Özdemir Boru San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. v. United States (273 F. Supp. 3d 1225, 2017)

OPINION

Katzmann, Judge:

The Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 (“TPEA”), Pub. L. No. 114-27, § 502, 129 Stat. 362, 383-84 (2015), which was signed into law on Juñe 29, 2015, made numerous amendments to the antidumping and countervailing duty laws found under Title 19 of the United States Code. Specifically, 19 U.S.C. §‘1677e(b) and (c) were amended, and (d) was added. In what appears to be a matter of first impression, the countervailable subsidy case now before the court provides an occasion to consider these TPEA amendments as they concern the application, by the United States Department of Commerce (“Commerce”), of facts available and adverse inferences to a respondent company.

Plaintiff, Ozdemir Boru San. ve Tic. Ltd. Sti (“Ozdemir”), a Turkish producer and exporter to the United States of heavy walled rectangular welded carbon steel pipes and tubes (“HWR pipes and tubes”), brought this action against Defendant, the United States (“the Government”), on October 9, 2016, challenging elements of Commerce’s final determination in Heavy Walled Rectangular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes .and Tubes from the Republic of Turkey: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 81 Fed. Reg. 47,349 (Dep’t Commerce July 21, 2016) (final results of investigation), and the subsequent Amended Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 81 Fed. Reg. 62,874 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 13, 2016) (“Final Determination”), as well as the corresponding Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination, July 14, 2016, P.R. 241 (“IDM”). Summons, ECF No. 1; Complaint ¶ 1, ECF No. 5 (“Compl.”). Specifically, Ozdemir argues that Commerce’s application of adverse facts available (“AFA”) to Ozdemir regarding the Turkish Exemption from Property Tax (“EFPT”) program, and Commerce’s inclusion of two particular land' parcels in the Land for Less-than-Adequate-Remuneration (“LTAR”) benchmark, are actions unsupported by record evidence and contrary to law. Compl. ¶¶ 21-24. Ozdemir thus asks this court to hold unlawful the Final Determination on these grounds, and to remand it to the agency for a redetermination consistent with the court’s judgment. Compl. at 6. The Government, and defendant-intervenors Independence Tube Corporation (“Independence”) and Atlas Tube Corporation (“Atlas”) oppose Ozdemir’s motion.

For the reasons set forth hereafter, the court finds that the Final Determination is supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law with respect to the AFA issue, but not with- respect to the Land for LTAR issue, and thus remands it to Commerce.

BACKGROUND

A. Statutory and Regulatory Framework

1. Countervailable ’ Subsidies: Basic Principles

If Commerce determines that the government of a country is providing, directly or indirectly, a countervailable subsidy with respect to the manufacture, production, or export of a class or kind of merchandise imported, or sold, or likely to be sold for import, into the United States, and the International Trade Commission determines that an industry in the United States is materially injured or threatened with material injury thereby, then Commerce shall impose a countervailing duty (“CVD”) upon such merchandise equal to the amount of the net countervailable subsidy. See Section 701 of the Tariff Act of 1930,- as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1671(a) (2012). Generally, a subsidy is countervail-able if it consists of a foreign government’s financial contribution to a recipient, which is specific, and also confers a benefit upon the recipient, as defined under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5). A benefit is conferred when, in the case where goods or services are provided, such goods or services are provided for less than adequate remuneration. 19 U.S.C. § 1677(E)(iv). Furthérmore, the statute states that:

[T]he adequacy of remuneration shall be determined in relation to prevailing market conditions for the good or service being provided or the goods being purchased in the country which is subject to the investigation or review. Prevailing market conditions include price, quality, availability, marketability, transportation, and other conditions of purchase or sale.

Id. The regulation on “adequate remuneration” states that:

[Commerce] will normally seek to measure the adequacy of remuneration by comparing the government price to a market-determined price for the good or service resulting from actual transactions in the country in question. Such a price could include prices stemming from actual transactions between private parties, actual imports, or, in certain circumstances, actual sales from competitively run government auctions. In choosing such • transactions or sales, [Commerce] will consider product similarity; quantities sold, imported, or auctioned; and other factors affecting eom-parability.

19 C.F.R. § 351.511 (a)(2)® (2015).

The subsidy must also be “specific” as defined under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A). In the case of domestic subsidies like those alleged in this case, a specific subsidy can be one that is “limited to an enterprise or industry located within a designated geographical region within the jurisdiction of the authority providing the subsidy.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iv). An investigation of countervailable subsidies shall commence whenever an interested party files a petition with Commerce, on behalf of an industry, which alleges the elements necessary for the imposition of the duty, and which is accompanied by information reasonably available to the petitioner supporting those allegations. 19 U.S.C. § 1671a(b)(l), (c)(2).

2. Legal Standard for Application of Facts Available and Adverse Inferences ,

, During the- course of its countervailing duty proceeding, Commerce requires information from both the producer respondent and the foreign government alleged to have provided the subsidy. See Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1365, 1369-70 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Information submitted to Commerce during an investigation is subject to verification. 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(i)(l).

When a respondent: (1) withholds information that has been requested by Commerce, (2) fails to provide such information by Commerce’s deadlines for submission of the information or in the form and manner requested, (3) significantly impedes an an-tidumping proceeding, or (4) provides information that cannot be verified, .then Commerce shall “use the facts otherwise available [FA] in reaching the applicable determination.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2). Unaltered by the TPEA, this FA subsection thus asks whether necessary or requested information is missing from the administrative record, and provides Commerce with a methodology to fill the resultant informational gaps. See Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2003).

Under certain circumstances, in an investigation, Commerce may determine to assign an AFA rate to an investigated respondent as to a given-subsidy program, instead-of the countervailable subsidy rate that the respondent might receive for that program under normal circumstances. Typically, an AFA rate is higher than the normally calculable subsidy rate for an investigated program, and thus ultimately results in a higher CVD rate. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677e (addressing both FA and AFA).

Commerce “may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available,” AFA, if it “finds that an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information[.]” Id. § 1677e(b)(l)(A)j A respondent’s failure to cooperate to “the best of its ability” is “determined by assessing whether [it] has put forth its maximum effort to provide Commerce with full and complete answers to, all inquiries.” Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382.

• When applying an adverse inference, Commerce-may-rely on information from the petition, a final determination in the investigation, a previous administrative review, or any other information placed on the record. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(2); 19 C.F.ft. § 351.308(c)(l)(2) (2015). Relevantly, section 502 of the TPEA amended 19 U.S.C. .§ 1677e(b) to provide that Commerce “is not required to determine, or make-any adjustments to, a countervaila-ble subsidy rate ... based on any assumptions about information the interested party would have provided if the interested party had complied with the request for information.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(l)(B).

