Magowan v. Lowery (166 F. Supp. 3d 39, 2016)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

BERYL A. HOWELL, United States District Judge

The plaintiff, Maria De La Cruz Magowan, proceeding pro se, initiated this action on June 3, 2015, in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia (“D.C. Superior Court”) against the defendant Brigid D. Lowery, who is the plaintiffs current federal workplace supervisor at the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), alleging that the defendant has verbally and physically harassed and abused her for over five years, see Compl., Superior Court Record (“SCR”) at 29, ECF No. 6-1, and requesting an order prohibiting the defendant from having “any kind of contact” with her, as well as $300,000 in damages, Mot. for PI (“Pl.’s Sup. Ct. PI Mot.”) (emphasis in original), SCR at 25; Mot. for TRO (“PL’s Sup. Ct. TRO Mot.”) (emphasis in original), SCR at 27; see also Compl. Pursuant to the Westfall Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2), upon certification by the United • States Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia that the defendant was acting within the scope of her employment as a United States employee at the time of the incidents alleged in the complaint, the case was removed to this Court and the United States was substituted as the defendant. Notice of Removal of a Civil Action (“Not. of Removal”), ECF No. 1; id., Ex. 2 (“Certification”), ECF No. 1-2. On July 27, 2015, the plaintiffs requests to remand the case to Superior Court and for “immediate protection from Brigid D. Lowery” were denied. Order (“July 27, 2015 Order”), ECF No. 10. Pending before the Court is the defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint Against Brigid Lowery and the United States and Opposition to Plaintiffs Motion for Temporary Restraining Order (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 4. For the reasons set forth below, the motion is granted.

I. BACKGROUND

At the outset, the Court notes that the record on this motion to dismiss is fairly extensive. The plaintiff has submitted numerous documents with her various filings, including 173-pages of exhibits attached to her motion for remand and renewed request for “immediate protection,” see Pl.’s Mot. Remand Case Sup. Ct. D.C. Civil Division and/or Req. Ct. Order U.S. EPA Provide Immediate Protection PI. From Def. Brigid D. Lowery & Pay PI. Damages (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), Exs. A-X, ECF No. 8-1; an additional ten pages of exhibits attached to her response to an order of the Court, see Pl.’s Notification That Her Previous Resp., Filing ECF No. 8 Was Not Sufficient & Pl.’s Intent File Further Arguments Resp. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss Case, ECF No. 4, & Other Opp’ns Ordered by Ct. (“PL’s Suppl. Opp’n”), Exs. A-C, ECF No. 11; and an additional thirty pages of exhibits attached to a supplemental reply, see PL’s Reply Def.’s Suppl. Reply Supp. Mot. Dismiss PL’s Compl. Against Brigid Lowery & Opp’n PL’s Mot. TRO (“PL’s Reply”), Exs. A-B, ECF No. 13. While generally motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim are resolved based on consideration only of “the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint and matters of which we may take judicial notice,” Mpoy v. Rhee, 758 F.3d 285, 291 n. 1 (D.C.Cir.2014) (quoting EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C.Cir.1997)), when, as here, the plaintiff is proceeding pro se, any additional exhibits, “including those in ... opposition to ... [a defendant’s] motion to dismiss,” must be considered in construing the sufficiency of the plaintiffs claims, Brown v. Whole Foods Mkt. Grp., Inc., 789 F.3d 146, 152 (D.C.Cir.2015); see also id. (reversing dismissal order where district court did not consider “the facts alleged in all of [the plaintiffs] pleadings” (emphasis in original)). The relevant facts distilled from this record are summarized below before turning to the procedural history of this case.

A. Factual Background

The plaintiff “is a 61 year old Hispanic Economist, with 40 years of professional experience in her field.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 3, ECF No. 8. A native of Bolivia, the plaintiff became a United States citizen in August 1986 and began working for the EPA in 1990. Id.; id. Ex. A (“Pl.’s Resume”) at 1-2. In 1999, she began working in the EPA’s Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (“OSWER”), where she continues to work as a federal employee. Pl.’s Opp’n at 3; PL’s Resume at 1.

The plaintiff avers that she is a “whistle-blower, who made a Disclosure to the Office of the Inspector General ([“]OIG[”]) around April 2003.” PL’s Opp’n at 3. Specifically, the plaintiff claims that, in April 2003, she disclosed irregularities in contracts of OWSER’s Office of Underground Storage Tanks (“OUST”) to the OIG, which issued a report a year later confirming the plaintiffs assertions. Id. at 4; see also id. Ex. B. at 1-2 (March 31, 2004 OIG report citing receipt of a “hotline complaint” regarding OUST’s “financial management” prompting “a review to determine the validity of the allegations” which “found OUST had inappropriately used and inefficiently managed contract funds”). As a result, the plaintiff alleges that she “suffer[ed] immediate retaliation in OSWER that continued for four” years until, in April 2007, she reached a settlement agreement with the EPA. Id. at 4. Shortly after the settlement, however, in July 2007, the plaintiff asserts that the agency began a sexual harassment investigation related to her previous whistleblow-ing. Id.; see also id. Ex. C (related attorney correspondence). The plaintiff alleges that, “[a]t that point, the retaliation restarted and continues to this day.” Id. at 5 (emphasis omitted).

In December 2007, the plaintiff accepted “a detail that later became permanent to do economic analysis” in OWSER’s Office of the Center of Program Analysis (“OCPA”), headed by Director Edward Chu. Id. When Chu left his position a year later, in December 2008, the defendant Brigid D. Lowery replaced him and became the plaintiffs supervisor. Id. The defendant currently remains the plaintiffs supervisor. See Compl.

The plaintiff alleges that “since 2010,” the defendant “has been bullying [her] in all sorts of manners, including physical,” Compl., and claims that she “fears for her safety and her life,” PL’s Opp’n at 3; see also Compl. The plaintiff alleges three main incidents with her supervisor underlying her claims of retaliatory and discriminatory conduct. These incidents are described below.

1. June or July 2010 Telephone-Throwing Incident

The earliest incident allegedly occurred in June or July 2010, at a morning meeting in the defendant’s office, when the defendant “violently threw” a telephone at the plaintiff, yelled at the plaintiff and called her “so stupid.” PL’s Opp’n at 5; see also Compl. A few days later, the plaintiff met with a union representative, Theresa Fleming-Blue, about the alleged incident. PL’s Opp’n at 6; id. Ex. D, Decl. of Theresa Fleming-Blue (July 9, 2015) (“Fleming-Blue Decl.”) ¶ 2. Fleming-Blue states that she then met with the defendant, who “denied that she had committed these acts.” Fleming-Blue Decl. ¶ 6.

