A. ex rel. A. v. Hartford Board of Education (976 F. Supp. 2d 164, 2013)

United States District Court for the District of Connecticut 2013-10-08

Citations

Full opinion text

RULING ON PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO SUPPLEMENT THE ADMINISTRATIVE RECORD, DEFENDANT HARTFORD BOARD OF EDUCATION’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’ AMENDED COUNTERCLAIMS, AND DEFENDANT HARTFORD BOARD OF EDUCATION’S MOTION TO RE-OPEN DISCOVERY

CHARLES S. HAIGHT, JR., Senior District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff A. (“Student”) is a special education student who lives with his Plaintiff Parent (“Parent”), Mr. A., in New Britain, Connecticut. (Collectively, “Plaintiffs.”) At all times relevant to this lawsuit, Student was identified as being in need of special education and related services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (hereinafter “IDEA”) under the disability category of autism. Until sometime shortly after this lawsuit was filed — i.e., on September 2, 2011 — Student was enrolled at Classical Magnet School (hereinafter “Magnet School”) which is situated outside of Student’s home education district (i.e., New Britain, under the oversight of Defendant New Britain Board of Education) and which is run and overseen by Defendant Hartford Board of Education. (Hereinafter New Britain Board of Education and Hartford Board of Education will collectively be referred to as “Defendants.”) The parties agree that Defendants New Britain Board of Education and Hartford Board of Education were jointly responsible for providing a free appropriate public education (hereinafter “FAPE”) to Student during the time that he lived in New Britain and attended Magnet School in Hartford.

On or around October 7, 2010, Plaintiffs requested an administrative hearing from the Connecticut Department of Education to challenge what Plaintiffs considered to be the failure of Defendants to provide a FAPE to Student. The parties initially agreed to participate in a mediation in place of an administrative resolution meeting and hearing; however, a November 2010 mediation was unsuccessful, and so the matter proceeded to an administrative hearing. Following a 13-day administrative hearing in which this matter was heard as a contested ease pursuant both to Conn. Gen.Stat. § 10-76 and related regulations and to 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f) and related regulations, as well as in accordance with the Uniform Administrative Procedure Act, the due process Administrative Hearing Officer who oversaw and adjudicated the hearing issued a Final Decision and Order on August 2, 2011. Among other findings, the Administrative Hearing Officer found partially in favor of the Plaintiffs based on the Defendants’ failure to provide a FAPE for Student for the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 school years, stating that “the program provided by the [New Britain Board of Education] and the Magnet School [run by the Hartford Board of Education] ... was not appropriate,” and, moreover, that the “Magnet School and the [New Britain] Board [of Education] violated the Parent’s [IDEA] procedural rights relating to the 2010-2011 school year in several respects.” See, e.g., [Doc. 1] Ex. A at 18.

By way of remedial relief, the Administrative Hearing Officer issued several remedial orders, familiarity with which is assumed for the purposes of this Ruling. Despite these findings, however, the Administrative Hearing Officer found that there was insufficient evidence to show that Student would benefit from an in-home program coordinated by a Board Certified Behavioral Analyst. Id. at 19.

Plaintiffs filed the first of these captioned consolidated actions in this Court on September 2, 2011, seeking an award from both Defendants of attorneys’ fees and costs for work performed during the administrative hearing process. [Doc. 1], In early November of the same year, this action was consolidated with another action, commenced on September 16, 2011 and captioned New Britain Board of Education v. J.A., No. 3:11-CV-01431. [Doc. 23]. The latter action was brought by New Britain Board of Education as a limited appeal of the Administrative Hearing Officer’s ruling. Plaintiffs filed an Answer to New Britain Board of Education’s action, then filed a Motion to Amend/Correct this Answer on May 22, 2012. [Doc. 33]. Shortly thereafter, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record. [Doc. 38]. On September 10, 2012, following a Ruling by this Court which denied as moot Plaintiffs’ prior motion to Amend/Correct their Answer, see [Doc. 66], Plaintiffs filed another Amended Answer and Amended Counterclaims (hereinafter Plaintiffs’ “Amended Answer and Counterclaims”) [Doc. 67] to Defendant New Britain Board of Education’s Complaint in the then-consolidated action, naming Hartford Board of Education as an additional party to the action. This is the controlling Answer and Counterclaims for the purposes of this ruling.

In their September 10, 2012 Amended Answer and Counterclaims, Plaintiffs allege two Counterclaims. The first Amended Counterclaim alleges that Defendants New Britain Board of Education and Hartford Board of Education are liable for violating the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12132 et seq. (“ADA”) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (“Section 504”), 29 U.S.C. § 794, by failing and refusing to implement the Administrative Hearing Officer’s decision. [Doc. 67] at 16, 18. Plaintiffs further allege that subsequent to the Administrative Hearing Officer’s decision, Defendants have “taken actions that interfere with the implementation” of that decision, “such as refusing to authorize the independent consultant time to fully evaluate the Student’s educational program and placing limitations on the scope of the activities of the consultant.” Id. at 18. Moreover, Plaintiffs state Defendants’ “repeated refusal ... to implement such critical aspects of the [Administrative Hearing Officer’s] decision as allowing the independent consultant sufficient time to properly evaluate the Student, ... failing to implement critical relief ordered by the hearing officer ..., refusal to pay for the Parent’s independent evaluation and refusal to pay for transportation related to the evaluations ordered by the hearing officer have interfered with the implementation” of a FAPE to the Student and “with his right to have [the Administrative Hearing Officer’s order] implemented[,] in violation of the ADA and [Section] 504.” Id. Plaintiffs allege that Defendants have refused to implement such aspects of the Administrative Hearing Officer’s decision in part because Parent “has acted to enforce his rights under the ADA and Section 504.” Id.

Plaintiffs’ Amended Second Counterclaim alleges liability on the part of Defendants New Britain Board of Education and Hartford Board of Education for failing to implement the Administrative Hearing Officer’s Final Decision and Order by failing “to retain the Independent Educational Consultant to help the [Planning and Placement Team] develop and implement an appropriate IEP” for Student throughout most of the 2011-2012 school year, and, moreover, for failing “to implement the ordered compensatory education services in a timely and safe manner due to providing unreliable, and often unsafe, transportation to the Student.” Id. at 21.

