Hey v. Colvin (136 F. Supp. 3d 1021, 2015)

United States District Court for the District of Minnesota 2015-09-30

Citations

Full opinion text

ORDER

David S. Doty, Judge United States District Court

This matter is. before the court upon the objection by plaintiff Angela Kristie Hey to the July 29, 2015, report and recommendation of United States Magistrate Judge Franklin L. Noel (R & R). In the R. & R, the magistrate judge recommends that the court deny the motion for summary judgment by Hey and grant the motion for summary judgment by defendant Carolyn W. Colvin, Acting Commissioner of Social Security (Commissioner). After a de novo review, and for the following reasons, the court overrules Hey’s objection and adopts the report and recommendation in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Hey seeks judicial review of the decision to deny her application for Social Security disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income. The background of this action is fully set forth in the report and recommendation, and the court briefly summarizes the history of the present action. Hey .filed- an application for disability insurance.benefits on May 17, 2011, and subsequently filed an application for supplemental security income on June 1, 2011. A.R. at 86-87. .Hey initially alleged an onset date of August 1, 2010. Id. at 174. The Commissioner denied the applications initially and- again upon reconsideration. Id. at 32, 110, 115, 126, 132. Hey then requested a hearing before an administrative law judge;

On February 26, 2013, at the hearing before the ALJ, Hey amended her alleged onset daté to February 1, 2012. Id. at 42. On March 13, 2013, the ALJ affirmed the denial of Hey’s applications. The Appeals Council denied Hey’s request for review on April 24, 2014, making the ALJ’s determination the final decision of the Commissioner.

On May 30, 2014, Hey filed this action, seeking judicial review of the ALJ’s determination to deny benefits. Both parties moved for summary judgment. On July 28, 2015, Magistrate Judge Noel recommended granting the Commissioner’s motion. Hey objects.

DISCUSSION

I. Standard of Review

The court reviews the report and recommendation of the magistrate judge de novo, and the findings and decisions of the ALJ for substantial evidence on the record as a whole. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(c); Haley v. Massanari, 258 F.3d 742, 747 (8th Cir.2001). “Substantial evidence is less than a preponderance, but enough that a reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the [ALJ’s] conclusion.” Byes v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 913, 915 (8th Cir.2012) (citation omitted). On review, the court considers “both evidence that detracts from and evidence that supports the Commissioner’s decision.” Hartfield v. Barnhart, 384 F.3d 986, 988 (8th Cir.2004) (citation omitted); The court, however, may not “reverse the Commissioner’s decision simply because there is evidence supporting a different result.” Hall v. Chater, 109 F.3d 1255, 1258 (8th Cir.1997) (citation omitted). “If the evidence supports two inconsistent conclusions, one of which is that reached by the Commissioner’s conclusion, [the court] must affirm the decision.” Id. at 1258. Moreover, a court may not substitute its judgment for that of the ALJ. Fastner v. Barnhart, 324.F.3d 981, 983 (8th Cir.2003). The court will disturb the ALJ’s decision to deny, benefits only if “the record contains insufficient evidence to support the outcome.” Nicola v. Astrue, 480 F.3d 885, 886 (8th Cir.2007) (citation omitted).

II. Disability Determination

The Commissioner employs a five-step sequential analysis in making a disability determination. See 20 C.F.R, § 404.1520(a)(4). The ALJ must consider (1) whether the claimant has engaged in substantial gainful activity during the alleged disability period, (2) the medical severity of the impairments, (3) whether the impairments meet or medically equal the criteria of any. enumerated impairments, (4) the claimant’s residual functional capacity (RFC) and past relevant work and (5) whether the impairments and other relevant circumstances preclude the claimant from engaging in other work. Id. at (a)(f); see Goff v. Barnhart, 421 F.3d 785, 790 (8th Cir.2005).

At step one, the ALJ found that Hey had not engaged in substantial gainful activity during the alleged disability period beginning on February 1, 2012. A.R. at 25. Next, at step 2, the ALJ determined that Hey had- a severe impairment of auto-somal-dominant familial cerebellar ataxia. Id. (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 416.920(c)). At. step three, the ALJ determined that this impairment does not meet or medically equal any of the enumerated impairments. Id. at 27. Because he found that Hey’s impairment did not meet or equal an- enumerated an impairment, the ALJ made an assessment of Hey’s RFC and found that Hey had the RFC to perform light work with the following limitations:

[S]he requires a siVstand option in which she can stand and walk short distances up to 1-1.5 hours at a time and 4 hours total in an 8-hour workday, with no limitations in sitting. If she works on the feet 4 hours total, she can spend the balance of the day in á seated position or otherwise work the entire shift seated. She is limited to occasional postural adjustments, but cannot climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. She can occasionally lift and carry about 15 pounds, but is unable to lift or darry frequently even negligible amounts of weight. She cannot tolerate temperature extremes, excessive humidity, work at unprotected heights, dangerous work settings, unusual work stressors, fast pace production work, or driving as part of an occupation, but can get to the job site. She does not require an assistive device to ambulate.

Id. at 27. In determining Hey’s RFC, the ALJ found Hey’s statements regarding the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of her symptoms were not entirely credible. Id. at 28-29. The ALJ granted limited weight to the opinions of Dr. Engberg, Hey’s primary care physician, but attributed significant weight to the opinion of consultative examiner Dr. Johnson- and persuasive weight to the opinions of the state-agency physicians who reviewed this matter. See id. at 29-30. At step four, the ALJ found that Hey was able to perform her-past work as a telemarketer, and in the alternative, at step five found that she was capable of making a successful adjustment to other sedentary unskilled positions, such as tile work and jewelry preparing.' Id. at 30. As a result of these findings, the ALJ determined that Hey was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act, and therefore denied her application for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income. Id. at 32.

In reviewing the ALJ’s decision, the magistrate judge found that the ALJ did not err in determining Hey’s RFC. R & R at 18. The magistrate judge also found that the ALJ fairly and completely developed the record. Id. at 24. Further, the magistrate judge found that the ALJ’s credibility determination of Hey was supported by substantial evidence. Id. at 26. Finally, the magistrate judge found that the ALJ properly found that Hey’s impairment did not meet the requirements of 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, App. 1 § 11.17 (Listing 11.17). Id. at 28.

Hey argues that the ALJ and'the magistrate judge erred in (1) determining Hey’s RFC and questioning the vocational expert accordingly, (2) evaluating Hey’s credibility, and (3) determining that Hey’s impairment does not meet the requirements of Listing 11.17.