The plaintiff claims that the defendant retaliated against her in three ways for reporting the phone-throwing incident to the union. First, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant prevented the plaintiff from obtaining a promotion by rewriting the plaintiffs job classification to eliminate the plaintiffs GS-15 promotion potential. PL’s Opp’n at 7; see also id. Ex. O at 16 (“Notification of Personnel Action” indicating that, on May 13, 2007 a “Human Resources Specialist” changed the plaintiffs “Position Title” from “Lead Program Analyst” to “Program Analyst” “at the full performance level”). The plaintiff also alleges that the defendant spoke ill of the plaintiff, thereby preventing the plaintiff from obtaining a GS-15 level position in the EPA “or any other place in the Government,” even though the plaintiff was “certified as ‘Best Qualified’ and ... interviewed” for many positions. Id. at 7; see also id. Ex. H (sixteen “thank you” emails sent by the plaintiff to various interviewers on various dates between February 13, 2006 and November 30, 2010). According to the plaintiff, even though “[p]otential employers ... seemed very enthusiastic with [her] qualifications after interviewing and talking to [her],” the employers then “retracted their decisions” upon speaking with the defendant. Id. at 7.

Relatedly, the plaintiff makes a blanket assertion that the EPA has prevented her from “hold[ing] a GS-15 grade” and becoming a supervisor, and, by extension, denying her “any right to work in a safe environment,” because “according to OW-SER’s own statistics, Plaintiff does not have the one ‘skill’ needed to become a GS-15: Being White.” Id. at 12 (emphasis omitted). To support this assertion, the plaintiff provides what appears to be an EPA booklet or presentation titled, “OWSER DEMOGRAPHICS Fiscal Year 2013,” which contains demographic data about employee promotions and indicates that only white employees received grade 15 promotions between 2010 and 2013. See id. Ex. U at 1, 10. The plaintiff further explains that “[i]n OWSER the very few minorities holding a GS-15 level came already with that level or earned that level before or around a decade ago.” Id. at 12; see also id. (“In Plaintiffs work place (OWSER) a Supervisor must hold a GS-15 grade, but unfortunately, according to statistics provided by OSWER only white employees have been allowed to be promoted to the GS-15 level at least since FY 2010.”).

Second, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant unreasonably and wrongfully denied her sick leave. In support of this 'allegation, the plaintiff asserts that, in September 2010, the defendant denied her request for “two day annual leave” to go to New York to see her brother, whom she had not seen in six years. Id. at 7-8. The defendant allegedly “denied the leave” because “there was too much work to do, in spite of the fact that the work was almost done” and the fact that the plaintiff had obtained back-up coverage from a colleague. Id. As a result, the plaintiff alleges that she became ill and had to take some time off from work. Id.) see also id., Ex. I (doctor’s note indicating that the plaintiff “was seen” on September 2 and 29, 2010). The plaintiff alleges that, despite giving the plaintiff permission to leave work “verbally and by email” on September 30, 2010, id. at 8; see also id. Ex. J (September 30, 2010 email from the defendant to the plaintiff “approv[ing] your request for 6 hours leave from 10^1” and stating “I hope you feel better”), and knowing that a specialist was not available to see the plaintiff about her illness until November 9, 2010, see id. at 8; see also id. Ex. K (Johns Hopkins Medicine appointment reminder letter for November 9, 2010 doctor’s appointment), the defendant asked the plaintiff to submit a certain kind of doctor’s note for her absences, which the plaintiff alleges was “an impossibility” and against EPA policy, id. at 8-9; see also id. Ex. O at 14-15 (provision of April 1, 2007 collective bargaining agreement between EPA and American Federation of Government Employees (“AFGE” or “union”) indicating that employees are not required to submit doctor’s notes for sick leave periods of three consecutive days or less).

Additionally, the plaintiff alleges that she requested sick leave from the defendant for a necessary medical procedure scheduled for December 2, 2010, id. at 8; see also id. Ex. L (Johns Hopkins Medicine letter confirming November 19, 2010 pre-operative examination and December 2, 2010 surgery appointments), and that the defendant “refused and threatened Plaintiff with AWOL had she dared to take Sick Leave,” and told the plaintiff that she, the defendant, “would request a waiver from the Agency to prevent Plaintiff from taking any leave in 2010,” id. at 8-9. As a result, the plaintiff alleges that she did not have the medical procedure, that her doctor asked her “to look for another doctor due to her refusal to follow recommended treatment,” and that she “is still suffering from those symptoms.” Id. at 8.

Moreover, the plaintiff alleges- that, at the end of January 2011, “hours before” the defendant took “a 20-day vacation overseas,” the defendant changed fifteen hours of the plaintiffs sick leave from September 30, 2010 and October 1, 2010, “into AWOL,” forcing the plaintiff “to pay ... money back to the U.S. Treasury,” id. at 9; see also id. Ex. M at 4-5 (January 29, 2011 letter from a federal debt processing agency to the plaintiff about “[a]n overpayment ... on your pay account for pay period ending October 9, 2010” in the amount of $559.53); id. Ex. O at 12 (February 2, 2011 email from union representative to Barry Breen, the defendant’s supervisor, “concern[ing] the unilateral time and attendance change Ms. Brigid Lowery recently made, without giving notice to Ms. MaGowan prompting DFAS to request immediate payment of $559.53 from Ms. Ma-Gowan”), and causing the plaintiff to, for the first time, receive “a negative mark in her career of over 25 years in [the] EPA,” id. at 9.

Fleming-Blue, the union representative, without any explanation of how she acquired personal knowledge, echoes the plaintiffs assertions, attesting that in the months following the phone-throwing incident, “Ms. Lowery retaliated against Ms. MaGowan for seeking assistance from the union,” by (1) rewriting the plaintiffs job classification to deny her promotion potential and (2) instructing the plaintiff to take sick leave but then denying the sick leave and changing the plaintiffs records to “reflect [the plaintiff] being AWOL for that period of time,” thereby causing the plaintiff to “pa[y] back the Federal Government” approximately $1000. Fleming-Blue Decl. ¶ 7.

The plaintiff apparently filed a complaint with the Merit Systems Protection Board (“MSPB”) for the defendant’s wrongful denial of sick leave, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 8-9, but alleges that “to date, the Agency still has not done anything to resolve this issue,” id. at 9.

Lastly, the plaintiff makes a cursory allegation that, “after one of the confrontational events coming from Brigid Lowery in 2010,” “the windshield of [the plaintiffs] car (parked outside her condominium) [was] intentionally cracked while she was sleeping.” Id. at 12; see also id., Ex. V (customer receipt with illegible date stamp from “Safelite AutoGlass” for payment of $250). Since “Brigid Lowery knows where Plaintiff lives and knows Plaintiffs car,” the plaintiff suggests that the defendant committed or caused the vandalism. Id. at 13.

