Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER MATSUMOTO, District Judge. Pending before the court is Defendant Yuri Bershchansky’s (“defendant,” or “Mr. Bershchansky”) motion to suppress (i) evidence seized pursuant to a search warrant executed on January 31, 2011, and (ii) statements made by the defendant on January 31, 2011, during the execution of the search warrant. Mr. Bershchansky is charged with possession of child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(b) and 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(2). (ECF. No. 7, Indictment, filed 1/20/2012.) For the reasons discussed below, defendant’s motion to suppress evidence seized and statements obtained pursuant to a search warrant executed on January 31, 2011, is granted. BACKGROUND A. The Search On November 23 and 24, 2010, an investigator from the United States Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Security Investigations (“HSI”) used file sharing software to connect directly to a computer with Internet Protocol (“IP”) address 24.185.53.197, which was offering files for sharing on the Gnutella 1 peer-to-peer file sharing network. (ECF No. 1, Supporting Affidavit, No. 11-mj-0068(JMA), filed 1/24/2011 (“Supporting Aff.”), ¶ 15.) The investigator identified numerous files offered for download by that computer with file names indicative of child pornography. (Id. ¶ 16.) The investigator determined the unique Secure Hash Algorithm Version 1 (“SHA1”) value for each of those files and subsequently downloaded documents with identical SHA1 hash values from multiple sources. (Id. ¶ 17.) After viewing the downloaded files, Special Agent Robert Raab (“Agent Raab”) confirmed that they depicted images of child pornography. (Id. ¶ 17.) Agent Raab subsequently confirmed that IP address 24.185.53.197 was registered to cable provider Cablevision, and that the subscriber to IP address 24.185.53.197 during the relevant time frame was Mr. Bershchansky. (Id. ¶ 19.) Cablevision provided defendant with internet access to/ from his physical address at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue in Brooklyn, New York, 11229. (Id.) As discussed below, Cablevision identified defendant as a resident of Apartment 2, although the door to his apartment is marked “1.” On January 24, 2011, Agent Raab submitted an Affidavit In Support of a Search Warrant asserting that there was probable cause to search for “evidence or instrumentalities of the possession, transportation, receipt, distribution and reproduction of sexually explicit material relating to children, in violation of [18 U.S.C. §§ 2252 and 2252A],” concealed within the “premises known and described as 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, Apt. # 2, Brooklyn, New York 11229.” (Supporting Aff. at 1.) Agent Raab stated in the supporting affidavit that the IP address for Cablevision was subscribed to by “Yuri Bershchansky of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue Apartment 2,” that Con Edison confirmed that the bill for the subject premises was in the name of ‘Yuri Bershchansjy [sic],” and that “the tenant living at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue Apartment 1 stated that Yuri and his mother live in apartment 2.’ ” (Id. at ¶¶ 19-20.) The same day, Magistrate Judge Joan M. Azrack signed a search warrant authorizing the search of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, Apartment # 2, Brooklyn, New York 11229. (ECF No. 1, Complaint, dated 12/19/2011 (“Compl.”) ¶7; ECF No. 22, Gov’t Opposition to Def.’s Motion to Suppress, dated 4/13/2012 (“Opp.”), at 10.) On January 31, 2011, Department of Homeland Security agents, including Agent Raab, executed the search warrant on defendant’s residence, located at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, Apartment # 1, Brooklyn, New York 11229. (Compl. ¶ 7.) The search warrant bore the caption “In the Matter of the Search of The Premises Known and Described as 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, Apt. #2, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11229.” (ECF No. 2, Search Warrant, No. 11-mj-0068(JMA), filed 1/24/2011 (“Search Warrant”) (capitalization altered).) The search warrant also provided the following description for the premises to be searched: The SUBJECT PREMISES is an apartment located within a two-story red brick multi-family dwelling, which is attached on one side. The front of the dwelling has two exterior doors. The door to the left leads upstairs to apartment # 1. The door to the right as you face the building leads to the SUBJECT PREMISES. The door is brown and bears the number “2462 2”. (Search Warrant at 1.) Although the search warrant’s caption referred to “Apt. # 2” and its description of the premises to be searched also referred to a door bearing the numbers “2462 2,” the search warrant was in fact executed on apartment # 1, which is defendant’s apartment, the exterior door to which was marked with a “1.” (Government Exhibit (“Gov. Ex.”) 2-E; ECF No. 21-1 to 21-4, Affidavit of Marina Bershchansky, dated 3/27/12 (“Bershchansky Aff.”).) According to the government, the agents knocked on the door of Apartment # 1, identified themselves to defendant’s mother and informed her of the search warrant. (ECF No. 22-3, Homeland Security Investigators’ Search Report (“HSI Search Report”).) The defendant’s mother then allowed the agents to enter the residence. (Id.) The agents went to defendant’s bedroom, identified themselves, and notified defendant of the search warrant; defendant responded that he understood. (Id.) The agents allowed defendant to dress, then asked defendant if he would be willing to be interviewed. (Id.) Defendant stated that he would and went into the kitchen with some of the agents. (Id.) The agents advised defendant that he was not under arrest, that he was under no obligation to speak with law enforcement and that he was free to leave. (Compl. ¶ 8; HSI Search Report; 5/14/12 Tr. at 104-105.) The government asserts that defendant was not handcuffed or restrained in any way. (Opp. at 12; HSI Search Report.) Two agents interviewed defendant while the other agents searched the apartment. (HSI Search Report.) During the course of the interview, defendant unambiguously admitted to receiving and possessing child pornography. (Id.) According to defendant’s mother, the agents did not inform her of the search warrant when they first arrived at defendant’s residence. (Bershchansky Aff. ¶¶ 25-26.) Defendant’s mother also saw defendant “being escorted by two officers to the kitchen, with one officer holding [defendant’s] hands behind his back,” and “heard that the officer said that [defendant] has to answer some questions.” (Bershchansky Aff. ¶¶ 18-19.) In addition, defendant’s mother later saw defendant “sitting in the middle of [the] kitchen in the chair usually standing next to the wall. One officer was standing right behind the chair and two officers sitting right [in front] of [defendant] asking him questions.” (Id. ¶ 22.) A preliminary forensic review of defendant’s seized computer equipment revealed more than 100 videos containing child pornography. (Compl. ¶ 9; Opp. at 14.) In addition, the same files that the investigator had previously browsed on defendant’s computer through the Gnutella 1 peer-to-peer file sharing network were subsequently found on defendant’s computer, which was seized during the search executed on January 31, 2011. (Opp. at 26.) On December 19, 2011, Magistrate Judge Robert M. Levy signed an arrest warrant for defendant for violating 18 U.S.C. § 2252. (ECF