A. Residual Functioning Capacity

Hey first argues that the ■ ALJ’s finding of her residual functional capacity is not supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole. Hey points to three specific alleged errors the ALJ made in this determination-. First, Hey claims that the hypothetical the ALJ posed to the Vocational Expert (VE) failed to include all of her limitations. Second, she argues that the ALJ should have taken into account her complaints about double vision and migraines when determining her RFC. Third, Hey argues that the ALJ erred in affording “little weight”- to her treating physician while weighing the credibility of doctors with conflicting medical testimony.

1. The ALJ’s Hypothetical to the VE

“Testimony from a VE based on a properly-phrased hypothetical question constitutes substantial evidence.” Roe v. Chater, 92 F.3d 672, 675 (8th Cir.1996). A hypothetical posed to a VE is therefore considered sufficient when it “sets forth impairments supported by substantial evidence in the record and accepted as true by the ALJ.” Hunt v. Massanari, 250 F.3d 622, 625 (8th Cir.2001). The hypothetical need include only those impairments that the ALJ has found are substantially supported by the record as a whole. Roe, 92 F.3d at 675.

As more fully set out in the R & R, at Hey’s hearing, the ALJ posed a detailed hypothetical to the VE, including an indication that “[t]he individual will be awkward, and, and, and not swift in doing work-like activities requiring her to walk.” A,R. at 58. Hey argues' that this hypothetical was deficient because it did not indicate a need for an assistive device for ambulation. However, the ALJ need not be precise’ in his descriptions of -the applicant’s impairments. Rather, the phrases used by the ALJ should “capture the concrete consequences” of Hey’s deficiencies. See Roe, 92 F.3d at 677.

The substantial evidence on the record indicates that the ALJ described Hey’s impairments to the VE in a way that explained their effect on her capacity to work. Indeed, following the ALJ’s hypothetical, the VE asked a clarifying question to inquire as to whether the individual was capable of walking. A.R. at 59. The ALJ responded, “at the option of the worker she may need an assistive device.” Id. After taking into account Hey’s use of an assistive device, the-VE found that Hey could perform seated work. Id. at 61-62. Specifically, the VE found that such a worker could perform Hey’s past work as a telemarketer, as well as the occupations of inspection table worker and jewelry preparer polisher. Id. It is therefore clear that the ALJ understood that the hypothetical included Hey’s use of an assistive device, and the ALJ’s hypothetical to the VE was proper.

2. The ALJ’s Determination that Hey’s Migraines and Double Vision Are Not Severe Medically Determinable Impairments

Hey next argues that the ALJ should have concluded that her -migraines and double vision were severe medically determinable impairments and given them more credence in his RFC analysis. The burden of proving the existence of a medically severe impairment is on the plaintiff. Brown v. Shalala, 15 F.3d 97, 99 (8th Cir.1994). A medically determinable impairment must result' from “anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities which are demonstrable by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(3). To be “severe,” an impairment must significantly limit the ability of the individual to perform basic work activities. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 416.920(C). On the other hand, an impairment is not considered “severe” where medical evidence establishes only a slight abnormality that would have no more than a minimal effect on an individual’s ability to work. Id. §§ 404.1521, 416.921.

The ALJ found that Hey’s migraines did not constitute a severe medically determinable impairment for two reasons. First, Hey’s MRI taken March of 2012 did not demonstrate any abnormal signals or evidence of migraines. AR. at 481. Second, the ALJ noted that Hey testified her headaches were effectively treated with prescriptive medication, and the nausea and vomiting associated with .the migraines was also eased with medication. Id. at 47-48.

Hey argues that “migraines cannot be demonstrated by MRI.” To support this argument, Hey cites to Strickland v. Barnhart. In Strickland, the Seventh Circuit found that negative neurological tests for migraines did not undercut the plaintiffs claims. Strickland v. Barnhart, 107 Fed.Appx. 685, 2004 WL 1873223, at *4 (7th Cir. Aug. 19, 2004). However, other courts within this circuit have accepted ALJ conclusions thát _ MRIs can confirm the presence of migraines and severe headaches. See, e.g., Sadler v. Colvin, No. C12-2092, 2013 WL 5675869, at *14 (N.D.Iowa, Oct. 18, 2013) (indicating that the presence of white matter is often associated with migraines); Yost v. Astrue, No. 09-3148, 2010 WL 1268050, at *2 (W.D.Mo. Apr. 1, 2010)(indicating that after plaintiff complained of migraines, she was sent to the hospital for an MRI, the results of which suggested she was suffering from a Chiari I malformation, resulting in severe headaches). Moreover, regardless of whether MRI alone can prove or disprove the existence of migraines, “Hey simply has not shown clinical or laboratory diagnostic evidence that her migraines or vision-related problems- would interfere with basic work activities such that a classification of ‘severe’ is appropriate.” R & R at 21. Her statements about her migraines cannot, without more, be considered conclusive evidence of disability. See Marolf v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 976, 978 (8th Cir.1992)(“[P]roof of a disabling impairment must be supported by at least some objective medical evidence.”).

Additionally, the MRI-results were not the only reason the ALJ found Hey’s migraines were non-severe. He also relied on the fact that her migraines are responsive to treatment. See A.R. at 26 (“Moreover, she testified she experienced migraines 1-3 times a week, but admitted they went away with medication. She also reported to Dr. Johnson improved nausea and vomiting with medication.”). Hey argues the frequency of her migraines means they cause her to be nonfunctional often enough that they preclude employment and are “severe despite responding t? treatment.” If her migraines “can be controlled by treatment or medication, [they] cannot be considered disabling.” Wildman v. Astrue, 596 F.3d 959, 965 (8th Cir.2010) (citation omitted). The ,ALJ therefore did not err in determining Hey’s migraines were treatable and non-severe.

3. Weight to treating physician

Hey argues that the ALJ and magistrate judge did not afford adequate weight to the testimony of her treating physician, Dr. Engberg. However, “[a] treating source’s opinion- is not inherently entitled to controlling weight.” Myers v. Colvin, 721 F.3d 521, 525: (8th Cir.2013), A treating; physician’s opinion “is entitled to controlling weight only to the extent it ■is consistent with medically acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic data.” Casey v. Astrue, 503, F.3d 687, 692 (8th Cir.2007). “It is well established that an ALJ may grant less weight to a treating physician’s opinion when that opinion conflicts with other substantial medical evidence contained within the record.” Prosch v. Apfel, 201 F.3d 1010, 1014-15 (8th Cir.2000). “When an ALJ discounts a treating physician’s opinion, he should give good reasons for doing so.” Brown v. Astrue, 611 F.3d 941, 951-52 (8th Cir.2010) (citation omitted).