2. November 21, 2014 Physical Fight-Attempt Incident

The plaintiff alleges that on Friday, November 21, 2014, the defendant, who “looked very upset,” “ordered Plaintiff to go with her to [the defendant’s] office immediately.” Id. at 6. Once the two were in the defendant’s office, the defendant allegedly “started yelling” at the plaintiff, “invading [the plaintiffs] personal space,” and “waving her hands very close to Plaintiffs face.” Id. After the plaintiff asked the defendant “to move back and told her that she was frightening [the plaintiff,]” the defendant allegedly asked the plaintiff “if [the plaintiff] preferred to deal with it outside [the defendant’s] office.” Id. The defendant then allegedly walked by the plaintiff to stand outside the office, “roll[ed] up her sleeves and extended her arms toward Plaintiff in a ‘fighting position,’” “bent her knees in a ‘crunching’ way and signaled [to the] Plaintiff to go ahead and fight her physically.” Id. The plaintiff claims that, in response, she told the defendant “that she was afraid of her, turned around as fast as she could and left” the area. Id. The plaintiff alleges that two co-workers working in the area at the time, Nick Hilosky and Marc Thomas, witnessed the incident. Id.

The afternoon after the incident, the plaintiff sent an email to the defendant, copying the defendant’s supervisor, Barry Breen, OSWER’s Deputy Assistant Administrator. See id. Ex. E at 1-2; id. Ex. F at 1. In the email, the plaintiff accuses the defendant of committing, aside from the “physical bullying,” a laundry list of work-related wrongful conduct, including: giving the plaintiff an increasingly heavy workload; “stopping by my cubicle 1 to 5 minutes before [her] time to leave with ‘emergencies’ that do not exist and ‘must’ ... be finished[;]” “[flalsely accusing me of ‘errors’ not actually made or even worse created by you[;]” “[disregarding satisfactory or even creative, analytical work despite evidence^]” “[a]busing your position of power every single day[;]” “[mjaking con-tinu[ous] verbal-put downs[;]” “[m]aking undoable demands related to workloads, deadlines, [and] duties[;]” “[e]nsuring that my projects will fail by sabotaging my communication with others, changing the data, diminishing me in front of others, and saying awful things behind my back[;]” [c]hanging 15 hours of [the plaintiffs] sick leave into AWOL” after telling the plaintiff to go home; “[a]ecusing me of being a liar about being sick[;]” and “accusing” the plaintiff of “being unprofessional if I stand up to you.” Id. Ex. E at 1-2. Additionally, the following Monday morning, the plaintiff went to the OIG’s office to speak to someone. Id. at 6.

Email correspondence submitted by the plaintiff in opposition to the pending motion indicates that, on November 24, 2014, the plaintiff “reported [her] concerns regarding [her] supervisor’s behavior to the OIG who contacted” Barbara Viney, an EPA Conflict Management Specialist and Violence Prevention Coordinator. Id. Ex. T at 1-2. Beginning on December 1, 2014, the OIG and Viney “conducted a joint inquiry into the allegations and conducted a Threat Assessment with that information on [December 2, 2014].” Id. Ex. T at 1-2. As part of the inquiry, Hilosky and Thomas were both interviewed, id. Ex. T at 1, and the plaintiffs “allegations were not corroborated by [any] witnesses,” id. Ex. T at 1-2. On December 19, 2014, Viney met with the plaintiff “and notified [her] of th[e] outcome and the completion of [their] inquiry into the allegations.” Id. Ex. T at 1-2. Because both Hilosky and Thomas allegedly “work for” Breen, the defendant’s supervisor, and other people interviewed allegedly “work for” the defendant, the plaintiff alleges that the investigation was “biased.” Id. Ex. T at 1.

3. June 3, 2015 Envelope-Throwing Incident

The plaintiff alleges that, on June 8, 2015, at around 9:00 a.m., the defendant came to the “door” of her cubicle and “almost immediately ... threw a manila envelope toward [the] [p]laintiff s face, and left.” Id. at 6; see also Compl. The envelope, which contained a memorandum to the plaintiff with “an informal warning” from the defendant, fell on the floor and did not hit the plaintiffs face, but the plaintiff was “paralyzed with fear for a few minutes.” PL’s Opp’n at 6; see also id. Ex. F (“Mem. Warning”) at 2; Compl.

The memorandum, which the plaintiff submitted as an exhibit to her opposition to the defendant’s pending motion, is dated June 2, 2015, and was provided to the plaintiff “to warn you about your inappropriate language and tone in workplace correspondence.” Mem. Warning at 1. It includes a list of examples of “personally insulting and unprofessional .... language” from a May 13, 2015 email sent by the plaintiff to the defendant and the defendant’s supervisor about the plaintiffs mid-year performance review. Id.; see also id. at 3-4 (May 13, 2015 email correspondence). The memorandum further provides: “Your email was disparaging and had an overall hostile tone. I will not tolerate this misconduct and am warning you not to repeat it. If you do so, you may be subject to disciplinary action.” Id. at 1.

Approximately one hour after the envelope-throwing incident, at around 10:00 a.m., the plaintiff allegedly “received two threatening anonymous phone calls” from a man “repeating the word: ‘Die ... die ... die.’ ” Pl.’s Opp’n at 6; see also Compl.; PL’s Opp’n, Ex. Q (June 3, 2015 email correspondence with EPA OIG representative about “two anonymous calls to my office phone with a male voice wispering [sic] “die ... die ... ”). The phone calls prompted the plaintiff, the same day, to (1) file the instant suit, PL’s Opp’n at 6; see also Compl., (2) call “Federal Protective Services,” from which call an officer reported to the plaintiffs cubicle at around 3:30 p.m. that day, PL’s Opp’n at 7, and (3) report by email the incident to the defendant’s supervisor, Barry Breen, id.

As a result of the plaintiffs email to Breen, the plaintiff received a call from a human resources employee who prepared a declaration for the plaintiff, which she signed, about the incident. Id.; see id. Ex. G, Decl. of Maricruz MaGowan • (June 5, 2015) (“Pl.’s Decl.”). In the declaration, with respect to the envelope-throwing incident, the plaintiff attests, “my boss flung an envelope dismissively near my face and it slid off my desk and fell on the floor. It did not touch me, but I feel the way she gave me this letter was a way of humiliating me. She left immediately. It was just seconds.” PL’s Decl.