Pursuant to subsection (c), if the information relied upon is secondary—as opposed to primary information, which is obtained in the course of the investigation— then Commerce “shall, to the extent practicable, corroborate that information from independent sources that are reasonably at [its] disposal.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)(l) (emphasis added). As regards the issues in this case, the TPEA did not substantially amend the corroboration requirement.

If Commerce uses an adverse inference, then in selecting among the facts otherwise available, and ultimately choosing an AFA rate, the agency utilizes the statutory authorization found in subsection (d), which was added to the statute by the TPEA. Per subsection (d)(1), Commerce

[m]ay ... (i) use a countervailable subsidy rate applied for the same or similar program in a countervailing duty proceeding involving the same country, or (ii) if there is no same or similar program, use a countervailable subsidy rate for a subsidy program from a proceeding that [Commerce] considers reasonable to use[.]

19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(l)(A)(i)-(ii) (emphasis added). In carrying out this AFA rate selection procedure, Commerce may select “the highest such rate” made available. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(2). In doing so, Commerce “is not required ... to estimate what the countervailable subsidy rate ... would have been if the interested party found to have failed to cooperate ... had cooperated,” or to demonstrate that the countervailable subsidy rate used as an AFA rate “reflects an alleged commercial reality of the interested party.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(3).

Prior to the enactment of the TPEA, Commerce articulated a policy that it employs when selecting AFA rates. Commerce still follows this policy, and employed it in the underlying proceeding:

In selecting AFA rates for programs on which a company has failed to fully cooperate, it is [Commerce’s] practice to use the highest calculated program-specific rates determined for a cooperating respondent in the same investigation, or, if not available, rates calculated in prior CVD cases involving the same country. Specifically, [Commerce] applies the highest calculated rate for the identical program in the investigation if a responding company used the identical program, and the rate is not zero.

If there is no identical program match within the investigation, or if the rate is zero, [Commerce] uses the highest non-de minimis rate calculated for the identical program in another CVD proceeding involving the same country.

If no such rate is available. [Commerce] will use the highest non-de minimis rate for a similar program (based on treatment of the benefit) in another CVD proceeding involving the same country. Absent an above-de minimis subsidy rate calculated for a similar program, [Commerce] applies the highest calculated subsidy rate for any program otherwise identified in a CVD case involving the same country that could conceivably be used by the non-cooperating companies.

IDM at 4 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).

Commerce has explained the rationale behind its AFA policy:

[Commerce’s] practice when selecting an adverse rate from among the possible sources of information is to ensure that the result is sufficiently adverse “as to effectuate the statutory purposes of the AFA rule to induce respondents to provide the Department with complete and accurate information in a timely manner.”

Id. (citations omitted). Importantly, Commerce maintains that its practice also ensures “that the party does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated fully.” Id. (quoting Statement of Administrative Action, accompanying the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R. No. 103-316, vol. 1, at 870 (1994), reprinted ’ in 1994 U.S.C.CAN. at 4199 (“SAA”)): compare 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(3). '

B. Prior Proceedings

On July 21, 2015, Atlas, Independence, and additional petitioners, filed with Commerce a CVD petition concerning imports of HWR pipes and tubes from the Republic of Turkey (“Turkey”). See Petition for the Imposition of Antidumping and Countervailing Duties Pursuant to Sections 701 and 731 of the Tariff Act ■ of 1930, as Amended July 21, 2015 Volume V—Information Relating to the Republic of Turkey—Countervailing Duties, P.R. 9 (“Petition”); CVD Investigation Initiation Checklist (Aug. 10, 2015), P.R. 31, C.R. 22 (“Initiation Checklist”).

Commerce initiatéd its investigation on August 17, 2015. Heavy Walled Rectangular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from the Republic of Turkey: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 80 Fed. Reg. 49,207 (Dep’t Commerce Aug, 17, 2015). The period of investigation (“POI”) was January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014. Id Commerce selected Ozdemir as one of two mandatory respondents in the investigation, pursuant to section 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-l(e)(2) and 19C.F.R. § 351.204(c)(2) (2015). IDM at 2.

On September 9, 2015, Commerce issued a CVD Questionnaire to respondents and the Government of Turkey (“GOT”). Countervailing Duty Questionnaire Countervailing Duty (CVD) Investigation Heavy Walled Rectangular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes From the República of Turkey C-489-823, P.R. 37 (“Questionnaire”). The GOT filed its response to the Questionnaire on October 28, 2015, along with a number of supportive exhibits. P.R. 63, C.R. 27 (“GOT QR”); Law Concerning Incentives on. Investments and Employment and on the Amendment of Certain Laws, (Law No. 5084), P.R. 67, C.R.92 (“GOT QR Éx. 9); The provinces under the Article 2 of Law Concerning Incentives on Investments and Employment and on the Amendment of Certain Law (Law No. 5084), P.R. 125, C.R. 93 (“GOT QR Ex. 10”); Article 4 of Law No. 3365, P.R. 134 (“GOT QR Ex. 19”). By its counsel, Ozde-mir filed the following relevant substantive submissions: on October 30, 2015, its questionnaire response (“QR”), P.R. 134, C.R. 104, and on November 30, 2015, its response to Commerce’s supplemental questionnaire (“SQR”), P.R. 186, C.R. 147.

On December 28, 2015, Commerce published its preliminary determination. Heavy Walled Rectangular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from the Republic of Turkey: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Alignment of Final Determination With Final Antidumping Determination, 80 Fed. Reg. 80,749 (Dep’t Commerce Dee., 28, 2015) (“Preliminary Determination”). It was accompanied by Commerce’s memorandum, Countervailing Duty Investigation of Heavy Walled Rectangular. Welded Carbon Steel Pines and Tubes from the Republic of Turkey: Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary Determination, dated December 18, 2015, P.R. 199 (“Preliminary Decision Memo”). The foregoing two documents were accompanied by a third, company specific memorandum entitled Preliminary Determination Calculation Memorandum for Ozdemir Boru Profil San, ve Tic. Sti., dated December 18, 2015, P.R. 202, C.R. 161 (“Preliminary Calculation Memo”). Ozdemir was assigned a preliminary CVD rate of 1.35 percent. Preliminary Determination at 80,750. Also on December 28, 2015, Ozdemir filed a request for correction of ministerial error. Compl. ¶ 12.

