Deluca v. Farmers Ins. Exch. (386 F. Supp. 3d 1235, 2019)

ELIZABETH D. LAPORTE, United States Magistrate Judge

The parties to this employee misclassification case arising under the Federal Labor Standards Act ("FLSA") and California, Michigan, and New York state law filed cross motions for summary judgment. As discussed below in great detail, the Court resolves the cross motions for summary judgment as follows:

• GRANTS Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on the administrative exemption and DENIES Farmers' cross motion for summary judgment on the administrative exemption.

• DENIES Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on willfulness.

• DENIES Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on liquidated damages.

• GRANTS Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on the calculation of FLSA damages at 1.5x.

• GRANTS Farmers' motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff Laughlin's FLSA claim.

• DENIES Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on the Section 203 waiting time penalties.

• DENIES Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on the meal period claim.

• GRANTS Plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment on the itemized wage claims under New York ( N.Y. Lab. Law § 195(3) ) and California Law ( Cal. Lab. Code § 226(a)(2) ) and the claim that Farmers failed to provide Plaintiff Laughlin with required information about the timing, method, and amount of pay when she was hired, as required by New York Labor Law § 195(1).

• DENIES Farmers' motion for summary judgment on the California unfair competition law claim.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The following facts are undisputed, except where noted. There are approximately 80 individual Plaintiffs in this case as special investigators employed by Farmers, comprised of approximately 40 named Plaintiffs and Opt-In Plaintiffs (members of the FLSA collective) and 57 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 California-based class members, 17 of whom are also Opt-In Plaintiffs (collectively, "Plaintiffs"). Defendant Farmers Insurance Exchange ("Farmers" or "FIE") is an inter-insurance exchange that sells homeowners insurance, auto insurance, commercial insurance, and financial services throughout the United States. Am. Compl., ¶ 9; Am. Answer, ¶¶ 9, 10. Farmers is the only entity that employed special investigators, including all Plaintiffs and absent class members. Gendell Decl., ¶¶ 5-6 (Head Human Resources Business Partner-Claims for Farmers Group, Inc.); Ex. 8, Masuen Dep. at 37:11-16; Ex. 15, Serafin Dep. at 121:25-122:16.

A. Special Investigations Unit's Purpose and Structure

Farmers' Special Investigations Unit ("SIU") provides investigatory services to Farmers' Claims Organization ("Claims") when fraud is suspected in the submission of any insurance claim. Ex. 18, Wedding Decl., ¶ 2. SIU's purpose is to "educate, identify, detect, [and] resist fraudulent payments, or attempts to defraud the company through the insurance claims process." Ex. 15, Serafin Dep. at 123:5-8. SIU's "calculated impact" in deterring fraud is valued at approximately $50-60 million per year while it operates on a budget of approximately $28 million. Ex. 15, Serafin Dep. at 124:11-17.

In the SIU hierarchy of employees, special investigators are at the lowest level. Ex. 31, Wedding Depo. at 41:19-25. Special investigators report to SIU Managers ("SIMs") (5-7 in each zone), who report to five Zone Managers, who report to the SIU Director. Ex. 31, Wedding Dep. at 39:18-25. The five zones are: east, central, west, centralized support, and national. Id. at 40:19-21. According to Plaintiffs, the special investigators in this case are or were in the east, central, and west zones. Special investigators are salaried employees and, during the relevant period, no special investigator employed by Farmers in California made less than $49,920 per year and some made more than $100,000 annually. Rupert Decl., ¶ 5, Ex. 2; Francis Dep. at 96:15-20 (salary of approximately $110,000 when he left Farmers). Some Plaintiffs testified that they understood at the time they were hired that the special investigator position was overtime exempt and that they would be paid the same salary regardless of the number of hours worked. Ex. 7, Grimes Dep. at 32:16-20, 33:2-8, 35:11-21, 155:5-8; Ex. 6, Reyes Dep. at 32:7-11, 37:7-21; Ex. 4, Daszko Dep. at 51:15-18, 56:19-57:2; Ex. 21, Hsieh Decl., ¶ 3.