4. Additional Allegations Of Wrongful Conduct

In addition to the three incidents summarized above, the. plaintiff describes a litany of complaints about her unpleasant interactions with her supervisor, including that, on “at least 20 occasions,” the defendant “yelled” at her and, “while pointing [a] finger at [her],” “stood up too close to [her],” such that she “was getting [the defendant’s] spit on [her] face,” Compl.; “constant yelling, finger pointing toward Plaintiffs face, invading Plaintiffs physical space to the point that Plaintiff got Brigid Lowery’s spit on her face, violent gestures such as papers being thrown around, chairs pushed violently, and so on,” PL’s Opp’n at 9; “mocking Plaintiffs accent;” “[threatening Plaintiff constantly;” “[u]sing demeaning language such as ‘You are doing much better, you are finally learning;’ ” “[h]arassing Plaintiff if she goes to the ladies room or pantry,” by, for example, “calling Plaintiff [on] her cell phone, while she is in the ladies room,” and before she leaves for the day by “coming to Plaintiffs cubicle just before it is her time to go home and commenting” about her presence and “by wanting Plaintiff to work on something new two minutes before Plaintiffs time to go home;” “always ask[ing] Plaintiff for ‘proof of what she is saying;” “making her work impossible” by “prohibiting] her from talking to [necessary workplace] contacts;” excluding the plaintiff from “the regular” division-wide staff meetings; “[h]umiliating Plaintiff in front of staff’ by publicly “asking her ... demeaning questions, such as ‘Do you understand the process now?’ ‘Are you sure you really got what we are talking about?’ ‘Did you listen [to] what we are saying?’;” “[tjalking to staff about personnel issues involving Plaintiff, and thus creating a hostile environment, by influencing some of Plaintiffl’s] coworkers to dislike her;” “demanding [the plaintiff] ... perform her job in an unreasonable time;” and “blaming [the plaintiff] for being late,” id. Ex. 0 at 1-3.

Similar accusations are reflected in six work emails sent by the plaintiff to the defendant between October 23, 2009 and September 3, 2014. See id. Ex. 0 at 8 (October 23, 2009 email accusing the defendant of “escalating] your retaliatory efforts” and causing the plaintiff “chest pains, and a strong headache”); id. Ex. O at 11 (May 25, 2010 email accusing the defendant of yelling at and threatening the plaintiff); id. Ex. O at 7 (November 16, 2011 email accusing the defendant of failing to “recognize my contributions” and “ma[king] it a practice to start most of our conversations with unwarranted accusations”); id. Ex. O at 10 (March 28, 2010 email accusing the defendant of “personal attacks” and “hostility” which “is affecting my health to the point that every morning that I don’t telework, I get migranes [sic] and/or dizziness, and/and stomach aches”); id. Ex. O at 4 (December 10, 2013 email accusing the defendant of “hostile behavior” that “continues in spite of the great efforts I make in working with you in the most professional manner”); id. Ex. O at 6 (September 3, 2014 email accusing the defendant of “lacking] respect and empathy”).

The plaintiff also alleges that the defendant has denied her the ability “to take professional training,” though the defendant “encourages Plaintiffl’s] coworkers to take training and actually authorizes these training efforts.” PL’s Opp’n at 9. -In this regard, the plaintiff says that her requests the last three years to take a “Conflict Resolution Skills” course “at the OPM Development Center” were accepted by the defendant, “but behind Plaintiffs back, Ms. Lowery did not sign the approval forms and Plaintiff has [been] deprived of taking any training in years.” Id.', see also id. Ex. N (email indicating that the defendant, as of April 22, 2015, had not approved a training request submitted by the plaintiff on March 30, 2015).

Lastly, the plaintiff notes that she has filed two cases with the United States Office of Special Counsel (“OSC”), Case Nos. MA-11-1151 and MA-15-1505, and four cases with the MSPB, Case Nos. MSPB-DC-1221-11-0737-B-1, MSPB-DC-1221-11-0737-B-2, MSPB-DC-11-0737-W-l, and DC-1221-15-0671-W-1, the latter of which is “still in process.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 10. According to the plaintiff, the EPA has done “absolutely nothing to protect [the] [p]laintiff after any of the[ ] [incidents], since June 2010.” Id. at 7 (emphasis omitted).

B. Procedural Background

On June 3, 2015, “after suffering the third physical assault in the last five years from Defendant Brigid Lowery and after countless acts of abuse, threats, and harassment,” id. at 12, the plaintiff filed a complaint, motion for a restraining order, and motion for a preliminary injunction in D.C. Superior Court, see Compl.; PL’s Sup. Ct. TRO Mot.; PL’s Sup. Ct. PI Mot., “to seek immediate protection” from allegedly “recurrent violent behavior ... against her,” PL’s Opp’n at 3, and “over [five] years of abuse,” PL’s Sup. Ct. TRO Mot.; PL’s Sup. Ct. TRO Mot., by the defendant, her current government supervisor, Compl. A hearing on the plaintiffs request for a temporary restraining order was scheduled to take place on June 16, 2015. See Docket Sheet Summ. (“Sup. Ct. Dkt.”), Entry No. 9, SCR at 2; Not. of Hr’g, SCR at 24.

The evening before the scheduled hearing, on June 15, 2015, the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia removed the case to this Court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1442(a)(1), 1446, and the Westfall Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2), and the United States was substituted as the defendant. See Sup. Ct. Dkt., Entry Nos. 6-7, SCR at 2; Notice of Filing of Removal of a Civil Action, SCR at 4; Not. of Removal; Certification. A hearing was nonetheless held in D.C. Superior Court on June 16, 2016. See Sup. Ct. Dkt., Entry No. 3, SCR at 1. The record reflects that the plaintiff appeared for the hearing, but that the defendant did not because “this case had been transferred to Federal District Court.” Id. After confirming that the case had been removed, the court denied the plaintiffs motion for a temporary restraining order for lack of jurisdiction. Id.

On June 19, 2015, the United States filed the pending motion to dismiss. See Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 4. The Court thereafter posted a Fox-Neal Order, ECF No. 7, see Fox v. Strickland, 837 F.2d 507, 509 (D.C.Cir.1998) (holding that a pro se party must be advised of consequences of failing to respond to a dispositive motion, “including] an explanation that the failure to respond ... may result in the district court granting the motion and dismissing the case”); Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453, 456 (D.C.Cir.1992) (holding that a pro se party must be advised, when motion to dismiss may be converted to a motion for summary judgment, that “any factual assertion in' the movant’s affidavits will be accepted by the district judge as being true unless [the opposing party] submits [her] own affidavits or other documentary evidence contracting the assertion” (quoting Lewis v. Faulkner, 689 F.2d 100, 102 (7th Cir.1982)) (internal quotation marks omitted)), directing the pro se plaintiff to file an opposition or otherwise respond to the defendant’s motion by July 20, 2015. Shortly before the due date for the plaintiffs opposition, on July 17, 2015, the plaintiff filed a document titled, “Plaintiffs Motion to Remand Case to the Superior Court for the District of Columbia Civil Division and/or Request Court to Order the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to Provide Immediate Protection to Plaintiff from Defendant Brigid D. Lowery and Pay Plaintiff for Damages” (“Pl.’s Opp’n”), ECF No. 8. The United States replied to the plaintiffs filing on July 23, 2015. See Def.’s Reply Supp. Mot. Dismiss Pl.’s Compl. Against Brigid Lowery & U.S. & Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. TRO (“Defl’s Reply”), ECF No. 9.