In the Preliminary Decision Memo, Commerce preliminarily determined under the Provision of Land for LTAR program that the Zonguldak organized industrial zone (“OIZ”) land sold to Ozdemir in 2008 constituted a financial contribution within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E)(iv), and that it was specific under § 1677(6A)(D)(iv). Commerce further preliminarily determined that the program conferred a benefit upon Ozdemir to the extent that the land in- question was sold to Ozdemir for LTAR as described under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(E)(iv). In making an LTAR determination, Commerce compares the price actually paid to a benchmark value, pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a). As a benchmark, Commerce used land values that it had previously used in its investigation of line pipe from Turkey, Welded Line Pipe from the Republic of Turkey: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 80 Fed. Reg. 61,371 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 13, 2015). See Preliminary Decision Memo at 11-12. Commerce preliminarily determined Ozdemir’s net subsidy rate under this program to be 0.55 percent ad valorem. Id. at 12.

As to the EFPT program at issue in this case, Commerce preliminarily concluded that Ozdemir had not used it, based on Ozdemir’s responses to Commerce’s questionnaires. Preliminary Decision Memo at 16. Specifically, in response to Commerce’s questions regarding that program, Ozde-mir stated that:

[It] did not receive any benefits under this program. Eligibility for this program is limited to enterprise located within certain designated.regions. Since none of the Ozdemir’s plants are located in those regions, Ozdemir was not eligible to use this program.

QR at 33.

Commerce subsequently conducted verifications of Ozdemir’s QR. Verification of the Questionnaire Responses of Ozdemir Boru Profíl San ve Tic. Ltd Sti. (Mar. 10, 2016), P.R. 227, C.R. 235 (“Verification Report”); Verification Exhibit 2, C.R. 173-75; Verification Exhibit 10, C.R 173, 191-92; Verification Exhibit 15, C.R. 203. During verification. Commerce discovered that Oz-demir was eligible for, and did receive, an EFPT subsidy during the five years prior to the period of investigation, because it possessed buildings in the Zonguldak OIZ in Turkey. Verification' Report at 2, 9. Commerce determined that Ozdemir was unable to demonstrate at verification that it had not received this subsidy during the POI as well. Ministerial Error Allegations in the Final Determination (Aug. 19, 2016), P.R. 252 at 5 (“Min. Error Dec. Memo”). On March 24, 2016, Ozdemir filed its case brief. P.R.-233, C.R. 237. The GOT filed its case-brief the same day. P.R. 232..

On July 21, 2016, Commerce published its original final determination, wherein the agency continued to find that Ozdemir was subsidized by reason of its purchase of certain-real property from the government at LTAR, and assigned Ozdemir a subsidy rate of 0.54 percent ad valorem for that program. IDM at 15. Regarding the EFPT program, Commerce determined that “Oz-demir withheld information requested by” the agency and thus had failed to cooperate to the best of its ability in reporting benefits under this program. Id. at 5; see 19 U.S.C.- § 1677e(a)(2)(A). Gommerce consequently assigned Ozdemir1 an AFA rate for the EFPT program, and, being unable to locate an above-de-minimis application of that same program in a Turkish proceeding, resorted to the third tier of its hierarchy. IDM at 6-7; see 19 U.S.C. §, 1677e(b).. Under that tier, Commerce uses the highest non-de minimis rate for a similar program, based on treatment of the benefit, in another CVD. proceeding involving the same country. IDM at 6. Commerce selected an AFA CVD rate of 14.01 percent, derived from Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations; Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube Products From Turkey, 51 Fed. Reg. 1268, 1270 (Jan. 10, 1986) (“CWP & T 1986”). IDM at 7 n.29.. In that determination, 14.01 percent was the program-specific rate applied for the Export Tax Rebate and Supplemental Tax Rebate program. In applying that programmatic rate, Commerce found that the CWP & T 1986 program and the EFPT program were “[a] match, based on program type and treatment of benefit ” Id. at 7.

Commerce next addressed corroboration of the selected CWP & T 1986 rate per 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c). IDM at 8. Commerce noted that in determining the-reliability of the selected rate, “there typically are no independent sources for data on company-specific benefits resulting from counter-vailable subsidy programs ” Id However, Commerce determined that “no information has been presented which calls into question the reliability of these previously calculated subsidy rates that we are applying as AFA.” Id. As to relevance, Commerce found that, “[f|or those programs which the [agency] found a program-type match, ... because these are the same or similar programs, they are relevant to the programs under investigation in this case ” Id. “Due to the lack of certain record information concerning the programs under investigation,” Commerce “corroborated the rates it selected to the extent practicable.” Id.; see 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)(l).

As to the Provision of Land for LTAR program, Commerce determined Ózde-mir’s net subsidy rate to be 0.54 percent ad valorem. IDM at 15.

Ózdemir subsequently alleged that Commerce made a ministerial error with respect to its application of AFA to the EFPT program. Min. Error Dec. Memo. Commerce acknowledged that it inadvertently characterized its application of an adverse inference to the EFPT program as resulting from Ózdemir’s failure to follow questionnaire instructions to report all “other subsidies” received from the GOT, but concluded that an adverse inference was nonetheless appropriate because Óz-demir failed to respond accurately to specific questions about that program in its initial questionnaire response. Min. Error Dec. Memo at 4-5, 5 n.21. Accordingly, Commerce published the amended Final Determination, in which it did not change the subsidy rate for Ózdemir, on September 13, 2016.

On October 9, 2016, within thirty days after the publication of the CVD order, Ózdemir timely filed its summons. Sum.; see 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A); USCIT Rule 3(a)(2). Ózdemir filed its complaint the same day. Compl. Atlas moved to intervene as defendant-intervenor on October 28, and the court granted the motion the same day. ECF Nos. 7, 11. Independence filed a motion to intervene as defendant-intervenor on November 8, and the court granted it the next day. ECF Nos. 12, 15. Pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.2, Óz-demir filed its motion for judgment on the agency record on February 21, 2017. ECF Nos. 26, 27 (“Pl.’s Br.”). The Government filed its responsive brief in opposition on May 28. ECF No. 33 (“Defi’s Br ”). Independence and Atlas filed their respective responsive briefs in opposition on May 30. ECF Nos. 34, 35 (“Independence Br.” and “Atlas Br.”). Ózdemir filed its reply on June 26. ECF Nos. 36, 37 (“Pl.’s Reply”). Oral argument was held before the court on September 12, 2017. ECF No. 52.