Here, Dr. Enberg opined in 2013 that Hey could stand and walk less than two hours in an eight-hour work day, lift very little, and could not sustain work activity because she could not stand well, had poor strength and coordination, and disorganization of motor function in her extremities. A.R. at 499. The ALJ did not adhere to this physical assessment in his determination of Hey’s RFC, and Hey argues that the ALJ failed to give good reasons for granting little weight to Dr. Engberg. ECF No. 11, at 28.

The ALJ gave little weight to Dr. Eng-berg’s opinion because it was inconsistent with the other medical evidence in the record, including the examinations from Drs. McKee and Johnson. See A.R. at 29. “It is well established that an ALJ may grant less weight to a treating physician’s opinion when that opinion conflicts with other substantial medical evidence contained within the record.” Proseh, 201 F.3d at 1013-14, Contrary to Dr. Eng-berg’s findings, Dr. Johnson found Hey

demonstrated only mild difficulty with getting on and off the exam table, tandem walking, squatting, and heel-to shin movements, with clear speech, negative Romberg with ’just a hint of minimal wavering, no localized weakness, the ability to walk across the exam room without her walker, a mildly wide-based gait, and full use of her hands with the ability to button, pick up a coin, and open a door.

A.R. at 29, 531-32. Dr. Johnson determined that Hey had the ability to perform sedentary work. Id. at 534-39. Dr. McKee found that scans of Hey’s brain were normal, and she had no cognitive decline or ataxia of the extremities. Id. at 473. Dr. McKee went on to state, “Her MRI is normal. Her symptoms consisting of intermittent sudden loss of balance are not consistent with the diagnosis. In fact, her presentation appears to be functional.” Id. at 474. Additionally, the ALJ found that Dr. Johnson’s testimony was consistent with the evidence on the record, in-eluding examination evidence, Hey’s activities of daily living, and her improvements with physical therapy. Id. at 30. , .

After review, the court finds that the ALJ did not err in discounting the opinions of the treating physician. ,. Indeed, the ALJ declined to give, controlling weight to Dr. Engberg for a good and well-supported reason. See Goff v. Barnhart, 421 F.3d 785, 790-91 (8th Cir.2005) (“[A]n appropriate finding of inconsistency with other evidence alone is sufficient to discount [the treating physician’s] opinion.”). As a result, the court finds that the ALJ did not err in granting little weight to Dr. Eng-berg’s testimony, and overrules that portion, of the objection. The court also finds that the ALJ’s calculation of. RFC was supported by substantial evidence on the record.

B. Hey’s Credibility

Next, Hey argues that- the ALJ and magistrate judge failed to evaluate her credibility appropriately, resulting in -a credibility finding that she claims is not supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole. When determining the credibility of a claimant’s testimony and subjective complaints, an ALJ must examine “1. the claimant’s daily activities; 2. the duration, frequency and intensity of the pain; 3. precipitating and aggravating factors; 4. dosage, effectiveness and side effects of medication; [and]' 5. functional restrictions.” Polaski v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1320, 1322 (8th Cir.1984), vacated on other grounds by Bowen v. Polaski 476 U.S. 1167, 106 S.Ct. 2885, 90 L.Ed.2d 974 (1986). “Subjective complaints may be discounted if there are inconsistencies in the evidence as a whole.” Id. Therefore, “[i]f an ALJ explicitly discredits a claimant’s testimony and gives a goód reason for doing so, [courts] will -normally defer to that judgment.” Finch v. Astrue, 547 F.3d 933, 935-36 (8th Cir.2008) (citations omitted). :

The ALJ determined that Hey’s statements regarding the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of her symptoms were inconsistent with objective evidence in the record and were therefore “not entirely credible.” A.R. at 28. The ALJ cited to several instances where Hey’s claims were not supported by medical evidence or were inconsistent with her own reports of her activities of daily living. Id. at 29. When the ALJ finds that the severity of complainant’s claims are inconsistent with the complainant’s work history, daily activities, medical opinions, and personal demeanor at the hearing, the ALJ’s resolution of conflicting testimony is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole.. Johnson v. Apfel, 240 F.3d 1145, 1148 (8th Cir.2001).

The ALJ found that there was inconsistency between Hey’s reported limitations and the findings of physicians, and found that “the medical examination evidence fails to support the severity of limitations reported.” A.R. at 28-29. Specifically, the ALJ found that though Hey has indicated she has trouble with slurred speech, Dr. Engberg did not observe slurring or word searching, and. Dr. McKee also described dear speech. Id. at 28. Though Hey indicated that she could not perform tasks using her hands, Dr. Johnson reported she was able to button and pick up a coin. Id. at 29. While Hey testified that she has a problem with dizziness and falling that causes her to be unable to walk, Dr. Sinaki reported that Hey was able to walk on her toes and heels if supported, and by February- of 2013 she was tolerating treatment well, with functional gains and improved balance. Id. at 28. Dr. Johnson also indicated that Hey -demonstrated only mild difficulty getting on and off the exam table, squatting, tandem-walking, and with heel-to-shin movements, and had clear speech. Id. at 29.

The ALJ also found discrepancies' between Hey’s testimony and her activities of daily living. The ALJ noted, for example, that Hey stated that she “can’t look at a computer screen for any longer than 45 minutes,” but also that she watched TV and played video games for several hours per day. Id. at 29, 47.. Additionally, Hey reported difficulties with double vision and walking more than 100 feet, but admitted she was able to make meals, vacuum, sweep, shop for groceries, and drive short distances. Id. As a result, there -is substantial evidence in the record from which the ALJ could conclude that'Hey’s subjective testimony was not wholly credible. Thus, Hey’s argument is unavailing and the court overrules that portion of her objection.