Out of the millions of claims for insurance benefits filed by Farmers' insureds every year, approximately 2% of those claims are referred to SIU for investigation. Ex. 15, Serafin Dep. at 122:17-123:1. The role of special investigators is to "investigate potentially fraudulent claims, resolve indicators of fraud, and to help Farmers from paying out on illegitimate claims." Ex. 19, Bear Decl., ¶ 5. They "conduct investigations into those claims, they resolve the indicators and then they report their findings to the CR [claims representative] for them to make a decision." Ex. 24, Martinez Dep. at 34:9-11. Sometimes the insurance claims they investigate involve millions of dollars. Ex. 7, Grimes Dep. at 72:12-22 (worked several claims exceeding $1 million); Ex. 4, Daszko Dep. at 145:19-146:3 (investigated $2.5 million property claim involving stolen microchips). Special investigators are expected to collaborate with their "customers," the claims representatives. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 18:12-17. Several Farmers employees testified that investigating claims is the special investigators' main responsibility. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 18:12-19:1 ("their primary role is to investigate claims or indicators of fraud that might be present, and they are collaborative with our claims partners"); Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 74:20-22 ("I think investigating is a critical core piece of what an investigator's time should be spent doing, but naturally there is [sic] other duties that are critical ... but if you were to pull the job description for an investigator, I think the core of it would be centered around the investigative activity."); Ex 24, Martinez Dep. at 34:16-24 (Q: "So would you agree with me that the main job of the special investigator is to investigate claims and report what they investigated or what they found to the claims rep?" A: "Yes.").

Plaintiff David Deluca was employed as a special investigator from approximately April 2012 to May 2014. Am. Compl., ¶ 3. He was assigned to a territory that covered Santa Clara, Contra Costa, and Alameda Counties, and he reported to offices in San Jose and Concord, California. Id. Plaintiff Barry Francis was employed as a special investigator from approximately April 2006 to June 2016. Id., ¶ 4. He was assigned to cover San Francisco, Contra Costa, and San Mateo Counties, and reported to an office in Daly City, California. Id. Plaintiff Melissa Laughlin was employed as a special investigator from approximately December 2011 to September 2014 and covered territory on Long Island, New York. Id., ¶ 5. These named Plaintiffs, as with all other special investigators, were classified as exempt employees. Am. Answer, ¶ 13.

B. Investigations Process

A claim is routed to SIU for investigation after being identified by Claims as a suspect file. Ex. 31, Wedding Dep. at 87:2-88:6. Sometimes the Claims representative will initially contact a special investigator to discuss whether a claim has fraud indicators that warrant an investigation and other times the Claims representative will submit the claim through a system called the assignment manager. Id.; Ex. 6, Reyes Dep. at 68:17-70:1 (describing situation where Claims representative would call to obtain his opinion on whether a claim had a fraud indicator and should be referred to SIU for investigation). If the claim is routed through the assignment manager, that manager system assigns the file to a special investigator based on their proximity to the claim, who then reviews the file to determine whether an investigation is warranted and if s/he is the person who will conduct the investigation. Ex. 31, Wedding Dep. at 88:7-22. A special investigator does not need to accept every claim that is referred to the SIU. Ex. 25, Masuen Dep. at 61:10-12 ("It's the investigator's job to take a look at that file and see if they think we can have any impact on that claim."); Ex. 22, Newell Decl., ¶ 6; Ex. 21, Hsieh Decl., ¶ 15 ("the decision to decline SIU involvement is my own" and she does not need to confer with her SIM before declining a file). At times, a special investigator may close a file mid-investigation because s/he decided that the claim did not warrant SIU involvement. Ex. 2, Francis Dep. at 85:17-25.

Once they have the file, special investigators contact the claim representative early on to consult about an investigation plan. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 31:15-32:1. SIMs do not officially approve an investigation plan once it is drafted, although SIMs generally initially review them. Id. at 32:2-7. Each claim is unique and special investigators have "the freedom to tailor their tasks to that claim." Ex. 13, Newell Dep. at 86:6-17. Plans are subject to change depending on whether developments in the investigation warrant a new direction. Ex. 6, Reyes Dep. at 75:20-76:23 (may need to make mid-investigation changes to the plan but would not need to seek approval first from Claims representative or SIM).

An investigation plan may include one or more of the following tasks: running background reports; taking detailed in-person statements; canvassing the relevant cite; following up with witnesses, police, and anyone else associated with the claim; reviewing cell phone records; reviewing credit report; searching social media. Ex. 5, SIU Investigations Presentation, FIE-DF007669 (describing SIU's investigative tasks). Special investigators are expected to update their Claims partners as important developments occur in the course of their investigation. Ex. 1, Quality Guidelines.