Ózdemir argues before this court that the Final Determination was unsupported by substantial evidence, and was contrary to law, in regards to the application of AFA to Ózdemir regarding the EFPT program, and in the inclusion of certain land parcels in the benchmark for the Land for LTAR program.

JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(II), and will sustain Commerce’s countervailable subsidy determinations unless they are “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i); Changzhou Wujin Fine Chem. Factory Co., Ltd. v. United States, 701 F.3d 1367, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2012).

DISCUSSION

I. The Application of AFA to Ózdemir is Supported by Substantial Evidence and in Accordance with Law.

A. Commerce’s Use of Facts Otherwise Available is Supported by Substantial Evidence.

1. Parties’ Arguments

Ozdemir argues that it correctly reported its “non-use” of the EFPT program, and placed all necessary documentation on the record. Pl.’s Br. at 21-24. Ozdemir explains that Commerce asked in the Questionnaire, under the heading of “Program-Specific Questions,” that it report only on subsidies received during the POT calendar year 2014;

For each program, if your company (including cross-owned affiliate required to respond, as well as all trading companies) did not apply for, use, or benefit from that program during the POI, you must clearly state so. Otherwise, please answer the questions listed.

Questionnaire at Sec. Ill p.7. Ozdemir argues that it followed this instruction, answering that “Ozdemir did not receive any benefits under [the EFPT] program.” QR at 33; Pl.’s Br. at 23. The Property Tax Law creating this subsidy program provides a 0.2 percent property tax exemption on buildings built in an OIZ for the first five years following completion of construction. GOT QR at 84. Ozdemir thus submits that because it completed its building on the OIZ property in 2008, SQR at 5, the company was exempted from paying property tax on it specifically from 2009 through 2013. GOT QR at 76-84; GOT QR Ex. 19; Pl.’s Br. at 22. As Commerce confirmed: “Ozdemir did not make any tax payments for buildings located at its facility in the Zonguldak OIZ for the first five years following completion of the buildings’ ‘construction (Le., December 24, 2008).” Verification Report at 9; see Verification Exhibit 10 at 534 (acknowledging that Ozdemir had “completed construction of factory and begun production” as of December 25,2008), PL’s Br. at 22.

, Ozdemir asserts in conjunction that because the exemption is a tax program, Petition at 24, Initiation Checklist at 25, Questionnaire at 14, and thus a, recurring subsidy, the benefit is expensed in the year received. 19 C.F.R. § 351.524(a) (2015) (“[Commerce] will allocate (expense) a recurring benefit to the year in which the benefit is received.”); PL’s Br. at 23. Therefore the benefit was used at the latest in 2013, prior to the POI. PL’s Br. at 23. Ozdemir points to the QR and the GOT QR, and argues that the record “contains every element necessary for an exact calculation of any putative benefit attributable” to the EFPT program. Id. Further, per Ozdemir,,the.amount of any subsidy so calculated would be well below the level of countervailability. PL’s Br. at 24.

Independence argues that Ozdemir now attempts to artificially reduce its incorrect QR statement to the point that it did not receive benefits under the EFPT program- during the POI, ignoring the portion of that statement where it stated that it was altogether ineligible for the program for geographic reasons. Independence Br. at 10. Independence also refers to Commerce’s specific instructions that' “[it is] investigating alleged subsidies received over a time period corresponding to the AUL,” meaning for the POI and the preceding 14 years. Questionnaire at Sec. II, p. II—2; Independence Br. at 10. Atlas argues that Ozdemir’s incorrect QR statement could not be verified, and thus triggered 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(D).-Atlas Br. at 12-14. Further, because Ozdemir did not attempt correction until verifica^ tion, after the responsive deadline had passed. Verification Report at 2, 9, Atlas argues that 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(B) was also triggered. Atlas Br. at 13. Atlas also argues that 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(C) was implicated, since1 even if Ozdemir’s incorrect QR response regarding the receipt of EFPT benefits were verifiable, Ozdemir regardless “significantly impede[d]” the CVD investigation. Atlas Br. at 21. This is because Commerce’s verification team, upon its arrival in Turkey, would have required an entirely different set of infdr-mation in order to verify that Ozdemir had not received an EFPT program benefit during the POI. Atlas Br. at 22.

The Government argues that Commerce’s conclusion that Ozdemir withheld information and failed to cooperate to the best of its ability in providing the requested information about use of the EFPT program is supported by substantial evidence on the record. IDM at 5-6; Def.’s Br. at 10-11. The Government also argues that Commerce should not have been required to calculate the allegedly de minim-is subsidy rate based on record evidence, as Ozdemir contends it could and should have, because Commerce’s resort to facts otherwise available was statutorily authorized and reasonable in light of Ozdemir’s QR misstatement. Def.’s Br. at 11.

2. Analysis

The court concludes that Commerce’s ' application of AFA is supported by substantial evidence on the record. Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla,” but “less than the weight of the evidence.” Altx. Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1108, 1116 (Fed. Cir. 2004). “A finding is supported by substantial evidence if a reasonable mind might accept the evidence as sufficient to support the finding.” Maverick Tube Corp. v. United States, 857 F.3d 1353, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (citing Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S.Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938)). “The substantiality of evidence must take into account whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight.” CS Wind Vietnam Co. v. United States, 832 F.3d 1367, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2016). This includes “contradictory evidence or evidence from which conflicting inferences could be drawn.” Suramerica de Aleaciones Laminadas, C.A. v. United States, 44 F.3d 978, 985 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (quoting Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 487, 71 S.Ct. 456, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951)). However, “the possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent an administrative agency’s finding from being supported by substantial evidence.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. United States, 750 F.2d 927, 933 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (citing. Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 619-20, 86 S.Ct. 1018, 16 L.Ed,2d 131 (1966)).

