Clientron Corp. v. Devon IT, Inc. (35 F. Supp. 3d 665, 2014)

MEMORANDUM RE DEVON’S MOTION TO DISMISS CLIENTRON’S PETITION TO ENFORCE ITS ARBITRATION AWARD/FOREIGN MONEY JUDGMENT

BAYLSON, District Judge.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Introduction .. .•.669

II. The NY Convention.670

A. An Argument Rejecting the Reciprocity Requirement.672

B. The Reciprocity Requirement Controls.674

III. Diversity Jurisdiction Exists for the Pennsylvania State Law Claim.677

IV. Legal Standard.677

A. Standard of Review.677

B. Pennsylvania’s Uniform Foreign Money Judgment Recognition Act.678

V. Discussion.680

A. Does Clientron Possess a Foreign Judgment as Defined by the UFMJRA?.680

B. Was the Proceeding Contrary to an Agreement Between the Parties?.681

1. Legal Standard for Determining Foreign Law.682

2. Findings Regarding Taiwan Law. 683

3. The Contract at the Center of the Dispute .685

4. Testimony at the Hearing.686

a. Yun Cheng Liu.687

b. Ming Yan Shieh.687

c. Chung Tuh Lee.688

5. Discussion...690

a. There Is an Agreement to Arbitrate.690

b. The Arbitration Decision Is Final and Enforceable in Taiwan. 691

c. The Disputed Products Are Not Within the Scope of the

SPA .691

i. The Text of the SPA Contains a Mechanism for Incorporating New or Replacement Products.692

ii. A Broad Reading of the Agreement to Cover All Thin-Client Products Undermines the Agreement’s Structure.692

iii. Clientron’s Proffered Interpretation of the Words “Any Dispute” Is Overly Broad and Ignores How That Phrase Operates Within the Agreement as a Whole.692

iv. Devon’s Request for Repair Warranties Provides Some Support for the Contention That Devon Intended the Disputed Products to Be Covered by the SPA.693

v. The Draft Release Agreement Is Not Probative of the Parties’ Intent as to the Scope of the SPA.693

vi. The Draft Supply Agreement Supports Devon’s Contention That the Parties Did Not Intend the SPA to Cover the Disputed Products . 695

VI. Summary and Conclusions. .696

I. Introduction

Plaintiff Clientron Corp., a Taiwan company, seeks to enforce an arbitration award obtained in Taiwan against Defendant Devon IT, Inc., a Pennsylvania company. On August 15, 2008, the parties entered into a Supply and Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) for the manufacture and delivery of thin-client computer components. ECF 1 at 25. According to Clientron, § 13.3 of the SPA contains an arbitration clause. ECF 1 at 21.

Appendix A1 of the SPA indicates that the agreement covers only one type of product: TC2. A dispute arose between the parties regarding Devon’s failure to make payment for three products not mentioned in the Appendix of the SPA: TC2D, TC5c, and TC5d (hereinafter, “the disputed products” or “the disputed thin-client products”). Clientron responded by initiating arbitration proceedings in Taiwan through the Chinese Arbitration Association. At the arbitration, Devon objected to the proceedings, arguing, among other things, that the SPA did not govern the purchase of TC2D, TC5c, and TC5d, and thus the arbitration panel lacked jurisdiction to hear the dispute. Over the course of the arbitration, the panel issued an Interim Arbitration Award, ECF 38-1 at 4, which addressed Devon’s procedural and jurisdictional objections, and a Final Arbitration Award, ECF 11-2 at 15, which addressed the merits of the dispute.

Clientron prevailed before the arbitration tribunal and now seeks to enforce its arbitration award for US$6,574,546.17 plus interest against Devon in Pennsylvania. In addition to the enforcement proceeding in this Court, Clientron initiated an enforcement proceeding in Taiwan. On March 28, 2014, the Taiwan enforcement court granted Clientron’s petition to enforce its arbitral award. ECF 43 at 5. The parties are also engaged in a revocation proceeding initiated by Devon in Taiwan to set aside the award. To this Court’s knowledge, the Taiwan revocation court has not yet rendered a decision.

Clientron’s Complaint in this Court has two counts. Clientron seeks enforcement of its foreign arbitration award under (1) the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (commonly called the “NY Convention”), 21 U.S.T. 2517, 330 U.N.T.S. 3, incorporated under Chapter 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) and codified at 9 U.S.C. §§ 201-208, and under (2) Pennsylvania’s Uniform Foreign Money Judgment Recognition Act (“UFMJRA”), 42 P.S. §§ 22001-22009. The Court has original jurisdiction to enforce foreign arbitration awards falling under the NY Convention. 9 U.S.C. § 203. The Complaint, however, only invokes this Court’s diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.

Devon has filed a Motion to Dismiss the Complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. ECF 9.

II. The NY Convention

As an initial matter, Devon contends the Court lacks jurisdiction to enforce the arbitration award under the NY Convention because the award was rendered in Taiwan and Taiwan is not a signatory to the NY Convention. Specifically, Devon argues that in ratifying the NY Convention, the United States opted into a reciprocity requirement made available by Article 1(3) of the treaty, which precludes enforcement of arbitration awards rendered in non-signatory countries. ECF 12 at 5-6.

Relying primarily on the NY Convention’s implementing legislation, Clientron argues that Chapter 2 of the FAA — specifically 9 U.S.C. § 202 which defines whether an agreement or an award falls under the NY Convention — does not distinguish between signatory and nonsignatory states. Additionally, it notes that 9 U.S.C. § 207 provides “a court shall confirm the award unless it finds one of the grounds for refusal or deferral of recognition or enforcement of the award specified in the said Convention.” The grounds of refusal or deferral in the convention do not refer to non-signatories. See NY Convention, art. 5. Finally, Clientron asserts that there is nothing in the NY Convention that limits the enforcement of arbitration awards to signatory countries. ECF 11 at 17. The text of the treaty, however, seems to conflict with this last assertion.

Article 1(3) of the NY Convention states

When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, ... any State may on the basis of reciprocity declare that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State. It may also declare that it will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the State making such declaration.

If these optional restrictions are not selected, the NY Convention applies to an arbitration award rendered in any foreign state. See art. 1(1) (“This Convention shall apply to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought, and arising out of differences between persons, whether physical or legal.”).

