Clark Distribution Systems, Inc. v. ALG Direct, Inc. (12 F. Supp. 3d 702, 2014)

Citations

12 F. Supp. 3d 702

Full opinion text

MEMORANDUM

CHRISTOPHER C. CONNER, Chief Judge.

This is a consolidated civil action filed by plaintiffs Clark Distribution Systems, Inc. (“CDS”) and Clark Group, Inc. (“Clark”) against American Logistics Group, Inc., operating as ALG Direct, Inc. (“ALG”). CDS, a freight forwarder, alleges that ALG, a logistics provider and distributor of printed materials, breached the parties’ Transportation Services Agreement. Re-latedly, Clark alleges that ALG breached the terms of a sublease executed between the parties. Presently before the court are plaintiffs’ omnibus motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment and the magistrate judge’s report (Doc. 99) recommending that it be granted in part and denied in part. ALG filed objections (Doc. 100) to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation (“R & R”), and the parties fully briefed the issues raised by ALG’s objections. (See Docs. 101, 102, 105, 108). For the reasons set forth below, the court will adopt the R & R in part and reject it in part.

I. Factual Background

Clark is the parent company of CDS, a logistics and transportation company that provides freight forwarder services. (Doc. 67 ¶¶ 1, 5; Doc. 71 ¶¶ 1, 5). ALG is a logistics company that often works with freight forwarders such as CDS to arrange for the distribution of its clients’ freight. (Doc. 67 ¶ 2, 71 ¶ 2).

On June 28, 2010, CDS and ALG entered into a Transportation Services Agreement (“TSA”), wherein CDS agreed to provide freight forwarding services for ALG. (Doc. 67 ¶4, 71 ¶ 4). During this same time period, ALG agreed to sublease one-half of Clark’s warehouse in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (“the Harrisburg Site.”). (Doc. 67 ¶ 7, 71 ¶ 7). ALG sought a Pennsylvania facility in which Clark would handle freight forwarding work pursuant to the TSA, while ALG handled separate co-mail and co-palletization operations after installing its own equipment. (Doc. 67 ¶ 10, 71 ¶ 10, 68-2 at 3). A Letter of Intent, executed before the sublease agreement, further delineates the parties’ plans. (Doc. 67-4, 71 ¶¶ 58-61, 76 ¶¶ 58-61). Somewhat inexplicably, the sublease contains an integration clause and does not reference either the TSA or the Letter of Intent. (Doc. 67 ¶¶ 11-12, 67-1, 71 ¶¶ 11-12).

In October 2010, ALG’s clients began submitting freight to the Harrisburg Site for freight forwarding services. (Docs. 67 ¶ 30, 71 ¶ 30). Immediately thereafter, a conflict arose between the parties concerning CDS’s handling of the freight of one of ALG’s clients, Vertís Incorporated (“Ver-tis”). (Docs. 67 ¶¶ 14-35, 71 ¶¶ 14-35). As a result, in November 2010, ALG diverted all freight away from the Harrisburg Site while ALG employees attempted to organize the freight that was already there. (Docs. 71 ¶ 82, 76 ¶ 82).

Around Thanksgiving 2010, ALG staged a number of loads for CDS to deliver to CDS’s competitor, Nationwide, for ultimate delivery to USPS. (Docs. 71 ¶ 83, 76 ¶ 83). ALG alleges that CDS failed to deliver this freight as staged; instead, the freight was loaded in a largely disorganized manner and sent to Nationwide. (Docs. 71 ¶ 84, 76 ¶ 84). ALG stopped paying invoices to CDS under the TSA in November 2010. (Doc. 67 ¶ 41; Doc. 71 ¶ 41). ALG also made its last rent payment under the Sublease in November 2010, which reflected a pre-payment of rent for the month of December. {See Doc. 67 ¶ 42, Doc. 71 ¶ 42, Doc. 67-1; compare Doc. 68-9 at 13-14 with Doc. 68-9 at 15-17). On December 17, 2010, legal counsel for Clark and CDS sent a letter to ALG demanding that ALG “immediately cease shipping of any additional [cjommod-ities and make arrangements to collect all [cjommodities located at CDS facilities.” (Doc. 71 ¶ 85; Doc. 76 ¶ 85).

II. Procedural History

CDS filed the instant action against ALG and its then-president, Patrick Del Monico on December 17, 2010, asserting breach of contract and anticipatory repudiation against ALG. (Doc. 1 at 5-6). On July 29, 2011, 2011 WL 3241848, the court granted ALG’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction with leave to amend. (Doc. 32). CDS filed a proper amended complaint that same day, which alleges only breach of contract against ALG under the terms of the parties’ transportation services agreement (“the TSA case”). (Doc. 33 ¶¶ 30-32).

On January 26, 2012, the court granted a joint motion to consolidate the TSA case with Clark Group, Inc. v. ALG Direct, Inc. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-CV-1299) (“the Sublease case”). In the Sublease case, Clark alleges that ALG breached the terms of the sublease executed between the parties. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-CV-1299, Doc. 1). After answering the complaint, ALG filed a third-party complaint against CDS. (CivA No. 1:11-1299, Doc. 9). In the third-party complaint, ALG claims that CDS tortiously interfered with the sublease through its alleged abandonment of the TSA and that CDS and Clark conspired to cause ALG to default on the sublease. (Id.) On November 14, 2011, CDS filed its answer to ALG’s third-party complaint. (Civ.A. No. 1:11— 1299, Doc. 12).

After consolidation, ALG answered CDS’s amended complaint from the TSA case. (Doc. 57). In its answer, ALG asserted several counterclaims against CDS for damages allegedly caused by CDS’s mishandling of freight. (Id.)

CDS and Clark filed the instant omnibus motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment on April 15, 2013. With respect to the TSA case, CDS alleges that the court should grant it partial summary judgment on ALG’s counterclaims seeking an indemnification obligation for future damages incurred against Vertís. (Doc. 65 at 4, 66 at 20-24). However, while the motion was pending, ALG filed an amended counterclaim removing this claim (Doc. 93). Clark also asserts that summary judgment in its favor is warranted in the Sublease case because ALG breached the sublease by withholding payment. (Doc. 66 at 7-9). ALG does not contest that it withheld payment, but instead asserts that it is not liable for damages because Clark breached ALG’s covenant of quiet enjoyment by actually and constructively evicting ALG from the Harrisburg Site. (Doc. 72 at 1).