In August of 2011, Plaintiffs filed a complaint concerning Defendants’ alleged noncompliance with the hearing officer’s decision with the Connecticut Department of Education pursuant to C.G.S.A. § 10-76h(d)(2). The Connecticut Department of Education processed Plaintiffs complaint pursuant to the formal Connecticut State Complaint Resolution Process. [Doc. 33-5]. In December of 2011, after reviewing the matter, the Connecticut Department of Education directed Defendants to implement specific parts of the Administrative Hearing Officer’s Order. As Plaintiffs state, because state law does not permit the Connecticut Department of Education “to order compensatory education or other appropriate remedial relief,” the Connecticut Department of Education “indicated that the issuance of an order requiring remedial compensatory education, if any, would have to come from” another source [Doc. 33-1] at 3. The Connecticut Department of Education informed the parties that “the normal procedure followed when corrective actions issued through the Complaint Resolution Process are not completed as ordered is to refer the issue to the [Connecticut] Attorney General’s Office,” but indicated its belief that Defendants’ “failure to complete the corrective actions” could “be addressed through [Defendant New Britain’s] appeal” and presumably any answer and counterclaims Plaintiffs brought thereto, as a possible alternate path. Id.; see also [Doc. 33-4], [Doc. 33-5], [Doc. 33-6], and [Doc. 33-7]. A more detailed description of Plaintiffs’ claims may be found infra.

In their Amended Counterclaims, filed in the aforementioned action initiated by Defendant New Britain Board of Education, Plaintiffs move the Court for compensatory and punitive damages; attorney’s fees, costs, and litigation expenses; and three Court orders: (1) an order requiring Defendants to immediately implement the Administrative Hearing Officer’s Order; (2) an “order against all Defendants awarding the Student at a minimum one full year of compensatory education in the form of retaining the Institute for Professional Practice” to consult regarding the development and implementation of an Individualized Education Program (“IEP”) and to provide a Board Certified Behavioral Analyst and paraprofessional/therapist to implement the Student’s program; and (3) an order requiring the Defendants “to complete the 180 hours of individualized therapy required by” the Administrative Hearing Officer’s Final Decision and Order. “In the alternative, the Parent requests that the court order [Defendants] to place the Student at the Connecticut Center for Child Development for one school year given [Defendants’] delay in implementing the Hearing Officer’s Decision.” Id. at 23-24.

II. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO SUPPLEMENT THE ADMINISTRATIVE RECORD

In June of 2012, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record. [Doc. 38]. Plaintiffs separately filed the documents, sealed by order of this Court, with which they seek to supplement the record, labeled as exhibits A through UU. [Doc. 41]. Plaintiffs assert that these exhibits, which they now seek to add to the record, demonstrate elements of the claims they make in their Amended Counterclaims, specifically that despite Plaintiffs’ and the Connecticut Board of Education’s efforts, “Defendants have delayed and/or failed to implement the Hearing Officer’s Order.” Id. at 1. Plaintiffs accordingly move that this Court allow them to supplement the record with these documents, which were “created after the hearing decision was issued,” and which Plaintiffs “offer[ ] to prove that the post-hearing actions of ... Defendants violated ... Plaintiffs’ right to have the Hearing Officer’s Order implemented properly and constituted interference with ... Plaintiffs federal rights in violation of the ADA and § 504.” Id. Plaintiffs specify that these documents “relate[ ] to events that occurred after the hearing decision was issued” and therefore “do not constitute retrospective evidence that may be inadmissible to prove” an IDEA claim. Id.

As Plaintiffs note, while there is a body of caselaw concerning when and under what conditions parties may introduce supplemental evidence in cases involving special education statutes and the implementation of IEPs, much of it is concerned with the question of whether such evidence may be used by a court either to consider a child’s current status in his or her current education placement or to consider retrospectively a child’s performance in evaluating the appropriateness of his or her IEP, particular educational institution, or, more generally, the actions of specific parties or boards of education. See, e.g., Doe v. East Lyme Board of Education, No. 3:11-CV-00291, 2012 WL 1252695 at *4-6 (D.Conn. April 12, 2012) (containing a thorough overview and discussion of recent caselaw on this topic). Here, in contrast, Plaintiffs do not seek to introduce exhibits A through UU in order to demonstrate the current or retrospective effectiveness or ineffectiveness of any particular IEP or course of action, or the impact of such IEP or course of action upon Student’s performance, health, or anything else. Rather, Plaintiffs seek to introduce these supplemental exhibits to attempt to demonstrate that Defendants have acted in ways subsequent to the due process administrative hearing that have interfered with the implementation of Plaintiffs’ exerting and realizing their rights under assorted federal laws. This evidence is directly relevant to Plaintiffs’ Amended Answer and Counterclaims. The Court also notes that the Connecticut Department of Education has made statements with respect to the extent and limits of its ability to respond to such actions, as addressed in detail infra.

Defendant Hartford Board of Education filed an Objection to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Supplement the Record. [Doc. 47]. In this Objection, Defendant Hartford Board of Education made four arguments: (1) that Plaintiffs have no right to bring a civil action to enforce the portion of the Hearing Officer’s decision that provided them with a remedy; (2) that the claims Plaintiffs are bringing could have been brought under the IDEA rather than under other federal statutes, and thus under the language of the IDEA and related caselaw Plaintiffs are required to exhaust their administrative remedies before bringing such claims before this Court; (3) that Plaintiffs should not be allowed to use supplementation to have a de novo trial on issues that were reviewed in the state administrative hearing process; and (4) that the introduction of such supplemental documents would be prejudicial to Defendant Hartford Board of Education. Id. at 1-2.

The Court has examined exhibits A through UU and has read carefully all the briefing on this issue, and concludes that this is an instance in which it should and shall exercise its discretion to supplement the record. See A.S. v. Trumbull Board of Education, 359 F.Supp.2d 102, 104 (D.Conn.2005) (noting that a court may “exercise its discretion to supplement the record.”). These additional documents directly and narrowly pertain to the contentions that Plaintiffs make in their Amended Counterclaims, including that the Connecticut Board of Education “indicated in correspondence that though the Defendants’ response to the Hearing Officer’s Order was inadequate, it [did] not have the authority to compel the Defendants” to comply, and “that Defendants’ actions violated ... Plaintiffs’ right to have the Order of the Administrative Hearing Officer implemented properly and constituted interference with the Plaintiffs’ [IDEA] rights in violation of’ various laws and regulations. [Doc. 47] at 2. The Court further notes that the arguments Defendant Hartford Board of Education raise in its Objection to the supplementation of the record have a significant amount of overlap with those it raises in its Motion to Dismiss, which is discussed infra.