When the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations considered the NY Convention, it recommended that the Senate consent to ratification and make two declarations relating to the treaty.

[1] The United States of America will apply the Convention, on the basis of reciprocity, to the recognition and enforcement of only those awards made in the territory of another Contracting State.

[2] The United States of America will apply the Convention only to differences arising out of legal relationships, whether contractual or not, which are considered as commercial under the national law of the United States.

Sen. Exec. Rep. No. 10, 90th Cong., 2d. Sess. (Sept. 27, 1968). The United States Senate gave its consent to ratify the NY Convention with the two declarations on October 4, 1968, and President Nixon proclaimed the convention ratified on December 11, 1970. Proclamation of Accession of the United States, reprinted at 21 U.S.T. 2517, T.I.A.S. No. 6997 (1970).

Congress incorporated the NY Convention into domestic law by passing Chapter 2 of the FAA. 9 U.S.C. § 201 (“[The NY Convention] shall be enforced in United States courts in accordance with this chapter.”). Section 202 of the chapter describes when an agreement or award falls under the NY Convention.

§ 202. Agreement or award falling under the Convention

An arbitration agreement or arbitral award arising out of a legal relationship, whether contractual or not, which is considered as commercial, including a transaction, contract, or agreement described in section 2 of this title, falls under the Convention. An agreement or award arising out of such a relationship which is entirely between citizens of the United States shall be deemed not to fall under the Convention unless that relationship involves property located abroad, envisages performance or enforcement abroad, or has some other reasonable relation with one or more foreign states.

9 U.S.C. § 202.

The first sentence of § 202 clearly mirrors the second declaration made by the Senate when it consented to the NY Convention. What is noticeably absent from § 202, however, is the first declaration made by the Senate, namely that the NY Convention will only be applied to awards made in the territory of another contracting state. This raises a question of statutory interpretation: are courts to follow the implementing legislation of the NY Convention alone or are they also to follow the declarations of the Senate?

A. An Argument Rejecting the Reciprocity Requirement

An argument supporting the position that there is no reciprocity requirement proceeds as follows. Because the NY Convention is not a self-executing treaty, it is governed exclusively by its implementing legislation, Chapter 2 of the FAA. 9 U.S.C. § 201 (“The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of June 10, 1958, shall be enforced in United States courts in accordance with this chapter.”). Accordingly, the Senate’s reciprocity declaration does not carry the force of law because it was not incorporated into Chapter 2 of the FAA. It therefore does not satisfy the requirements of bicameralism and presentment and thus cannot be applied to the parties by this Court. U.S. Const., art. 1, § 7.

This argument is premised on the NY Convention’s status as a non-self-executing treaty.

A treaty is in its nature a contract between two nations, not a legislative act. It does not generally effect, of itself, the object to be accomplished, especially so far as its operation is infra-territorial; but is carried into execution by the sovereign power of the respective parties to the instrument.

In the United States a different principle is established. Our constitution declares a treaty to be the law of the land. It is, consequently, to be regarded in courts of justice as equivalent to an act of the legislature, whenever it operates of itself without the aid of any legislative provision. But when the terms of the stipulation import a contract, when either of the parties engages to perform a particular act, the treaty addresses itself to the political, not the judicial department; and the legislature must execute the contract before it can become a rule for the Court.

Foster v. Neilson, 27 U.S. 253, 314, 2 Pet. 253, 7 L.Ed. 415 (1829) (emphasis added) overruled on other grounds by United States v. Percheman, 32 U.S. 51, 7 Pet. 51, 8 L.Ed. 604 (1833). Where “treaty stipulations are not self-executing they can only be enforced pursuant to legislation to carry them into effect.” Medellin v. Texas, 552 U.S. 491, 505, 128 S.Ct. 1346, 170 L.Ed.2d 190 (2008) (quoting Whitney v. Robertson, 124 U.S. 190, 194, 8 S.Ct. 456, 31 L.Ed. 386 (1888)). “[WJhile treaties may comprise international commitments ... they are not domestic law unless Congress has either enacted implementing statutes or the treaty itself conveys an intention that it be ‘self-executing’ and is ratified on these- terms.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Without implementing legislation, a treaty that is not self-executing is “a compact between independent nations.” Head Money Cases, 112 U.S. 580, 598, 5 S.Ct. 247, 28 L.Ed. 798 (1884). Any declarations or commitments associated with that compact are therefore directed to the contracting nation-states. “[I]t is obvious that with all this the judicial courts have nothing to do.... ” Id.

It is clear that the NY Convention is not self-executing. As evidenced by the passage of Chapter 2 of the FAA, the NY Convention does not operate “of itself without the aid of any legislative provision.” Foster, 27 U.S. at 314, 27 U.S. 253; see also Stephens v. Am. Int’l Ins. Co., 66 F.3d 41, 45 (2d Cir.1995) (observing that the NY Convention is not self-executing because it “relies on an Act of Congress for its implementation”). The legislative history of Chapter 2 of the FAA accords with this view. See Sen. Exec. Rep. No. 10, 90th Cong., 2d. Sess. (Sept. 27, 1968) (“Changes in the Federal Arbitration Act ... will be required before the United States becomes party to the convention.”); Hearing to Implement the Convention in the Recognition of Foreign Arbitral Awards Before the Sen. Comm. on Foreign Relations, 91st Cong. 32 (1970) (statement of Richard D. Kearney, Chairman of the Sec. of State’s Adv. Comm, on Private International Law) (“The bill which is presently before you sets up the legal structure that is required to implement the Convention”).

As a treaty that is not self-executing, the NY Convention “can only be enforced pursuant to legislation to carry [it] into effect.” Medellin, 552 U.S. at 505, 128 S.Ct. 1346 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Therefore, because Chapter 2 of the FAA does not include a reciprocity requirement, the Court cannot apply one here, even though the Senate ratified the NY Convention on this basis. To do so would be to enforce the NY Convention pursuant to an authority other than an act of Congress.

