ct. 1570, 158 L.Ed.2d 319 (2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court has determined that the only relevant public interest for purposes of Exemption 7(C) is “the citizens’ right to be informed about what their government is up to.” DOJ v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 773, 109 S.Ct. 1468, 103 L.Ed.2d 774 (1