The Court finds it appropriate for Plaintiffs to supplement the administrative record by offering relevant evidence pertaining to Defendants’ alleged failure to implement the Hearing Officer’s Order and the Court does not see how doing so would unfairly prejudice Defendant Hartford Board of Education. The Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record [Doc. 38], and admits into evidence all supplemental exhibits offered by Plaintiffs as Exhibits A-UU to their Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record into evidence.

III. DEFENDANT HARTFORD BOARD OF EDUCATION’S MOTION TO DISMISS

Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), Defendant Hartford Board of Education now moves the Court in a Motion to Dismiss, [Doc. 70], to “dismiss the First and Second Counterclaims for Plaintiffs’ Amended Answer for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and/or for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.” [Doc. 70] at 1. Defendant Hartford Board of Education makes eight contentions in support of its Motion to Dismiss:

(1) That the Second Counterclaim, which purports to use 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to request monetary and punitive damages for a violation of the IDEA violation, must be dismissed because 42 U.S.C. § 1983 cannot be used to enforce the IDEA, Id.;

(2) That this Court lacks jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’ “claims to enforce an administrative due process hearing officer’s decision” and, as such, the First and Second Counterclaims “must be dismissed to the extent that they are requesting enforcement of the hearing officer’s decision,” Id,.;

(3) That this Court lacks jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’ “claims under the IDEA as the [Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies prior to bringing their claims to federal court,” Id.;

(4) That this Court “lacks jurisdiction over the first [C]ounterelaim alleging claims under the [ADA] and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act,” as Plaintiffs “failed to exhaust their administrative remedies prior to bringing their claims to federal court,” Id. at 2;

(5) That this Court must dismiss Plaintiffs’ First Counterclaim as Plaintiffs have not alleged “facts which if taken as true would lead a reasonable fact finder to determine” that Defendant Hartford Board of Education “failed to implement the hearing officer’s order,” Id.;

(6) That this Court must dismiss Plaintiffs’ First Counterclaim as Plaintiffs have not alleged “facts which if taken as true would lead a reasonable fact finder to determine” that Defendant Hartford Board of Education “failed to implement the hearing officer’s order in retaliation against the plaintiffs for filing a due process complaint in the first place,” Id.;

(7) That this Court must dismiss the First Counterclaim because 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “is inapplicable to the ADA and/or Section 504,” Id.;

(8) That this Court must dismiss the request for punitive damages because “punitive damages are not available against a municipality under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and/or under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.” Id.

Plaintiffs filed an Opposition Memorandum to Defendant Hartford Board of Education’s Motion to Dismiss, [Doc. 77], and Defendant Hartford Board of Education filed a Reply brief in support of its Motion. [Doc. 85]. While a stay had been in place by Order of this Court at the time in which Defendant Hartford Board of Education filed its Reply, [Doc. 90], that stay was lifted in February of 2013 and all parties were directed by the Court to file by February 28, 2013 “any briefs that would have been filed but for the aforementioned stay.” [Doc. 98]. No further briefs relating to Defendant Hartford Board of Education’s Motion to Dismiss have been filed. This matter is therefore ripe for adjudication and, accordingly, the Court now rules on Defendant Hartford Board of Education’s Motion to Dismiss.

A. Legal Standards for a Motion to Dismiss

Defendant Hartford Board of Education has filed its Motion to Dismiss pursuant to both Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) and Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6).

A motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is governed by Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1), under which a case is properly dismissed “when the court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate the case.” Nowak v. Ironworkers Local 6 Pension Fund, 81 F.3d 1182, 1187 (2d Cir.1996). Both the moving and non-moving parties “may use affidavits and other materials beyond the pleadings themselves in support or in opposition to a challenge to subject matter jurisdiction” and the “district court also may inquire, by affidavits or otherwise, into the facts as they exist.” Tuccio Development, Inc. v. Town of Ridgefield, No. 3:06-CV01821, 2008 WL 749855 at *1 (D.Conn. March 19, 2008) (quoting Matos v. United States Dept. of Housing & Urban Development, 995 F.Supp. 48, 49 (D.Conn.1997) and Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735, 67 S.Ct. 1009, 91 L.Ed. 1209 (1947) (internal quotation marks omitted)). The parties asserting that subject matter jurisdiction does indeed exist — here, Plaintiffs — bear the burden of proving it by a preponderance of the evidence, and all ambiguities and inferences will be drawn in those parties’ favor. Aurecchione v. Schoolman Transp. System, Inc., 426 F.3d 635, 638 (2d Cir.2005).

A motion to dismiss for a failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is brought under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). Such a motion must be decided on “facts stated on the face of the complaint, in documents appended to the complaint or incorporated in the complaint by reference, and [ ] matters of which judicial notice may be taken.” Lunardini v. Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. Co., 696 F.Supp.2d 149, 155 (D.Conn.2010) (citing Leonard F. v. Israel Disc. Bank of N.Y., 199 F.3d 99, 107 (2d Cir.1999) and Roth v. Jennings, 489 F.3d 499, 509 (2d Cir.2007)).

A court’s focus on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is “not whether the plaintiff will ultimately prevail but whether the plaintiff is entitled to offer evidence to support the claims.” Villager Pond, Inc. v. Town of Darien, 56 F.3d 375, 378 (2d Cir.1995). For this reason, when “deciding a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court must accept as true all factual allegations in the complaint and must draw inferences in a light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Moore v. Mara, 3:08-CV-01946, 2010 WL 3270223 at *3 (D.Conn. August 17, 2010). However, while a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations to survive a motion to dismiss under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), it will not suffice if it merely “tenders naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007)). Thus a plaintiff must do more than provide labels and conclusions; “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

In sum, the overarching function of a motion to dismiss under either 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6) “is merely to assess the legal feasibility of the complaint, not to assay the weight of evidence which might be offered in support thereof’ and, accordingly, the “issue on a motion to dismiss is not whether the plaintiff will prevail, but whether the plaintiff is entitled to offer evidence to support his claims.” Bici v. Napolitano, No. 3:10-CV-01991, 2012 WL 642781 at *1 (D.Conn. Feb. 28, 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Mytych v. May Dept. Stores Co., 34 F.Supp.2d 130, 131 (D.Conn.1999) and United States v. Yale New Haven Hosp., 727 F.Supp. 784, 786 (D.Conn.1990)).