Nor can the Court infer that Congress intended the Senate’s declarations to be incorporated into Chapter 2 of the FAA. As previously discussed, Congress specifically included one of the Senate’s declarations into § 202 when it defined what constitutes an agreement that falls under the NY Convention — it did not, however, in-elude the reciprocity requirement. Had Congress wanted to impose a reciprocity requirement, it could have included one in the implementing legislation. Indeed, this point is bolstered by comparing Chapter 2 of the FAA with Chapter 3 of the FAA, the implementing legislation for the Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration (“Inter-American Convention”). See Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration, January 30, 1975, O.A.S.T.S. No. 42, 1438 U.N.T.S. 245. The Inter-American Convention followed a similar, but different in one key respect, implementation process. When the Senate consented to the ratification of the Inter-American Convention in 1989, it did so with the reservation that it be applied on the basis of reciprocity — that the United States would only recognize foreign arbitral awards under the Inter-American Convention from countries that had also ratified it. H.R. Rep. No. 101-501, at 5 (1990), 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 675, 678. However, unlike Chapter 2 of the FAA, Chapter 3 of the FAA includes a provision that requires the Inter-American Convention be applied according to the principle of reciprocity.

§ 304. Recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral decisions and awards; reciprocity

Arbitral decisions or awards made in the territory of a foreign State shall, on the basis of reciprocity, be recognized and enforced under this chapter only if that State has ratified or acceded to the Inter-American Convention.

9 U.S.C. § 304. Chapter 3 of the FAA underscores the notion that, when Congress intends to implement a declaration made by a ratifying Senate, it includes that declaration in the treaty’s implementing legislation.

Thus, this argument attempts to establish that the text of Chapter 2 of the FAA is unequivocally clear and, by the terms of 9 U.S.C. § 201, no reciprocity requirement exists.

B. The Reciprocity Requirement Controls

The previous argument fails for at least two reasons: (1) it misapprehends what constitutes “the NY Convention” for the purpose of 9 U.S.C. § 201 and (2) a finding that there is no reciprocity requirement under the NY Convention as ratified by the United States would produce an absurd outcome.

First, the Senate’s declarations, after receiving a two-thirds vote in the Senate and the President’s signature, were incorporated 'into the NY Convention for the purposes of 9 U.S.C. § 201. That is, Article I of the NY Convention provided the Senate’s declarations legal force. Article 1(3) of the NY Convention functions as preemptive approval by all signatory states for any other signatory state to implement optional provisions made available in the convention, such as the reciprocity requirement. These optional provisions are exercisable upon making a declaration manifesting an intent to utilize them at the time of the convention’s ratification. NY Convention, art. 1(3). It is a well-established principle of treaty interpretation, and also of run-of-the-mill contract interpretation, that an amendment to an agreement that receives the consent of the contracting parties is incorporated into the original agreement. This principle was enunciated by the Supreme Court as early as 1853 in Doe v. Braden, 57 U.S. 635, 16 How. 635, 14 L.Ed. 1090 (1853).

In Braden, the Supreme Court heard an appeal in an action of ejectment stemming from a controversy over a treaty with Spain, by which Florida was ceded to the United States. The plaintiff claimed title to lands in Florida under a grant from the King of Spain to the Duke of Alagon. This grant, however, was obtained through underhanded means. Negotiations for the cession of Florida began on January 24, 1818. The grant to the Duke, which included almost all of the land that was under negotiation with the United States, was given on February 6, 1818. Before the treaty was ratified, the United States became aware of Spain’s chicanery. It refused to sign the treaty until the King of Spain acceded to a declaration to be attached to the treaty that stated that all land grants made after January 24, 1818 were null and void. The King eventually agreed, and the treaty was ratified. In dismissing the plaintiffs claims regarding the legal effect of the declaration, the Supreme Court stated

where one of the parties to a treaty, at the time of its ratification annexes a written declaration explaining ambiguous language in the instrument or adding a new and distinct stipulation, and the treaty is afterwards ratified by the other party with the declaration attached to it, and the ratifications duly exchanged — the declaration thus annexed is a part of the treaty and as binding and obligatory as if it were inserted in the body of the instrument. The intention of the parties is to be gathered from the whole instrument, as it stood when the ratifications were exchanged.

Doe v. Braden, 57 U.S. at 656.

The principle in Braden clearly applies to the ratification of the NY Convention. Article 1(3) functions as pre-clearance from the contracting states to two optional provisions: (1) a reciprocity requirement and (2) a requirement that an arbitration agreement or award must be commercial in nature to fall under the NY Convention. The Senate clearly exercised both of these options in its declarations, and these declarations were approved by the President. The declarations thereby became “a part of the treaty” and are “as binding and obligatory as if [they] were inserted in the body of the instrument.” Id. The fact that Congress codified the commercial transaction declaration and not the reciprocity declaration does not make a material difference. Upon ratification and passage of Chapter 2 of the FAA, the provisions of the NY Convention, as ratified by the Senate and the President, became the law of the land. Congress’s decision to emphasize the commercial nature of agreements and awards that fall under the convention does not diminish the binding force of the Senate declarations upon this Court.

Second, holding that the NY Convention applies to arbitration awards rendered in all foreign states, regardless of whether they are signatories, would produce an absurd outcome. Namely, it would completely undermine the very purpose for ratifying the Inter-American Convention. Congress intended Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of the FAA to operate nearly identically, particularly with regards to reciprocity. When ratifying the Inter-American Convention, the Senate did so with three reservations. One of those reservations stated that the Inter-American Convention would be applied under “the same rule followed under the earlier New York Convention, that foreign arbitral awards, on the basis of reciprocity, will only be recognized from countries that have also ratified the Convention.” H.R. Rep. 101-501, at' 5 (1990), 1990 U.S.C.C.A.N. 675, 678.

The reason reciprocity, and indeed the entire Inter-American Convention, tracks so closely to the NY Convention is because the Inter-American Convention is a regional substitute for the NY Convention. In other words, the Inter-American Convention was intended to accommodate foreign arbitration awards within the Americas precisely because many nations in the Western hemisphere were not signatories to the NY Convention. As the House Report explains,

[Chapter 3 of the FAA] addresses a fundamental problem that has plagued the resolution of disputes arising in inter-American commercial transactions, namely the traditional wariness of Latin American nations to international conventions. These countries have shown less resistance to joining regionally based conventions. For example, of the thirteen nations which have become parties to the Inter-American Convention, El Salvador, Honduras, Paraguay, and Venezuela are not parties to the New York Convention.

Id. at 4-5.

If the NY Convention applied to arbitration awards rendered in non-signatory states, it seems very unlikely that the United States would have gone through the trouble of ratifying an entirely different treaty to achieve the same, or at least a substantially similar, outcome.