The special investigators create a file for each claim they investigate. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 18:21-22. Within the file, they record their investigative activities and, at the end of the investigation, record a summary or conclusion about their investigative findings. Id. at 18:23-19:1. The conclusions are "just a summary of the key points that [the special investigators] investigate." Ex. 13, Newell Dep. at 96:24-25. "It may have what the indicators were. It will have what the tasks were, what the results of the tasks were that the [special investigator] did that are relevant to the claim. And it's just reporting the facts of what [SIU] found in the investigation in a concise manner to Claims." Ex. 13, Newell Dep. at 97:2-6; Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 7-9 ("Because the claim file is based on fact ... It's just strictly fact."); Ex. 13, Newell Dep. at 63:7-13 ("we just want to report the pertinent information ... the information that explains were the indicators resolved, what were the results, and not a step-by-step ... replay of the entire investigation ..."). Special investigators are not supposed to record their opinions in the file about whether fraud occurred or on any other issue, such as whether a witness was lying. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 22:18-25, 23:5-20. At times, special investigators report insureds to the underwriting department if they thought their investigation yielded risk advice. Ex. 6, Reyes Dep. at 101:6-102:11 (provided risk advice to underwriting based on his own assessment without input from his supervisor); Ex. 15, Serafin Dep. at 128:19-129:15 (expected special investigators to report to underwriting if they encountered a risk in the course of performing their investigations); Ex. 12, Page Dep. at 121:17-122:9 (special investigators send risk advice to underwriting that they discover during investigations).

The Claims department has access to the file and can review it at any time. Ex. 13, Newell Dep. at 97:7-10; Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 19:20-20:2. The Claims representative uses the information recorded in the file to inform their ultimate decision on whether or not to deny the claim, as the Claims representative is ultimately responsible for making that decision. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 20:3-7, 16-17; Ex. 25, Masuen Dep. at 36:21-23 ("[T]he claims office is ultimately the one that makes a decision on the claim. We just provide the facts."); Ex. 9, SIU California Yearly Anti Fraud 2017 at FIE-DF007607.

A Claims representative may "informally discuss" the investigation with the special investigator or another member of SIU. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 9-12. Mr. Serafin, the former SIU director, testified that at the conclusion of an investigation the special investigator is expected to have a conversation with the Claims representative responsible for the file so that the special investigator "could convey context and what they observed and have a more detailed conversation." Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 77:12-14. This conversation may include a "candid discussion about what they observed, what they saw, and what they think the appropriate next steps would be for that claim resolution." Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 77:3-5. Mr. Page, an experienced SIM, acknowledged that special investigators might give their informal opinion on whether to pay or deny a claim based on fraud, but that he would not expect them to do so because "it's a fact-based investigation and I want them to steer away from their opinions on these things as much as possible." Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 69:23-70:15. Mr. Page further acknowledged that some Claims representatives, especially inexperienced ones, may press the special investigators for their opinions. Id. Some special investigators provided testimony that they sometimes provided informal opinions to Claims representatives about whether to pay a claim or not. Ex. 4, Daszko Dep. at 31:19-32:9 (would discuss the "ultimate legitimacy of the claim" with Claims representatives about one-third of the time); Ex. 19, Bear Decl., ¶ 41 (when he was a special investigator he "frequently had informal, verbal communications with the claims representative to discuss relevant factual information about the ultimate legitimacy of the claim as well as my factual observations relating to witness's credibility"). Other Plaintiffs testified that they did not offer these informal opinions. Ex. 3, Francis Dep. at 186:7-14 (in response to question about whether to deny or pay claim, he would respond "That's a claims office decision."); Ex. 20, Deluca Dep. at 41:8-41:12 (refused to offer conclusions to Claims representatives); Ex. 22, Grimes Dep. at 51:12-52:5 (if asked, would tell Claims representative that "we are not allowed to give our opinion or tell them what we think should happen next"). Special investigators are neither trained to provide their opinions nor are they evaluated on giving them. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 115:10-12 (no training to give ultimate opinion on fraud and not evaluated on giving informal opinions); Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 70:16-19 (same).