ALG responds by emphasizing the Letter of Intent and the plain language of the TSA. According to ALG, the parties intended for CDS to handle and prepare ALG’s clients’ commodities for delivery. ALG argues that CDS’s failure to complete this task constructively evicted ALG because it constituted an overt restriction on the use of the subleased premises, limiting the premises’ utility, and forcing ALG to remove its commodities from the site. (Doc. 72 at 8-11). ALG also contends that it was actually evicted from the Harrisburg Site when Clark’s counsel sent the December 17, 2010 letter, demanding that ALG “cease shipping of any additional Commodities and make arrangements to collect all Commodities located at CDS facilities.” (Id. at 11).

Clark avers that there is no factual or legal support for ALG’s defenses. Clark contends that the sublease between the parties was fully integrated and that the court cannot look to the letter of intent or the TSA to demonstrate the parties’ intent under the sublease. (Doc. 75 at 4-5). Clark alleges that its conduct does not rise to the level of interference with actual possession necessary to constitute a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. (Id. at 5-9). As a factual matter, Clark asserts that the sublease was not limited to ALG’s operations under the TSA, but also contemplated ALG implementing co-mail and co-palletization operations at the site. (Id. at 9-11). Clark further contends that its actions did not force ALG to remove its commodities from the site, and that ALG took this action unilaterally. (Id. at 11-12).

The instant motion was referred to Magistrate Judge Susan E. Schwab, who filed an R & R on December 3, 2013. (Doc. 99). The Magistrate Judge recommends that the court deny CDS’s motion for partial summary judgment as moot in light of ALG’s amended counterclaim. The Magistrate Judge further recommends that the court grant Clark’s motion for summary judgment as it relates to the Sublease case. The Magistrate Judge finds that the parties do not dispute ALG’s withholding of rent payments and concludes that the record evidence does not support ALG’s defenses of constructive or actual eviction.

The Magistrate Judge finds that ALG was not constructively evicted because the sublease contemplated other uses for the Harrisburg Site besides CDS’s handling of ALG’s clients’ commodities. (Id. at 17-18). Specifically, the sublease indicates that ALG’s intended use of the Harrisburg Site was for “general warehouse purposes” and other “common and usual purposes pertaining to [its] business.” (Doc. 67-1 at 5). The Magistrate Judge determines that the sublease was fully integrated and that its terms were unambiguous. (Doc. 99 at 15-16). Thus, the Magistrate Judge concludes that it is precluded from considering extrinsic evidence, such as the Letter of Intent or the TSA, in its analysis of the sublease’s purpose. (Id.) Based on the sublease’s terms, the Magistrate Judge reasons that “ALG still maintained the right and privilege under the sublease to enter and use the Harrisburg site for business purposes.” (Doc. 99 at 18). The Magistrate Judge further notes that there was no evidence that ALG was blocked from the Harrisburg Site or that the Harrisburg Site was changed in some fundamental way as to render it unsuitable for ALG’s business purposes. (Id. at 18).

The Magistrate Judge also concludes that a jury could not reasonably determine that Clark actually evicted ALG. The Judge reasons that “ALG’s decision to withhold rental payments occurred before Clark sent ALG the letter demanding that ALG ‘cease shipping of any additional Commodities and make arrangements to collect all Commodities located at CDS facilities.’” (Doc. 99 at 18). Thus, the Magistrate Judge opines that ALG’s defenses are meritless and that the court should grant summary judgment to Clark on its breach of contract claim.

ALG filed objections (Doc. 100) to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that the court should grant Clark’s motion for summary judgment as it relates to the Sublease case. Generally, ALG asserts that questions of material fact and law remain concerning its defenses that preclude summary judgment. ALG also asserts that the Magistrate Judge’s finding that ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS for liability on the sublease survives summary judgment is contradictory to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation to grant Clark’s motion for summary judgment in the Sublease case. Neither party objected to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation to deny CDS’s motion for partial summary judgment as moot in the TSA case. ALG’s objections are fully briefed and ripe for disposition.

III. Legal Standard

A. Legal Standard for a Motion for Summary Judgment

Through summary adjudication the court may dispose of those claims that do not present a “genuine dispute as to any material fact” and for which a jury trial would be an empty and unnecessary formality. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The burden of proof is upon the non-moving party to come forth with “affirmative evidence, beyond the allegations of the pleadings,” in support of its right to relief. Pappas v. City of Lebanon, 331 F.Supp.2d 311, 315 (M.D.Pa.2004); see also Celotex Carp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). This evidence must be adequate, as a matter of law, to sustain a judgment in favor of the non-moving party on the claims. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250-57, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-89, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). Only if this threshold is met may the cause of action proceed. Pappas, 331 F.Supp.2d at 315.

B. Standard of Review for a Magistrate Judge’s Recommendation

When parties file objections to a magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, the court must perform a de novo review of the contested portions of the report. Sample v. Diecks, 885 F.2d 1099, 1106 n. 3 (3d Cir.1989) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(c)). Local Rule 72.3 requires “written objections which ... specifically identify the portions of the proposed findings, recommendations or report to which objection is made and the basis for such objections.” The court will review the uncontested portions of the Magistrate Judge’s report for “clear error on the face of the record.” See Cruz v. Chater, 990 F.Supp. 375, 375-78 (M.D.Pa.1998) (quoting Fed. R. Crv. P. 72(b) advisory committee’s note (1983)).

IV. Discussion

The court will first review the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that the court deny CDS’s motion for summary judgment in the TSA case as moot in light of ALG’s amended counterclaim. The court will subsequently examine whether a jury could reasonably find that Clark actually or constructively evicted ALG from the Harrisburg Site, which would preclude Clark’s recovery of damages for ALG’s alleged breach of the sublease. Finally, the court will address the Magistrate Judge’s determination that ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS in the Sublease case survives despite her recommendation to grant summary judgment in favor of Clark.

A. Moot Issue

CDS asserts that partial summary judgment should be granted on ALG’s counterclaims in the TSA case for damages associated with claims brought against ALG by Vertís. While the instant motion was pending, ALG filed an amended counterclaim that removed the claim for Vertís damages. (Doc. 93). The Magistrate Judge thus recommended that the court deny CDS’s partial motion for summary judgment as moot. The parties do not object to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation on this ground, (see Doc. 100 at 2 n. 2, 101 at 15 n. 9) and the court does not find it to be clearly erroneous. Thus, the court will deny CDS’s motion for partial summary judgment as moot.