Furthermore, the presence of a reciprocity requirement in the Inter-American Convention’s implementing legislation does not support the contention that there is no such requirement under the NY Convention because that requirement does not appear in the NY Convention’s implementing legislation. The reciprocity requirement under the NY Convention appears in Article 1(3) of the NY Convention: ‘When signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, or notifying extension under article X hereof, any State may on the basis of reciprocity declare that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State.” As discussed above, once the Senate and President ratified the treaty with the declaration authorizing the reciprocity' requirement, the NY Convention’s implementing legislation incorporated that version of the treaty into U.S. law. By contrast, the Inter-American Convention does not contain a provision authorizing all contracting states to institute a reciprocity requirement. See generally Inter-American Convention, O.A.S.T.S. No. 42. Therefore, according to Braden, ratification of the Inter-American Convention with a declaration that it will be applied according to the principle of reciprocity would not have the effect of incorporating that declaration into the treaty because that declaration would not have been ratified by all the contracting states. It follows that, in order to have the reciprocity requirement incorporated into U.S. law, Congress had to specifically provide a reciprocity requirement in the Inter-American Convention’s implementing legislation. See 9 U.S.C. § 304. A reciprocity requirement in a treaty’s implementing legislation is as applicable as a reciprocity requirement in a ratified treaty that has been incorporated into U.S. law through implementing legislation. The United States Constitution does not distinguish between the two. U.S. Const., art. 6, cl. 2 (“This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land.... ”).

Accordingly, the NY Convention as ratified under the authority of the United States includes a reciprocity requirement. Because Taiwan is not a signatory to the NY Convention, Clientron’s arbitration award is not enforceable under it. See Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 520 n. 15, 94 S.Ct. 2449, 41 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974) (“The goal of the Convention ... was to encourage the recognition and enforcement of commercial arbitration agreements in international contracts and to unify the standards by which agreements to arbitration are observed and arbitral awards are enforced in the signatory countries.”).

Clientron cites the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between the United States of America and the Republic of China, art. 6(4), Nov. 4, 1946, T.I.A.S. No. 1871, 25 U.N.T.S. 69, for the proposition that U.S. courts recognize arbitral awards made in Taiwan, and thus this Court should recognize Clientron’s award under the NY Convention:

In the case of any controversy susceptible of settlement by arbitration, which involves nationals, corporations or associations of both High Contracting Parties and is covered by a written agreement for arbitration, such agreement shall be accorded full faith and credit by the High Contracting Party, and the award or decision of the arbitrators shall be accorded full faith and credit by the courts within the territories of the High Contracting Party in which it was rendered, provided the arbitration proceedings were conducted in good faith and in conformity with the agreement for arbitration.

The NY Convention was agreed to and ratified after the Treaty of Friendship, and it is more specific in its application to the present factual situation. Clientron has not cited, and the Court has not found, any judicial interpretation or enforcement of the Treaty of Friendship and is not prepared to hold that it supersedes the NY Convention. The issue is whether an arbitration award rendered in Taiwan falls under the NY Convention. Taiwan is not a signatory to that convention. It therefore’ cannot benefit from its provisions. Nor does this Court’s conclusion that the NY Convention does not apply to Clientron’s award preclude Clientron from enforcing that award in the United States. As discussed infra, Clientron can still enforce its arbitral award pursuant to state law. See Restatement (Third) of the U.S. Law of International Commercial Arbitration § 4-26 cmt. (e).

Count I of the Complaint will therefore be dismissed with prejudice.

III. Diversity Jurisdiction Exists for the Pennsylvania State Law Claim

The inapplicability of the NY Convention is not fatal to Clientron’s cause. In the absence of a federal statute or treaty, recognition of foreign awards or judgments may be obtained in federal courts under state law, provided that there is a basis for federal jurisdiction. Clien-tron has adequately asserted this Court’s diversity jurisdiction: the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000, and the parties consist of a citizen of Pennsylvania and a citizen of a foreign state. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Accordingly, the Court has jurisdiction to hear Clientron’s claim under Pennsylvania’s UFMJRA.

IV. Legal Standard

A. Standard of Review

Typically, when considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a court assumes as true all well-pleaded facts in the complaint and draws any inferences in the light most favorable to the non-movant. When, however, “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d). This Court has considered several matters outside of the pleadings, including interpretations of the SPA and evidence on Taiwan law produced under Rule 44.1. Accordingly, the Court will treat the Motion to Dismiss as a motion for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56.

This memorandum and the accompanying order constitute notice to the parties of the motion’s conversion under Rule 12(d). The parties will have an opportunity to present any further material they deem pertinent to deciding this case on summary judgment. In view of the great volume of information already submitted, the Court will detail its conclusions from the evidence as the record currently stands. The Court’s findings described below refer exclusively to Count II of the Complaint and are subject to revision pending the filing of a final memorandum and order. The parties shall be permitted to supplement the record- as to the points discussed in this memorandum or provide evidence as to additional points not yet brought to the Court’s attention.

A motion for summary judgment will be granted if, drawing all inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact in the record and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). A motion for summary judgment will not be defeated by the mere existence of some disputed facts; it will be defeated when there is a genuine issue of material fact. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48,106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In determining whether the dispute is genuine, the court’s function is not to weigh the evidence or to determine the truth of the matter, but only to determine whether the evidence of record is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Id. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505. “The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiffs position will be insufficient; there must be some evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.” Id. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

B. Pennsylvania’s Uniform Foreign Money Judgment Recognition Act

Clientron seeks recognition of its arbitral award under Pennsylvania’s Uniform Foreign Money Judgment Recognition Act, 42 P.S. §§ 22001-22009. “Pennsylvania distinguishes between judgments obtained in the courts of her sister states, which are entitled to full faith and credit, and those of foreign courts, which are subject to principles of comity.” Louis Dreyfus Commodities Suisse SA v. Financial Software Sys., Inc., 99 A.3d 79, 83, 2014 WL 3721370, at *3 (Pa.Super.Ct. July 29, 2014) (quoting Somportex Ltd. v. Phila. Chewing Gum Corp., 453 F.2d 435, 440 (3d Cir.1971)). “ ‘Comity’ ... is the recognition which one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another nation, having due regard both to international duty and convenience, and to the rights of its own citizens, or of other persons who are under the protection of its laws.” Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, 163-64, 16 S.Ct. 139, 40 L.Ed. 95 (1895). Hilton’s model of general respect and deference toward foreign judgments was later incorporated into Pennsylvania common law:

When the action is brought in a court of this country by a citizen of a foreign country against one of our own citizens ... and the foreign judgment appears to have been rendered by a competent court, having jurisdiction of the cause and of the parties and upon due allegations and proofs, and opportunity to defend against them, and its proceedings are according to the course of a civilized jurisprudence, and are stated in a clear and formal record, the judgment is pri-ma facie evidence, at least, of the truth of the matter adjudged; and it should be held conclusive upon the merits tried in the foreign court, unless some special ground is shown for impeaching the judgment, as by showing that it was affected by fraud or prejudice, or that by the principles of international law, and by the comity of our own country, it should not be given full credit and effect.