C. Listing 11,17

Finally, Hey argues 'that the ALJ erred in finding that her impairment doesn’t meet the requirements of Listing 11.17 because he improperly weighed the medical opinion evidence in the record. “The burden of proof is on the plaintiff to establish that his or her impairment meets or equals a listing.” Johnson v. Barnhart, 390 F.3d 1067, 1070 (8th Cir.2004). Listing 11.17 requires an impairment that is a “[degenerative disease not listed elsewhere ... [w]ith: A. Disorganization of motor function as described in 11.04B; or B. Chronic brain syndrome. Evaluate under 12.02.” 20 C.F.R. Part 404 Subpt. P; App. 1, § 11.17. Hey relies solely on 11.17A, arguing that she meets the criteria of 11.04B. Under 11.04B, the claimant must have “[significant and persistent disorganization of motor function in two extremities, resulting in sustained disturbance of gross and dexterous movements, or gait and station.” Id. § 11.04B. The ALJ found that Hey did not meet or equal Listing 11.17. A.R. at 27. Hey argues that she meets these criteria because she cannot ambulate without an assistive device.

The ALJ, however, found that the medical evidence suggesting that Hey required an assistive device was mainly from Drs. Engberg and Sinaki, physicians to whom the ALJ granted little weight. See A.R. at 29. In contrast, the medical opinion evidence of Drs. Johnson and McKee, to whom the ALJ attributed “significant weight,” indicates that Hey was not impaired to the degree required by Listing 11.17. Id. at 30. The ALJ determined that the evidence offered by Drs. Johnson and McKee was consistent with the evidence in the record, including examination evidence, Hey’s activities of daily living, and her improvements with physical therapy. Id. at 30. Given the substantial evidence in the record that the ALJ considered, the ALJ did not - err in finding that Hey’s impairments did not meet the criteria for Listing 11.17. • Therefore, the court overrules that portion of the objection.

After a de novo review, the court finds that the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence on the record as a whole. As á result, the court overrules Hey’s objection to the R & R. '

CONCLUSION

Therefore, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

1. Plaintiffs objection [ECF No. 22] to the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation is overruled;

,2. The magistrate judge’s report and recommendation [ECF No. 16] is adopted in its entirety;

3. Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment [ECF No. 10] is denied;

4. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment [ECF No. 12] is granted; and

5. The case is dismissed with prejudice. LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

FRANKLIN L. NOEL, United States Magistrate Judge

Plaintiff Angela Kristie Hey seeks judicial review of the final decision of the Acting Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner”) denying her application for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income. ' The matter was referred to the undersigned United States Magistrate- Judge for Report and Recommendation pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 and Local Rule 72.1. This Court has jurisdiction over the claim pursuant to 42-U.S.C. § 405(g). The parties have submitted cross-motions for summary judgment. See ECF Nos. 10, 12. For the reasons set forth below, the Court recommends that the Commissioner’s motion be GRANTED and Plaintiff’s motion be DENIED.

I. INTRODUCTION

Hey filed her application for disability insurance benefits on May 17, 2011, initially alleging an onset date of August 1,2010. Administrative Record [hereinafter “AR”] 87, 174-75, ECF No. 9. On June 1, 2011, she additionally filed an application for supplemental security income. AR 86, 178-84. Both claims were denied initially and again upon reconsideration. AR 23, 110, 115,, 126, 129. An administrative hearing was held on February 26, 2013, before Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) Paul Gaughen. AR 23. At the .hearing, Hey amended her alleged onset date , to February 1, 2012. AR 23, 42. The ALJ denied Hey’s application for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income on March 13, 2013. AR 23-32. On April 24, 2014, the Appeals Council denied Hey’s request for review, rendering the ALJ’s decision final-for- purposes of judicial review. AR 1-4; see 20 C.F.R. § 404.981.: Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) and 1383(c)(3), Hey commenced this civil action on May 30, 2014, seeking reversal of the ALJ’s decision or, alternatively, a remand for further proceedings. Compl., ECF No. 1.

II. STATEMENT OF FACTS .

A. Background

Hey was bom on September 17, 1983 and was 27 years-old when she filed her application for disability .insurance benefits on May 17, 2011. AR 23, 87, 174-75. She claims disability status since February 1, 2012 — her amended alleged onset date. AR 23, 42, 86-7. Hey alleges. disability due to cerebellum deterioration, cerebellum atrophy, and double vision. AR 244. At her hearing, Hey additionally alleged dizziness, problems with her hands, migraines, and unsteadiness. AR 47. Hey has a -GED and approximately three months college education, as a veterinary assistant, but has never worked in that field. AR 57. Her past relevant work experience includes telemarketer, fast food worker, and patient transporter. AR 56-57.

B. Medical Evidence

In November 2009, Hey was referred by Dr. Jason Buffington to the Ear, Nose, and Throat (“ENT”) unit at SMDC Medical Center Duluth for evaluation of dizziness. AR 373. She reported that she had been experiencing intermittent sensations of being- off balance and lightheaded for about one year, initially with double vision. Id. According to Hey, the spells were very brief but were getting more frequent and lasting longer. Id. A magnetic resonance image (“MRI”) of the orbits and brain was subsequently taken on December 7, 2009, but was considered unremarkable by the interpreting physician, Dr, Daniel Mullins. AR 384.

On March 9, 2011, Hey returned to ENT for reevaluation because her dizziness had become progressively worse over -the past year. AR 358. > -The assessment of Kimberly Lakhan, P.A.-C., was dizziness and ataxia, which appeared to be of central origin. Id. Lakhan noted, “Despite this normal MRI interpretation, I am very concerned about the possibility of central pathology, i.e., cerebellar, as a cause of her symptoms.” AR 359. Hey was referred to neurology for 'further evaluation and 'encouraged to follow up with physical therapy to work on her balance issues. Id.

' Per Lakhan’s referral, on March 11, 2011, Hey submitted to a vestibular evaluation and computerized dynamic postu-rography conducted by physical therapist Raquel Mead, P.T. AR 364. 'Hey’s computerized dynamic posturography testing revealed abnormalities of balance' and sensory organization. Id. While a motor control test summary indicated performance attributes in the- normal range, Hey scored below normal for all backwards translations. AR 364-65.

Dr. Mostafa Farache, a neurologist, also examined Hey at Lakhan’s request' on March 14, 2011. AR 360. As part of the examination, Dr. Farache reviewed Hey’s MRI from 2009 and determined that it “showed mild cerebellar atrophy,” which he noted was significant for such a young patient. AR 361. Overall, however, Dr. Farache concluded that the findings upon examination were very mild and recommended-that Hey return to the clinic in three months for a follow up examination. Id.