B. ALG’s Affirmative Defenses

ALG does not contest that it withheld payments contrary to the sublease’s terms. Instead, ALG asserts that it is not liable because Clark breached ALG’s implied covenant of quiet enjoyment. The covenant of quiet enjoyment provides that a lessor must permit a tenant the full enjoyment of its leasehold subject to any rights reserved to the lessor. Checker Oil Co. of Delaware, Inc. v. Harold H. Hogg, Inc., 251 Pa.Super. 351, 380 A.2d 815, 818 (1977). Under Pennsylvania law, the covenant of quiet enjoyment is implied when not expressly provided for in a lease. Kohl v. PNC Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 590 Pa. 151, 912 A.2d 237, 248 (2006). Any wrongful act by the lessor that interferes with the lessee’s possession, in whole or in part, breaches the covenant of quiet enjoyment and constitutes a termination of the lease agreement. Id. at 248-49 (quoting Kelly v. Miller, 249 Pa. 314, 94 A. 1055, 1056 (1915)). Hence, the breach of a covenant of quiet enjoyment may occur through constructive or actual eviction. Id. In the case sub judice, ALG alleges that Clark breached ALG’s implied covenant of quiet enjoyment through both constructive and actual eviction of ALG from the Harrisburg Site. The court will address each theory in turn.

1. Constructive Eviction

Constructive eviction is sufficient to breach the covenant of quiet enjoyment when the lessor’s acts substantially decrease the utility of the premises. Kohl, 912 A.2d at 249. In other words, a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment through constructive eviction occurs when a lessor “changes some essential aspect of the premises so substantially as to render the property unsuitable for the purposes for which it is leased.” North Wales Assoc., Inc. v. Intown Properties, Inc., 152 F.Supp.2d 643, 645-46 (E.D.Pa.2001). The interference must be “of a substantial nature” and result in the tenant’s abandonment of the premises. Kuriger v. Cramer, 345 Pa.Super. 595, 498 A.2d 1331, 1338 (1985).

Constructive eviction sufficient to breach the covenant of quiet enjoyment typically involves “a structural change resulting in a diminishment of the utility of 12 the leased premises” or “an overt restriction placed on the use of property.” Kohl v. PNC Bank Nat’l Assoc., 590 Pa. 151, 912 A.2d 237, 249 (2006). For example, in 2J/.01 Pennsylvania Ave. Corp. v. Federation of Jewish Agencies of Greater Phila., 507 Pa. 166, 489 A.2d 733 (1985), the court found that the landlord breached the new tenant’s covenant of quiet enjoyment by extending the lease of a holdover tenant for the space previously leased to the new tenant. In Checker Oil Co. of Delaware v. Harold H. Hogg, Inc., 251 Pa.Super. 351, 380 A.2d 815, 819 (1977), the court found that the landowner breached the tenant’s covenant of quiet enjoyment by erecting a guardrail blocking one of two entries to tenant’s gasoline station. The court reasoned that “[t]he impairment of the lessee’s possession need not be total, but the utility of the premises must be substantially decreased by the landlord’s interference with a right or privilege which is necessary to the enjoyment of the premises.” 380 A.2d at 819. See also Pollock v. Morelli, 245 Pa.Super. 388, 369 A.2d 458 (1976) (finding breach of covenant where landowner created mini-mall around tenant’s drycleaning store). A landlord’s bad faith lawsuit that prevents the tenant from marketing the property may also constitute a constructive eviction. See Kohl, 912 A.2d at 248-49. Minor misdeeds on behalf of the landlord that do not substantially affect a tenant’s use of the leasehold are not sufficient. See North Wales Associates, Inc. v. Intown Properties, Inc., 152 F.Supp.2d 643, 645-46 (E.D.Pa.2001) (holding that landlord did not breach covenant of quiet enjoyment through the provision of substandard lease space because defendant did not show that simultaneous operation of heat and air conditioning systems and dirt discharge from the air conditioner substantially rendered the property unsuitable); Rittenhouse v. Barclay White, Inc., 425 Pa.Super. 501, 625 A.2d 1208 (1993) (finding no breach of covenant where landlord failed to obtain proper occupancy permits); Perakis v. Lucerne Energy, Inc., 385 Pa.Super. 302, 560 A.2d 814, 816 (1989) (finding no breach where defendants did not present any evidence in support of assertion that business opportunities relating to other properties may have been affected by sale of leased premises); Derrickheim Co. v. Brown, 305 Pa.Super. 173, 451 A.2d 477 (1982) (noting that normally, the existence of a cloud over title is not sufficient to breach the covenant of quiet enjoyment).

To determine whether Clark’s actions substantially affected ALG’s use of the premises, the court must first analyze the purposes for which ALG leased the Harrisburg Site. The sublease specifically provides that ALG would use the Harrisburg Site for “general warehouse purposes” and other “common and usual purposes pertaining to [its] business.” (Doc. 67-1 at 5). Absent ambiguity, the pláin meaning of the terms provided in the sublease control the court’s inquiry concerning the intentions of the parties. Drysdale v. Woerth, 153 F.Supp.2d 678, 685 (E.D.Pa. 2001) (quoting Warren v. Greenfield, 407 Pa.Super. 600, 595 A.2d 1308, 1311 (1991) (“The intent of the parties to a written contract is regarded as embodied in the writing itself.”)).

ALG asserts that the predominant purpose of the sublease was to facilitate operations under the TSA, pointing to the parties’ previous Letter of Intent and the TSA itself as support. ALG contends that CDS’s failure to perform under the TSA agreement rendered ALG’s use of the Harrisburg Site unsuitable. However, it is well established that the parol evidence rule bars any extrinsic evidence of prior representations of the parties if the contract is fully integrated. See Rahemtulla v. Hassam, 539 F.Supp.2d 755, 772 (M.D.Pa.2008) (citations omitted). If a written contract contains an integration clause, the court may not consider any other evidence of the parties’ agreement outside the four corners of the contract. Id.

ALG does not object to the Magistrate Judge’s determination that the sublease was a fully integrated contract. Rather, ALG asserts that the sublease is silent concerning the nature of ALG’s “common and usual” business purposes and, therefore, the court must look to the parties’ prior representations in the Letter of Intent and the TSA to determine the application of this term. (Doc. 100 at 6-7).