In re Christoffs Estate, 411 Pa. 419, 192 A.2d 737, 739 (1963) (quoting Hilton, 159 U.S. at 205, 16 S.Ct. 139). “While the comity doctrine does not reach the force of obligation, it creates a strong presumption in favor of recognizing foreign judicial decrees.” United States ex rel. Saroop v. Garcia, 109 F.3d 165, 169 (3d Cir.1997).

The UFMJRA “was an attempt to codify common law principles related to recognition of foreign judgments.” Society of Lloyd’s v. Mullin, 255 F.Supp.2d 468, 475 (E.D.Pa.2003). The Pennsylvania legislature’s adoption of the UFMJRA in 1990 clarified several aspects of the State’s foreign judgment jurisprudence: (1) a foreign judgment is entitled to recognition if it is final, conclusive, and enforceable where rendered, 42 P.S. § 22009, (2) unless the defendant, bearing the burden of proof, Third Nat. Bank of Nashville v. Tagnani, 18 Pa. D. & C. 4th 92, 95 (Ct.Com.Pleas 1993), (3) can establish one of several grounds for nonrecognition, 42 P.S. § 22004.

Adoption of the UFMJRA also had procedural consequences in recognition proceedings. Pennsylvania common law treated foreign judgments, “in the first instance, not as judgments, but as rights of action. Historically, obligees were required to commence a civil action on the existing foreign judgment, consummating in a Pennsylvania judgment, before enforcement could be had in the Commonwealth.” Morrissey v. Morrissey, 552 Pa. 81, 713 A.2d 614, 616 (1998). The cause of action to recognize a foreign judgment was originally asserted as an action in debt or assumpsit. The action differed from ordinary civil actions in that the defenses were limited to those that would destroy the full faith and credit otherwise attaching to the foreign judgment. Id. at 616 n. 5. The UFMJRA, however, “implemented streamlined procedures for domesticating ... international judgments.” Hilkmann v. Hilkmann, 579 Pa. 563, 858 A.2d 58, 68 (2004). Under the Act, although recognition of a foreign judgment must still be initiated in the form of a civil action, see Society of Lloyd’s, 255 F.Supp.2d at 479 (granting summary judgment to recognize a foreign judgment under Pennsylvania’s UFMJRA); Erie Elektromedizin GMBH v. Canady, 545 F.Supp.2d 491, 498 (W.D.Pa.2008) (same), the defenses available to oppose recognition are limited to those enumerated in 42 P.S. § 22004; cf. Olympus Corp. v. Canady, Case No. 3036, 2007 WL 5479475, at *1 (Pa.Ct.Com.Pleas Aug. 21, 2007) (“Pennsylvania’s courts must accord even greater deference to foreign judgments under the Recognition Act than it did under the principle of comity [because the Act] limited the grounds on which a court may strike an award.”).

With that background in mind, the provisions of that Act relevant to this case are as follows:

§ 22002. Definitions

The following words and phrases when used in this act shall have the meanings given to them in this section unless the context clearly indicates otherwise:

“Foreign government.” Any governmental unit other than the United States, or any state, district, Commonwealth, territory or insular possession thereof, or the Panama Canal Zone, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands or the Ryukyu Islands.

“Foreign judgment.” Any judgment of a foreign government granting or denying recovery of a sum of money, other than a judgment for taxes, a fine or other penalty, or a judgment in matrimonial or family matters.

§ 22003. Recognition and enforcement

Except as provided in sections 4 and 5, a foreign judgment meeting the requirements of section 9. is conclusive between the parties to the extent that it grants or denies recovery of a sum of money. The foreign judgment is enforceable in the same manner as the judgment of another state which is entitled to full faith and credit.

§ 22004. Grounds for nonrecognition

A foreign judgment need not be recognized if:

(5) the proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be settled otherwise than by proceedings in that court

§ 22005. Nonconclusive judgments

A foreign judgment is not conclusive if:

(3) the foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter.

§ 22009. Applicability

This act shall apply to any foreign judgment that is final and conclusive and enforceable where rendered, even though an appeal therefrom is pending or it is subject to appeal.

42 P.S. §§ 22002-05, 22009.

In sum, Clientron will state a pri-ma facie case for recognition of its arbitral award if this Court finds that it (1) qualifies as a foreign judgment; (2) is for a sum of money; (8) is final and conclusive; and (4) is enforceable where it was rendered. However, the Court need not recognize a foreign money judgment if any of the nonrecognition conditions of 42 P.S. § 22004 exist. The only nonrecognition condition relevant here is § 22004(5): “if the proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement between the parties under which the dispute in question was to be settled otherwise than by proceedings in that court.” The party challenging the validity of the judgment has the burden of proving a condition enumerated in § 22004. See Tagnani, 18 Pa. D. & C. 4th at 95 (stating that the burden of proof to show grounds for nonrecognition under the UFMJRA resides with the party challenging the validity of the judgment).

V. Discussion

A. Does Clientron Possess a Foreign Judgment as Defined by the UF-MJRA?

The first element of Pennsylvania’s UFMJRA requires that the award seeking to be enforced be a judgment of a foreign court. Clientron argues that this element is satisfied because Taiwan law considers an arbitral award as equivalent to a foreign judgment; See ECF 11 at 14; Arb. Law of the Republic of China, art. 37 (“The award shall be binding on the parties and have the same force as a final judgment of a court.”). Although Taiwan law governs the interpretation of the SPA, it does not govern the application of the UFMJRA. See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938) (“Except in matters governed by the Federal Constitution or by acts of Congress, the law to be applied in a [diversity] case is the law of the state.”).