In conducting their work, special investigators are encouraged to "think very independently" and determine in their discretion "how and what to investigate when they receive a claim." Ex. 19, Bear Decl., ¶ 6; Ex. 22, Newell Decl., ¶ 8 ("I believe it is important to afford special investigators under my supervision the freedom and latitude to plan and conduct investigations in the manner they see appropriate based on the nature of the specific claim, including the particular indicators of fraud present in the claim file."). SIMs do not micromanage the special investigators and special investigators largely work independently and from the field. Ex. 7, Grimes Dep. at 94:22-95:8 (she was never given a daily task list and was expected to management her own workflow); Ex. 22, Newell Decl., ¶¶ 18 ("As a SIM, I have never directed or mandated that special investigators perform their investigations in a certain manner or sequence."), 19 (special investigators under his supervision are "remote or virtual employees who work out of their homes, in the field, and occasionally visit different Branch Claims Offices"); Ex. 21, Hsieh Decl., ¶ 5 ("So long as I get my work done, Ms. Masuen leaves me alone to schedule my workload, create my investigation plans, and to carry out my investigations as I decide."); Ex. 6, Reyes Dep. at 65:8-11 (worked from home 99% of the time); Ex. 2, Francis Dep. at 106:22-107:2 (primarily worked out on the field). The special investigators maintained flexible schedules that were not dictated by their supervisors. Ex. 2, Francis Dep. at 102:18-23 (testifying that he had no set schedule); Ex. 8, Masuen Dep. at 124:7-19 (explaining that special investigators under her supervision made their own schedules and were allowed flexibility to attend to personal obligations during the normal workday); Ex. 22, Newell Decl., ¶ 19 ("As SIM, I do not take any steps to monitor the whereabouts of an investigator on a daily basis. How a special investigator chooses to spend his or time [sic] is their own decision."). Special investigators are not prevented from taking meal breaks. Ex. 21, Hsieh Decl., ¶ 27 ("As a special investigator, I am able to take a break whenever I want to take a break during the day ... No one at FIE has ever told me that I should not take my meal break ..."); Ex. 2, Francis Dep. at 222:11-16 (never told not to take a meal or rest break).

C. Special Investigator Training, Quality Guidelines, and Audits

Over time, Farmers has shifted the process it uses for evaluating the quality of SIU's investigations, but there have always been guidelines against which investigations were reviewed. Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 29:2-30:13. Historically, before the U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota ruled that Farmers misclassified special investigators as administratively exempt under the FLSA and California law in Fenton v. Farmers Ins. Exch., 663 F. Supp. 2d 718 (D. Minn. 2009), Farmers used a quality assurance (QA) system to audit special investigators' work that provided a quantitative score for their performance. Id. at 726 (noting that the QA guidelines "explain in great detail how plaintiffs should approach dozens of issues that typically arise in the performance and documentation of investigations"). Prior to around 2013, special investigators conducted their investigations using a QA checklist, but special investigators have since stopped using the checklist. Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 112:22-113:20; Ex. 4, Daszko Dep. at 164:20-25.

In approximately 2013 or 2014, SIU changed the QA reviews and standards to behavior-based Investigative Quality ("IQ") reviews and standards and eliminated the checklist. Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 29:13-30:13; Ex. 14, Francis Files (contain numerical score for his files in 2014, according to Plaintiffs, although the document is not dated). The purpose of the changes was "to get rid of the checklist mentality" and eliminate the scoring of special investigators' work. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 63:5-15; Ex. 15, Serafin Dep. at 112:20-21 ("we went away from any kind of checklist and any kind of scoring"). Witnesses explained that the revisions to the quality standards and review process had the effect of reducing inapplicable and unnecessary work on a given investigation. Ex. 31, Wedding Dep. at 144:12-17 ("... at one time there was a requirement that field investigators had to do field work on every file, so that also would to the unnecessary work, and so that - I would say the teams where that was a requirement, there's no such requirement"); Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 112:8-114:17 (the changes helped special investigators move "through the process efficiently, thereby creating minimal delay and costing the company less money to get the proper resolution ... if they weren't doing unnecessary tasks, then they should be probably more effective in how quickly they got to the right answers").

After the transition, SIU supervisors used quality guidelines to assess the special investigators' performance, which were provided to the special investigators for their reference. Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 25:11-26:21. These guidelines were called the SIU Investigation Quality Best Practices Guidelines. Exs. 1-3 (these exhibits contain three different versions of the guidelines, the most recent version appears to be from 2015) (the "Guidelines"). The Guidelines cover timeliness, investigation, regulatory compliance, and documentation. Exs 1-3 at 1. In declarations supporting their motion for class certification, Plaintiffs Deluca, Francis, Daszko, O'Brien, and Stewart stated that the "SIU Quality Assurance Guidelines (QA)" "applied and controlled how special investigators worked on their files" throughout their employment. Dkt. No. 69-9 (¶ 10). Plaintiff Deluca explained that he tried to adhere to what the guidelines required and that he did not know if there was anything else he would have done that was not in the guidelines. Ex. 3, Deluca Dep. at 110:19-111:23.