If a fully integrated contract contains an ambiguous term, the court may evaluate parol evidence to clarify and define the ambiguous contractual term. Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. United States, 270 F.3d 135, 139 (3d Cir.2001); see also Neff v. Cooper Hosp./Univ. Medical Center, Civ. A. No. 96-5875, 1999 WL 667283, at *8 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 24, 1999) (“Where, as in this case, the Court determines that a contract with an integration clause contains ambiguous terms, it is appropriate to receive in evidence parol evidence ... to explain the meaning of the ambiguous terms.”). A term is ambiguous if it possesses two or more meanings or it could be understood in more than one way. Mellon Bank, N.A. v. Aetna Business Credit, 619 F.2d 1001, 1011 (3d Cir.1980). In other words, when the court can divine the term’s meaning “without any guide other than a knowledge of the simple facts on which, from the nature of the language in general, its meaning depends,” the term is not ambiguous. Baney v. Eoute, 784 A.2d 132, 136 (Pa.Super.Ct.2001).

In the case sub judice, the term “common and usual” business purposes is not ambiguous. It is not a term that is capable of two meanings in the present circumstances. Indeed, the parties do not dispute its application: ALG agrees with Clark that the Sublease contemplated the use of the Harrisburg Site for operations under the TSA agreement as well as for other business operations, such as ALG’s eventual co-mail and co-palletization operations. (See Doc. 67 ¶ 10; Doc. 71 ¶ 10). The parties’ dispute centers on the relative importance of the TSA operations to ALG’s enjoyment of the premises. This is not a question of contract interpretation, nor a question of the parties’ intent behind creating the sublease. It is simply a question of fact. The court is barred from examining prior representations of the parties to determine the intent behind the sublease under the parol evidence rule, but the court is certainly not barred from considering extrinsic evidence concerning whether ALG’s “common and usual” business use of the property was substantially disturbed by CDS’s inaction under the TSA.

In this vein, the R & R concludes that Clark did not violate ALG’s right to quiet enjoyment of the premises through constructive eviction because ALG could have continued to use the premises for business purposes other than those contemplated under the TSA. (Doc. 99 at 17-18). However, constructive eviction may occur in situations where the property remains technically usable for its intended purpose. For example, the tenants of the properties at issue in Checker Oil Co. and Pollock were able to continue their business operations, but the landlord’s structural changes substantially diminished the utility of using those premises for business purposes. Similarly, ALG was certainly capable of continuing to enter and use the Harrisburg Site for other business purposes, but a jury could reasonably find that its inability to conduct business operations pursuant to the TSA substantially diminished the utility of using the Harrisburg Site for business purposes. It is undisputed that, as of November 2010, ALG’s only business use of the Harrisburg Site was for operations pursuant to the TSA. (See Doc. 67 ¶ 10; Doc. 71 ¶¶ 10, 62; Doc. 76 ¶ 62). A factfin-der could reasonably conclude that ALG did not unilaterally decide to abandon the Harrisburg Site by diverting and removing its commodities, but instead that CDS’s non-performance under the TSA forced its hand, resulting in a constructive eviction. Thus, Clark is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law and its summary judgment motion must be denied.

2. Actual Eviction

According to the R & R, a jury could not reasonably conclude that Clark actually evicted ALG. ALG argues that actual eviction occurred when Clark and CDS’s counsel sent ALG a letter dated December 17, 2010, directing ALG to “cease shipping of any additional [cjommodities and make arrangements to collect all [cjommodities located at CDS facilities.” (Docs. 71 ¶ 85, 76 ¶ 85). The Magistrate Judge reasons that Clark did not actually evict ALG pursuant to this letter because ALG’s decision to withhold rental payments occurred in November 2010. (Doc. 99 at 18). In its objections, ALG highlights credible record evidence indicating that ALG’s last rent payment in November 2010 actually represented the pre-payment of rent for the month of December. (See Doc. 67 ¶ 42, Doc. 71 ¶ 42, Doc. 67-1; compare Doc. 68-9 at 13-14 with Doc. 68-9 at 15-17).

Clark asserts that the timing of ALG’s final rent payment is irrelevant because the evidence indicates that (1) ALG’s decision to cease rent payments occurred in November 2010 and (2) ALG actually removed its commodities from the Harrisburg Site in November 2010. (Doc. 101 at 4 n. 4, 13, 13 n. 6). This argument is unavailing: the actual withholding of rental payments, as opposed to the decision to do so in the future, constitutes a breach. Moreover, Clark does not identify any provision in the sublease indicating that ALG’s removal or diversion of commodities from the Harrisburg Site would ex proprio vigore constitute a breach of the sublease sufficient to negate ALG’s implied covenant of quiet enjoyment. Regardless of ALG’s internal decision to cease rent payments and to remove its commodities, as a function of its last rental payment, ALG was nevertheless entitled to quiet enjoyment of its leasehold at the Harrisburg facility through the end of December 2010.

Clark also contends that the December 17, 2010 letter’s instruction for ALG to collect its commodities located at “CDS facilities” does not refer to ALG’s subleased space at the Harrisburg Site. (Doc. 101 at 13). Clark explains that “CDS facilities” are the network of facilities listed as entry points in the TSA’s appendix. (Id. at 13 n. 7). Clark further contends that the letter could not be referencing ALG’s Harrisburg Site because ALG had already shut down its operations and removed its freight from the site in November. However, TSA’s appendix clearly lists Harrisburg as an entry point. (See Doc. 67-3 at 11-12). ALG also presents evidence indicating that ALG understood the letter’s demand to include the Harrisburg facility as a whole. (See Doc. 71-1 at 152-53). A factfinder could reasonably conclude that Clark’s letter is a directive, ordering ALG to vacate the Harrisburg Site. Thus, ALG’s defense of actual eviction to Clark’s breach of contract claim must survive summary judgment.

C. Remaining Claims

ALG further objects to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation that the Sublease case should remain open pending resolution of ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS for liability on the sublease. (Doc. 99 at 19; Doc. 100 at 14). ALG contends that this recommendation is contradictory in light of the Magistrate Judge’s rejection of ALG’s theories of constructive eviction and the breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment, upon which ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS is substantially based. (IcL) In other words, the parties agree that the validity of ALG’s third-party complaint rises and falls with the validity of ALG’s affirmative defenses against Clark’s breach of contract claim. (Doc. 100 at 14-15,101 at 15). The court will not grant summary judgment to Clark on its breach of contract claim and, therefore, the entirety of the Sublease ease, including ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS, must remain open.

V. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the court will adopt the R & R in part and deny it in part. The court will deny CDS’s motion for partial summary judgment as moot as it relates to ALG’s counterclaims in the TSA case. The court -will also deny Clark’s motion for summary judgment in the Sublease case. An appropriate order follows.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 31st of March, 2014, for the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum, it is hereby ORDERED that:

1. The Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation (Doc. 99) are ADOPTED in part and REJECTED in part.

2. Plaintiffs’ omnibus motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment is DENIED.

a. CDS’s motion for partial summary judgment is DENIED as moot as it relates to ALG’s counterclaims in the TSA case.

b. Clark’s motion for summary judgment in the Sublease Case is DENIED.

3. A revised scheduling order setting this matter for trial shall issue by future order of the court.

MEMORANDUM

Presently before the court is plaintiff Clark Group, Inc.’s (“Clark”) motion (Doc. 114) for reconsideration of the court’s order (Doc. 110) denying plaintiffs omnibus motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment. Clark asserts that the court committed a manifest error of law or fact by not considering whether ALG’s failure to comply with the notice of default provision of the sublease made it impossible for ALG to succeed on its affirmative defenses of constructive and actual eviction. For the reasons set forth below, the court will grant the motion.

I. Factual Background

On June 28, 2010, CDS and ALG entered into a Transportation Services Agreement (“TSA”), wherein CDS agreed to provide freight forwarding services for ALG. (Doc. 67 ¶ 4; Doc. 71 ¶ 4). During this same time period, ALG agreed to sublease one-half of Clark’s warehouse in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (“the Harrisburg Site.”). (Doc. 67 ¶ 7; Doc. 71 ¶ 7). ALG sought a Pennsylvania facility in which Clark would handle freight forwarding work pursuant to the TSA, while ALG handled separate co-mail and co-palletization operations after installing its own equipment. (Doc. 67 ¶ 10; Doc. 71 ¶ 10; Doc. 68-2 at 8).

The working relationship with the parties quickly broke down. ALG stopped paying invoices to CDS under the TSA in November 2010. (Doc. 67 ¶ 41; Doc. 71 ¶ 1). ALG also made its last rent payment under the sublease in November 2010, which reflected a pre-payment of rent for the month of December. (See Doc. 67 ¶ 42, Doc. 71 ¶ 42, Doc. 67-1; com/pare Doc. 68-9 at 13-14 with Doc. 68-9 at 15-17). The parties do not dispute that ALG never provided notice to Clark before it discontinued its rental payments.

CDS filed the instant action against ALG and its then-president, Patrick Del Monico on December 17, 2010, asserting breach of contract and anticipatory repudiation against ALG. (Doc. 1 at 5-6). On July 29, 2011, the court granted ALG’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction with leave to amend. (Doc. 82). CDS filed a proper amended complaint that same day, which alleges only breach of contract against ALG under the terms of the parties’ transportation services agreement (“the TSA case”). (Doc. 33 ¶¶ 30-32).

On January 26, 2012, the court granted a joint motion to consolidate the TSA case with Clark Group, Inc. v. ALG Direct, Inc. (Civ.A. No. Lll-CV-1299) (“the Sublease case”). In the Sublease case, Clark alleges that ALG breached the terms of the sublease executed between the parties. (Civ.A. No. Lll-CV-1299, Doc. 1). After answering the complaint, ALG filed a third-party complaint against CDS. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-1299, Doc. 9). In the third-party complaint, ALG claims that CDS tortiously interfered with the sublease by purportedly abandoning the TSA, and that CDS and Clark conspired to cause ALG to default on the sublease. (Id.) On November 14, 2011, CDS filed its answer to ALG’s third-party complaint. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-1299, Doc. 12).

CDS and Clark filed an omnibus motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment on April 15, 2013. Clark asserted that summary judgment in its favor is warranted in the Sublease case because ALG breached the sublease by withholding payment. (Doe. 66 at 7-9). ALG did not contest that it withheld payment, but instead asserted that it is not liable for damages because Clark breached ALG’s covenant of quiet enjoyment by actually and constructively evicting ALG from the Harrisburg Site. (Doc. 72 at 1).

The motion was referred to Magistrate Judge Susan E. Schwab, who filed a report and recommendation (“R & R”) on December 8, 2013. (Doc. 99). The Magistrate Judge recommended that the court grant Clark’s motion for summary judgment as it relates to the Sublease case, reasoning that record evidence does not support ALG’s defenses of constructive or actual eviction. The court did not adopt this section of the R & R and instead denied Clark’s motion for summary judgment in the Sublease case. (Doc. 109). The court found that the parties do not dispute that ALG withheld rental payments contrary to the sublease’s terms. (Doc. 109 at 11). However, the court found that genuine issues of material fact existed concerning whether Clark breached ALG’s implied covenant of quiet enjoyment through actual or constructive eviction before ALG ceased making payments. (Id. at 11-21).

Clark filed the instant motion for reconsideration on April 11, 2014. (Doc. 114). The motion is fully briefed and ripe for disposition.

II. Legal Standard

The denial of a motion for summary judgment is an interlocutory order. Bines v. Kulaylat, 215 F.3d 381, 384 (3d Cir.2000). The court may reconsider an interlocutory order whenever it is “consonant with justice to do so.” Mohammad v. Kelckner, Civ. A. No. 03-1134, 2005 WL 1138468, at *2 (M.D.Pa. Apr. 27, 2005) (quoting United States v. Jerry, 487 F.2d 600, 605 (3d Cir.1973)). An order that does not dispose of every claim in an action “may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); see also Gallant v. Telebrands Corp., 35 F.Supp.2d 378, 393 (D.N.J.1998) (“a partial summary judgment order is subject to revision or vacation at any time prior to final judgment.”).

Rule 59 does not formally apply to motions for reconsideration of an interlocutory order, but courts tend to grant motions for reconsideration “sparingly” and “only upon the grounds traditionally available” under Rule 59(e). A & H Sportswear Co., Inc. v. Victoria’s Secret Stores, Inc., Civ. A. No. 94-7408, 2001 WL 881718, at *1 (E.D.Pa. May 1, 2001). Under Rule 59(e), a party seeking reconsideration must typically establish (1) a change in the law; (2) newly discovered evidence; or (3) the need to correct errors of law or fact or to prevent manifest injustice. Max’s Seafood Café v. Quinteros, 176 F.3d 669, 677 (3d Cir.1999) (citing North River Ins. Co. v. CIGNA Reinsurance Co., 52 F.3d 1194, 1218 (3d Cir.1995)). Motions for reconsideration may also be appropriate in instances “where, for example, the Court has patently misunderstood a party, or has made a decision outside the adversarial issues presented to the Court by the parties, or has made an error not of reasoning but of apprehension.” Rohrbach v. AT & T Nassau Metals Corp., 902 F.Supp. 523, 527 (M.D.Pa.1995) (quoting Above the Belt, Inc. v. Mel Bohannan Roofing, Inc., 99 F.R.D. 99, 101 (E.D.Va.1983)) vacated in part on other grounds on reconsideration by 915 F.Supp. 712 (M.D.Pa.1996).