Pennsylvania law clearly defines what constitutes a foreign judgment: “[a]ny judgment of a foreign government....” 42 P.S. § 22002. A foreign government is defined as “[a]ny governmental unit other than the United States, or any state, district, Commonwealth, territory or insular possession thereof, or the Panama Canal Zone, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands or the Ryukyu Islands.” Id. A panel convened by the Chinese Arbitration Association issued Clientron’s award. The Chinese Arbitration Association is a private organization and is therefore not a “governmental unit.” Accordingly, an ar-bitral award issued by this entity does not qualify as a foreign judgment under Pennsylvania law. See Pirito v. Penn Eng’g World Holdings, 833 F.Supp.2d 455, 474-75 (E,.D.Pa.2011) (recognizing the distinction between a judgment rendered by a court of a foreign country and an award rendered by a private tribunal that happens to convene in a foreign country).

That being said, Clientron does have a foreign judgment enforcing its arbi-tral award. In a supplemental filing, Clientron provided a certified copy of a money judgment from the Taiwan Shilin District Court, enforcing Clientron’s arbi-tral award and entering a. judgment for US$6,574,546.17 plus interest. ECF 43 at 5. This judgment was rendered by a foreign government, is for a sum of money, and is enforceable where it was rendered. See Comm’ns Imp. Exp. S.A v. Republic of the Congo, 757 F.3d 321, 333 (D.C.Cir. 2014) (holding that the District of Columbia Uniform Foreign Country Money Judgments Recognition Act was applicable to an English court judgment enforcing the appellant’s arbitration award); See transport Wiking Trader Schiffahrtsgesellschaft MBH & Co., Kommanditgesell-Schaft v. Navimpex Centrala Navala, 29 F.3d 79, 82 (2d Cir.1994) (treating an order of a Paris Court of Appeals refusing to annul an arbitration award as a foreign judgment and enforcing that judgment under the New York Uniform Foreign Money Judgment Recognition Act).

The Court could grant Clientron leave to file an amended complaint basing its UF-MJRA claim on the judgment of the Taiwan Shilin District Court. This, however, would sacrifice the parties’ time and judicial resources for the sake of formality. Devon has already briefed its position on why the Taiwan court’s enforcement judgment is invalid, ECF 53 at 19-21, and Clientron has responded to these arguments, ECF 56 at 4-6. Therefore, whatever pleading deficiency existed in Count II at the time the Complaint was filed, it has been cured by Clientron filing the Taiwan court’s enforcement judgment.

B. Was the Proceeding Contrary to an Agreement Between the Parties?

The Court now considers whether the judgment satisfies the elements of the Pennsylvania statute. The proceeding in the Taiwan court was for enforcement of an arbitration award rendered by the Chinese Arbitration Association. Clientron has demonstrated that the judgment was final and enforceable — the Taiwan court’s order enabled Clientron to enforce its arbi-tral award on any assets Devon had in Taiwan. See ECF 43 at 5.

Two issues still remain. The first is whether the enforcement judgment was conclusive. A foreign judgment is not conclusive if the foreign court did not have jurisdiction over the subject matter. 42 P.S. § 22005. If there was no agreement to arbitrate in the SPA, then Clientron’s arbitration award would have been improperly granted, which would mean the Taiwan enforcement court would not have had subject matter jurisdiction to enforce it. Second, if the parties did agree to arbitrate, but the arbitration award was based on issues beyond The scope of the arbitration agreement, then the Taiwan court’s enforcement judgment would be contrary to an agreement between the parties. This would be grounds for nonrecognition. See 42 P.S. § 22004; cf. Bel-Ray Co., Inc. v. Chemrite (Pty) Ltd., 181 F.3d 435, 444 (3d Cir.1999) (“[A] court may only compel a party to arbitrate where that party has entered into a written agreement to arbitrate that covers the dispute.”).

Devon levies three main arguments why the arbitration panel, and by extension the Taiwan enforcement court, did not have the authority to enter an award for Clien-tron: (1) the arbitration panel — and thus the Taiwan enforcement court — had no jurisdiction to enter an award because § 13.1 of the SPA does not contain an agreement to arbitrate; (2) even if § 13.1 requires the parties to submit their dispute to an arbitration panel, the provision indicates that any decision of the panel would not be final; and (3) even if § 13.1 calls for binding arbitration, the arbitration panel had no jurisdiction to enter an award because the SPA does not cover the dispute submitted to the panel, specifically the SPA does not cover disputes over the TC2D, TC5c, and TC5d products.

In order to determine whether the parties agreed to arbitrate, and the scope of such an agreement, the Court must interpret the provisions of the SPA. The SPA is governed by Taiwan law. ECF 1 at 21 § 13.2. Therefore, the Court must interpret the language of the SPA according to Taiwan contract interpretation principles. This, of course, requires the Court to apply foreign law. Before the Court can apply the relevant foreign law, it must determine what that foreign law is.

1. Legal Standard for Determining Foreign Law

“In determining foreign law, the court may consider any relevant material or source, including testimony, whether or not submitted by a party or admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence. The court’s determination must be treated as a ruling on a question of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 44.1. “This rule provides courts with broad authority to conduct their own independent research to determine foreign law but imposes no duty upon them to do so.” Bel-Ray v. Chemrite Ltd., 181 F.3d 435, 440 (3d Cir.1999); see also Weiss v. La Suisse, Societe D Assurances Sur La Vie, 313 F.Supp.2d 241, 244 (S.D.N.Y.2004) (“It is the province of the court to decide what foreign law is, and a district judge is given wide latitude in determining what evidence to take on the subject, and in what form.”) Courts may rely upon then-own research and any submissions from the parties, they may seek the aid of expert witnesses; and they may even consider material that would be inadmissible at trial. Nat’l Grp. for Commc’ns & Computers, Ltd. v. Lucent Technologies Int’l, Inc., 331 F.Supp.2d 290, 294 (D.N.J.2004). “[FJederal judges may reject even the un-contradicted conclusions of an expert witness and reach their own decisions on the basis of independent examination of foreign legal authorities.” Curtis v. Beatrice Foods, Co., 481 F.Supp. 1275, 1285 (S.D.N.Y.1980). Ultimately, “[t]he parties ... carry the burden of proving foreign law; where they do not do so, we will ordinarily apply the forum’s law.” Ferrostaal, Inc. v. M/V Sea Phoenix, 447 F.3d 212, 216 (3d Cir.2006) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

The Court permitted the parties to file expert reports regarding Taiwan arbitration law and contract interpretation principles. ECF 29. After the parties submitted their expert reports, in a letter dated May 16, 2014, the Court asked the parties additional questions about Taiwan law. The parties submitted supplemental briefing to address these questions. ECF 47, 48. On June 5, 2014, the Court held a hearing concerning how Taiwan law should be applied to the issues of the case. Clien-tron’s expert testified in person; Devon’s expert testified via videoconference from Taiwan. The parties submitted an additional round of briefing after the hearing. ECF 58, 54.