Noting that the plaintiffs July 17, 2015 filing was not styled as an opposition, the Court requested clarification from the plaintiff as to “whether the plaintiffs filing, ECF No. 8, constitutes her response to the defendant’s motion to dismiss ... and ... whether the plaintiff intends to file ... any other opposition.” July 27, 2015 Order at 2. The Court further instructed the plaintiff to file “any other opposition” by August 5, 2016, and permitted the defendant to file any additional reply by August 14, 2015. Id. The Court also denied (1) the plaintiffs request for “immediate protection from Brigid D. Lowery,” id. (quoting Pl.’s Opp’n at 13), effectively denying, to the extent that the plaintiff had so moved, the plaintiffs motion for a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction, see id. at 2-3, and (2) the plaintiffs motion to remand the case to D.C. Superior Court, see id. at 3-4.

The parties then each submitted additional filings addressing the United States’ motion to dismiss. See PL’s Suppl. Opp’n; Def.’s Suppl. Reply Supp. Mot. Dismiss Pl.’s Compl. Against Brigid Lowery & U.S. & Opp’n PL’s Mot. TRO (“Def.’s Suppl. Reply”), ECF No. 12; PL’s Reply. Sufficiently briefed, the United States’ motion is ripe for review.

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Rule 12(b)(1)

In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), federal courts must be mindful that they “are courts of limited jurisdiction, possessing only that power authorized by Constitution and statute.” Gunn v. Minton, — U.S. —, 133 S.Ct. 1059, 1064, 185 L.Ed.2d 72 (2013) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673, 128 L.Ed.2d 391 (1994)). Indeed, federal courts are “forbidden ... from acting beyond our authority,” NetworkIP, LLC v. FCC, 548 F.3d 116, 120 (D.C.Cir.2008), and, therefore, have “an affirmative obligation ‘to consider whether the constitutional and statutory authority exist for us to hear each dispute,’ ” James Madison Ltd. ex rel. Hecht v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1092 (D.C.Cir.1996) (quoting Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Scis., 974 F.2d 192, 196 (D.C.Cir.1992)). A federal court lacking subject matter jurisdiction must dismiss the case. Feb. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3); Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 506-07, 126 S.Ct. 1235, 163 L.Ed.2d 1097 (2006); Moms Against Mercury v. FDA, 483 F.3d 824, 826 (D.C.Cir.2007).

“It is to be presumed that a cause lies outside [the federal court’s] limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the party asserting jurisdiction.” Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377, 114 S.Ct. 1673. Thus, “[t]he plaintiff bears the burden of invoking the court’s subject matter jurisdiction .... ” Arpaio v. Obama, 797 F.3d 11, 19 (D.C.Cir.2015) (citing Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561, 112 S.Ct. 2130, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992)); see also Georgiades v. Martin-Trigona, 729 F.2d 831, 833 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.1984) (“It is the burden of the party claiming subject matter jurisdiction to demonstrate that it exists.”).

While the burden of establishing jurisdictional facts to support the exercise of the subject matter jurisdiction rests on the plaintiff, see Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 96-97, 130 S.Ct. 1181, 175 L.Ed.2d 1029 (2010); Thomson v. Gaskill, 315 U.S. 442, 446, 62 S.Ct. 673, 86 L.Ed. 951 (1942); Moms Against Mercury, 483 F.3d 824, 828 (D.C.Cir.2007), the court must accept as true all uncontroverted material factual allegations contained in the complaint and “construe the complaint liberally, granting plaintiff the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged,” Am. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. FDIC, 642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C.Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Thomas v. Principi, 394 F.3d 970, 972 (D.C.Cir.2005)). The court need not accept inferences drawn by the plaintiff, however, if those inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint or amount merely to legal con-elusions. See Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C.Cir.2002).

Moreover, in evaluating subject matter jurisdiction, the court, when necessary, may “undertake an independent investigation to assure itself of its own subject matter jurisdiction,” and consider facts developed in the record beyond the complaint. Settles v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 429 F.3d 1098, 1107-08 (D.C.Cir.2005) (quoting Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 908 (D.C.Cir.1987)); see also Banneker Ventures, LLC v. Graham, 798 F.3d 1119, 1129 (D.C.Cir.2015) (“Where necessary to resolve a jurisdictional challenge under Rule 12(b)(1), ‘the court may consider the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts.’ ” (quoting Herbert, 974 F.2d at 197)).

Where the federal government is a defendant, the plaintiff must establish federal subject matter jurisdiction as well as an applicable waiver of sovereign immunity to survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). Trudeau v. FTC, 456 F.3d 178, 185 (D.C.Cir.2006) (quoting FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994)); see also Anderson v. Carter, 802 F.3d 4, 8 (D.C.Cir.2015) (“[A]n action against the United States cannot surpass the barrier of sovereign immunity without statutory waiver.”); United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212, 103 S.Ct. 2961, 77 L.Ed.2d 580 (1983) (“It is axiomatic that the United States may not be sued without its consent and that the existence of consent is a prerequisite for jurisdiction.”). In general, a waiver of sovereign immunity “must be unequivocally expressed in statutory text and will not be implied.” Sw. Power Admin. v. FERC, 763 F.3d 27, 31 (D.C.Cir.2014) (quoting Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192, 116 S.Ct. 2092, 135 L.Ed.2d 486 (1996)). “Any ambiguities in the statutory language are to be construed in favor of immunity so that the Government’s consent to be sued is never enlarged beyond what a fair reading of the text requires.” FAA v. Cooper, — U.S. —, 132 S.Ct. 1441, 1448, 182 L.Ed.2d 497 (2012) (citations omitted). Nonetheless, sovereign immunity and judicial review are closely linked, such that “the allowance of judicial review is a waiver of sovereign immunity and ... the dis-allowance of such review is an assertion of sovereign immunity.” Bartlett v. Bowen, 816 F.2d 695, 712 (D.C.Cir.1987), opinion reinstated on reconsideration sub nom., Bartlett ex rel. Neuman v. Bowen, 824 F.2d 1240 (D.C.Cir.1987).