No. 2, Arrest Warrant, filed 12/19/2011.) On December 21, 2011, agents executed the arrest warrant at defendant’s home. (Opp. at 15.) Defendant was advised of and waived his Miranda rights. (Id.; ECF No. 22-4, Arrest Report.) The Indictment was filed on January 20, 2012. (ECF No. 7, Indictment.) B. Defendant’s Motion to Suppress On March 30, 2012, defendant moved to suppress (i) evidence seized pursuant to the search warrant executed on January 31, 2011, arguing that there was no probable cause for the search warrant and that the affidavit on which it was based omitted necessary information; and (ii) his prearrest statements, arguing that they were obtained in violation of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). (See generally ECF No. 21, Def.’s Motion to Suppress, dated 3/30/2012 (“Mot.”).) On April 13, 2012, the government filed its opposition to defendant’s motion to suppress. (Opp.) The defendant filed a reply to the government’s opposition on May 3, 2012. (ECF No. 26, Def.’s Reply in Support of Motion to Suppress, dated 5/3/2012 (“Reply”).) At the parties’ request, on May 14, 2012, the court held a hearing on defendant’s motion to suppress. Agent Raab and the defendant’s mother, Marina Bershchansky, both testified at the hearing. (Minute entry dated 5/15/2012 for proceedings held on 5/14/2012.) As discussed in greater detail below, Agent Raab credibly testified about the facts establishing the probable cause for the search warrant and the circumstances under which Mr. Bershchansky agreed to answer questions during the search. The parties submitted post-hearing briefs after the May 14, 2012 suppression hearing that addressed the testimony given at the hearing. (ECF Nos. 32-34.) Notably, at the May 14, 2012 suppression hearing, defense counsel had asked Agent Raab if he recalled what apartment number the warrant was directed to, and Agent Raab responded “I believe the warrant had Apartment Number 2.” (5/14/12 Tr. at 116.) Defense counsel then asked Agent Raab if he knew the number of the apartment that government had searched, and Agent Raab replied “I believe it’s Apartment 1.” (Id. at 117.) Agent Raab also testified at the May 14 hearing that he had looked at the search warrant prior to entering the apartment and believed the warrant listed Apartment 2. (Id. at 118— 119.) In response to defense counsel’s query why Agent Raab went to Apartment 1, Agent Raab testified that he “didn’t realize that” the warrant did not list Apartment 1, and admitted that “it should have read No. 1.” (Id. at 119.) On August 1, 2012, the court ordered additional briefing from the parties addressing the effect of the Second Circuit’s decision in United States v. Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d 206 (2d Cir.2012), decided after defendant’s May 14 hearing, on the instant motion. (Docket entry dated 8/1/12.) The Voustianiouk case involved a search warrant authorizing the search of premises other than the premises that the agents actually searched, which resulted in suppression of both the defendant’s statements and evidence seized. As noted above, although the search warrant at issue in this case authorized the search of “The Premises Known and Described as 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, Apt. #2, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11229,” (Search Warrant at 1 (emphasis added)), the testimony at the May 14, 2012 hearing established that the agents actually entered and searched Apartment 1 of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, which is, in fact, defendant’s apartment. The court’s August 1, 2012 order also set a status conference for September 6, 2012 to address any additional issues that might be raised in the parties’ supplemental briefing. {Id.) Pursuant to the court’s August 1, 2012 order, Mr. Tikhomirov (defendant’s former attorney) and the government filed supplemental submissions regarding the Voustianiouk case. (ECF No. 35, Letter Brief Regarding Voustianiouk, filed 8/10/2012 (“First Suppl. Mot.”); ECF No. 36, Gov’t Opposition Regarding Voustianiouk, filed 8/20/2012 (“First Suppl. Opp.”); ECF No. 37, Def.’s Reply Regarding Voustianiouk (“First Suppl. Reply”).) Of particular note, on August 10, 2012, Mr. Tikhomirov submitted an Affidavit from Svetlana Klishina dated August 9, 2012 in connection with his supplemental submission regarding Voustianiouk. (ECF No. 35-1, Affidavit of Svetlana Klishina dated 8/9/12 (“Klishina 8/9/12 Aff.”).) Ms. Klishina averred in her Affidavit that she and her family had occupied Apartment 2 of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue since 2003. (Id. ¶ 3.) According to Ms. Klishina’s Affidavit, “[o]ne day, approximately two years ago,” she overheard a conversation between federal agents and her then-teenaged daughter, Anna, in which the federal agents asked if an Asian person named “Kim” lived in her Apartment. (Id. ¶¶ 6-11.) Ms. Klishina averred that at no time did the agents inquire about someone named “Yury.” (Id. ¶¶ 21-23.) On September 6, 2012, the court held a status conference to discuss the parties’ supplemental briefing regarding the impact of Voustianiouk. (Minute entry dated 9/7/12.) The court ordered the parties to submit any photographs and documentation regarding the appearance of the exterior of defendant’s apartment building and doors on the date the warrant was executed, and also scheduled an additional hearing date for September 24, 2012. (Minute entry dated 9/7/2012.) Mr. Tikhomirov requested a further hearing to reexamine Agent Raab regarding his knowledge of the defendant’s apartment number and to present testimony by Ms. Klishina, the neighbor who lives upstairs from defendant’s apartment and who averred that her daughter was interviewed by Agent Raab prior to the search. (Transcript of Status Conference held on 9/7/2012, at 6-8, 20-12; see also generally Klishina 8/9/12 Aff.) On September 19, 2012, Mr. Tikhomirov informed the court via letter that Mr. Bershehansky intended to relieve him as counsel. (ECF No. 38, Letter re: Photo Submission as to Yuri Bershehansky, dated 9/19/12.) The court converted the September 24, 2012 hearing date to a status conference to address the appointment of new counsel for the defendant. (Minute Entry dated 9/19/2012.) At the September 24, 2012 status conference, the court relieved Mr. Tikhomirov as defense counsel and appointed Harry Batchelder, Esq. as CJA counsel for defendant. (Minute Entry dated 9/25/2012.) As new counsel for Mr. Bershehansky, Mr. Batchelder requested the opportunity to submit his own additional briefing regarding Voustianiouk and defendant’s pending suppression motion. The court granted defense counsel’s request, and Mr. Batchelder and the government submitted additional supplemental briefing after the September 24, 2012 conference. (ECF No. 47, Def.’s Supplemental Memorandum Regarding Voustianiouk, dated 10/26/2012 (“Second Suppl. Mot.”); ECF No. 49, Gov’t Opposition to Def.’s Supplemental Memorandum Regarding Voustianiouk, dated 11/8/2012 (“Second Suppl. Opp.”); ECF No. 51, Def.’s Supplemental Reply Regarding Voustianiouk, dated 11/14/2012 (“Second Suppl. Reply”).) Thereafter, the parties appeared on November 14, 2012, to continue the suppression hearing proceedings, to provide defense counsel with an opportunity to examine Agent Raab regarding his knowledge of defendant’s apartment number, and to present testimony of Ms. Klishina, the neighbor whose daughter was purportedly interviewed by Agent Raab prior to the search at issue. (See Minute Entry dated 11/14/12.) At the start of the November 14th hearing, however, Mr. Batchelder requested an adjournment based on his need to engage a Russian-speaking private investigator to help him develop evidence on Mr. Bershchansky’s behalf in connection with the pending suppression motion, specifically with respect to interviewing Ms. Klishina, whom Mr. Batchelder believed might require a Russian interpreter. (Id.) Mr. Batchelder represented that he had identified an appropriate investigator only a few minutes before the November 14 hearing, and that Mr. Batchelder and his client would be ready to proceed in a few weeks. (Id.) As a result, the court again rescheduled the continued hearing date for December 12, 2012, at 10:00 a.m. (Id.) C. The December 12, 2012 Continued Suppression Hearing The court held a continued hearing regarding defendant’s motion to suppress on December 12, 2012. (Minute Entry dated 12/12/2012.) The court heard testimony from Agent Raab, Ms. Klishina, and Agent Steven Cerutti, concerning the issues regarding defendant’s motion to suppress in the context of the Voustianiouk decision. 