2. Findings Regarding Taiwan Law

Taiwan is a civil law country. Accordingly, the primary source of law is statute. Taiwan courts do not engage in the incremental accretion of precedent as do common law systems. A corollary to this structure is that superior courts in Taiwan do not bind inferior courts in future cases. However, in cases where the Taiwan Supreme Court considers a decision to be of particular importance, it can designate the decision a “Precedent,” which renders the decision binding on all future decisions in all courts. Under this structure, the influence of nonprecedential decisions of the Taiwan Supreme Court and the decisions of inferior courts is limited. The Court therefore looks primarily to Taiwan statutes and Precedents in reaching its judgment.

The following are Taiwan statutes that the Court finds govern this case:

[An] arbitration agreement shall be in writing.

Written documents, documentary instruments, correspondence, facsimiles, telegrams or any other similar types of communications between the parties evincing prima facie arbitration agreement shall be deemed to establish an arbitration agreement.

Arb. Law of Republic of China, art. 1.

[An arbitration] award shall, insofar as relevant, be binding on the parties and have the same force as a final judgment of a court.

An [arbitration] award may not be enforceable unless a competent court has, on application of a concerned party, granted an enforcement order.

Arb. Law of Republic of China, art. 37.

The court shall reject an application for enforcement in any of the following circumstances where:

(1) The arbitral award concerns a dispute not contemplated by the terms of the arbitration agreement, or exceeds the scope of the arbitration agreement, unless the offending portion of the award may be severed and the severance will not affect the remainder of the award....

Arb. Law of Republic of China, art. 38.

A party may apply to a court to set aside the arbitral award in any of the following circumstances:

(1) The existence of any circumstances stated in Article 38.

(2) The arbitration is nullified, invalid or has yet to come into effect or has become invalid prior to the conclusion of the arbitral proceedings.

Arb. Law of Republic of China, art. 40.

In the interpretation of an expression of intent, the real intention of the parties must be sought rather than the literal meaning of the words.

Republic of China Civil Code, art. 98.

Devon also cited, and Clientron did not oppose, the following Taiwan Supreme Court Precedents:

Contract interpretation requires exploration of the parties’ true intent at the time of execution; it is inappropriate to adhere blindly to the language employed under the contract. However, if the contract language already reflects the true intent of the parties and no additional facts need to be ascertained in that regard, the language may not be disregarded and otherwise distorted to reach a different interpretation.

Case No. 17-Shang-Zi-1118 (January 1, 1928).

In interpreting the contract between the parties, [the court] shall take into account the whole contract, as well as the circumstances at the time when the contract was executed, so as not losing the true intent of the parties.

Case No. 18-Shang-Zi-1727 (January 1, 1929). ■

In interpreting the parties’ true intent in a document agreed to between the parties, the then [the time of the execution of the document] surrounding circumstances and all other evidence shall serve as the basis of determination. The inquiry shall not blindly adhere to the literal language or be overly or arbitrarily focused on one or two words so as losing the true intent of the parties.

Case No. 19-Shang-Zi-28 (January 1, 1930).

The parties have also presented cases from lower courts that are not binding but nonetheless provide useful guidance for the Court, as these cases represent the judgment of Taiwan courts interpreting Taiwan statutes and binding precedent. Accordingly, the following principles from these cases will guide the Court’s analysis.

The existence of an arbitration agreement between the parties is a condition precedent for an arbitration award to be rendered.

Yuark-Sen Internet Tech. Co. v. Keelung Harbor Bureau, Ministry of Transp. & Commc’ns, 93-Chong-Shang-Zi 65 (Taiwan High Ct. May 25, 2004).

Taiwanese contract law recognizes the principle of “contra proferentem,” under which any ambiguities in a contract are to be interpreted against the drafter.

See Waxlink Int’l Co. v. Lin-Lian Mech & Elec. Eng’g Corp., 94 Shang-Zi-418 (Taiwan High Ct. May 4, 2007).

Silence is simply not to act and cannot be interpreted as an indirect expression of intent. Unless otherwise provided under law or contract, it has no legal effect.

Case No. 86-Tai-Shang-Zi-3609.

There is no dispute that this is the relevant law governing the case. There is a dispute, however, about whether there is a presumption in favor of the validity of arbitration clauses in Taiwan. Clientron only cites its expert’s opinion to support this proposition. Clientron has not identified any ease or any statute that supports this characterization of Taiwan law. See ECF 54 at 6.

Clientron has also argued throughout this litigation that the Court should not consider Devon’s arguments because Devon has already had the opportunity to fully and fairly present them before the arbitration panel. This argument is unavailing. Under Taiwan law, although an arbitration panel first answers questions of arbitrability itself, Arb. Law of Republic of China, art. 22, the panel’s determination can be reviewed in a revocation proceeding by a Taiwan court or in an enforcement proceeding in the jurisdiction where the award is sought to be enforced, id. arts. 38, 40. In the enforcement proceeding context, Taiwan law permits a court to refuse to enforce the award if it concerns a dispute not contemplated by the terms of the arbitration agreement or exceeds the scope of the arbitration agreement. Id. art. 38. Devon’s arguments fall precisely along the lines set out under Article 38. Accordingly, the fact that Devon objected to the arbitration panel’s jurisdiction at the arbitration does not foreclose it from raising those same arguments here.

3. The Contract at the Center of the Dispute

Armed with these principles, the Court must apply them to interpret the SPA and determine the intent of the parties as to what form of dispute resolution was contemplated under the agreement. The following portions of the SPA are material to the Court’s judgment.