Commerce “shall ... use the facts otherwise available” if one of the criteria spelled out in 19 .U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(l) or (2) are met. All parties agree that Ozdemir provided an incorrect QR response regarding the EFPT program. QR at 32-33. The statute is triggered “[if] ... an interested party ... withholds information that has been requested by [Commerce].” Regarding the EFPT program. Commerce specifically requested that Ozdemir answer questions found in the Questionnaire Standard Questions Appendix. QR at 33; Questionnaire at Sec. Ill pp.18-19. The questions therein do not request simple answers, but rather pose several questions requiring detailed answers about a firm’s history with the program in question, benefits received thereunder, and records kept demonstrating those benefits. Questionnaire at Sec. Ill p.19. For the purposes of triggering facts otherwise available, it is of no moment that some part of Ozdemir’s incorrect QR statement supports the proposition that Ozdemir did not receive EFPT benefits during, the POI. In fact, Ozdemir’s argument that the Questionnaire instructions demand responses only regarding the POI, PL’s Br. at 21, is undermined by Commerce’s specific instruction that “[it is] investigating alleged subsidies received over a .time period corresponding, to the [15-year] AUL,” meaning for the POI and the preceding 14 years'. Questionnaire at Sec. II p.II-2. The contrast between Ozde-mir’s brief, incorrect QR statement, and the detailed information that Commerce requested, as well.as the explicitly noted AUL informational timeframe, constitute substantial evidence on the record that Ozdemir “with[e]ld[ ] information that has been requested by [Commerce]” pursuant to ,19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A).

The court is not persuaded by Oz-demir’s argument that. Commerce could have referred to the record to calculate the precise countervailable subsidy received under the EFPT program, rather than rely on facts otherwise available. The possibility that the record does contain the information necessary to calculate a putative countervailable subsidy is irrelevant to - the -statutory triggers found in § 1677e(a), specifically whether “an interested party” such as Ozdemir has “with[e]ld[ ] information that has been requested by -[Commerce].” 19 - U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A), Ozdemir has provided no authority stating otherwise.- More to the point, because that possibility does not implicate the statutory standard, it does not detract from the substantiality of the evidence supporting the conclusion that Oz-demir’s incorrect QR response did trigger § 1677e(a)(2)(A). See CS Wind, 832 F.3d at 1373.

B. Commerce’s Application of AFA is Supported by Substantial Evidence and in Accordance with Law.

1. Commerce’s Decision to Apply an Adverse Inference is Supported by Substantial Evidence.

Ozdemir argues that it fully cooperated in the investigation, and thus Commerce had no factual basis in the record to apply AFA under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(l). PL’s Br. at 24; see supra n.5. Ozdemir acknowledges that its QR statement regarding EFPT benefits was in error, but submits that Commerce knew throughout the investigation that EFPT program qualification was based on location in an OIZ, and not on the province in which the property was located. Initiation Checklist at 25; Pl.’s Br. at 25. Ozdemir again argues that the operative fact is that it did not receive an EFPT benefit during the POI, and notes that Commerce verified that any property tax exemption applicable to Ozde-mir would have ended before the POI began. Verification Report at 9; PL’s Br. at 26. Ozdemir generally asserts also that it “did not hide any information from Commerce,” having spent four pages in its QR explaining that one of its plants “is located in the Zonguldak OIZ,” and that it provided all the payment and title information related to that property, including information establishing that construction of that building was completed in December 2008—thus cutting off the applicable property tax benefit before the POI began in 2014. PL’s Br. at 26; QR at 13-16, Exs. 8-10; SQR at 5.

Ozdemir argues in its Reply that Commerce impermissibly applied a per se rule in determining that Ozdemir “failed to act to the best of its ability” and therefore warranted an adverse inference. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(l); PL’s Reply at 16-17. Ozde-mir argues that, instead, the “best of its ability standard” calls for an assessment of materiality. PL’s Reply at 17.

The court is persuaded by the Government’s argument that substantial evidence supports Commerce’s decision to apply AFA. “If [Commerce] ... finds that an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information from [Commerce], [then Commerce] ... may use an inference that is adverse to the interests of that party in selecting from among the facts otherwise available.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(l)(A); see 19 C.F.R. § .351.308; QVD Food Co. v. United States, 658 F.3d 1318, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (discussing burdens of proof in administrative proceedings before Commerce). Commerce “may employ [such] inferences ... to ensure that the party does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated fully.” Viet I-Mei Frozen Foods Co. v. United States, 839 F.3d 1099, 1109 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting SAA at 870). “Because Commerce lacks subpoena power, Commerce’s ability to apply adverse facts is an important one.” Maverick Tube, 857 F.3d at 1360 (quoting Essar Steel Ltd. v. United States, 678 F.3d 1268, 1276 (Fed. Cir. 2012)). Thus, “[t]he purpose of the adverse facts statute is ‘to provide respondents with an incentive to cooperate’ with Commerce’s investigation.” Id. (quoting F.lli De Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Martino S.p.A. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). “Compliance with the ‘best of its ability" standard is determined by assessing whether respondent has put forth its maximum efforts to provide Commerce with full and complete answers to all inquiries in an investigation.” Maverick Tube, 857 F.3d at 1360 (quoting Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382).

Substantial evidence supports both Commerce’s finding that Ozdemir did not act to the best of its ability to comply with Commerce’s request for information, and its decision to apply an adverse inference in consequence. As explained supra, the Questionnaire asks for. a detailed series of answers regarding the respondent’s history with the EFPT program. Questionnaire at 18-19. Ozdemir stated in its QR that it “did not receive any benefits under [the EFPT) program. Eligibility for this program is limited to enterprises located within certain designated regions. Since none of the Ozdemir’s plants are located in those regions, Ozdemir was not eligible to use this program.” QR at 33. At verification, Commerce discovered that this response was not accurate, as Ozdemir had taken advantage of the EFPT program, and did have facilities in the designated region. Verification Report at 2, 9. Commerce’s resulting conclusion that Ozdemir had withheld requested information, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A), by failing to report use of the EFPT program was reasonable and supported by substantial evidence. IDM at 5. Accordingly, resort to facts otherwise available was warranted. Id. So too was Commerce’s decision to apply an adverse inference reasonable, Id. at 6. The record shows that Ózdemir did not “provide Commerce with full and complete answers to all inquiries in [the] investigation,” as regards the EFPT program. Maverick Tube, 857 F.3d at 1360. While “[t]he best-of-one’s-ability standard ‘does not require perfection and recognizes that mistakes sometimes occur,’ it “does not condone inattentiveness, carelessness, or inadequate record keeping.” Papierfabrik Aug. Koehler SE v. United States, 843 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382). In summary, “Commerce requested information from [Ozdemir], which [Ozdemir] did not provide, and never claimed that it was unable to provide.” Maverick Tube, 857 F.3d at 1360; IDM at 6, Verification Report at 2, 9. Commerce’s decision to apply' an AFA rate was therefore supported by substantial evidence on the record.