On April 19,2011, Dr. Thomas Shuey, an ophthalmologist, examined Hey and noted that she has a moderate horizontal- nystag-mus which could possibly be related to her ataxia-and cerebellar atrophy. AR 357. Hey’s vision measured 20/20 in. each eye without correction and no treatment was recommended at that time. AR 356-57,

In June 2011, Susan Gray, R.N., part of the neurology practice, conducted the follow up examination of Hey that was recommended by Dr.. Farache. - AR 354. Gray noted that Hey’s blood tests were all within normal limits Id. Upon examination, Gray determined that Hey’s memory was intact, her upper and lower extremities were strong with good muscle tone, and her gait was stable. ' AR 355.

Dr. Isaac Marsolek, a state agency consulting physician, completed a Disability Determination Explanation in connection with Hey’s disability claims on August 10, 2011. AR 68. Dr. Marsolek noted that Hey had a severe impairment of the central nervous system. AR 71. He reviewed Hey’s medical file and completed a physical residual -functional capacity (“RFC”) assessment. AR 72-74; He determined that Hey could occasionally lift twenty pounds, frequently lift ten pounds, stand or walk for four hours a day, and sit for six hours a day. AR 72-73. In forming his opinion, Dr. Marsolek considered Hey’s subjective complaints and medical reports showing that Hey had a cerebellar atrophy diagnosis and issues with balance and dizziness, yet she had no balance issues when seated, normal gait and strength, and the ability to continue driving and performing activities of daily living. AR 73. Accordingly, Dr. Marsolek concluded that Hey has the RFC to perform, past relevant work despite her limitations. AR 75.

In August 2011, Dr. Eric Enberg, Hey’s primary care physician, noted Hey’s history of mild cerebellum atrophy as well as mild diplopia. AR 407. Later in September of 2011, Dr. Enberg noted episodes of left hip pain radiating down the - back- of the left leg on and off for several weeks. AR 409. Dr. Enberg- also noted that Hey has problems with ambulation but can still conduct all of her activities of daily living. Id.

In October 2011, Dr. Shuey conducted a follow up examination of Hey. AR 419. Hey reported having more trouble with double vision at night, particularly when driving. Id. Dr. Shuey noted that all of her previous symptoms (balance issues, nystagmus, and double vision) had progressed. Id. Key’s vision remained 20/20 in each eye without correction and the iris, lenses, cornea, macula, vessels, and optic nerve appeared normal. AR 420. Dr. Shuey prescribed lenses with prisms to .help with nighttime driving. Id.

Dr. Gregory Salmi, the state agency consulting physician upon reconsideration, completed a second Disability Determination Explanation in connection with Key’s disability claims on December 1, 2011. AR 93. Dr.- Salmi made identical findings to those of Dr. Mars'olek, including the conclusion that Hey has the RFC to perform past relevant work despite her limitations. AR 93-97.

In March 2012, Dr. Enberg examined Hey again- after she reported a problem with slurred speech. AR 479. During the examination, Dr. Enberg noted that her speech was a little slower, but she did not slur her speech or search for words. AR 480. Her gait was wide and she preferred to hold on to objects to steady herself, but her cranial nerves-appeared intact. Id. Dr. Enberg ordered a second MRI which was taken on March 28, 2012. AR 481. The interpreting physician, Dr. Fred Ek-berg, concluded that the MRI was normal with no evidence to suggest cerebellar atrophy. Id.

On April 23, 2012, neurologist Dr. David McKee examined Hey on referral from Dr. Enberg. AR 473. Dr. McKee noted that both the 2009 and 2012 MRIs of Key’s brain were normal. Id. Additionally, she had no tremor or ataxia of the extremities and no cognitive decline. Id. Dr. McKee’s impression was as follows:.

The patient does' not have cerebellar atrophy. Her MRI is normal. Her symptoms consisting of intermittent sudden loss of balance are not consistent with the diagnosis. In fact, her presentation appears to be functional. There is probably a secondary gain motive in that the patient is now applying for Social Security disability. As noted above, the patent consistently veered towards the furniture'in the exam room when walking. Though she describes falling and hitting her forehead against the edge of the step just three days ago, there is no hint of a bruise. I think there is an outside chance of a myelo-pathic disorder. I am going to obtain an MRI of the cervical spinal cord but if it is negative, I don’t think there should be further workup.

AR 474.

In May 2012, Hey reported to Dr. En-berg that she still had slurred speech and had fallen several times in the previous week. AR 486. Dr. Enberg noted that Hey was in “a bit of turmoil” and really wanted a diagnosis. Id. Dr. Enberg’s assessment remained cerebellar atrophy, and he referred Hey to the Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology. AR 487. In August 2012, Hey additionally complained to Dr. Enberg of painful headaches, occurring one to three times per week. AR 495. Dr. Enberg prescribed migraine medication. Id.

In December -2012, Mayo Clinic neurologist Dr. Bruce Krueger and physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist Dr. Mehrsheed Sinaki diagnosed Hey with au-tosomal-dominant cerebellar degeneration. AR 500. Dr. Krueger concluded that Hey’s recent brain MRI from March 28, 2012, “clearly shows midline cerebellar atrophy.” AR 503. Dr. Krueger’s interpretation was corroborated by radiologist Dr. C.H. Rydberg who similarly concluded that the MRI showed “moderate generalized cerebellar atrophy.” AR 506: Dr. Krueger’s, neurological- examination revealed that Hey had mild .ataxic dysar-thria, she could not walk tandem, and she had ataxia of heel-to-shin movements. AR 503. Dr. Krueger believed that Hey would benefit from Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation review. AR 504. Dr. Sinaki’s physical examination showed that Hey had a normal range of motion in her spine, joint range of motion was pain-free, her cranial nerves were intact, and she had normal and symmetrical muscle strength. AR 502. However, she observed that Hey had reduced coordination in both upper and lower extremities. Id. Dr. Sinaki concluded that Hey needed gait aids (e.g., a walking stick or cane) to walk independently and safely during physical therapy. Id.

On December 19, 2012, Dr. Enberg saw Hey for a follow-up appointment after her visit to the Mayo Clinic. AR 497. Dr. Enberg’s assessment of Hey’s condition was familiar cerebellar ataxia and migraine headaches without aura. Id. Hey’s treatment consisted of an in depth discussion of cerebellar ataxia and prescription medication for the migraine headaches. Id. On January 18, 2013, Dr. Enbérg assessed Hey’s physical limitations. AR 499. He restricted Hey to less than two hours of standing or walking, very little lifting and carrying, and stated that she was unable to sustain work activity eight hours a day, five days a week due to her significant, persistent, and progressive disorganization of motor function in all extremities. Id.