III. Discussion

The instant motion revolves around a specific provision in the sublease:

In the event [Clark] defaults in keeping, observing or performing any of the terms, provisions, covenants and conditions contained in the Lease or this Sublease, and such default is not cured (or proper corrective measures to cure such default commenced) by [Clark] within the periods specified for the curing of such defaults, [ALG] shall have the right to remedy such default after it gives written notice thereof.”

(Doc. 67-1 ¶ 8).

In its opinion disposing of plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgement, and before addressing the ALG’s affirmative defenses of constructive and actual eviction, the court addressed what it perceived to be a new argument raised by Clark following the Magistrate Judge’s issuance of her R & R. (Id. at 11 n. 6). Specifically, the court noted that Clark appeared to raise two arguments concerning the sublease’s notice provision: (1) that ALG breached the sublease by failing to provide written notice of Clark’s default under the sublease before withholding rental payments; an argument that was preserved and discussed by the parties prior to the issuance of the R & R; and (2) that ALG’s failure to provide written notice constituted a waiver of the defenses of constructive and actual eviction; an argument that was raised for the first time subsequent to the issuance of the R & R (Id.) The court understood that Clark was making the second argument based on a section of its brief in opposition to the Magistrate Judge’s Report & Recommendation which was entitled “ALG waived its defenses by failing to follow the Sublease’s dispute provisions.” (Doc. 101 at 8). Within this section, Clark argued that ALG’s failure to follow the notice provision “waived its defenses as a matter of law.” (Id. at 9). The court noted that Clark did not provide any legal authority for the second argument and, indeed, had waived this argument by not raising it in its original briefings. (Doc. 109 at 11 n. 6).

The court never found that Clark waived its initial argument that ALG’s affirmative defenses are without merit because ALG breached the sublease by failing to provide written notice of Clark’s default under the sublease before withholding rental payments. Instead, the court mistakenly concluded that, if ALG was able to establish constructive or actual eviction sufficient to show Clark’s violation of an implied covenant of quiet enjoyment, ALG’s compliance or non-compliance with the other provisions of the Sublease was irrelevant.

In its reply brief in support of the instant motion, Clark now emphasizes that the covenant of quiet enjoyment at issue in this case is an express covenant. (Doc. 118 at 7). The exact parameters of an express covenant of quiet enjoyment may be limited by the terms of the lease. Kohl v. PNC Bank Nat. Ass’n, 590 Pa. 151, 912 A.2d 237, 248 (Pa.2006) (citing Checker Oil Co. of Del., Inc. v. Harold H. Hogg, Inc., 380 A.2d 815, 818 (Pa.Super.Ct.1977)). In this case, ALG’s right to quiet enjoyment is limited by the terms of the lease and sublease, including the notice provision. Specifically, the lease expressly provides that “[i]f tenant shall perform all of the covenants and agreements herein required to be performed by Tenant, Tenant shall, subject to the terms of this Lease, at all times during the Lease Term, have peaceful and quiet enjoyment of the Premises against any person claiming by, through or under Landlord.” (Doc. 67-2 ¶ 20). The lease also states that Clark “shall not be in default hereunder unless Landlord fails to perform any of its obligations hereunder within 30 days after written notice from Tenant specifying such failure.” (Id. ¶ 25). The sublease expressly incorporates all the terms, provisions, covenants and conditions of the lease. (Doc. 67-1 ¶¶ 4,12).

Thus, ALG’s right to quiet enjoyment was expressly contemplated by the lease and sublease and limited by its terms. Under the lease provisions, Clark could not have even defaulted on the express covenant of quiet enjoyment provision unless it continued to act in contravention of the lease’s terms for 30 days after ALG provided written notice specifying Clark’s failure to perform its obligations. (See Doc. 67-2 ¶ 25). Further, under the sublease, ALG did not have the right to withhold rent based on Clark’s default on the express covenant of quiet enjoyment provision until it gave Clark written notice. (See Doc. 67-1 ¶ 8).

ALG is correct that under the common law, a breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment will typically excuse the tenant’s non-payment of rent and otherwise discharge the tenant’s obligations under the agreement. See 2401 Pennsylvania Ave. Corp. v. Federation of Jewish Agencies, 319 Pa.Super. 228, 466 A.2d 132, 139 (Pa.Super.Ct.1983); see also Ott v. Buehler Lumber Co., 373 Pa.Super. 515, 541 A.2d 1143, 1145 (Pa.Super.Ct.1988) (citing the general rule that “a party ... may not insist upon performance of the contract when he himself is guilty of a material breach of the contract.”); Chelten Ave. Bldg. Corp. v. Mayer, 316 Pa. 228, 172 A. 675, 676-77 (Pa.1934) (“if a landlord evicts his tenant from the demised premises, his right to recover rent during the period of such eviction is suspended, and that any act of a landlord which deprives his tenant of that beneficial enjoyment of the premises to which he is entitled under his lease will amount in law to an eviction and suspend the rent.”). However, the lease and sublease at issue in this case expressly modified the terms under which the covenant of quiet enjoyment may be breached or under which a breach of the covenant may be remedied. ALG did not provide Clark with appropriate notice as required by the provisions of the lease and sublease before withholding rent. Thus, even if a jury could reasonably conclude that Clark constructively or actually evicted ALG from the Harrisburg Site, it would not excuse ALG’s unilateral decision to withhold rent. The court concludes that ALG breached the provisions of the sublease and Clark is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its breach of contract claim.