1. Testimony of Svetlana Klishina Ms. Klishina, who testified without the assistance of a Russian-language interpreter, although the court provided for an interpreter to assist her at the hearing, stated that she and her family had resided in the apartment known as “Apartment 2” of 2462 since 2003, that defendant and his mother moved into their apartment at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue sometime in 2010, and that she did not know either the defendant or his mother before they moved in. (Transcript of Continued Suppression Hearing held on 12/12/2012 (“Tr.”), at 3, 7.) Ms. Klishina identified the photographs marked as government’s Exhibits 2-B and 2-C as depicting the door to her apartment, (Tr. at 21-22), and identified her apartment as the door “upstairs to the left” in the photograph marked as government’s Exhibit 2-A, (id. at 8). Ms. Klishina testified that the entrance to her apartment is to the left as a viewer faces 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, which is a two-story building with a basement apartment, a “ground floor” apartment, and a second floor apartment. (Id. at 6.) Ms. Klishina said defendant’s apartment was the basement apartment, and her apartment was the “ground floor” apartment. (Id.) Ms. Klishina also testified that another family occupied the second-floor apartment of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, but that apartment was not accessible from Gerritsen Avenue, and instead had a separate entrance on a different street around the corner. • (Id. at 6-8.) With respect to the appearance of the door to Ms. Klishina’s apartment, Apartment 2, Ms. Klishina testified that there is a number “2” on an external screen door of the doorway to her apartment, which, as depicted in government’s Exhibit 2-B, must be opened to reach the internal door to her apartment. (Id. at 21.) The screen door bears a few political stickers, which were not present at the time the search at issue was executed on January 31, 2011. (Id. at 21-22.) The number “2462” also appears to the right on the wall of the building, next to the screen door of Ms. Klishina’s apartment, but “2462” does not appear on the internal door of apartment 2. (Id. at 22 (referring to Gov. Ex. 2-C).) There is, however, a number “2” prominently located on the internal and external doors to Ms. Klishina’s apartment. (Id. at 27.) Ms. Klishina stated that in approximately December 2010 or January 2011 she overheard a conversation between her then-teenage daughter and law enforcement agents occurring at the doorway of her apartment, Apartment 2. (Id. at 4.) According to Ms. Klishina, two FBI agents knocked on the door of her apartment that morning and asked her daughter if a man named “Kim” lived in their apartment. (Id.) Ms. Klishina testified that her daughter told the agents that no such person lived in the apartment. (Id.) Ms. Klishina testified that the agents then asked about the identities of the residents of the apartment, and Ms. Klishina’s daughter replied that she lived in the apartment along with her mother and her stepfather. (Id.) The agents then asked Ms. Klishina’s daughter if she knew who lived in the other two apartments located at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, and Ms. Klishina’s daughter told them that “downstairs live a mother with a son, and upstairs [a] Spanish-speaking family.” (Id.) 2. Testimony of Agent Raab Agent Raab testified that he was the case agent in the investigation of defendant that preceded the execution of the search warrant at issue on January 31, 2011. (Id. at 33.) As case agent, Agent Raab met with an Assistant United States Attorney prior to drafting the supporting affidavit, admitted as government’s Exhibit 1, and signed the supporting affidavit after reviewing it and believing it to be accurate. (Id. at 36-37; see also Supporting Affidavit.) Agent Raab’s supporting affidavit dated January 24, 2011 contains the same description of the premises to be searched as the search warrant at issue: The SUBJECT PREMISES is an apartment located within a two-story red brick multi-family dwelling, which is attached on one side. The front of the dwelling has two exterior doors. The door to the left leads upstairs to apartment # 1. The door to the right as you face the building leads to the SUBJECT PREMISES. The door is brown and bears the number “2462 2”. (Supporting Aff. ¶ 4; Search Warrant at 1.) Agent Raab testified that when he signed the supporting affidavit on January 24, 2011, he was not aware that it contained any errors. (Tr. at 37.) Agent Raab presented the supporting affidavit and the warrant to Magistrate Judge Azrack on January 24, 2011; he testified that he does not recall any substantive conversation occurring between himself and Magistrate Judge Azrack prior to Judge Azrack signing the warrant. (Id. at 37, 121-22.) Agent Raab also testified that he did not photograph the premises located at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue and was not aware of anyone else photographing of the location, either before, during, or after the search was executed. (Id. at 38.) Agent Raab identified the photograph marked as Exhibits 2-A as depicting the building located at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue. (Id. at 39-40.) He also testified that he has no independent recollection of the appearance of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue apart from the description written in his supporting affidavit. (Id. at 40.) Nonetheless, Agent Raab acknowledged that when comparing the photograph marked as government’s Exhibit 2-A, which depicts the two doors at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, to the description of the premises to be searched in his supporting affidavit, the supporting affidavit’s erroneously stated that “the door to the left leads upstairs to apartment 1,” because the door to the left above the exterior stairs has a number 2 on the door. (Id. at 40-41.) When shown the photograph marked as government’s Exhibit 2-E — a photograph of the inner door to defendant’s apartment, marked with a “1,” i.e., “the door to the right” described in the supporting affidavit and the search warrant — Agent Raab also testified that the “door to the right” is brown in the photograph, which comports, in part, with paragraph 4 of the supporting affidavit. (Id. at 41.) He further testified, however, that assuming Exhibit 2-E depicts the “door to the right” as it appeared on the date of the