Hey began physical therapy at St. Luke’s Physical Rehabilitation services on January 7, 2013. AR 513. Hey’s physical therapist noted that her functional limitations included difficulty with grooming, bathing, and dressing herself; difficulty performing homemaking or meal preparation; difficulty walking on even and uneven surfaces;, difficulty getting up from chairs or bed or in/out of a car; and difficulty with turning or reaching. Id. Hey was initially assigned a Lower Extremity Functional Scale score of 26/80 and a Berg Balance Scale score of 39/56. Id. Hey began using a two-wheeled walker as part of her physical therapy on January 10, 2013. AR 515. Therapy sessions included such exercises as using the walker to navigate obstacles and picking up objects from the floor. AR 517: The physical therapist reported to Dr. Sinaki that Hey was using a two-wheeled walker for generalized mobility and safety and had made progress, including increased tolerance to functional activities. AR 519. Hey was discharged on February 18, 2013 due to the fact she had met her therapy goals and reached a plateau of progress. AR 528. At discharge, the physical therapist noted that Hey had tolerated therapy sessions well, was currently using a two-wheel walker to reduce risk of falls, and had improved her Berg Balance Scale score to 46/56. Id.

In January and February 2013, two of Hey’s friends and her mother submitted third party statements in support of her application of disability benefits. AR 314-18, 325-29. Verlene Waugh, who has known Hey since she was 15 years old, stated that she remembers Hey having balance problems beginning around age 18. AR 314. Waugh described several instances in which she witnessed Hey fall over the years, as well as her trouble with migraines and slurred speech. AR 316. Hey’s mother, Laurie Hey, said that she had seen Hey’s ongoing problems with headaches, dizzy spells, blurred and double vision, and balance related problems. AR 317. According to Ms. Hey, these issues have created problems for Hey at work and at home, particularly in caring for her young son Hunter. Id. Similarly, Hey’s friend Lynette Morinville wrote that she had noticed Hey’s clumsiness and propensity to fall since their first meeting. AR 325. Morinville believes that Hey’s condition has gotten worse over the years, such that she must now hold on to objects to help move around and does not carry her son because she fears falling with him. AR 325-27. Morinville described Hey as an honest person with a strong work ethic who hates the fact that she is unable to work due to her medical problems. AR 328.

On April 4, 2013, Dr. Neil Johnson conducted a post-hearing consultative examination of Hey. AR 529. Upon examination, Dr. Johnson noted that Hey’s speech was clear arid, although she used a two-wheeled walker, she could walk across the examination room without it. AR 531. He did rióte, however, that her gait was mildly wide-based and she could not tandem walk without holding on to something. Id. Dr. Johnson did not record any abnormality of the eyes beyond a visual acuity of 20/40 in the right eye and 20/30 in the left eye without glasses. Id. Hey showed full range of motion of the joints and hands and had only mild difficulty getting on an off the exam table. Id. She displayed a “hint of minimal wavering,” her wrist movement’s were a little slow, and she struggled mildly with heel-to-shin movements, however, Dr. Johnson detected no localized weakness. AR 532.

Dr. Johnson concluded that Hey displayed a history of ataxia but noted the discrepancy between the Mayo Clinic physicians and Dr. McKee regarding Hey’s cerebellar atrophy diagnosis. AR 532. Additionally, Dr. Johnson stated that he did not have Hey’s Mayo Clinic records to clarify the results of her MRIs and concluded that further clarification and neurological follow up were necessary. Id. Notwithstanding this discrepancy, Dr. Johnson determined that Hey had a capacity to perform a limited range of sedentary work. See AR 534-39. His assessrhent indicated that Hey could lift twenty pounds occasionally and ten pounds frequently; she could carry up to ten pounds occasionally; she could sit two hours at a time, stand fifteen minutes at a time, and walk ten minutes at a time. AR 535. In an eight hour work-day, she could sit for a total of eight hours, stand for two hours, and walk for one hour. Id. Dr. Johnson concluded that Hey did not require the use of a cane, she could perform postural activities (except ladders or scaffolds) occasionally when “holding on,” and she could view a computer screen and read ordinary print. AR 535-37.

C. The Administrative Hearing

The administrative hearing in this matter was held on February .26, 2013. AR 23. Hey was represented by counsel and testified on her own behalf. Id. A. vocational expert also testified at the hearing. Id.

1. Hey’s Testimony

When requested by her counsel to describe generally the problems affecting her ability to work, Hey testified, “I am constantly falling over., I get dizziness. I have problems with my hands., I, I get migraines. I, I sway back and forth, knowing it or not knowing it. I’ve been told that Ij I do it when I’m just standing.” AR 47.

Regarding her migraines, Hey testified that they are brought on by certain lights or sounds and occur approximately one to three times per week. , AR 47. Hey describes the pain associated with these migraines as an eight on a scale of ten, until she can get them under control with' her prescription mediation. Id. According to Hey, her migraines, when severe, are incapacitating to the. point, where she “really can’t do anything” and must sit down in a dark, quiet room. AR 48. Hey stated that the worst of. these headaches can last for about two hours while minor ones last for a half-hour to forty-five minutes. Id. Hey testified that she has been experiencing these severe migraines, since August 2012. AR 50.

With respect to her balance, Hey testified that she has experienced this problem since she "was about 18 or 20 years old. AR 48. When she was young, she thought her balance issues were due to clumsiness. AR 49. But now, she contends that her situation has progressively gotten worse such that she cannot reach for anything or even walk without losing her balance. Id. According to Hey, she began using a walker in January of 2013 because she was “completely unsteady.” Id.

When questioned about her dizziness, Hey stated that it affects her whole body such that' she must hold on to something to keep from' losing her balance. AR 50. She said that these dizzy spells typically occur when she stands up quickly or when she bends down to grab her son. Id. Hey also stated that she gets double vision, particularly when looking to either side or when driving a car. AR- 52,

Hey additionally testified that she has noticed problems with her hands since the birth of her son. AR 50. She described a lack of control over her hands, poor harid-eye coordination, and poor fine finger skills. AR 50-51 She asserts that it takes her three times longer to perform tasks than it used to. Id. In her opinion, she would be unable .to perform- a job that required use of the hands to move either large items (e.g.,- boxes) ■ or small items (e.g., nuts- and bolts). AR 51-52.

In addressing her speech related problems, Hey stated that these issues come and go. AR 53. When these problems do occur, however, she said that she has to speak extremely slow in order to communicate: Id. She stated that her troubles with slurred speech have occurred twice, for two months at a time in each instance. Id.