The court’s holding may cast doubt on the viability of ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS for liability on the sublease. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-1299, Doc. 9). In this complaint, ALG claims that CDS tor-tiously interfered with the sublease through its alleged abandonment of the TSA, and that CDS and Clark conspired to cause ALG to default on the sublease. (Id.) ALG acknowledges that its third-party complaint “is based almost entirely on Clark’s constructive eviction and breach of ALG’s right to quiet enjoyment.” (Doc. 100 at 14-15). Moreover, the court has observed that “the parties agree that the validity of ALG’s third-party complaint rises and falls with the validity of ALG’s affirmative defenses against Clark’s breach of contract claim.” (Doc. 109 at 21). However, the court’s decision that Clark is entitled to summary judgment on its breach of contract claim against ALG is not based on the underlying validity of ALG’s defenses of constructive or actual eviction. Instead, the court’s decision is based on the fact that ALG did not have the right to withhold rent payments under the terms of the sublease without first providing notice, regardless of whether its right to quiet enjoyment was breached. The court will direct the parties to confer on this issue and, if divergent, to submit letter correspondence to the court outlining their respective positions. In the interim, ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS for liability on the sublease survives.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the court will grant Clark’s motion for summary judgment in the Sublease case. An appropriate order follows.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 29th of May, 2014, upon consideration of plaintiff Clark Group, Inc.’s (“Clark”) motion (Doc. 114) for reconsideration of the court’s order (Doc. 110) denying plaintiffs omnibus motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment, dated March 31, 2014, and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum, it is hereby ORDERED that:

1. Clark’s motion (Doc. 114) for reconsideration is GRANTED.

2. The order of the court dated March 31, 2014 (Doc. 110) is VACATED in part, insofar as it denies Clark’s motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment in the Sublease case.

3. Clark’s motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment on its breach of contract claim in the Sublease case is GRANTED.

4. The Sublease case shall remain open pending resolution of ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS for liability on the sublease. The parties are to meet and confer regarding whether the court’s decision invalidates ALG’s third-party complaint. If the parties’ positions on this issue differ, the parties shall submit letter correspondence to the court outlining their respective arguments.

5. The Clerk of Court is directed to defer entry of judgment in favor of Clark and against ALG on Clark’s breach of contract claim in the Sublease case until the close of the case.

MEMORANDUM

Presently before the court is defendant ALG Direct, Inc.’s (“ALG”) motion (Doc. 129) for reconsideration of the court’s order (Doc. 120) granting plaintiff Clark Group, Inc. (“Clark”) summary judgment on its breach of contract claim. Additionally before the court are the parties’ briefings (Docs. 125, 128) concerning whether the court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Clark on its breach of contract claim invalidates ALG’s third-party complaint against third-party defendant Clark Distribution Systems, Inc. (“CDS”) for tor-tious interference. For the reasons set forth below, the court will deny ALG’s motion (Doc. 129) for reconsideration. The court will also enter judgment in favor of CDS on ALG’s third-party complaint in its entirety.

I. Factual Background

The working relationship between the parties quickly broke down. ALG stopped paying invoices to CDS under the TSA in November 2010. (Doc. 67 ¶ 41; Doc. 71 ¶ 1). ALG also made its last rent payment under the sublease in November 2010, which reflected a pre-payment of rent for the month of December. (See Doc. 67 ¶ 42, Doc. 71 ¶ 42, Doc. 67-1; compare Doc. 68-9 at 13-14 with Doc. 68-9 at 15-17). The parties do not dispute that ALG never provided notice to Clark before it discontinued its rental payments.

CDS filed the instant action against ALG and its then-president, Patrick Del Monico on December 17, 2010, asserting breach of contract and anticipatory repudiation against ALG. (Doc. 1 at 5-6). On July 29, 2011, the court granted ALG’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction with leave to amend. (Doc. 32). CDS filed a proper amended complaint that same day, which alleges only breach of contract against ALG under the terms of the parties’ transportation services agreement (“the TSA case”). (Doc. 33 ¶¶ 30-32).

On January 26, 2012, the court granted a joint motion to consolidate the TSA case with Clark Group, Inc. v. ALG Direct, Inc. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-CV-1299) (“the Sublease case”). In the Sublease case, Clark alleges that ALG breached the terms of the sublease executed between the parties. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-CV-1299, Doc. 1). After answering the complaint, ALG filed a third-party complaint against CDS. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-1299, Doc. 9). In the third-party complaint, ALG claims that CDS tortiously interfered with the sublease by purportedly abandoning the TSA, and that CDS and Clark conspired to cause ALG to default on the sublease. (Id.) On November 14, 2011, CDS filed its answer to ALG’s third-party complaint. (Civ.A. No. 1:11-1299, Doc. 12).

CDS and Clark filed an omnibus motion (Doc. 65) for summary judgment on April 15, 2013. Clark asserted that summary judgment in its favor is warranted in the Sublease case because ALG breached the sublease by withholding payment. (Doc. 66 at 7-9). ALG did not contest that it withheld payment, but instead asserted that it is not liable for damages because Clark breached ALG’s covenant of quiet enjoyment by actually and constructively evicting ALG from the Harrisburg Site. (Doc. 72 at 1).

The motion was referred to Magistrate Judge Susan E. Schwab, who filed a report and recommendation (“R & R”) on December 3, 2013. (Doc. 99). The Magistrate Judge recommended that the court grant Clark’s motion for summary judgment as it relates to the Sublease case, reasoning that record evidence does not support ALG’s defenses of constructive or actual eviction. The court did not adopt this section of the R & R and instead denied Clark’s motion for summary judgment in the Sublease case. (Doc. 109). The court found that the parties do not dispute that ALG withheld rental payments contrary to the sublease’s terms. (Doc. 109 at 11). However, the court found that genuine issues of material fact existed concerning whether Clark breached ALG’s implied covenant of quiet enjoyment through actual or constructive eviction before ALG ceased making payments. (Id. at 11-21).

Clark filed a motion for reconsideration on April 11, 2014. (Doc. 114). Clark asserted that ALG’s failure to provide written notice of Clark’s default under the sublease before withholding rental payments was fatal to ALG’s affirmative defenses of breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment through actual or constructive eviction. Ultimately, the court determined that the lease included an express covenant of quiet enjoyment, limited by the other terms of the lease, including a notice provision. (See Doc. 119 at 7-8). The court concluded that ALG did not provide Clark with appropriate notice as required by the provisions of the lease and sublease before withholding rent. (Id. at 9). Thus, the court found that ALG breached the provisions of the sublease and granted summary judgment to Clark as a matter of law on its breach of contract claim. (Id.)