B. Legal Discussion 1. The Court’s Ability to Hear or Enforce a Hearing Officer’s Due Process Decision

In its Motion to Dismiss, Defendant Hartford Board of Education contends that Plaintiffs’ First and Second Amended Counterclaims must fail because this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims to enforce an administrative due process hearing officer’s decision. Defendant Hartford Board of Education raises two sorts of issues concerning whether Plaintiffs may bring this lawsuit. The first is whether Plaintiffs have exhausted administrative remedies prior to bringing their enforcement claims to this Court — and, if they have not, whether Plaintiffs fall into one of the exceptions to this general requirement that prior caselaw has identified and carved out. The second is whether Plaintiffs have standing to bring their enforcement claims at all; Defendant Hartford Board of Education contends that, if Plaintiffs are considered “prevailing parties” in the Hearing Officer’s decision— and Defendant Hartford Board of Education asserts that they are — they have no right to seek an appeal thereto, or this Court’s enforcement of the Hearing Officer’s decision regardless of any exhaustion in the administrative process. See [Doc. 70-1] at 11.

a. Whether Plaintiffs May Bring an Action in this Court to Enforce the Administrative Hearing Officer’s Final Decision and Order

Defendant Hartford Board of Education claims that Plaintiffs are not entitled “to seek enforcement of a hearing officer’s decision in federal court” because, among other reasons, “the IDEA makes it clear that it is the providence of the state to enforce hearing officer decisions.” [Doc. 70-1] at 11. Defendant Hartford Board of Education’s main argument with respect to Plaintiffs’ stand-alone enforcement claims, however, is that Plaintiffs are not aggrieved parties under the IDEA and accordingly their First and Second Amended Counterclaims must fail, as Plaintiffs have no statutory “private right of action to enforce [the administrative] hearing officer’s decision.” [Doc. 70-1] at 11. Defendant Hartford Board of Education therefore moves this Court to dismiss Plaintiffs’ First and Second Counterclaims for lack of jurisdiction. Id.

In support of this argument, Defendant Hartford Board of Education directs the Court’s attention to Section 1415 of the IDEA, pursuant to which a “decision made in a hearing” such as that rendered by the administrative hearing officer in this matter in his August 2011 final decision and order “shall be final, except that any party involved in such hearing may appeal such decision” subject to certain parameters. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(l)(A). Indeed under subsection (g) of Section 1415 of the IDEA, “any party aggrieved by the findings and decision rendered in such a hearing may appeal such findings and decision to the State educational agency.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(g)(1)., “The State educational agency shall [then] conduct an impartial review of the findings and decision appealed,” and the State educational agency’s “officer conducting such review shall make an independent decision upon completion of such review.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(g)(2). The independent decision rendered by the State educational agency’s officer shall also be considered “final, except that any party may bring a[ ] [civil] action” if that party either “does not have the right to an appeal under subsection (g)” — which is to say, if the state in which that party resides and is receiving education does not have an appropriate apparatus for such a review — or if that party is “aggrieved by the findings and decision made under this subsection,” i.e., under the outcome of an appeal brought pursuant to the IDEA. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(B) and 20 U.S.C. § 1415(2)(A).

In either circumstance, such a party possesses a statutory right under the plain language of the IDEA “to bring a civil action with respect to the complaint presented pursuant to this section, which action may be brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction or in a district court of the United States, without regard to the amount in controversy.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(l)(B) and 20 U.S.C. § 1415(2)(A) (emphasis added). As an initial matter, then, under the plain language of Section 1415 of the IDEA, once certain steps and measures have been taken in a special education case that case is not solely in the provenance of the state, as Defendant Hartford Board of Education avers.

No party to this now-consolidated lawsuit questions that “[u]nder the IDEA, a party who is aggrieved by the findings and decision made under [an administrative hearing] shall have the right to bring a civil action with respect to the complaint presented pursuant to the [applicable IDEA section], which action may be brought by any State court of competent jurisdiction or in a district court of the United States.” Brennan v. Regional School Dist. No. Bd. of Educ., 531 F.Supp.2d 245, 260-61 (D.Conn.2008) (emphasis added) (citation omitted). There is also little question that courts in this district have previously interpreted Section 1415 to mean that the civil court appeal provisions contained therein (specifically within 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A)) preclude through omission a prevailing party’s right — as opposed to an aggrieved party’s right — to seek enforcement or other review of a hearing officer’s decision in federal or state court. See, e.g., Mrs. D. v. Granby Bd. of Educ., 453 F.Supp.2d 569, 577 (D.Conn.2006); Brennan v. Regional School Dist. No. Bd. of Educ., 531 F.Supp.2d at 260-61. Defendant Hartford Board of Education now argues that Plaintiffs, whom Defendant Hartford Board of Education avers are “prevailing parties” with respect to the pertinent hearing and decision, have impermissibly brought a civil action in this Court, which, under the IDEA and prior caselaw, must now be dismissed.

The Court disagrees that the situation currently before it is comparable to those which this district has examined in the prior caselaw which Defendant Hartford Board of Education cites, or that it must dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Counterclaims under the IDEA. On the contrary, in the now-consolidated matter before this Court, Plaintiffs did not bring the civil action pursuant to which they filed an Amended Answer and Counterclaims; that action was brought by Defendant New Britain Board of Education. The pertinent language of the IDEA is clear: “Any party aggrieved by the” pertinent findings and decision “shall have the right to bring a civil action with respect to the complaint presented” 20 U.S.C. 1415(1)(2)(A). Black’s Law Dictionary defines what it means to “bring an action”: either “[t]o sue” or to “institute legal proceedings.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed.2009) (emphasis added). Black’s Law Dictionary similarly defines “to sue” as “[t]o institute a lawsuit against (another party)” and, in turn, “to institute” as “[t]o begin or start,” or to “commence.” Id. (emphasis added). Plaintiffs raised the issues that are contested in this Motion to Dismiss in cross-claims to an action which Plaintiff did not bring, initiate, start, or commence.