Ozdemir’s assertion that it inadvertently provided the incorrect- QR statement regarding EFPT benefits does not advance its argument here. “While intentional conduct, such as deliberate concealment . or inaccurate reporting, surely evinces a failure to cooperate, the statute does not contain an intent element.” Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1383, cited in Essar Steel, 678 F.3d at 1276. Rather, “the statutory trigger for Commerce’s consideration of an adverse inference is simply a failure to cooperate to the best of respondent’s ability, regardless of motivation or intent.” Id. The court also finds unpersuasive Oz-demir’s arguments that its incorrect QR statement was not material, and thus could not justify an adverse inference. Pi’s Reply at 14-16. Neither the statute nor .binding precedent impose that standard on Commerce; the animating inquiry of the adverse inferences provision is whether “an interested party has failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information from [Commerce].” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b)(l); see Maverick Tube, 857 F.3d at 1360-61. Contrary to Ozdemir’s materiality articulation, the “best of its ability” standard “expects respondents to ‘(a) take reasonable steps to keep and maintain full and complete records ...; (Jo) have familiarity with all of the records it maintains in its possession, custody, or control; and (c) conduct prompt, careful, and comprehensive investigations of all relevant records that refer or relate to the imports in question.’” Papierfabrik, 843 F.3d at 1379 (quoting Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382). Ozdemir’s emphasis on EFPT benefits received during the POI is besides the point. Rather, the relevant point is that Ozdemir did not put forth its best efforts to provide “full and complete” answers to Commerce’s inquiries in its QR. Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382; see Essar Steel, 678 F.3d at 1276 (“Without the ability to enforce full compliance with its, questions, Commerce runs the risk of gamesmanship and lack of finality in its investigations.”).

• The court is likewise unpersuaded by Ozdemir’s argument that Commerce could have used additional tax information provided at verification to ascertain its participation in the EFPT program during the POI and beforehand. The purpose of verification is not to “continue the information-gathering stage of [Commerce’s] investigation.” Borusan Mannesmann Boru Sanyi ve Ticaret A.S. v. United States, 39 CIT , 61 F.Supp.3d 1306, 1349 (2015) (quoting agency position), aff'd, Maverick Tube, 857 F.3d 1353. “Verification is intended to test the accuracy of data already submitted, rather than to provide a respondent with an opportunity to submit' a new response.” Tianjin Mach. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT 1635, 1644, 353 F.Supp.2d 1294, 1304 (2004), aff'd, 146 Fed.Appx. 493 (Fed. Cir. 2005). “Commerce ... is under no obligation to request or accept substantial new factual information from a respondent after discovering that a response cannot be corroborated during verification.’* Id.; see 19 C.F.R. § 351.307(d) (2015). Nor is it for this court to mold Commerce’s- verification procedures more strictly than the statute provides. Indeed, the statute gives Commerce wide latitude in its verification procedures, Micron Tech., Inc., v. United States, 117 F.3d 1386, 1396 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (citing American Alloys, Inc, v. United States, 30 F.3d 1469, 1475 (Fed. Cir. 1994)), and further “Congress has implicitly delegated to Commerce the latitude to derive verification procedures ad hoc.” Id. More generally, the Federal Circuit “ha[s] recognized Commerce’s authority to apply adverse facts, even when a party provides relevant factual information if a party has not acted to the best of its ability to provide the information.” Essar Steel, 678 F.3d at 1278; see Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1378-83.

The operative point is that Ozdemir possessed information that Commerce requested in its Questionnaire, and upon being asked to provide that information with supportive details and explanations, Ozde-mir did not provide it. QR at 33. “Such behavior cannot be considered ‘maximum effort to provide Commerce with full and complete answers,’” Maverick Tube, 857 F.3d at 1361 (quoting Nippon Steel, 337 F.3d at 1382). Commerce’s decision to apply an adverse inference, and an AFA rate, was thus supported by substantial evidence on the record.

2. Commerce Selection of the AFA Rate was in Accordance with Law.

Commerce used the third level of its methodology in applying the CWP & T 1986 rate to Ozdemir in this proceeding. IDM at 6-7 (“If no such rate is available, the Department will use the highest non-de minimis rate for a similar program (based on treatment of the benefit) in another CVD proceeding involving the same country.”) (emphasis- added). In a two-pronged argument; Ozdemir contends that even if it did not -act to the best of its ability in responding to Commerce’s Questionnaire, Commerce nonetheless violated its AFA selection criteria in assigning the 14.01 percent program-specific rate to Oz-demir. Pl.’s Br at 27.

First, Ozdemir argues that “Commerce should have stopped at its second preference,” rather than, reach the third, “because a rate had been calculated for an identical program, in a prior CVD proceeding. involving the same country.” PL’s Br. at 28. That rate, per . Ozdemir, is a 0.01 percent subsidy rate applied to respondent Toscelik for the EFPT program in the investigation of oil country tubular goods (“OCTG”). PL’s Br. at 28 (citing Certain Oil Country Tubular Goods From the Republic of Turkey: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Affirmative Critical Circumstances Determination, 79 Fed. Reg. 41,964 (Dep’t Commerce July 18, 2014) and accompanying IDM). Ozdemir asserts that a rate of 0.01 percent is not de minimis, and disputes the validity of Commerce’s 0.5 percent de min-imis threshold by asserting that “Commerce’s practice is to treat programs with ad valorem subsidy rates below 0.005 [percent] as de minimis.” PL’s Br. at 29-30 (citing Circular Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and. Tubes From Turkey: Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, 77 Fed. Reg. 46,713 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 6, ,2012)). Ozdemir contends that, though Commerce cited a previous usage of the 0.5 percent de minimis AFA threshold, it provided no reasoning in either the Final Determination or the cited decision explaining why that threshold should apply. PL’s Br, at 30 (citing Wheatland Tube Co. v. United States, 161 F.3d 1365, 1369. (Fed. Cir. 1998); U.H.F.C. Co. v. United States. 916 F.2d 689, 700 (Fed. Cir. 1990)).

Second, Ozdemir argues that even if Commerce’s selection of the CWP & T 1986 14.01 percent rate as AFA was justified, it was nonetheless inconsistent with Commerce’s regulatory criteria. PL’s Br. at 30-31. Ozdemir contends that the 1986 program was not a “match, based on program type and treatment of the benefit.” IDM at 7. According to Ozdemir, the “treatment” of a benefit refers to its attribution, which is fundamentally different between an export subsidy and a domestic subsidy. PL’s Reply at 8. Specifically, the 1986 Export Tax Rebate program was an export subsidy, rather ' than a domestic subsidy, attributed only to export .sales rather than total sales. PL’s Br. at 31. Per Ozdemir, “[t]he benefit from an export subsidy is attributed to a company’s export sales only, while the benefit from a domestic subsidy is attributed to a company’s total sales.” PL’s Reply at 8 (citing 19 C.ÍLR. § 351.525(b)(2)(3) (2015)).