January 31, 2011 search, the supporting affidavit incorrectly states that the brown door to the right “bears the number 2462 2,” (id. at 41-42), because the door to the right actually has stickers, depicting the number 2462, and a large number “1” on it, (id. at 41). Agent Raab stated that he was not aware of this error when he signed the supporting affidavit. (Id. at 41-42.) Agent Raab also testified that, assuming Exhibit 2-E depicts the “door to the right” as it appeared on the date of the January 31, 2011 search, he did not recall whether the “door to the left” had a number “1” or a number “2” on it. (Id. at 44.) Agent Raab also testified regarding the documents concerning the premises to be searched that were referenced in his supporting affidavit. Specifically, paragraph 19 of Agent Raab’s supporting affidavit states that he determined that Cablevision was the cable provider holding the registration of the IP address sought in connection with the child pornography files previously described. (Supporting Aff. ¶ 19.) Paragraph 19 of his supporting affidavit further states “in response to an administrative summons,” Cablevision informed Agent Raab that, during the relevant time period, the subscriber to the subject IP address was “Yuri Bershchansky of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue Apartment 2, Brooklyn, New York 11229. The account provides Internet access to/from the address of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue Apartment 2, Brooklyn, New York 11229.” (Id.) At the continued suppression hearing on December 12, 2012, Agent Raab also identified the Cablevision records that comprised Cablevision’s response to his administrative summons as Government Exhibit 3, which he received on January 13, 2011. (Tr. at 46-48.) Cablevision’s response dated January 13, 2011 also states that the subscriber was “Yuri Bershchansky,” at “2462 Gerritsen Av., Apt. 2, Brooklyn, New York 11229.” (Tr. at 48; Gov. Ex. 3.) Agent Raab’s supporting affidavit also relied on oral information obtained from Con Edison. Paragraph 20 of Agent Raab’s Supporting Affidavit provided that, “[o]n January 19, 2011, [Agent Raab] confirmed with Con Edison that the bill for the subject premises is in the name of Yuri Bershchansjy [sic].” (Supporting Aff. ¶ 20; Tr. at 50-51.) On direct examination, Agent Raab testified that he obtained this information by calling a hotline Con Edison makes available to law enforcement agencies. (Tr. at 51.) While he did not specifically recall the conversation he had more than two years earlier with the Con Edison representative, Agent Raab stated during his direct examination that “[t]he substance of what I was told was that the address — the account for the address [Apartment 2] came back to Yuri Bershchansky.” (Id. at 51-52; see also id. at 52 (“The Court: When you say address, what address are you talking about, Apartment 1 or Apartment 2? The Witness: Apartment 2.”).) On cross examination of Agent Raab by defense counsel, however, the following questions were asked and answered on this topic: Q: I’m asking you to explain [the] language [found in the supporting affidavit], [“]the affiant [confirmed] with Con Edison that bills for the subject premises [were] in the name of Yuri Bershchansky.[”] Did they give you any indication as to the apartment Mr. Bershchansky was in? A: I don’t recall the exact wording of how I put it to Con Ed. Q: All right. Did they say he was in apartment 2? A: No, I believe they gave the name Yuri Bershchansky. Q: Yuri Bershchansky is at [the] building of 2462 [Gerritsen] Avenue? A: They would just give the name. They wouldn’t go into that. They just give you the name of the subscriber. (Id. at 109-110.) Although Agent Raab inquired whether a record of his call with Con Edison was available from Con Edison and from Homeland Security, neither entity was able to provide Agent Raab with a record. (Id. at 52.) The government also showed Agent Raab two bills from Con Edison during the relevant period admitted as government’s Exhibit 5, the first describing “Svedlana Klishina [sic]” as the person associated with “2462 Gerritsen Ave 2FL,” and the second describing ‘Yuri Berschansjy [sic]” as the person associated with “2462 Gerritsen Ave 1FL.” (Id. at 53-54.) Agent Raab testified that he had not seen and did not rely on either of these Con Edison bills in his affidavit at the time he applied for the search warrant. (Id. at 54-55.) In his supporting affidavit, Agent Raab further relied upon verbal information purportedly obtained from one of defendant’s neighbors in drafting the supporting affidavit. According to the supporting affidavit, “[Agent Raab] also confirmed with the tenant living at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue Apartment 1 that Yuri and his mother live in Apartment 2.’ The tenant described Yuri as being approximately 30 years old and Russian.” (Supporting Aff. ¶ 20.) Agent Raab testified that he and another HSI agent, Special Agent Steven Cerutti, spoke with another tenant at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue before Agent Raab signed the supporting affidavit. (Tr. at 58, 60.) With regard to Exhibit 2-A — the photograph depicting the two doors accessible from 2462 Gerritsen — Agent Raab testified that he and Agent Cerutti visited the apartment “on the left of the flight of stairs.” (Id. at 56.) He stated that they went to that apartment “to speak to a neighbor to try to determine who lived in the apartment, Mr. Bershchansky’s apartment.” (Id.) Agent Raab testified that a teenage girl answered his knock on the door, and that he identified himself as an agent of Homeland Security Investigations. (Id. at 60.) Agent Raab testified that he did not see the girl’s mother or anyone else in the apartment from where he was standing at the threshold. (Id. at 60-61.) Agent Raab testified that he told the girl who answered the door “that we wanted to speak to someone in the other apartment who had given us that as his address, and we wanted to ask her if he lived there.” (Id. at 57.) Agent Raab testified that he did not recall the particular name he used for the purported individual under investigation, but believed he used “a name that sounded Asian” in his question because he and Agent Cerutti “wouldn’t want to tell her that we were looking to speak to Mr. Bershchansky for fear that she would tell him that the police were asking for him.” (Id. at 57.) According to Agent Raab, the girl responded that the “person whose name [the agents] used didn’t live there, and she referred to us [sic ] as Yuri and his mother living there.” (Id. at 58.) Despite not recalling the girl’s “exact words,” Agent Raab testified that his statement in the supporting affidavit that a tenant told him that the girl said “Yuri and his mother live in Apartment 2,” is erroneous, although he was not aware of this mistake when he signed the affidavit. (Id. at 58.) In response to the court’s questions, Agent Raab further clarified that he was not aware when he was speaking to the girl what apartment number she occupied. (Id. at 74.) Agent Raab also testified that he did not remember the girl stating who lived in her apartment. (Id. at 75.) Agent Raab also testified about the government’s Exhibit 7, the “Enforcement Operation Plan” (“EOP”) for the execution of the search warrant at issue executed on January 31, 2011. (Id. at 62-63.) Agent Raab drafted the EOP “a day or so” before the search warrant was executed, and distributed it to the other agents who were going to take part in the search. (Id.) The EOP’s first page