Ten years ago, the Second Circuit decisively held that “a defendant does not ‘institute’ an action when he asserts a counterclaim,” and that “[rjather [it is] a plaintiff [who] commenee[s] the action by filing a complaint that names a defendant” Local Union No. 38, Sheet Metal Workers’ Intern. Ass’n, AFL-CIO v. Pelella, 350 F.3d 73, 82 (2d Cir.2003) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Thus in a case involving a statute whose text stated that a union member was limited from “institut[ing] an action,” the Second Circuit held that “the plain language of th[is] statutory text, when read literally, does not circumscribe a [union] member’s right to pursue a counterclaim because the assertion of a counterclaim does not ‘institute an action.’” Id. (emphasis added). The Court of Appeals explained that “[a]n action is ... instituted when a plaintiff files a complaint as that constitutes the first step invoking the judicial process.” Id. (emphasis added) (citations omitted); cf. McNeil v. U.S., 508 U.S. 106, 112, 113 S.Ct. 1980, 124 L.Ed.2d 21 (1993). Indeed, as Fed.R.Civ.P. 3 states, “[a] civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.”

While it may be true that under the IDEA “[a]ny party aggrieved by the” pertinent findings and decision “shall have the right to bring a civil action with respect to the complaint presented,” 20 U.S.C. 1415(1)(2)(A), and while it is true that in the past this district and Circuit have interpreted such statutory language to preclude parties that are not aggrieved from bringing civil actions with respect to the complaint presented, the Court finds that since Plaintiffs did not bring the civil action to which they filed the Counterclaims which Defendant Hartford Board of Education now seeks to dismiss, but rather made the claims which are now the subject of this Motion to Dismiss in their Amended Counterclaims, as the Second Circuit held with respect to the union worker plaintiff in Local Union No. 38, Sheet Metal Workers’ Intern. Ass’n, AFL-CIO v. Pelella, there is nothing in the applicable statutory text which prevents Plaintiffs from asserting such claims, in the form of counterclaims, that they may not assert in a complaint initiating a civil action. It is therefore altogether irrelevant whether Plaintiffs constitute “aggrieved” parties in the context of this matter.

A second statutory argument could also be made that Plaintiffs did not have a right to seek this Court’s enforcement of the administrative hearing officer’s decision under both 34 C.F.R. § 300.152 and C.G.S.A. § 10-76h. Under the former, “[a] complaint alleging a public agency’s failure to implement a due process hearing decision must be resolved by the [state educational agency].” 34 C.F.R. § 300.152(c)(3) (emphasis added). Under the latter, “[i]f the local or regional board of education” that is “responsible for providing special education ... does not take action on the findings or prescription of the hearing officer or board” within a proscribed number of days, “the State Board of Education shall take appropriate action to enforce the findings or prescriptions of the hearing officer or board,” which may include “application to the Superior Court for injunctive relief to compel such local or regional board or school district to implement the findings or prescription of the hearing officer or board.... ” C.G.S.A. § 10-76h(d)(2); see also Mrs. K. v. Sergi, No. 3:96-CV-00482, 2007 WL 988621 at *8 (D.Conn. March 30, 2007) (stating that if the local or regional educational agency “does not take action on the findings or prescriptions of the hearing officer within fifteen days, the State [Department of Education] must take appropriate action to enforce the findings or prescriptions of the hearing officer within fifteen days.”).

It could be contended that under these two statutes, Plaintiffs’ Amended Counterclaims, which allege liability on the part of both Defendants for various actions including not implementing aspects of the hearing officer’s decision, ought not to be before this Court. The Court ultimately finds such a potential argument unconvincing, however. Although it is true that “[a] complaint alleging a public agency’s failure to implement a due process hearing decision must be resolved by the [state educational agency],” 34 C.F.R. § 300.152(c)(3) (emphasis added), Plaintiffs did make such a complaint to the Connecticut Department of Education, which did in turn resolve the matter by engaging in its usual Complaint Resolution Process— i.e., by concluding that Defendants were not implementing some aspects of the decision and order; by instructing Defendants that they must do so; by giving Defendants explicit notice that enforcement of contested aspects of the Hearing Officer’s decision would be turned over to another authority should Defendants continue not to comply with pertinent directives; and by acknowledging that this Court might resolve these issues as part of Defendant New Britain Board of Education’s appeal of the Hearing Officer’s decision and order, in response to which Plaintiffs’ Counterclaims were made. See [Doc. 33-7]. In other words, the Connecticut Department of Education did resolve this issue, and further indicated to the parties its lack of authority to enforce its resolution directly, its knowledge and approval of this now-consolidated action, and its apparent belief that its resolution could be addressed or enforced by this Court.

In short, nothing in the language of either C.G.S.A. § 10-76h(d)(2) or 34 C.F.R. § 300.152(c)(3) directly precludes the action now before this Court, particularly when the state educational agency charged with resolving complaints about implementation about due process orders has indicated knowledge and approval of this action and particularly when Plaintiffs’ counterclaims, and not a complaint, were brought pursuant to an assortment of federal statutes and concern liability of Defendants for allegedly not implementing the hearing officer’s decision rather merely moving the Court for enforcement of the decision itself.

The Court has closely reviewed the recent District of Connecticut decisions upon which Defendant Hartford Board of Education most heavily relies in order to contend that Plaintiffs have no standing to bring, and consequently that this Court has no jurisdiction to hear, Plaintiffs’ liability and implementation claims. These pri- or decisions, however, involve quite different fact patterns from those which exist in the case at bar, and involve situations both in which non-aggrieved IDEA plaintiffs themselves brought the civil actions being adjudicated, and in which the Connecticut Department of Education was not given adequate time or opportunity to address or resolve plaintiffs’ allegations that a hearing officer’s final decision and order were not being implemented. As well, these decisions involve suits which were brought solely under the IDEA and not under other federal statutes, as is the case here (an argument that Plaintiffs raise in support of their position that such caselaw is inapposite to the case at bar).