WHEREAS, Devon IT and Clientron desire to establish the terms and conditions that will apply to Devon IT’s purchase of new products and related spare parts from Clientron.

ECF 1 at 7.

During the Term, Devon IT may provide a draft Product Requirements Document for new products (“PRD”). Clien-tron will review and propose changes, if any, to the PRD. The final draft PRD (“Final PRD”) shall be mutually agreed by Devon IT and Clientron.

ECF 1 at 7 § 1.1.

Clientron agrees to supply and sell the Products defined in the detailed product Appendix A to Devon IT, and Devon IT agrees to purchase the Products defined in Appendix A from Clientron, in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement.

A new Product defined by a new Final [Product Requirements'Document] shall be further attached in Appendix A as a supplement to the Agreement, and could be registered as Appendix Al, A2, ... etc.

ECF 1 at 8 § 2.1.

After delivering the Products to the carrier designated by Devon IT, Clientron shall invoice the prices as agreed upon in the then current Appendix A.

ECF 1 at 10 § 5.1.

The parties may request at any time a meeting to discuss changes in market conditions (including, but not limited to, those changes caused by innovation or invention), product cost, special bid pricing, or volume consideration and the parties agree to meet as soon as practicable to negotiate in good faith Product price increases or decreases based upon such conditions. All price changes must be mutually agreed to by both parties in advance and will become effect [sic] immediately following such agreement.

ECF 1 at 10 § 5.3.

If during the Agreement’s Term Clien-tron announces product that is designated by Clientron as a replacement for Product (“Replacement Product”) listed in Appendix A, Devon IT may request that Clientron substitute the Replacement Product for its on-order Products after a reasonable transition period to consume material prepared for Products. Subject to negotiations of price, terms and conditions and availability of the Replacement Product during the remainder of the Term, Clientron will provide such Replacement Product for existing on-order Products, and for subsequent orders.

ECF 1 at 12 § 6.6.

Clientron shall not make changes to the Product supplied under this Agreement without Devon IT’s prior written consent.

ECF 1 at 13 § 6.8.

Except as expressly provided herein, any provision of this Agreement may be amended and the observance of any provision of this Agreement may not be waived (either generally or any particular instance and either retroactively or prospectively) only with the written consent of the other party. However, it is the intention of the parties that this Agreement is controlling over additional or different terms of any order, confirmation, invoice or similar document.

ECF 1 at 21 § 13.1.

Dispute Resolution

Parties intend that any dispute be resolved informally through good faith negotiations. Any party may initiate negotiations by written notice to the other stating the dispute details. Any party may initiate negotiations by written notice to the other stating the dispute details. Parties will jointly define the dispute and propose a remedy. If this process does not resolve the dispute, then either party may escalate the problem to senior management.

Any dispute remaining after resolution efforts above relating to this Agreement shall be resolved in the Taiwan trade arbitration council and this still [sic] not resolves [sic] the dispute then the problem finally has to be escalated to an appropriate court of law in Taipei, Taiwan for final determination.

ECF 1 at 21 § 13.3 (emphasis added).

Appendix A to the SPA is also critical to the case. ECF 1 at 25. The appendix defines what “Products” fall under the agreement. See ECF 1 at 8 § 2.1. The Appendix lists only one product, TC2, with two models, TC2b and TC2c. TC2 is also known as U700.

The outstanding invoices at the center of this dispute concern the following products, which are not listed in Appendix A: TC2D (also known as U720 or FX130), TC5c (also known as U800 or FX 170), and TC5v (also known as E710). The “FX” designation was apparently added to TC2D and TC5c at the request of Devon and Clientron’s downstream purchaser, Dell, Inc. The following chart illustrates the various products at issue.

Clientron’s Model No. Devon’s Model No. Dell’s Model No. _U700_TC2 (TC2b & TC2c)_-

_U720_TC2D_FX130

_U800_TC5c_FX170

1710_TC5v-

Whether the disputed products fall under the scope of the SPA is a central question of this case.

4. Testimony at the Hearing

Unsurprisingly, the parties disagree about how Taiwan legal principles should be applied to the SPA. The Court has received extensive briefing and held a hearing on June 5, 2014 regarding how Taiwan courts would apply these principles to the agreement. The following summary of the testimony at the hearing provides the best illustration of the positions of the parties.

a. Yun Cheng Liu

Clientron first called Yun Cheng Liu to provide factual testimony related to the underlying dispute. Mr. Liu represented Clientron before the arbitration panel and currently represents Clientron in an ongoing court proceeding in Taiwan to set aside the arbitration award. Mr. Liu testified that his firm wrote a letter to Devon dated May 7, 2012, requesting payment for outstanding invoices Devon owed to Clientron. The letter stated that if no payment was made Clientron would initiate arbitration in Taiwan according to the SPA. ECF 51 at 14. Mr. Liu stated that Devon never indicated any opposition to arbitration because Devon never responded to Clientron’s letter. ECF 51 at 33. Devon, however, did voice an objection to the arbitration before the arbitration panel. ECF 51 at 33.

Liu also testified that Clientron drafted the SPA, including § 13.3. ECF 51 at 30. He noted that Devon never objected to the dispute resolution clause, § 13.3 of the SPA, when drafts were circulated before the agreement’s signing. ECF 51 at 40. He acknowledged that no additional appendices (other than the original Appendix A) or amendments were made to the SPA. ECF 51 at 38. He also testified that the disputed invoices are for products that are not contained in Appendix A of the SPA. ECF 51 at 38.

b. Ming Yan Shieh

Clientron next called its Taiwan law expert, Dean Ming Yan Shieh. Dean Shieh is the dean of Taiwan National University College of Law. Dean Shieh testified that Taiwan law does not require any magic words to establish an agreement to arbitrate; all that is required is that the agreement be in writing. ECF 51 at 54. He also testified that, if the intent of the parties is not clear from the wording of a contested arbitration clause, a court can determine the existence of an agreement to arbitrate by examining other parts of the contract. ECF 51 at 54. In other words, an arbitration agreement need not be absolutely clear and unambiguous. ECF 51 at 71. According to Dean Shieh, it is of particular importance to determine the purpose of the entire agreement — not just the purpose of a dispute resolution provision, including the recitals section of an agreement. ECF 51 at 56.

Dean Shieh testified that three things are needed to enforce an arbitration award: (1) the parties must have agreed to arbitrat