Finally, Hey also provided testimony regarding her daily activities. She stated that her problems present issues for her in trying to keep up with her son. AR 53. Although she can prepare meals, she uses the microwave or oven to eliminate cooking. AR 54. When her boyfriend is home from working overnights, he helps with the cooking, and laundry. Id. She did state, however, that she can perform some housework such as vacuuming, but does not clean the bathroom because she often falls in there. Id. Hey testified that she spends most of her time sitting on the floor with her son, but he is now beginning to walk which she believes will pose a problem because of her limitations. AR 55. She also stated that she is unable to take her son with her when she leaves the house because she cannot cany her son to and from the car. AR 55.

2. Vocational Expert’s Testimony

After Hey testified, the ALJ posed the following hypothetical to James Parker, the vocational expert (“VE”):

Hypothetical one, Mr. Parker, it is essentially a restatement of what I indicated earlier in the hearing colloquy with counsel. It involved these background facts, a lady with the work history you explained to us, is a younger individual 26, or rather about 28 at the beginning of the relevant period, and now 29 or 30 years old, and she is a high school graduate. The individual does not present with mental health related impairments. Due to neurological condition, she presents in hypothetical A the capacity for light exertion as defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, but with exceptions and limitations. She cannot work in, in a place that has extremes of temperature going either way, hot or cold, and also includes excessive humidity.

A dangerous industrial setting or work at unprotected heights or driving as part of a job or occupation, once she gets to work, would also not be performable on a regular basis, but please assume the individual could get to a jobsite:

She can’t' do fast-paced production work, but assume that she could attend to the basic work activities in and around these parameters. In a typical workday, she could be on the feet standing or walking to no more than about four hours out of eight, and not all at once. Assume about one or one-and-a-half at once. Sitting is essentially not restricted if the individual had no unusual work stressors and the benefit of some lunch period to split the shift.

Also to amplify, if she worked on the feet standing or walking for no more than about four of eight, assume that the balance of a workday could be done in a seated position or as discussed at the option of an employer, she could attend to sedentary activities during the whole shift seated.

Postural adjustments and lifting, those could be done less than occasional, but assume at ‘ least ten or fifteen percent with respect to time measurement, lifting and carrying objects since she’s off — yeah, assume it would be less than twenty perhaps fifteen pounds, give or take on an occasional basis, and she’s not going to be frequently carrying objects while on the feet, even if they’re of negligible weight.

Any kind of fine balancing tasks, such as carrying objects which should not be dropped, these could not be performed while she is walking. The individual will be awkward and, and, and not swift in doing work-like activities requiring her to walk. Conversely assume she can attend to sedentary type activities if she’s in a chair without- having significant dysfunction.

AR 57-59.

The VE testified that such an individual could not perform the claimant’s past relevant work of telemarketer, fast food worker, and patient transporter. AR 59. The VE stated that sedentary work, by definition, does require some standing and walking arid the use of a walker prevents bi-manual activity. I'd. According to the VE, any time walking would be required, the individual would be off task. AR 59. In addition, the individual’s limitation of less than occasional postural activities would also prevent essential activities of sedentary work. AR 60. Based on the hypothetical individual’s need of a walker and postural limitations, the VE concluded that the individual would be unable to sustain both light and sedentary work. AR 60.

The AL J then modified the hypothetical, asking the VE to assume that the worker was in a sedentary job only in which the individual would have the ability to sustain a seated position. AR 61. The VE responded that the -hypothetical individual could perform Hey’s past relevant work as a telemarketer. Id. The VE reported that there were approximately 800 teleiharketer positions in Minnesota. Id. In addition, the VE testified that additional occupations, such as inspection table worker and jewelry preparer polisher, would be appropriate. AR 62. The VE reported that there were approximately 450 inspection table worker positions and 300 jewelry preparer polisher positions in Minnesota. Id.

On cross-examination by Hey’s counsel, the VE stated -that most sedentary work requires some time on your feet, even when seated for most of the day. Id. In addition, the VE indicated that a worker using a walker and moving awkwardly or slowly could result in that worker potentially being off task. AR 63. The VE also testified that telemarketer work requires speaking to customers and using a computer, which would be problematic for a worker who has weekly recurripg headaches,, issues with fine finger dexterity and hand speed, and impaired speech. AR 63-64.

3. The ALJ’s Decision

On May 13, 2013, the ALJ issued a decision denying Hey benefits. In determining that Hey was not disabled, the ALJ followed the five-step' sequential process established by the Social Security Administration as 'outlined in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a) and 416.920(a).

The first step in the sequential evaluation is to consider the claimant’s work history to determine whether she has engaged in substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R.- §§ 404.1520(b) and 416.920(b). If the claimánt has performed ‘ substantial gainful activity, she is not disabled. Id. At step one, the ALJ found that Hey had not engaged in any substantial gainful activity since February 1, 2012, the amended alleged onset date. AR 25.

The second step in the sequential evaluation is to determine whether the claimant has a severe impairment that significantly limits her physical or mental ability to do basic work activities. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c) and 416.920(c). At step two, the ALJ found that Hey had one severe impairment: autosomal-dominant familial cerebellar ataxia. AR 25.

The third step in the sequential evaluation requires the ALJ to determine whether the claimant has an impairment that meets or equals one of the listings in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, ■ Subpart P, Appendix 1. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(d) and - 416.920(d). At step three, the ALJ determined that Hey did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or medically equaled one of the listed impairments in Appendix 1. AR 27.

If the claimant’s impairment does not meet or equal one of the listings in Appendix 1, then the ALJ'must make an assessment of the claimant’s RFC. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(e) and .416.920(e), Here, the ALJ concluded that Hey had an RFC to perform light work as defined in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(a). and 416.967(a) with the following restrictions:

[S]he requires a . sit/stand option in which -she can stand and walk short distances up to 1-1-.5 hours at a time and 4 hours total in an 8-hour workday, with no limitations in sitting. If she works on the feet 4 hours total, she can spend the balance of the day in a seated position or otherwise work the entire shift seated.- She is limited to occasional postural adjustments, but cannot climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. She can occasionally lift and carry about 15 pounds, but is unable to lift or carry frequently even negligible amounts of weight. She cannot tolerate temperature extremes, excessive humidity, work at unprotected heights, dangerous work settings, unusual work stressors, fast pace production work, or driving as part of an occupation, but can get to the job site. She does not require an assistive device to ambulate.