The court construes Ózdemir’s argument as an assertion that Commerce acted in an arbitrary and capricious fashion, and thus, not in accordance with law. When determining whether Commerce’s interpretation and application of the statute is in accordance with law, this Court must consider “whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” and, if not, whether the agency’s interpretation of the statute is reasonable. Apex Frozen Foods Private Ltd. v. United States, 862 F.3d 1337, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (quoting Chevron, U.S.A, Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U S. 837, 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)). If the Court determines that the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, then the traditional second prong of the Chevron analysis asks what level of deference is owed Commerce’s interpretation. Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778; see United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 228, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001). “Chevron requires us to defer to the agency’s interpretation of its own statute as long as that interpretation is reasonable.” Koyo Seiko Co., Ltd. v. United States, 36 F.3d 1565, 1573 (Fed. Cir. 1994); see Kyocera Solar, Inc. v. United States Int’l Trade Comm’n, 844 F.3d 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2016).

The court notes that under the plain text of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d), added to the statute by the TPEA, Commerce has broad discretion to “use a countervail-able subsidy rate applied for the same or similar program in a countervailing duty proceeding involving the same country,” and to “apply any of the countervailable subsidy rates or dumping margins specified under that paragraph, including the highest such rate or margin.” No party has contended that this language is ambiguous. In the context of Commerce’s execution of its statutory mandates, “reviewing courts must accord deference to the agency in its selection and development of proper methodologies.” Thai Pineapple Pub. Co. v. United States, 187 F.3d 1362, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citing Daewoo Elecs. Co. v. Int’l Union of Elec. Elec., Tech., Salaried & Mach. Workers, AFL-CIO, 6 F.3d 1511, 1516 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). To the extent that the statutory language poses some ambiguity ripe for interpretation, “[o]ur review centers on whether the agency’s interpretations of statutes and regulations it administers are reasonable.” Thai Pineapple, 187 F.3d at 1365 (citing Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778; Daewoo, 6 F.3d at 1516).

Ozdemir presents no binding authority to support the proposition that Commerce is bound to a practice of treating programs with ad valorem subsidy rates below 0.005 percent, but not above, as de minimis, for the purpose of selecting AFA rates. Nor does Ozdemir offer determinations by Commerce evidencing that practice. See SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 263 F.3d 1369, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“[A]n agency action is arbitrary when the agency offer[s] insufficient reasons for treating similar situations differently”), aff'd, 332 F.3d 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Commerce, however, cited to a previous determination explicitly stating, twice, the agency’s practice of treating programmatic rates of 0.5 percent or less ad valorem as de minimis. IDM at 7 n.26 (citing PreStressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand from the People’s Republic of China: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 75 Fed. Reg. 28,557 (Dep’t Commerce May 10, 2010) and accompanying IDM at “1. Grant Under the Tertiary Technological Renovation Grants for Discounts Program,” “2. Grant Under the Elimination of Backward Production Capacity Award Fund.” (“[A]ll previously calculated rates for grant programs from prior China CVD investigations have been de minimis (e.g., less than 0.5 percent ad valorem).”)). Thus Commerce’s application of the 0.5 percent threshold was not inconsistent with prior agency practice, and was not arbitrary and capricious, or discordant with law, on those grounds.

The court also finds unavailing Ozdemir’s subsidiary argument that Commerce did not sufficiently justify the usage of a 0.5 percent de minimis threshold. Commerce did .provide a justification of applying that threshold in the same paragraph to which it appended a footnote characterizing the threshold, as its normal practice. IDM at 6-7 n.26. Specifically, the purpose of skipping over de minimis rates, and therefore in applying the 0.5 percent de minimis threshold in the contest of AFA rate selection, is “to ensure that the result is sufficiently adverse ‘as to effectuate the statutory purposes of the AFA rule to induce respondents to provide [Commerce] with complete and accurate information in a timely manner.’ ” IDM at 6 (quoting Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less than Fair Value: Static Random Access Memory Semiconductors From Taiwan, 68 Fed. Reg. 8909, 8932 (Dep’t, Commerce Feb. 23, 1998)). Commerce intends that this practice will ensure “that the party does not obtain a more favorable result by failing to cooperate than if it had cooperated fully.” IDM at 6 (quoting SAA at 870). “Commerce has wide, though not unbounded, discretion ‘to select adverse facts that will create the proper deterrent to non-cooperation with its investigations and assure a reasonable margin.’” Papierfabrik, 843 F.3d at 1380 (quoting De Ceceo, 216 F.3d at 1032). Indeed, Commerce’s methodology here, consistent with the TPEA 'at 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(l)(2), has been sustained by thé Federal-Circuit as permissible, under the previous iteration of the statute. Essar Steel. Ltd. v. United States, 753 F.3d 1368, 1373-74 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Even under the previous iteration of the statute, where AFA rates were to “be a reasonably accurate estimate of the respondent’s actual rate,” there was too expected “some built-in increase intended as a deterrent to noncompliance.” Id. at 1373 (quoting De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032). Under that framework. Commerce’s decision to disregard Ozdemir’s desired AFA rate of .0.01 percent ad valorem, derived from the Final QCTG determination, 79 Fed. Reg. 41,964, was reasonable, and in accordance with law.