The 2008 case of Brennan v. Regional School Dist. No. Board of Education nicely illustrates the many differences that exist between facts in the caselaw on which Defendant Hartford Board of Education chiefly relies and those present in the case at bar. There, plaintiff parents brought a civil action in which they sued a school board over issues pertaining to the IDEA and the lack of enforcement of the hearing officer’s decision and order. The district court found that “[t]he problem with the parents’ enforcement claim [was] that they [were] not ‘aggrieved’ by the portion of the findings and decisions made by the [hearing officer] during the impartial due process hearing and which [were] the subject of the[ir] partial summary judgment motion” before the district court. Brennan v. Regional School Dist. No. Board of Education, 531 F.Supp.2d at 261 (some quotation marks removed). Rather, the court found that the parents were “ ‘aggrieved’ with the steps that the state [board of education had] taken (or failed to take) to enforce the [hearing officer’s] decision pursuant to state law.” Id. The district court concluded that under those circumstances “[n]othing in the IDEA authorize^] the parents’ enforcement suit” even though the “parents protested] that this result [left] them without a remedy.” Id.

However, the plaintiffs in Brennan filed their complaint — in contrast to Plaintiffs in the case at bar, who filed their claims in the form of counterclaims — in district court without first allowing the State Department of Education appropriate time to act and resolve the allegations that the regional school board had not implemented aspects of the hearing officer’s final decision and order. See Id. at 255-56. As the district court there noted, “[although by all indications” the Connecticut Department of Education had in fact “been prepared to act on the parents’ request,” the plaintiff parents had given it less than ten days’ time in which to do so before filing an enforcement action in federal court. Id. at 261-62.

Further, the district court explicitly noted in Brennan that the plaintiff parents “did not assert their enforcement claim under” Section 1983 or, apparently, any federal statute other than the IDEA. Id. at n. 11 (emphasis added). Brennan merely holds, then, that a prevailing party may not sue to enforce a hearing officer’s decision under the IDEA, specifically the statute which is now 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i). See [Doc. 67] at 16-24. Plaintiffs in this case have, in contrast to those in Brennan, brought their lawsuit under Section 1983, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the ADA rather than merely under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i). Id. It also bears noting that in Brennan, the district court explicitly stated that although the plaintiff parents protested that its ruling left them without a remedy, the court found such an assertion to be untrue, as the parents in Brennan had filed their federal complaint without allowing the defendant board of education time to act on their request. Id. at 261 (emphasis added).

Similarly, the district court’s decision in Mrs. D. v. Granby Bd. of Educ., 453 F.Supp.2d 569, 577 (D.Conn.2006), which Brennan cites and upon which Defendant Hartford Board of Education similarly relies in its briefing, explicitly states that it had been “noted at the outset” of the case that the plaintiff parent, who had brought a civil action as an allegedly prevailing party and who had submitted a complaint with the Connecticut Department of Education seeking to enforce the hearing officer’s order, had not submitted any evidence to suggest the district court that this complaint had been fully addressed or resolved by the Connecticut Department of Education. Id. at 572, 577-78 (emphasis added) (“There is no evidence [plaintiff] has exhausted this administrative remedy or that compliance would be futile ... Accordingly, the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to enforce the hearing officer’s order.”). Further, the lawsuit was brought solely under the IDEA and not under other federal statutes, as is the one before this Court.

The Court is therefore unconvinced by Defendant Hartford Board of Education’s contention that Plaintiffs, as purportedly non-aggrieved parties under the pertinent decision and order, have no right to alleged in counterclaims to a lawsuit brought against them liability for the same,

b. Exhaustion or Futility of Seeking Remedies

Defendant Hartford Board of Education contends that even if under other circumstances this Court could adjudicate Plaintiffs’ Amended Counterclaims, in this instance it lacks such jurisdiction because Plaintiffs have failed to exhaust their administrative remedies prior to bringing their claims to federal court. Defendant Hartford Board of Education raises this argument with respect to the IDEA itself, as well as with respect to Section 1983 and the ADA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. As Defendant Hartford Board of Education acknowledges, a legal analysis “relative to the exhaustion of the IDEA remedies” and Section 1983 “applies equally to [Plaintiffs’] claims brought under” Section 504 and the ADA. [Doc. 70-1] at 16. For reasons explicated infra, the Court agrees with this assessment and will address all four federal statutes together here.

The root of the IDEA’S “exhaustion requirement,” as it is often referred to, may be found in the specific language of 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A), which as discussed supra “provides a cause of action to those parties who are ‘aggrieved’ by a ‘final’ decision of either an impartial due process hearing officer, if the state does not have an appeals process, or the state educational agency, if it does.” Coleman v. Newburgh Enlarged City School District, 503 F.3d 198, 203 (2d Cir.2007). Under the law of this Circuit, a party’s failure to exhaust the IDEA’S administrative remedies is accordingly found to deprive a court of subject matter jurisdiction, barring specific exceptions discussed infra. See, e.g., Cave v. East Meadow Union Free School Dist., 514 F.3d 240, 245 (2d Cir.2008).

As an initial matter, for reasons discussed at length supra, because Plaintiffs did not bring the lawsuit pursuant to which they filed the counterclaims which are the subject of this Motion to Dismiss, the Court finds Defendant Hartford Board of Education’s exhaustion requirement, predicated upon the appeal-specific language of 20 U.S.C. § 1415, to be inapposite. Furthermore, the Court notes that Defendant Hartford Board of Education has not addressed in any specificity how Plaintiffs ought to have exhausted such a requirement, and has not addressed whether the review Plaintiffs sought and received by the state Department of Education was sufficient in this regard.

Nonetheless, the Court will now address and review the exhaustion requirements which Defendant Hartford Board of Education claims are applicable in the case at bar. The Court holds that even if Plaintiffs had brought the civil action in question, which they did not, such exhaustion requirements would not apply for reasons discussed infra.