AR 27. In making this determination, the ALJ found that Hey’s statements regarding the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of her symptoms were not entirely credible, particularly with respect to her testimony of needing a walker to ambulate. AR 28-29. In addition, the ALJ attributed significant weight to the opinion of consultative examiner Dr. Johnson and persuasive weight to the opinions of the state-agency physicians who reviewed this matter. AR 30. The ALJ, however, granted only limited weight to the opinions of Dr. Enberg, Hey’s primary care physician, and Dr. Sinaki, the Mayo Clinic physical medicine specialist who determined Hey needed a gait aid, finding that the record as a whole was not supportive of the degree of limitations these doctors described. AR 29.

In the fourth and fifth steps of the sequential evaluation process, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has the RFC to perform either her past relevant work or any other jobs that exist in significant numbers in the national economy. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(f), 404.1520(g), 416.920(f), and 416.920(g). If the ALJ determines that the claimant can still perform her past relevant work the ALJ will find that the claimant is not disabled. §§ 404.1520(f), 416.920(f). If the claimant cannot perform her past relevant work, then the “burden shifts to the Commissioner to prove, first, .that the claimant retains the [RFC] to perform other kinds of work, and, second, that other such work exists in substantial numbers in the national economy.” Cunningham v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 496, 501 (8th Cir.2000).

At step four, the ALJ found that Hey was able to perform her past relevant work as a telemarketer. AR 30. This determination was based on the VE’s opinion that an individual with Hey’s age, education, work experience, and RFC would be able to perform the requirements of the position. AR 30. The ALJ found the VE’s testimony highly credible and consistent with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Id.

At step five, the ALJ made an alternative finding that, considering Hey’s age, education, work experience, and RFC, she was capable of making a successful adjustment' to other work that exists in significant numbers in the national economy, including work as a tile worker or jewelry preparer — both of which are sedentary and unskilled positions. AR 31. Similarly, this conclusion was based on the testimony of the VE, which the ALJ again found consistent with the information contained in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. AR 31.

Based on the ALJ’s findings, that Hey could perform past relevant work as a telemarketer, or. alternatively,, that she could perform other work available in the national economy, the ALJ determined that Hey was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act and denied Hey’s application for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income. AR 32.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Congress has prescribed the standards by which Social Security disability benefits may be awarded. “Disability” under the Social Security Act means- the “inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or' can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). “An individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” Id. § 423(d)(2)(A).

Judicial review- of the final decision of the Commissioner is restricted to a determination of whether the decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also Qualls v. Apfel, 158 F.3d 425, 427 (8th Cir.1998); Gallus v. Callahan, 117 F.3d 1061, 1063 (8th Cir.1997); Wilson v. Sullivan, 886 F.2d 172, 175 (8th Cir.1989). Substantial evidence means more than a mere scintilla; it means “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” See Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971) (citing Consolidated Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 220, 59 S.Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938)). In-determining whether evidence is substantial, a • court must also consider whatever is in the record that fairly detracts from its weight. See Warburton v. Apfel, 188 F.3d 1047, 1050 (8th Cir.1999); see: also Cruse v. Bowen, 867 F.2d 1183, 1184 (8th Cir.1989) (citing Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB., 340 U.S. 474, 488, 71 S.Ct. 456, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951)).

A court, however, máy not reverse merely because substantial evidence would have supported an opposite decision. See Roberts v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 466, 468 (8th Cir.2000); see also Gaddis v. Chater, 76 F.3d 893, 895 (8th Cir.1996). “As long as substantial evidence in the record supports the Commissioner’s decision, we may not reverse it because substantial evidence exists in the record that would have supported a contrary outcome ... or because We would have decided the case differently.” Roberts, 222 F.3d at 468 (citing Craig v. Apfel, 212 F.3d 433, 436 (8th Cir.2000); Woolf v. Shalala, 3 F.3d 1210, 1213 (8th Cir.1993)). “Substantial evidence is less than a preponderance, but is enough that a reasonable mind would find it adequate to support the Commissioner’s conclusion.” Id. Therefore, this Court’s review of the ALJ’s factual determinations is deferential, and we neither re-weigh the evidence, nor review the factual record de novo. See Flynn v. Chater, 107 F.3d 617, 620 (8th Cir.1997); Roe v. Chater, 92 F.3d 672, 675 (8th Cir.1996). The Court must “defer heavily to the findings and conclusions of the SSA.” Howard v. Massanari, 255 F.3d 577, 581 (8th Cir.2001).

IV. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

Hey raises four issues in her motion for summary judgment. First, Hey claims that the ALJ’s RFC determination is not supported by substantial evidence. Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. 25, ECF No. 11. Second, Hey claims that the ALJ failed to fully and fairly develop the record. Id. at 29. Third, Hey claims that the ALJ failed to properly evaluate her credibility. Id. at 30. Finally, Hey claims that the ALJ failed to properly determine whether she met the “degenerative neurological impairment not listed elsewhere” impairment listed at 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 §' 11.17 [hereinafter “Listing 11.17”]. Id. at 33. After a thorough review of the entire record, the Court concludes that the ALJ’s findings at each step of the sequential analysis were supported by substantial evidence in the record as a whole.

A. The ALJ’s RFC determination is supported by substantial evidence

Hey contends that the ALJ improperly weighed the medical evidence in determining her RFC. ECF No. 11 at 25.' Hey alleges three specific errors. First, she claims that the hypothetical posed to the VE failed to include all of the limitations shown by the record. Id. Second, she argues that the ALJ failed to take into account her complaints regarding migraines and double vision. Id. at 26-27. Finally, she contends that the ALJ erred in affording “little weight” to the medical opinion of her primary care .physician, Dr. Enberg. Id. at 27-29.

1. The ALJ’s hypothetical to the VE included Hey’s proven limitations

“A hypothetical question posed to the vocational expert is sufficient if it sets forth impairments supported by substantial evidence in the record and accepted as true by the ALJ.” Hunt v. Massanari, 250 F.3d 622, 625 (8th Cir.2001). "Testimony from a VE based on a properly phrased hypothetical question constitutes substantial evidence.” Roe v. Chater, 92 F.3d 672, 675 (8th Cir.1996). However, testimony of a VE who responds to a hypothetical based on inaccurate limitations is not substantial evidence upon which to base a denial of benefits. Singh v. Apfel, 222 F.3d 448, 452 (8th Cir.2000).

Hey claims that the ALJ’s hypothetical was deficient because it did not state that Hey required an assistive device