The court turns to Ozdemir’s argument that Commerce is invalidly applying a new standard in selecting a “similar” program for AFA purposes, Pl.’s Br. at 31, and finds it unpersuasive. Ozdemir contends that Commerce’s practice of determining similarity on the basis of relevant subsections of 19 C.F.R. §§ 351.504-20, as represented in SolarWorld Americas, Inc. v. United States, 41 CIT-, -, 229 F.Supp.3d 1362, 1368 (2017), conflicts with the agency’s similarity determination in this case. Most significantly, SolarWorld does not interpret the relevant statutory provision, 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d), which was added by the TPEA. Section 1677e(d)(l)(A)(i) permits Commerce to “use a countervailable subsidy rate applied for the same or similar program in a [CVD] proceeding involving the ■ same country.” The “similar” qualifier is undefined, and it is. within Commerce’s purview to effectuate it and give it meaning. The court asks “whether the agency’s interpretations of statutes and regulations it ad-' ministers are reasonable.” Thai Pineapple, 187 F.3d at 1365 (citing Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S,Ct. 2778; Daewoo, 6 F.3d at 1516). From the statute’s structure, it is patent that Commerce is entitled to interpret “similar,” as the following subsection, (ii), provides that “if there is no same or similar program, [Commerce may] usé a countervailable subsidy rate for a- subsidy program from a proceeding that [Commerce] considers reasonable to use.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(l)(A). This language indicates a Congressional judgment that Commerce will determine whether a subsidy program is similar, and even if none is found, the agency will have discretion to apply a “reasonable” rate from another program. Ozdemir presents no binding precedent that would compel this court to remand Commerce’s determination for insufficient explanation of similarity, let alone precedent directing this court to read § 1677(d) less deferentially to Commerce’s discretion than the provision’s text provides. “[U]nder Chevron, an agency can only reject a prior interpretation of an ambiguous statute if it explains why it is doing so.” Mid Continent Nail Corp. v. United States, 846 F.3d 1364, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Ozdemir has presented no prior interpretation by Commerce of the word “similar” in the context § 1677e(d) against which the court could construe the agency’s current interpretation.

Further, SolarWorld does not necessarily stand for the proposition that'a subsidy which is or could be classified under a given subsection of § 351 cannot be “similar,” for the purposes of AFA rate selection, to a subsidy which is or could be classified under a different subsection of § 351. Indeed, SolarWorld cites Commerce’s statement that it “does not look at the ‘next most similar program.’” 229 F.Supp.3d at 1368. Assuming arguendo that SolarWorld does support Ozdemir’s interpretation, Ozdemir has failed to establish that the 1986 Export Tax Rebate program falls under a subsection of § 351 such that it is bereft of similarity to the EFPT program, which falls under § 351.509, for AFA rate selection purposes. See PL’s Br. at 19-20. Indeed, at the time of the CWP & T 1986 proceeding, the subsidy identification regulatory regime under 19 C.F.R. §§ 351.504-20 was not in force. In the instant case, Commerce looked to the foreign government’s treatment of the benefit in determining whether it is a “similar” program.'On the record, it was well within Commerce’s discretion to conclude that where the two programs are both tax programs, a sufficient nexus of similarity was established. In sum. Commerce is statutorily authorized to determine, and did reasonably determine, what constitutes similarity for the purposes of

APA rate selection, and Ozdemir’s argument that Commerce must apply some different standard, without textual or prec-edential support, is unavailing.

3. Commerce Corroborated the AFA Rate to the Extent Practicable, with the Support of Substantial Evidence and in Accordance with Law.

Ozdemir argues that Commerce failed to corroborate the 14.01 percent rate, which the agency must do “to the extent practicable,.;.. from independent sources that are reasonably at [its] disposal,” whenever it uses “secondary information other than information obtained in the course of an investigation.” Pi’s Br. at 32 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)(l)). Ozdemir contends that the CWP & T 1986 Export Tax Rebate program is not relevant because it is not similar to the EFPT' program' based upon treatment of benefit. PL’s Br. at 33. Furthermore, to Ozdemir, Commerce’s application of a terminated program as AFA means “that Commerce did not evaluate probative value (relevance) with a full review of its own files.” PL’s Reply at 3. ■

Ozdemir additionally argues that “Commerce must select secondary information that has some grounding in commercial reality.” Gallant Ocean (Thai.) Co. v. United States, 602 F.3d 1319, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Ozdemir contends that, though' the TPEA removed any statutory requirement “to demonstrate that the eountervailable subsidy rate ... reflects an alleged commercial reality of the interested party,” commercial reality remains relevant as it pertains to industry-wide or program-wide considerations. PL’s Br. at '32. Ozdemir argues that on a program-wide basis, the 14.01 percent rate is far removed from the commercial reality of any -alleged EFPT program benefits, which are typically far smaller than that amount PL’s Br. at 33.

To the extent that Ozdemir contends that Commerce’s verification was not performed in accordance with law, that argument fails. As explained supra, Commerce is empowered to formulate the methodologies it uses to execute its statutory mandates. Thai Pineapple, 187 F;3d at 1366. In this case/ as noted, the statute requires that Commerce “shall, to the extent practicable, corroborate [secondary information] from independent sources that are reasonably at [its] disposal.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)(l). “Corroborate means that the [Commerce] will satisfy [itself] that the secondary information to be used has probative value.” SAA at 870. “The statute does not prescribe any methodology for corroborating secondary information .., Mittal Steel Galati S.A. v. United States, 31 CIT 730, 734, 491 F.Supp.2d 1273, 1278 (2007), appeal dismissed, 253 Fed.Appx. 19 (2007). Commerce states that it “will, to the extent practicable, examine the reliability and relevance .of the information to be used.” IDM at 8. Ozdemir has proffered no authority demonstrating— and this court does not conclude—that on its face Commerce’s methodology is unreasonable or not in accordance with law.

To the extent that Ozdemir attacks Commerce’s findings regarding probative value for lack of substantial evidence support on the record, the court is again unpersuaded. Substantively, corroboration by Commerce requires satisfaction that the secondary information to be used, here the AFA rate from the CWP & T 1986 proceeding, has probative value. SAA at 870. Commerce demonstrates probative value by “demonstrating the rate is both reliable and relevant,” Ad Hoc Shrimp Trade Action Comm. v. United States, 802 F.3d 1339, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Critically, as noted, Commerce is charged with corroborating AFA rates selected from secondary information “to the extent practicable,” and with “independent sources reasonably at [its] disposal.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(c)(l). No more is required. Commerce explained that its corroboration was circumscribed by “the lack of certain record information concerning the programs under investigation,” and, generally, the lack of “independent sources for data on company-specific benefits resulting from . countervailable subsidy programs.” IDM at 8. Commerce, empowered to craft methodology to execute its statutory mandate, thus confronted these limitations by reviewing information concerning Turkish subsidy programs in other cases. Id. Under those circumstances, Commerce determined, that the CWP & T 1986 rate was relevant because it was similar, in the sense of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(d)(l)(A)(i), to the EFPT program at issue. Id. Commerce’s interpretation of the term “similar” is permissible and entitled to deference. Accordingly, here its analysis of relevance for the purposes of probative value and corroboration, performed “to the extent pra