B. Rule 12(b)(5)

It is well settled that “[b]efore a federal court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the procedural requirement of service of summons must be satisfied.” Omni Capital Int’l, Ltd. v. Rudolf Wolff & Co., Ltd., 484 U.S. 97, 104, 108 S.Ct. 404, 98 L.Ed.2d 415 (1987). “Service of process, under longstanding tradition in our system of justice, is fundamental to any procedural imposition on a named defendant.” Murphy Bros., Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc., 526 U.S. 344, 350, 119 S.Ct. 1322, 143 L.Ed.2d 448 (1999). This is because service is necessary, but not sufficient, to allow a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant. See Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 8 (D.C.Cir.2005) (noting that “service of process does not alone establish personal jurisdiction”). Indeed, “[bjefore a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, there must be more than notice to the defendant .... There also must be authorization for service of summons on the defendant and a constitutionally sufficient relationship between the defendant and the forum.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted; alteration in original).

When sufficiency of service is challenged, the burden is on the plaintiff to demonstrate that she has effected service properly. See Mann v. Castiel, 681 F.3d 368, 372 (D.C.Cir.2012) (noting under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4 that “the plaintiff has the burden to demonstrate that the procedure employed to deliver the papers satisfies the requirements” of proper service) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also 4a Charles Alan Weight, Árthur R. Miller & Adam N. Steinman, Federal Practice and Prooedure § 1083 (4th ed. 2015) (“The party on whose behalf service of process is made has the burden of establishing its validity when challenged; to do so, she must demonstrate that the procedure employed to deliver the papers satisfied the requirements of the relevant portions of Rule 4 and any other applicable provision of law.”). Insufficient service of process on a defendant “warrant[s] the court’s dismissing [the plaintiffs claims] without prejudice” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(5). Simpkins v. D.C. Gov’t, 108 F.3d 366, 369 (D.C.Cir.1997).

C. Rule 12(b)(6)

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), to “encourage[ ] brevity,” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 319, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007), and, at the same time, “give the defendant fair notice of what the ... claim is and the grounds upon which it rests,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (ellipses in original; citation omitted). The Supreme Court has cautioned that although “Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from the hyper-technical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, ... it does not unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more than conclusions.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678-79, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the “complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Wood v. Moss, — U.S. —, 134 S.Ct. 2056, 2067, 188 L.Ed.2d 1039 (2014) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937)). A claim is facially plausible when the plaintiff pleads factual content that is more than “ ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability,” and “allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955); see also Rudder v. Williams, 666 F.3d 790, 794 (D.C.Cir.2012). Although “detailed factual allegations” are not required to withstand a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a complaint must offer “more than labels and conclusions” or “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” to provide “grounds” for “entitle[ment] to relief,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (alteration in original), and “nudge[] [the] claims across the line from conceivable to plausible,” id. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955; see Banneker Ventures, 798 F.3d at 1129 (“Plausibility requires more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully .... ” (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937)). Thus, “a complaint [does not] suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’ ” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955) (second alteration in original). In considering a motion to dismiss for failure to plead a claim on which relief can be granted, the court must consider the complaint in its entirety, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true, “even if doubtful in fact,” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955; see also Harris v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., 791 F.3d 65, 68 (D.C.Cir.2015), “but is not required to accept the plaintiffs legal conclusions as correct,” Sissel v. HHS, 760 F.3d 1, 4 (D.C.Cir.2014); see Harris, 791 F.3d at 68 (“[T]he tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937)), and “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice,” Harris, 791 F.3d at 68 (alteration in original) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937); Banneker Ventures, 798 F.3d at 1129 (same). In addition, courts may “ordinarily examine” other sources “when ruling on Rule 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss, in particular, documents incorporated the complaint by reference, and matters of which' a court may take judicial notice.” Tellabs, Inc., 551 U.S. at 322, 127 S.Ct. 2499.

Where, as here, the plaintiff is proceeding pro se, the court must “liberally construe! ]” the complaint, applying “less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Abdelfattah v. DHS, 787 F.3d 524, 533 (D.C.Cir.2015) (quoting Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007) (per curiam)); Cutler v. HHS, 797 F.3d 1173, 1179 (D.C.Cir.2015) (same). The Court must consider “a pro se litigant’s complaint ‘in light of all filings, including filings responsive to a motion to dismiss,” Brown, 789 F.3d at 152, and any “affidavits and exhibits ... filed by a pro se litigant [that] were intended to clarify the allegations in the complaint,” Abdelfattah, 787 F.3d at 529 (citing Atherton v. D.C. Office of the Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 677 (D.C.Cir.2009)). Thus, the pro se litigant may, “in effect, supplement his [or her] complaint with the allegations included in his [or her] opposition.” Brown, 789 F.3d at 152. Nonetheless, the pro se plaintiff must still “plead ‘factual matter that permits [us] to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct.’ ” Id. at 150 (alteration in original) (quoting Atherton, 567 F.3d at 681-82); Abdelfattah, 787 F.3d at 533 (quoting Jones v. Horne, 634 F.3d 588, 596 (D.C.Cir.2011)).

III. DISCUSSION

As other decisions from this Court have recognized, “[t]he precise contours of [a pro se] plaintiffs claims are not [always] entirely clear from her complaint, motion for a TRO, or the opposition filed in response to [a] defendant’s motion to dismiss,” and, consequently, “the Court must construe a pro se plaintiffs [papers] broadly and look to the relief sought to infer the claims made wherever possible.” Davis v. United States, 973 F.Supp.2d 23, 26 (D.D.C.2014) (citing Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S.Ct. 2197, 167 L.Ed.2d 1081 (2007)). In this case, the plaintiffs filings are liberally construed as bringing two types of legal claims: (1) intentional torts — namely, assault and battery, see Sup. Ct. Civil Div. Civil Actions Branch Inf. Sheet, SCR at 32 (form completed by the plaintiff upon commencing the action which clearly denotes “Assault and Battery” as the “nature of suit”); and (2) discrimination claims — namely, (a) retaliation for reporting violence at work to the union by denial of promotion and sick leave, see PL’s Opp’n at 7-9; Fleming-Blue Decl. ¶ 7; (b) racial discrimination in failure to promote, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 12; and (c) racial and whistleblower harassment and hostile work environment, see Compl.; Pl.’s Opp’n at 5, 9; id. Ex. E at 1-2; id. Ex. O at 1-3. For the reasons discussed below, even when liberally construed, all of the plaintiffs claims must be dismissed.

A. The United States Is The Proper Defendant

As a threshold matter, the plaintiff contests the Westfall Act certification granting the defendant immunity and substituting the United States as the defendant. She argues that the defendant “was acting. outside the scope of her employment,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 1 (emphasis in original), and that the plaintiff “does not have any reason to believe or has [sic] any proof that these attacks, were ordered by the Agency’s top Officials, or any other Agency/Office in the U.S. Government, or that this behavior is part of Ms. Lowery’s official duties,” id. at 3. The plaintiff notes, however, that while she “believes that these actions were purely and solely committed by Brigid D. Lowery, and that Ms. Lowery was not acting within the scope of her employment as an employee of the U.S. Government,” “if the Agency wants to be responsible for the monetary, professional, and psychological damages caused to Plaintiff for failing to provide her with any type of protection, Plaintiff will not argue and be willing to receiving [sic] also such compensation ... in addition to prompt and effective protection from Ms. Lowery.” Id. (emphasis omitted).