indicates that the “Location of Operation” was “2462 Gerritsen Avenue # 2, Brooklyn, New York,” (Gov. Ex. 7), because, as Agent Raab testified at the hearing, “that was the location that we were conducting the search warrant,” (id. at 63-64). The second page of the EOP lists “Yuri Bershchansky” as the name of the suspect, and the third page includes a picture of Mr. Bershchansky. (Gov. Ex. 7). Agent Raab further testified that when he and the other eight HSI agents executed the search at issue on January 31, 2011, he intended to search the “apartment to the right with the red awning down the stairs,” as depicted in the government’s Exhibit 2-A, and he believed that this was the apartment specified in the search warrant, i.e., Apartment 2. (Id. at 65-66.) Agent Raab testified that he did not remember what the door of the apartment he searched looked like on the day of the search. (Id. at 66.) Agent Raab did not recall whether the photographs marked as government’s Exhibits 2-D and 2-E accurately depicted the screen door and internal door to Apartment 1 of 2462 Gerritsen Avenue, but agreed these photographs appeared to be of “the apartment to the right, down the stairs.” (Id. at 67.) Agent Raab also testified that none of the accompanying agents raised any concerns regarding whether the January 31, 2011 search was executed in the correct apartment. (Id. at 68.) When shown the phone records associated with defendant’s cell phone obtained from AT & T, admitted as government’s Exhibit 8, Agent Raab testified that Mr. Bershchansky called him numerous times that day after the search on January 31, 2011, beginning at 7:56 a.m., shortly after the agents left Mr. Bershchansky’s apartment. (Id. at 69-71; Gov. Ex. 8.) At 7:57 a.m., defendant left a voicemail stating that he lived in Apartment 1, “not in Apartment Number 2, as it reads on the search warrant,” for Agent Raab. (Tr. at 73; Gov. Ex. 8.) After receiving defendant’s voicemail, Agent Raab contacted the U.S. Attorney’s office, but did not return defendant’s calls. (Tr. at 73.) On cross examination by defense counsel, Agent Raab testified that, as the lead case agent on defendant’s case, he was responsible for ensuring that the information reflected in the search warrant was accurate. (Id. at 77.) Agent Raab also testified that he had served as the lead case agent several dozen times in his law enforcement career and participated in approximately fifty search warrant executions. (Id. at 78.) Agent Raab did not recall (i) whether he knew the number of the apartment at the top of the stairs that he visited prior to applying for the search warrant at issue; (ii) the appearance of the door of the upstairs apartment that he visited prior to applying for the search warrant, including whether it bore a number at all; (iii) whether, after speaking with the teenage girl in the upstairs apartment discussed earlier, Agent Raab viewed 2462 Gerritsen Avenue “with an eye towards how [the agents] were going to execute a warrant” there; (iv) writing “Apartment 2” into the search warrant; (v) why Agent Raab wrote “Apartment 2” in the search warrant; and (vi) why Agent Raab wrote “Apartment 2” in the EOP. (Id. at 78-84.) Agent Raab testified that he did not recall the number of the apartment he and his team searched and did not recall what the front door of that apartment looked like either prior to or after the search was executed. (Id. at 94-96.) Nonetheless, Agent Raab testified that when he drafted the warrant and had it signed by Magistrate Judge Azrack, he knew that the warrant was directed to Apartment 2, despite the fact that he had been to the premises known as 2462 Gerritsen Avenue on one previous occasion. (Id. at 97.) Agent Raab testified on cross examination that he did not rely at all on the phone records of defendant’s cell phone admitted as government’s Exhibit 8 in drafting the search warrant at issue. (Id. at 89.) Similarly, Agent Raab testified that he did not possess and did not rely upon the Con Edison bills admitted as government’s Exhibit 5, discussed previously. (Id.) Agent Raab also testified that, prior to applying for the search warrant, he did not obtain or make any effort to obtain a floor plan of the apartment he intended to search. (Id. at 91.) Agent Raab also testified that he did not undertake any additional investigation into whether Mr. Bershchansky lived in “apartment 2” after conversing with the teenage girl, as described above, but Agent Raab acknowledged that he inserted the girl’s purported statement that defendant lived in Apartment 2 into the supporting affidavit. (Id. at 110-113.) Finally, Agent Raab stated that it would be his practice to inform his search team (i) whether the apartment to be searched was accessible through the door on the right or left of the front of the building, and (ii) the apartment number and street address of the residence. (Id. at 115-116.) But Agent Raab testified that he did not recall any specific words or instructions he may have given to the other HSI agents before executing the search warrant at issue (id. at 113-115). 3. Testimony of Special Agent Steven Cerutti Special Agent Steven Cerutti (“Agent Cerutti”) was the final witness to testify at the continued suppression hearing on December 12, 2012. Agent Cerutti is currently assigned to the Immigration and Customs Enforcement division of Homeland Security, but was assigned to the Child Exploitation group in January 2011 when the search warrant at issue was executed. (Id. at 130-31.) Agent Cerutti testified that he accompanied Agent Raab on the day Agent Raab visited 2462 Gerritsen Avenue prior to executing the search warrant. (Id. at 132.) Agent Cerutti identified the government’s Exhibit 2-A as depicting the two doors of the building located at 2462 Gerritsen Avenue accessible from 2462 Gerritsen Avenue. (Id.) Agent Cerutti testified that he and Agent Raab went to the door that was “furthest on the left, the one at the top of the stairs” as depicted on Exhibit 2-A. (Id.) After one of the agents knocked on that door, a young woman answered, and the agents identified themselves as agents with the Immigration and Customs Enforcement division of Homeland Security. (Id. at 133.) Agent Cerutti did not see anyone else inside the apartment, and no other residents came to the door while the agents spoke to the girl. (Id.) Agent Cerutti testified that he and Agent Raab “made up a fictitious name, said that we were looking for this person, just to find out who was living in the house, and we asked her if that person lived there and she said no. And [we] told her we wanted to speak to him on an immigration matter, that fictitious person.” (Id. at 134.) The agents used a fictitious name because they did not “want to jeopardize the investigation by letting people know who the subject of the investigation is ____ [A]t that point when we were knocking on the door, we don’t know if this person has a relationship with the subject or if the subject even lives in that particular apartment.” (Id.) According to Agent Cerutti, the girl replied that the person the agents were looking for did not live in her apartment. (Id.) Agent Cerutti further testified that “I believe we asked about the apartment below, which is to the right — as I’m facing the house, to the right and below, you see a door there. And she said that’s somebody — a Russian guy by the name of Yuri lived there with his mother.” (Id.) Agent Cerutti was part of the search team that executed the search warrant at issue on January 31, 2011. (Id. at 135.) He testified that a pre-search