While in 2012 the Second Circuit acknowledged that several other circuits, including the Seventh, Ninth, and Eleventh, have held “that a failure to exhaust administrative remedies does not divest the Court of its subject matter jurisdiction but, rather, is an affirmative defense,” this circuit declined to reverse its prior holdings in order to join these other circuits in such holdings, explaining that to do so was beyond its “authority as a panel,” given that it is bound by the decisions of prior panels until such time as they are overruled either by an en banc panel of the Circuit or by the Supreme Court. Baldessarre v. Monroe-Woodbury Cent. School District, 496 Fed.Appx. 131, 133 n. 3 (2d Cir.2012) (citing In re Zarnel, 619 F.3d 156, 168 (2d Cir.2010)). Accordingly, barring applicable exceptions already accepted by this circuit, exhaustion of administrative remedies remains a jurisdictional prerequisite and not merely an affirmative defense.

The above is true regardless of whether lawsuits are brought under both the IDEA and other federal statutes, including the ADA, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Second Circuit has more than once addressed the “applicability of the IDEA’S exhaustion requirement to federal claims presented under statutes other than the IDEA,” and has concluded that it does indeed apply, rejecting any argument that a Section 1983 claim, along with other federal claims including those under the ADA and Section 504, are “not subject to the exhaustion rule,” reasoning that the language of the IDEA is “sufficiently broad” as to “encompass[ ] complaints asserted under any federal statute, so long as they seek relief available under the IDEA.” Cave v. East Meadow Union Free High School District, 514 F.3d 240, 248 (2d Cir.2008). Accordingly, with acknowledged exceptions, “the IDEA’S exhaustion rule applies to all ... federal causes of action regardless of their statutory bases.” Id. at 249. Due to this, and as stated supra, the Court intends for the following discussion to pertain not solely to any exhaustion requirement Plaintiffs may have had under the IDEA, but also to any such requirement Plaintiffs may have had under Section 1983, the ADA, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.

As briefly noted above, however, prior caselaw within this circuit has made clear that there are exceptions to the IDEA’S exhaustion requirement. Extenuating circumstances permit a court to review and enforce an administrative hearing officer’s decision even if a plaintiff has not demonstrated (or indeed, could not demonstrate) that he or she has exhausted all available administrative remedies. In the case at bar, for the reasons explicated below, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have adequately demonstrated both in their pleadings and in the factual record that the Court is allowed to consider in its evaluation of this Motion to Dismiss that these exceptions are both appropriate and applicable in the case at bar. Because the Court finds that the exceptions to the general exhaustion rule apply, it need not and does not decide whether Plaintiffs have failed to first exhaust their administrative remedies.

While in general “[e]xhaustion of administrative remedies is required under the IDEA so that disputes related to the education of disabled children are first analyzed by administrators with expertise in the area who can promptly resolve grievances,” this “requirement is excused ... when exhaustion would be futile became the administrative procedures do not provide an adequate remedy.” N.S. v. Attica Central Schools, 386 F.3d 107, 112 (2d Cir.2004) (emphasis added). “The party seeking to avoid exhaustion bears the burden of showing futility.” Polera v. Bd. of Educ. of the Newburgh Enlarged City School District, 288 F.3d 478, 488 n. 8 (2d Cir.2002) (citing Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 327, 108 S.Ct. 592, 98 L.Ed.2d 686 (1988)).

There are several relevant points of inquiry that the Second Circuit has identified in a court’s examination of whether a party’s “[flailure to exhaust administrative remedies” has or has not “deprived [a] court of subject matter jurisdiction.” P. v. Greenwich Bd. of Educ., 929 F.Supp.2d 40, 45 (D.Conn.2013). Generally speaking, claims of futility under this rubric ought either to allege either: (1) “a system-wide violation of the IDEA’S mandates or of a district-wide policy of discrimination” against a particular group ; (2) “a plausible argument that the administrative process is so structurally tainted that they would not have been afforded a fair and impartial forum to present their claims,” Cave v. East Meadow Union Free School Dist., 514 F.3d 240, 250 (2d Cir.2008); or (3) “whether administrative review would further the goals of developing facts, making use of available expertise, and promoting efficiency.” N.S. v. Attica Central Schools, 386 F.3d at 113.

The second and third points of inquiry are unambiguously applicable to the situation and facts before this Court. The second point of inquiry involves an exploration of whether “it would be futile” for a plaintiff “to complete the administrative review process because the hearing officer had no power to correct the violation.” Id. In such cases, the Second Circuit has consistently held that a plaintiffs case is not subject to exhaustion of administrative remedies. Id. (citing Heldman v. Sobol, 962 F.2d 148 (2d Cir.1992)); Mrs. W. v. Tirozzi, 832 F.2d 748 (2d Cir.1987); J.G. v. Bd. of Education of the Rochester City School District, 830 F.2d 444 (2d Cir.1987); Jose P. v. Ambach, 669 F.2d 865 (2d Cir.1982).

The third point of inquiry involves an exploration of whether additional “administrative review would further the goals of developing facts, making use of available expertise, and promoting efficiency.” Id. (citation omitted). This is because while in general an “[e]xhaustion of the administrative process allows for the exercise of discretion and education expertise by state and local agencies, affords full exploration of technical educational issues, [and] furthers development of a complete factual record,” Id. at 112 (quoting Polera v. Bd. of Educ. of the Newburgh Enlarged City School District, 288 F.3d at 488 n. 8), if further administrative review would without question not serve to further any such goals, an exhaustion of administrative remedies may not be necessary — or, put another way, an exhaustion requirement would be futile.

The Court finds the Second Circuit’s summarizing language in Heldman v. Sobol, 962 F.2d 148, 159 (2d Cir.1992), recently quoted and discussed in Cave v. East Meadow Union Free School District, 514 F.3d at 249, to be instructive: “In Heldman, we acknowledged that the exhaustion requirement does not apply ‘when the pursuit of the administrative remedies would be futile because the agency either was acting in violation of the law or was unable to remedy the alleged injury.’” Cave v. East Meadow Union Free School District, 514 F.3d at 249 (quoting Heldman v. Sobol, 962 F.2d at 159) (emphasis added). Given the facts alleged by Plaintiffs, the Court finds that the scenario described in Heldman and reiterated in Cave is exactly the one that is present here and, accordingly, that the exhaustion requirement ought not and does not apply to Plaintiffs in the instant case.