“The Westfall Act grants a federal employee suit immunity ... when ‘acting within the scope of his [or her] office or employment at the time of the incident out of which the claim arose,’ ” including “an employee on duty at the time and place of an ‘incident’ alleged in a complaint who denies that the incident occurred.” Osborn v. Haley, 549 U.S. 225, 247, 127 S.Ct. 881, 166 L.Ed.2d 819 (2007) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(1), (2)). A Westfall Act certification, see supra n.l, “is prima facie evidence” that the defendant was acting within the scope of his or her employment, Jacobs v. Vrobel, 724 F.3d 217, 220 (D.C.Cir.2013), but “[a] plaintiff may request judicial review of the Attorney General’s scope-of-employment determination,” Osborn, 549 U.S. at 246, 127 S.Ct. 881.

The plaintiff bears the burden of rebutting the certification. Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 220; Stokes v. Cross, 327 F.3d 1210, 1214 (D.C.Cir.2003) (“A plaintiff challenging the government’s scope-of-employment certification bears the burden of coming forward with specific facts rebutting the certification.”). “To rebut the certification, the plaintiff must allege, in either the complaint or a subsequent filing, specific facts ‘that, taken as true, would establish that the defendant’s] actions exceed the scope of [his or her] employment.’ ” Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 220 (first alteration in original) (quoting Stokes, 327 F.3d at 1215); Wuterich v. Murtha, 562 F.3d 375, 381 (D.C.Cir. 2009).

When a plaintiff challenges the Westfall certification that the federal employee was acting within the scope of his or her employment, courts apply the respondeat superior law of the state where the alleged tort occurred. See Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 221-22; Stokes, 327 F.3d at 1214; see also Allaithi v. Rumsfeld, 753 F.3d 1327, 1330 (D.C.Cir.2014) (“The question of whether a particular act falls within the scope of employment is governed ‘by the law of the place where the employment relationship exists.’ ” (quoting Majano v. United States, 469 F.3d 138, 141 (D.C.Cir.2006))). Here, the governing law is that of the District of Columbia. Under District of Columbia law, an employee’s scope of employment is determined by applying the test established in the Restatement (Second) of Agency. See Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 1330; Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 221-22. Under this test, the employee’s conduct falls within the scope of his employment when: “(a) it is of the kind he [or she] is employed to perform; (b) it occurs substantially within the authorized time and space limits; (c) it is actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the master; and (d) if force is intentionally used by the servant against another, the use of force is not unexpectable by the master.” Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 1330 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228(1) (1958)); see also Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 221. The District of Columbia interprets this test “very expansively,” Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 1330 (quoting Harbury v. Hayden, 522 F.3d 413, 422 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.2008)), such that the D.C. Circuit has characterized the test as “akin to asking whether the defendant merely was on duty or on the job when committing the alleged tort,” Harbury, 522 F.3d at 422 n.4.

Here, accepting the plaintiffs allegations as true, the plaintiff has failed to rebut the Westfall certification. See U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Estate of Albright, 626 F.3d 498, 501 (9th Cir.2010) (affirming the district court’s upholding of the Westfall certification “while assuming all of [plaintiffs] allegations to be true”).

1. The Defendant’s Alleged Conduct Was Incidental To Her Employment

The plaintiff argues that the defendant’s “actions against Plaintiff were ... not part of her regular duties” and “strongly refutes the Defendant’s statement that Brigid Lowery’s assaulting Plaintiff in [sic] at least three occasions is part of her ‘daily work’ or ‘regular activities.’ ” Pl.’s Opp’n at 10. For support, the plaintiff points to the defendant’s “Position Description” and “her critical Job Elements (CJEs) contained in her [the defendant’s] EPA Performance Appraisal and Recognition System (PARS),” which the plaintiff argues do not “include constantly harassing, abusing, attacking, instilling fear or assaulting Plaintiff.” Id.-, see also id. Ex. P (official EPA document containing “critical elements, performance standards, and performance measures directly related to [Brigid Lowery’s] job”); Pl.’s Suppl. Opp’n at 2 (“[N]one of the[ ] [defendant’s work duties] include[ ] the abuse of her authority against another Federal employee .... ”). The plaintiffs argument is inconsistent with District of Columbia law.

The first prong of the District of Columbia scope-of-employment test “has two disjunctive parts: To qualify as conduct of the kind [an employee] was employed to perform, the defendant’s actions must have either been of the same general nature as that authorized or incidental to the conduct authorized.” Council on Am. Islamic Relations v. Ballenger, 444 F.3d 659, 664 (D.C.Cir.2006) (internal quotation marks omitted; emphasis in original) (quoting Haddon v. United States, 68 F.3d at 1424 (D.C.Cir.1995)). “Conduct is ‘incidental’ so long as it is ‘foreseeable,’ ” and it is “foreseeable” if it is a “direct outgrowth of the employee’s instructions or job assignment.” Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 1332 (quoting Haddon, 68 F.3d at 1424). The court must “focus on the type of act [the employee] took that allegedly gave rise to the [claim], not the wrongful character of that act,” Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 221, and “[t]he test is not ... particularly rigorous,” Alldithi, 753 F.3d at 1332. Indeed, “[t]he foreseeability test,” which “is to be liberally applied,” is “broad enough to embrace any intentional tort arising out of a dispute that was originally undertaken on the employer’s behalf.” Id. (quoting Ballenger, 444 F.3d at 664). Thus, even wrongful conduct, foreseeably performed in conjunction with specified job duties, is “incidental” to the conduct the employee is hired to perform under District of Columbia law.

Here, all of the alleged incidents and wrongful conduct occurred during interactions involving the parties’ work at the EPA and, thus, in the course of the defendant’s performance of her supervisory duties. First, the June or July 2010 telephone-throwing incident occurred during a morning work meeting in the defendant’s office, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 5; see also Fleming-Blue Deck ¶ 3 (attesting that the plaintiff “reported ... that she was meeting with her manager ... on Friday, June 18th 2010 at Ms. Lowery’s office,” that “[t]hey disagreed on a work related issue which they interpreted differently,” and that, ultimately, the defendant “stated: ‘O.K. let’s call Rick’ at which time she threw the telephone toward” the plaintiff), and the defendant is certainly authorized to hold work meetings with employees, see id. Ex. P at 6, 8 (stating that the defendant’s position requires her to “manage[ ] subordinates based on organizational goals” and “[m]anage on-time performance of OSWER’s measures reporting activities”). The defendant’s alleged retaliatory actions related to that incident — including speaking ill of the plaintiff to prospective employers and denying the plaintiff sick leave — also occurred in the context of the defendant’s employment duties. See Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 291 (holding that “responding to a prospective employer’s request for a reference! ] is plainly ‘the kind of conduct [plaintiffs supervisor] was employed to perform.’ ” (quoting Ballenger, 444 F.3d at 664)); Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. P at 6 (stating that the defendant’s position requires her to “[effectively manage the staff and resources” including “staff workload and staffing needs”).