briefing occurred prior to the search execution, and “there was no uncertainty as to which apartment we were going to be executing the search warrant at,” which was “[t]he apartment that was to the right, the one that was sort of below the street level, basement apartment.” (Id. at 135-136.) Agent Cerutti recalled that the search warrant was passed around during the pre-search briefing, but he did not recall if there was an apartment number displayed on the search warrant. (Id. at 136.) Agent Cerutti further testified that he did not consider entering the apartment upstairs and to the left before the search, because “[a]t this point, it was clear to me that we were going to knock on the door that was on the right, looking at [Exhibit 2-A].” (Id. at 137.) Agent Cerutti and the search team did, in fact, search the basement apartment located “downstairs to the right.” (Id. at 137.) On cross examination by defense counsel, Agent Cerutti testified that he did not notice the number of the apartment he and Agent Raab visited prior to the search and that he “knocked on the door .... [and] didn’t pay attention to what number was on there.” (Id. at 138.) In response to the court’s question, Agent Cerutti stated that he and Agent Raab decided to first visit the apartment upstairs to the left, as opposed to the apartment downstairs on the right, because the former “appeared to be the mini-entrance to the house. It was just a place to start.” (Id. at 143.) On the day of this pre-search visit, Agent Cerutti stated that he and Agent Raab “had no idea” who lived in the upstairs apartment, which was “precisely why we went to knock on the doors there.” (Id.) At this time, Agent Cerutti did not have any “specific” information about Yuri Bershchansky, but he recalled “that an internet account came back to that address broadly....” (Id. at 143.) After speaking with the girl who answered the door of the upstairs apartment, Agent Cerutti did not rule out that the subject lived in the upstairs apartment; rather “when the young lady told us that Yuri lived downstairs, we just decided to leave it at that. That was just a decision that was made on the spot.” (Id. at 144.) Agent Cerutti did not recall if he went down the stairs to look at the number on the apartment downstairs on the right after the pre-search discussion with the girl, but he confirmed that he was not asked to investigate the apartment numbers any further and did not do so. (Id. at 138-139.) Agent Cerutti further testified that he had initiated the investigation into the defendant, and that he assisted Agent Raab with preparing the supporting affidavit accompanying the search warrant by providing Agent Raab with “material facts” and “information relating to the investigation I had conducted up to that point.” (Id. at 139-140.) Agent Cerutti did not “fact check” Agent Raab’s supporting affidavit, however, and did not provide Agent Raab with any information regarding the “subject premises” or the apartment numbers. (Id. at 139-140.) 4. The Parties’ Post-Hearing Submissions The parties filed post-hearing submissions on February 4, 2013. (ECF No. 55, Gov’t Post-Hearing Memorandum in Opposition to Defi’s Motion to Suppress, dated 2/4/2013 (“Gov’t Post-Hearing Mem.”); ECF No. 56, Def.’s Post-Hearing Memorandum in Support of Def.’s Motion to Suppress, dated 2/4/2013 (“Def. Post-Hearing Mem.”).) On February 11, 2013, the government filed a response to defendant’s post-hearing memorandum. (See generally ECF No. 57, Gov’t Response to Def.’s Post-Hearing Memorandum, dated 2/11/2013 (“Gov’t Post-Hearing Resp.”).) Defense counsel did not file a response to the government’s post-hearing memorandum dated February 4, 2013. DISCUSSION A. Legal Standards 1. Probable Cause The Fourth Amendment, which prohibits “unreasonable searches and seizures,” requires that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. The United States Supreme Court explained in Illinois v. Gates that “probable cause is a fluid concept — turning on the assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts — not readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal rules.” 462 U.S. 213, 232, 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983); see also United States v. Falso, 544 F.3d 110, 117 (2d Cir.2008). The Supreme Court further stated that a magistrate judge’s determination of whether probable cause exists requires “a practical, commonsense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him, ... there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 238, 103 S.Ct. 2317. 2. Franks Hearing Defendant seeks a so-called Franks hearing in addition to his motion to suppress. Although “[t]here is ... a presumption of validity with respect to the affidavit supporting [a] search warrant,” Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 171, 98 S.Ct. 2674, 57 L.Ed.2d 667 (1978), a defendant may challenge the validity of a search warrant if he makes a “substantial preliminary showing” that the supporting affidavit contains deliberately or recklessly false or misleading information, id. at 155-56, 98 S.Ct. 2674. See also Falso, 544 F.3d at 115 (same); United States v. Canfield, 212 F.3d 713, 717-18 (2d Cir.2000) (same). In order to obtain an evidentiary Franks hearing, the defendant must make a substantial preliminary showing that (i) the warrant affidavit contains .a false statement or material omissions that makes the affidavit misleading; (ii) the false statement or material omission was the result of the affiant’s deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the truth; and (iii) the false statement or material omission was integral or necessary to the magistrate judge’s probable cause finding. United States v. Martin, 426 F.3d 68, 73-74 (2d Cir.2005). To avoid “fishing expeditions into affidavits that are otherwise presumed truthful ... [a] challenger’s attack must be more than conclusory and must be supported by more than a mere desire to cross-examine. There must be allegations of deliberate falsehood or of reckless disregard for the truth, and those allegations must be accompanied by an offer of proof. They should point out specifically the portion of the warrant affidavit that is claimed to be false; and they should be accompanied by a statement of supporting reasons.” Falso, 544 F.3d at 125-26 (internal quotation and citation omitted). Thus, “[t]he ultimate inquiry is whether, after putting aside erroneous information and material omissions, ‘there remains a residue of independent and lawful information sufficient to support probable cause.’ ” Canfield, 212 F.3d at 718 (quoting United States v. Ferguson, 758 F.2d 843, 848 (2d Cir.1985)). 3. The Search The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. The Fourth Amendment thus requires that warrants state with particularity the place to be searched and the items that are to be searched and seized. a. Scope of Search To determine “the permissible scope of a search that has been authorized by a search warrant ... [courts] must look to the place that the magistrate judge who issued the warrant intended to be searched, not to the place that the police intended to search when they applied for the warrant.” Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 211 (emphasis added) (citing Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 561, 124 S.Ct. 1284, 157 L.Ed.2d 1068 (2004) (“The mere fact that the Magistrate issued a warrant does not necessarily establish that he agreed that the scope of the search should be as broad as the affiant’s request.”)); 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment § 4.5 (4th ed. 2004) (“One of the specific commands of the Fourth Amendment is that no warrants shall issue except those ‘particularly describing the place to be searched.’ Quite obviously, the primary purpose of this limitation is to minimize the risk that officers executing search warrants will by mistake search a place other than the place intended by the magistrate.”). In Voustianiouk, the Second Circuit held that agents exceeded the scope of the search authorized by a magistrate judge because the search warrant and accompanying affidavit “explicitly authorize^] the search of the first-floor apartment,” but did not “mention ... the second-floor apartment” that agents searched or the suspect’s name. Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 211. The search warrant in Voustianiouk was issued for “the premises known and described as 2424 Cambreleng Avenue Apt. 1, Bronx, New York 10458.” Id. at 209. The supporting affidavit for the warrant in Voustianiouk stated that the place to be searched was “a ground floor apartment inside a two-story white shingled house,” and that “[b]ased in part on information obtained through a summons directed to the internet service provider for [the] IP address” under investigation, the investigator learned that “the subscriber ... was an individual at 2424 Cambreleng Avenue, Apt. 1, Bronx, New York, 10458.” Id. Neither the warrant nor the supporting affidavit mentioned Voustianiouk’s name. Id. at 211. When the search team in Voustianiouk arrived at the defendant’s premises on the day of the intended search, they “rang both of the buzzers because neither were marked with an apartment number. After the officials rang the doorbells, they saw a light turn on from the second floor window and then a man came to the front door of the building. The man was asked whether he was Andrei Voustianiouk[,] and he confirmed that he was.” Id. at 209-210. The lead agent recognized the defendant from a picture the agent had found of the defendant on the internet, and explained that the agents had a search warrant and needed to search the defendant’s apartment. Id. at 210. The defendant then led the agents up to his second-floor apartment; the agents did not inform the defendant of the fact that the search warrant did not mention his name, or that the search warrant “clearly made reference to the downstairs apartment, not the one that he was leading [the agents] to on the second floor.” Id. The Second Circuit found that the agents in Voustianiouk had searched a location other than the one that the magistrate judge intended to be searched and deemed the warrant invalid. Id. at 211. The court further observed that “[s]uch a warrantless search, absent some exception, violates the Fourth Amendment not because the description in the warrant was insufficient or inaccurate, but rather because the agents executing the search exceeded the authority that they had been granted by the magistrate judge,” id. at 212, i.e. to search “a ground floor apartment inside a two-story white shingled house” at 2424 Cambreleng Avenue Apt. 1, id. at 209 (emphasis added). See also Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 140, 110 S.Ct. 2301, 110 L.Ed.2d 112 (1990) (“If the scope of a search exceeds that permitted by the terms of a validly issued warrant or the character of the relevant exception from the warrant requirement, the subsequent seizure is unconstitutional without more.”). b. Particularity The Fourth Amendment’s demand that search warrants “ ‘particularly describ[e] the place to be searched’ ... provides a ‘limitation curtailing the officers’ discretion when executing the warrant,’ so that ‘the safeguard of having a magistrate determine the scope of the search is [not] lost.’ ” Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 211 (quoting United States v. George, 975 F.2d 72, 76 (2d Cir.1992)). This requirement traces directly back to the Framers’ experience with tyranny before this Nation’s founding: “The Fourth Amendment was a response to the English Crown’s use of general warrants, which often allowed royal officials to search and seize whatever and whomever they pleased while investigating crimes or affronts to the Crown.... The principal evil of the general warrant was addressed by the Fourth Amendment’s particularity requirement.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, — U.S.-, 131 S.Ct. 2074, 2084, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011). The Second Circuit held “that when officers search a location other than the one that the magistrate judge intended to be searched ... there is no need to inquire into whether the warrant’s description was sufficiently particular to satisfy the Fourth Amendment in order to determine if the search violated the Constitution, because the search was conducted without the authorization of a warrant. Such a warrant-less search, absent some exception, violates the Fourth Amendment not because the description in the warrant was insufficient or inaccurate, but rather because the agents executing the search exceeded the authority that they had been granted by the magistrate judge.” Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 212 (citing Horton, 496 U.S. at 140, 110 S.Ct. 2301). The Second Circuit has also held that “[p]articularity concerns frequently arise in circumstances where the description in the warrant of the place to be searched is so vague that it fails reasonably to alert executing officers to the limits of their search authority ... or where the place described in the warrant does not comport with the place confronting officers when they attempt execution.” United States v. Clark, 638 F.3d 89, 94 (2d Cir.2011) (internal citations omitted); see also Maryland v. Garrison, 480 U.S. 79, 84, 107 S.Ct. 1013, 94 L.Ed.2d 72 (1987) (“By limiting the authorization to search to the specific areas and things for which there is probable cause to search, the [Fourth Amendment’s particularity] requirement ensures that the search will be carefully tailored to its justifications, and will not take on the character of the wide-ranging exploratory searches the Framers intended to prohibit.”). The Fourth Amendment’s particularity requirement is satisfied “if the description is such that the officer with a search warrant can, with reasonable effort ascertain and identify the place intended.” Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 211 (quoting Steele v. United States, 267 U.S. 498, 503, 45 S.Ct. 414, 69 L.Ed. 757 (1925)). “Warrants have been upheld despite ‘technical errors,’ such as an incorrect street address, when the possibility of actual error is eliminated by other information, whether it be a detailed physical description in the warrant itself, supplemental information from an appended affidavit, or knowledge of the executing agent derived from personal surveillance of the location to be searched.” Velardi v. Walsh, 40 F.3d 569, 576 (2d Cir.1994). To determine whether a warrant with a partial misdescription satisfies the particularity prong of the Fourth Amendment, this court must examine two factors: (i) whether the description is sufficient “to enable the executing officer to locate and identify the premises with reasonable effort,” and (ii) “whether there is any reasonable probability that another premise might be mistakenly searched.” Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 212 (quoting United States v. Turner, 770 F.2d 1508, 1510 (9th Cir.1985)). It is settled in the Second Circuit that supplementary documents, including affidavits submitted to a magistrate judge to demonstrate probable cause, can particularize a warrant only when attached and incorporated into the warrant by reference. United States v. Rosa, 626 F.3d 56, 64 (2d Cir.2010) (“[W]e may no longer rely on unincorporated, unattached supporting documents to cure an otherwise defective search warrant.”); George, 975 F.2d at 76 (“Resort to an affidavit to remedy a warrant’s lack of particularity is only available when it is incorporated by reference in the warrant itself and attached to it.”); cf. Groh, 540 U.S. 551, 557, 124 S.Ct. 1284, 157 L.Ed.2d 1068 (2004) (noting that “[t]he Fourth Amendment by its terms requires particularity in the warrant, not in the supporting documents”). Therefore, “the Government cannot rely on language in a warrant simply referencing the underlying affidavit to satisfy the particularity prong of the Fourth Amendment; rather, it must attach the affidavit to the warrant and incorporate it by reference using ‘deliberate and unequivocal language.’ ” United States v. Cohan, 628 F.Supp.2d 355, 363 (E.D.N.Y.2009) (internal quotation omitted); cf. United States v. Waker, 534 F.3d 168, 172 n. 2 (2d Cir.2008) (finding supporting affidavit was incorporated and attached to warrant where warrant stated that supporting affidavit “is incorporated herein by reference” and magistrate had “initialed the [relevant] portion of the attached affidavit”). 4. Good-Faith Exception to the Exclusionary Rule In order “ ‘to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights,’ ” the Supreme Court has created “an exclusionary rule that, when applicable, forbids the use of improperly obtained evidence at trial.” Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 139, 129 S.Ct. 695, 172 L.Ed.2d 496 (2009) (citing Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383, 398, 34 S.Ct. 341, 58 L.Ed. 652 (1914)). It is black-letter law, however, that “[t]he fact that a Fourth Amendment violation occurred ... does not necessarily mean that the exclusionary rule applies.” Id. at 140, 129 S.Ct. 695 (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 223, 103 S.Ct. 2317). “[T]he exclusionary rule is designed to deter police misconduct ... and the Supreme Court has held that when the police act in objectively reasonable reliance on a ... search warrant, even if the warrant was issued in violation of the Fourth Amendment, the marginal or nonexistent benefits produced by suppressing evidence obtained as a result of that subsequently invalidated search warrant cannot justify the substantial costs of exclusion.” Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 214-15. “The burden is on the government to demonstrate the objective reasonableness of the officers’ good faith reliance.” George, 975 F.2d at 77. Mere negligence on the part of government agents in executing a search warrant subsequently found to be invalid does not lead to suppression. Herring, 555 U.S. at 144, 129 S.Ct. 695 (“the exclusionary rule serves to deter deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct”). In Voustianiouk, the Second Circuit noted that “when agents search a location other than the one a magistrate judge intended for them to search, the warrant’s description may still be important for the purpose of determining whether the agents reasonably relied on the description in conducting a search and thus whether the exclusionary rule should be applied.” Voustianiouk, 685 F.3d at 212 n. 1. 5. Custodial Interrogation Under Miranda v. Arizona, the Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination requires that “any information elicited by the police as the result of custodial interrogation of a suspect may not be introduced into evidence against him unless he has just been advised of and has waived certain basic constitutional rights.” United States ex rel. Hines v. La Vallee, 521 F.2d 1109, 1112 (2d Cir.1975); see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 467-69, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). Miranda warnings, however, apply only to “custodial interrogation.” United States v. Newton, 369 F.3d 659, 669 (2d Cir.2004). There is no dispute here that the agents’ interview of defendant was an “interrogation,” which is defined as “express questioning or its functional equivalent.” United States v. FNU LNU, 653 F.3d 144, 148 (2d Cir.2011) (citation omitted). Rather, the dispute concerns whether defendant was “in custody” when he made incriminating statements to the HSI agents on January 31, 2011. The test for whether an individual is in custody is an objective one, based on “whether a reasonable person [in the suspect’s position] would have thought he was free to leave the police encounter at issue. If the answer is yes, the Miranda inquiry is at an end; the challenged interrogation did not require advice of rights.” Georgison v. Donelli, 588 F.3d 145, 156 (2d Cir.2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). If a reasonable person would not have thought himself [or herself] free to leave, the court must also ask whether “a reasonable person would have understood his freedom of action to have been curtailed to a degree associated with formal arrest.” Newton, 369 F.3d at 672. In determining whether the defendant was in custody, the court should consider “the circumstances surrounding the [interrogation,]” such as the interrogation’s duration, its location, whether the suspect volunteered for the interview, whether the officers used restraints, whether weapons were present or drawn, and whether officers told the suspect he was free to leave or under suspicion. FNU LNU, 653 F.3d at 153. Moreover, “absent an arrest, interrogation in the familiar surroundings of one’s own home is generally not deemed custodial.” Newton, 369 F.3d at 675; see also United States v. Mitchell, 966 F.2d 92, 99 (2d Cir.1992) (holding that defendant was not in custody where, among other things, the entire interview occurred in the “familiar surroundings of [the defendant’s] home”) B. Analysis 1. Probable Cause The first issue before the court is whether the government has adequately shown probable cause in this case that contraband or evidence of a crime would be found in a particular place to obtain a search warrant. Defendant argues that “[a] description of the files containing child pornography downloaded from multiple sources other than Mr. Bershchansky’s computer and identity of its’ [sic] digital signature with digital signatures found in Mr. Bershchansky’s computer does not establish probable cause to believe the child pornography would be found in the residence.” (Mot. ¶ 17.) Defendant asserts that probable cause to believe that evidence of possession of child pornography was stored on his computer could only be established by actually downloading child pornography from Mr. Bershchansky’s computer. (Mot. ¶ 20.) Defendant’s argument is unavailing. Based on all the circumstances set forth in Agent Raab’s affidavit supporting the search warrant application, there was probable cause to believe that evidence of possession of child pornography would be found by searching defendant’s apartment, mistakenly identified as apartment 2. Specifically, the supporting affidavit stated that an HSI investigator located files being hosted for peer-to-peer sharing from IP address 24.185.53.197 with file names “known to be associated with child pornography images and videos.” (Supporting Aff. ¶ 15.) The investigator “direct connected” to the computer at IP address 24.185.53.197 and found files offered for download with titles that were “indicative of child pornog