The court noted that its holding may cast doubt on the viability of ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS for liability on the sublease. (See Civ. A. No. 1:11— 1299, Doc. 9). In this complaint, ALG claims that CDS tortiously interfered with the sublease through its alleged abandonment of the TSA, and that CDS and Clark conspired to cause ALG to default on the sublease. (Id.) ALG had previously acknowledged that its third-party complaint “is based almost entirely on Clark’s constructive eviction and breach of ALG’s right to quiet enjoyment.” (Doc. 100 at 14-15). However, the court noted that its decision that Clark is entitled to summary judgment on its breach of contract claim against ALG is not based on the underlying validity of ALG’s defenses of constructive or actual eviction. Instead, the court’s decision was based on the fact that ALG did not have the right to withhold rent payments under the express terms of the sublease in the absence of providing notice, regardless of whether its right to quiet enjoyment was breached. Thus, the court directed the parties to confer on this issue, and, if divergent, to submit letter correspondence to the court outlining their respective positions.

On July 3, 2014, Clark’s counsel submitted a letter to the court indicating that the parties were unable to agree on the disposition of the tortious interference claims, and ALG sent a letter in response. (Docs. 125, 128). ALG also filed the instant motion (Doc. 129) for reconsideration on July 17, 2014, claiming that Clark’s actual or constructive eviction of ALG went to “the essence of the contract” and thus excused any subsequent failure on behalf of ALG to provide notice before withholding rental payments. (Doc. 129 at 2 (citing LJL Transportation, Inc. v. Pilot Air Freight Corp., 599 Pa. 546, 962 A.2d 639, 651 (Pa. 2009))). The motion is fully briefed and ripe for disposition.

II. Legal Standard

The partial grant of a motion for summary judgment is an interlocutory order. See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 744, 96 S.Ct. 1202, 47 L.Ed.2d 435 (1976). The court may reconsider an interlocutory order whenever it is “consonant with justice to do so.” Mohammad v. Kelchner, Civ. A. No. 03-1134, 2005 WL 1138468, at *2 (M.D.Pa. Apr. 27, 2005) (quoting United States v. Jerry, 487 F.2d 600, 605 (3d Cir.1973)). An order that does not dispose of every claim in an action “may be revised at any time before the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b); see also Gallant v. Telebrands Corp., 35 F.Supp.2d 378, 393 (D.N.J.1998) (“[A] partial summary judgment order is subject to revision or vacation at any time prior to final judgment”).

III. Discussion

A. ALG’s Motion for Reconsideration

For the first time in this litigation, ALG cites LJL Transportation, Inc. v. Pilot Air Freight Corp., 599 Pa. 546, 962 A.2d 639, 651 (Pa.2009) for the premise that “a contractual provision requiring an opportunity to cure prior to termination does not bar immediate termination based on a breach that goes to the essence of the contract.” (Doc. 128 at 4 (internal citations omitted)). ALG asserts that Clark’s alleged actual or constructive eviction went to “the essence of the contract” and thus excused any subsequent failure on behalf of ALG to provide notice before withholding rental payments.

ALG filed this motion 49 days after the court’s entry of the order concerned. Rule 54(b) allows the court to revise an interlocutory order at any time prior to entry of final judgment, but Local Rule 7.10 requires the parties to file any motion for reconsideration within fourteen (14) days after entry of the order. Thus, ALG’s motion is untimely.

Moreover, ALG has not identified any basis — such as a change in the law, newly discovered evidence, or the need to correct errors of law or fact — rendering a motion for reconsideration appropriate in this case. Instead, ALG presents a new argument based on a 2009 case that was readily available to it throughout this protracted litigation.

Even if ALG’s motion was timely and provided an adequate ground for reconsideration, ALG’s argument lacks substantive merit. In LJL, a franchisor terminated a franchise agreement when it discovered that the franchisee was engaging in fraud directly harmful to the franchisor’s interests. 962 A.2d at 641-43. The franchisee sued the franchisor for breach, claiming that the terms of the franchise agreement required the franchisor to provide notice and a time to cure before termination. Id. at 643. The court found that the franchise agreement’s notice provision was not exclusive because another provision in the agreement reserved the franchisor’s right to “terminate the contract without notice in the event of a vital and essential breach.” Id. at 652; see also Trinity Indus., Inc. v. Greenlease Holding Co., Civ.A. No. 08-1498, 2010 WL 419420 (W.D.Pa. Jan. 29, 2010) (“Like the agreement in LJL Transport, the Agreement in issue here contains an express reservation by Trinity of its right to exercise all remedies available to it, i.e., which it ‘may otherwise have at law or equity.’ ”). The court concluded that “when there is a breach of contract going directly to the essence of the contract ... the non-breaching party may terminate the contract without notice, absent explicit contractual provisions to the contrary.” Id.

Unlike in LJL, the notice provision in this case is explicit, absolute, and exclusive. {See Doc. 67-1 ¶ 8). There is no separate provision reserving either party’s right to terminate the contract without notice. Thus, LJL is factually distinguishable and the holding therein is inapposite. Accordingly, the court will deny reconsideration.

B. Viability of ALG’s Third-Party Complaint

The court must also address the continued viability of ALG’s third-party complaint against CDS for liability on the sublease due to tortious interference and civil conspiracy. (See Civ. A. No. 1:11-1299, Doc. 9). CDS does not contend that ALG’s third-party complaint is invalid because of the court’s grant of summary judgment to Clark on its breach of contract claim against ALG. Instead, CDS states that ALG’s tortious interference claims are legally untenable because Pennsylvania law permits tortious interference claims only when a defendant has disrupted a contract through acts directed at a third-party, not through acts directed at a plaintiff. ALG responds that no case in Pennsylvania specifies that the defendant’s “purposeful action” must be directed at the third party instead of the plaintiff. (Doc. 128 at 2).

In Pennsylvania, the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 766 governs a claim for tortious interference. See Windsor Securities, Inc. v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 986 F.2d 655, 659 (3d Cir.1993) (citing Adler, Barish, Daniels, Levin & Creskoff v. Epstein, 482 Pa. 416, 393 A.2d 1175 (1978); Nathanson v. Medical College of Pa., 926 F.2d 1368 (3d Cir.1991)). Section 766 provides:

One who intentionally and improperly interferes with the performance of a contract (except a contract to marry) between another and a third person by inducing or otherwise causing the third person not to perform the contract, is subject to liability to the other for the pecuniary loss resulting to the other from the failure of the third person to perform the contract.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 766 (emphasis added). Thus, a tortious interference claim in Pennsylvania expressly requires that the defendant’s conduct be directed at a third-party and not at the plaintiff. Windsor, 986 F.2d at 660; Cottman Transmission Sys., LLC