Given Defendants’ alleged lack of action in the face of clear instructions contained in both the Hearing Officer’s decision and the subsequent emails sent by the Connecticut Department of Education pursuant to its Complaint Resolution Process which explicitly stated that Defendants must comply with certain aspects of the Hearing Officer’s decision with which they allegedly thus far had not complied, the Court, in evaluating the assertions and facts under the standards required for a motion to dismiss, finds it highly plausible that further administrative review would not further any of the goals identified by the Second Circuit over the past several decades. Along the same logical rubric, given Defendants’ allegedly repeated and, moreover, allegedly advertent non-compliance with these decisions, it also seems to this Court that requiring further administrative review by the very same entities whose prior directives and resolutions were allegedly ignored by Defendants would be futile, as these entities’ lack of power to enforce such directives and resolution (and Defendants’ alleged unwillingness to fully follow or comply with them) has been sufficiently asserted and demonstrated in the record under the standards by which this Court must now view and evaluate them.

The Court thus finds that even if the exhaustion requirement were applicable here, and it is not, and even if Plaintiffs did fail to exhaust their administrative remedies — something on which, as noted above, this Court does not and need not take a position — further attempts to exhaust such remedies would have been futile given the facts.

2. Whether Section 1983 May Be Used to Enforce the IDEA

Defendant Hartford Board of Education argues that Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Counterclaim — i.e., Plaintiffs’ claim that Defendants are liable for failing to implement the Hearing Officer’s Final Decision and Order — must fail, because 42 U.S.C. § 1983 cannot be used to enforce the IDEA. As such, Defendant Hartford Board of Education contends that Plaintiffs’ “Second Counterclaim must be dismissed with prejudice for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” [Doc. 70-1] at 4.

Under Section 1983, “[e]very Person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory ... subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.” In short, the statute authorizes lawsuits to enforce individual rights as well as the United States Constitution with two exceptions: it is not available “when Congress has foreclosed enforcement of the statute in the statute itself, or when a statutory remedial scheme is so comprehensive that there is an implication that it provides the exclusive remedy foreclosing all other remedies.” M.H. v. Bristol Bd. of Educ., 169 F.Supp.2d 21, 28 (D.Conn.2001) (quoting Mrs. W. v. Tirozzi, 832 F.2d 748, 754 (2d Cir.1987)).

Thus to sustain a Section 1983 action with respect to a federal statute, a plaintiff must demonstrate that the federal statute creates an individually enforceable right in the class of beneficiaries to which the plaintiff belongs. City of Rancho Palos Verdes, California v. Abrams, 544 U.S. 113, 120, 125 S.Ct. 1453, 161 L.Ed.2d 316 (2005). Such a showing creates a rebuttable presumption that the right in question is enforceable under Section 1983, which can be defeated by a defendant’s demonstration that “Congress did not intend that remedy for a newly created right ... The crucial consideration is what Congress intended.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

In its Motion to Dismiss, Defendant Hartford Board of Education contends that under existing case law and legal precedent, specifically a recent Supreme Court ruling in City of Rancho Palos Verdes, California v. Abrams, 544 U.S. 113, 125 S.Ct. 1453, 161 L.Ed.2d 316 (2005), “Section 1983 cannot be used to enforce the IDEA” and that, accordingly, Plaintiffs’ “claim must fail.” [Doc. 70-1] at 4. Given that “the Supreme Court has on several occasions referenced the IDEA (and its predecessor) as an example of legislation that has a comprehensive statutory remedy which precludes” a Section 1983 remedy, Defendant Hartford of Education argues, Section 1983 ought to be found inapplicable in the case at bar and, accordingly, the Plaintiffs’ Second Counterclaim dismissed. [Doc. 70-1] at 6.

To be sure, in its 2005 decision in City of Rancho Palos Verdes, California v. Abrams, the United States Supreme Court did note that in the two instances in which it had previously found that Section 1983 was “unavailable to remedy violations of federal statutory rights,” the allegedly violated statutes had contained “more restrictive remedies” than those contained within Section 1983. City of Rancho Palos Verdes, California v. Abrams, 544 U.S. at 121, 125 S.Ct. 1453. To be sure as well, the Supreme Court’s City of Rancho Palos Verdes decision stated that in all of the cases in which the Supreme Court had ever held that Section 1983 was “available for violation of a federal statute, [the Supreme Court has] emphasized that the statute at issue ... did not provide a private judicial remedy (or, in most of the cases, even a private administrative remedy) for the rights violated.” Id. (emphasis in original). Plaintiffs do not dispute that the text of the IDEA provides administrative and judicial remedy; on its face the statute clearly provides that after an administrative hearing, “[a]ny party aggrieved by the findings and decision” made under various subsections of the statute “shall have the right to bring a civil action ... which action may be brought in any State court of competent jurisdiction or in a district court of the United States, without regard to the amount in controversy.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A). The IDEA also states that in such circumstance such a court may “grant such relief as [it] deems is appropriate.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)(iii).

However, there is also little question that the United States Congress has exhibited specific intent not to allow the judicial remedy provision contained within the IDEA to preclude other sorts of judicial remedy. The current version of the statute provides:

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to restrict or limit the rights, procedures, and remedies available under the Constitution, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ..., title V of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ..., or other Federal laws protecting the rights of children with disabilities, except that before the filing of a civil action under such laws seeking relief that is also available under this subchapter, the procedures ... shall be exhausted to the same extent as would be required had the action been brought under this sub-chapter.

20 U.S.C. § 1415(() (emphasis added). This particular provision was initially added by Congress in 1986 to the IDEA’S predecessor legislation. M.H. v. Bristol Bd. of Educ., 169 F.Supp.2d at 29. In enacting this provision, Congress expressly-overruled a United States Supreme Court decision that had been issued two years prior, Smith v. Robinson, 468 U.S. 992, 104 S.Ct. 3457, 82 L.Ed.2d 746 (1984) — one of the cases to which the Supreme Court was making reference in City of Rancho Palos Verdes when it discussed the two instances in which it had found Section 1983 inapplicable. In Smith v. Robinson, the Supreme Court had held that it was apparent that Congress intended the predecessor legislation to the IDEA to be the exclusive avenue through which a claim could be pursued, and therefore plaintiff could not be allowed to circumvent its administrative remedies by relying on Section 1983 as a remedy. Id. In adding the above-quoted provision to the IDEA in 1986, Congress explicitly “stated that the enactment was to reaffirm ... the viability of ... 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and other statutes as separate vehicles for ensuring the rights of handicapped children.” M.H. v. Br