Similarly, allegations relating to the November 21, 2014 physical fight-attempt incident, as shown in an email sent by the plaintiff to the defendant’s supervisor the afternoon after the incident, see Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. E at 1-2, indicate that any altercation between the parties was entirely work-related. For example, the plaintiff complains that the defendant gave her an increasingly heavy workload, accused her of making “errors” in work product, and made “undoable demands related to workloads, deadlines, [and] duties.” Id. Ex. E at 1-2; see also id. at 6 (alleging that the November 21, 2014 incident occurred after the defendant requested the plaintiff go into the defendant’s office to “yell[] at Plaintiff as she did other times”).

Lastly, the alleged June 3, 2015 envelope-throwing conduct was incidental to the defendant’s supervisory duties, which include “takfing] action to address [employee] performance problems,” id. Ex. P at 6, such as delivering an informal, written warning memorandum to an employee to address the employee’s misconduct. Thus, the Court finds that the conduct alleged occurred, at the very least, incidentally to the kind of conduct the defendant was employed to perform as a supervisory employee. The wrongful nature of the conduct alleged here is irrelevant to the determination that the act was “incidental” to the conduct the defendant was hired to perform. See Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 222-23; see also Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 1333 (indicating that, where the conduct is not “devoid of a connection between tort and employer,” it is essentially foreseeable).

2.The Defendant’s Alleged Conduct Occurred Substantially Within Authorized Time And Space Limits Of Employment

The defendant’s alleged wrongdoing in this case “occur[red] substantially within the authorized time and space limits” of the defendant’s employment because it occurred entirely in the workplace during the work day.

3.The Defendant Alleyedly Acted At Least Partially Out Of A Desire To Serve Her Employer

To meet the third prong of the test, it is necessary to show the employee’s act was “solely for the servant’s personal benefit” and “not done for the employer at all.” Schecter v. Merchs. Home Delivery, Inc., 892 A.2d 415, 428 (D.C.2006); see also Allaithi, 753 F.3d at 1333 (“Local [D.C.] law requires an employee be solely motivated by his [or her] own purposes for consequent conduct to fall outside the scope of employment.”). The relevant inquiry- is whether the defendant was motivated at least in part by a desire to serve her employer. Jacobs, 724 F.3d at 222-23; Schecter, 892 A.2d at 428. Thus, even if the plaintiff alleges the defendant had an ulterior motive to abuse and harass the plaintiff, the plaintiff must offer allegations that the defendant did so without any desire to serve her employer simultaneously.

The plaintiff has made no such proffer. The plaintiff makes no allegations of any dispute or conflict between the parties prior to the defendant assuming a supervisory role over the plaintiff at the workplace, or any other allegations that, outside of the employment context, the defendant had any motive to abuse and assault the plaintiff. See Steele v. Meyer, 964 F.Supp.2d 9, 19 (D.D.C.2013). Indeed, the plaintiffs assertions that the defendant “[f]alsely accused” her of making “errors” and made “undoable demands related to workloads, deadlines, [and] duties,” among many other work-related allegations, Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. E at 1-2; see also id. Ex. 0 at 1-3, indicate the exact opposite — that the defendant’s conduct was motivated by her job. Thus, the plaintiff has failed to sufficiently challenge this prong of the seope-of-employment test.

4.The Defendant’s Alleged Use Of Force Was Not “Unexpectable”

The only alleged use of force by the defendant is that of the June or July 2010 telephone throwing. Given that this alleged used of force occurred during a morning work meeting and arose from a “disagree[ment] on a work related issue which they interpreted differently,” Fleming-Blue Decl. ¶ 3, it cannot be said to have been “unexpectable.” Indeed, the D.C. Circuit has recognized that “cases hold[] that seriously criminal and violent conduct can still fall within the scope of a defendant’s employment under D.C. law— including sexual harassment, a shooting, armed assault, and rape.” Harbury v. Hayden, 522 F.3d 413, 422 (D.C.Cir.2008) (collecting cases).

In sum, the plaintiff has failed to put forth sufficient facts to allege that the defendant was acting outside the scope of her employment, and the United States is thus the proper defendant in this action.

B. The Plaintiffs Intentional Tort Claims Are Not Cognizable Under The FTCA And Must Therefore Be Dismissed

The Westfall Act “accords federal employees absolute immunity from common-law tort claims arising out of acts they undertake in the course of their official duties.” Osborn, 549 U.S. at 229, 127 5.Ct. 881 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2679(b)(1)). Thus, upon the United States’ substitution “as defendant in place of the employee,” “[t]he litigation is ... governed by the Federal Tort Claims Act ....” Id. at 230, 127 S.Ct. 881. The Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”), 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671, et seq., provides a limited waiver of sovereign immunity where a plaintiff seeks monetary damages for certain common law torts committed by federal employees. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346(b), 2671-80; Wilson v. Obama, 770 F.Supp.2d 188, 191 (D.D.C.2011) (citing Roum v. Bush, 461 F.Supp.2d 40, 46 (D.D.C.2006)). Assault and battery claims, however, are not permitted. See 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) (providing that the FTCA “shall not apply to ... [a]ny claim arising out of assault, [or] battery”); see also Banks v. Harrison, 864 F.Supp.2d 142, 147-48 (D.D.C.2012) (dismissing assault claims as not cognizable under FTCA); Tolson v. Stanton, 844 F.Supp.2d 53, 57 (D.D.C.2012) (recognizing that the FTCA “expressly excludes claims ‘arising out of assault [and] battery’ ” (alteration in original) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h)); Koch v. United States, 209 F.Supp.2d 89, 94 (D.D.C.2002) (dismissing plaintiffs assault claim as not cognizable under the FTCA), aff’d, No. 02-5222, 2002 WL 31926832, at *1 (D.C.Cir. Dec. 31, 2002) (per curiam) (“Because appellant’s claims, which arise out of an alleged assault, are not cognizable under the FTCA, see 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h), the district court properly dismissed appellant’s complaint.”). Therefore, these claims must be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

C. The Plaintiffs Discrimination Claims Must Be Dismissed For Failure to State a Claim for Relief

The United States argues that the plaintiffs discrimination claims should be dismissed, first, for lack of jurisdic