According to Plaintiffs, SIMs review a sampling of special investigators' files using a program called TeamThink that includes a standard set of review questions that include basic questions about the claim and investigation, as well as qualitative questions such as whether the "investigative thought process [was] proactive and efficient" and whether "the claim [was] handled within state regulatory requirements." Exs. 12-13 (reviews from 2016 and 2017). These reviews include the SIMs' comments and feedback, such as comments that the SIM "would be careful about putting in your opinion about what caused the damage. Stick to reporting the facts only." Ex. 12 at FIE-DF006600. If a special investigator's file failed to meet an expectation, such as an expectation about timeliness of completion, an "exception" will be noted and, generally, discussed with the special investigator. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 46:2-25; Ex. 24, Martinez Dep. at 75:1376:2 (using TeamThink questionnaire as a tool for coaching special investigators). During discovery, Farmers provided a report listing the results of hundreds of claims reviews. Brome Decl., ¶ 3; Ex. 32 (184-page compilation of review comments).

Although SIMs appear to perform some degree of qualitative review of special investigators' files, there is evidence that each SIM was given discretion to perform quality reviews. Ex. 18, Wedding Decl., ¶ 15 ("SIMs periodically conduct a review of the open cases that a special investigator is handling ... The quality review of claim files, however, is left to the discretion of the SIM at the local level."). Michael Ambrosio testified that SIU discontinued regular quality reviews around 2014 because they had "consistently ... high, high-quality reviews" and "at that point, we felt there was really no value." Ex. 10, Ambrosio Dep. at 57:15-21. From then on, SIU moved to "more of a spot checking, random checking, by the SIMs. More of a trust but verify kind of approach versus a rigid review." Ex. 10, Ambrosio Dep. at 58:6-8. In addition to their own review, some SIMs, such as Diane Masuen, asks her special investigators to perform a peer review of the other special investigators' files. Ex. 8, Masuen Dep. at 79:4-9.

Objective measures are tracked regarding the special investigators' productivity and impact. These measures include the volume of claims closed by the special investigators, how long it takes to close files, and the dollar value of claims that are "deterred" by SIU's work. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 54:25-55:13, 55:23-57:2, Ex. 11 at FIE-DF002939; Ex. 30, Serafin Dep. at 13:4-25, 135:15-21. A department outside of SIU, called National QA, has conducted audits of SIU files. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 70:6-71:9. Richard Martinez, who used to work in SIU and moved to National QA in 2015, explained that National QA used to randomly pull 120 files to review every quarter, which included SIU's contribution to the file, and generate a benchmark report on its findings. Ex. 24, Martinez Dep. at 48:17-49:20. The purpose of these audits, the results of which were only provided to SIU leadership, was to look at "overall work, overall trends and patterns that we are seeing in terms of ... their teams [sic] behavior." Ex. 14, Martinez Dep. at 58:21-59:14. More recently, National QA has moved toward more targeted reviews, such as the use of private investigators and the effectiveness of the use of social media for investigations. Ex. 24, Martinez Dep. at 57:6-23.

Starting in 2016, Special Investigators completed a three- to four-week training module called "SIU Fundamentals" intended to prepare them to fulfill their job responsibilities. Ex. 10, SIU Fundamentals at FIE-DF006904; Pl. Supp. Br., Page Dep. at 112:7-113:16. SIU Fundamentals training touches a wide range of relevant topics, including investigation basics (e.g., taking witness statements and checking databases), indicator lists, investigative quality, and regulatory compliance. Id. Before that time, Farmers used a new hire program called the Onboarding Journal. Ex. 6.

D. Government Reporting Function

SIU is an internal investigatory function that is mandated by the State of California's Department of Insurance ("DOI"). Ex. 2, Francis Dep. at 97:8-12; Ex. 11, Stewart Dep. at 52:4-11. Under certain circumstances, special investigators are expected to report claims to DOI or the National Insurance Crime Bureau ("NICB"). Ex. 25, Masuen Dep. at 84:13-16. Reporting to these entities is required by state and federal law. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 91:23-92:16. Special investigators receive training on how to properly complete the DOI and NICB reports and Farmers had guidelines for ensuring that referrals had all necessary information. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 93:1-12, Ex. 8, FIE-DF007374 (internal Farmers email providing tips for NICB and DOI referrals). Claims are reported to these entities when there are unresolved fraud indicators after an investigation. Ex. 25, Masuen Dep. at 86:1-10; Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 74:4-13; Ex. 22, Grimes Dep. at 47:9-14; Ex. 20, Deluca Dep. at 25:8-26:5. In California, the technical standard is when one "reasonably believes or knows that a fraudulent claim is being made." Cal. Ins. Code § 1872.4(a).

Several SIU employees testified that they referred nearly all claims they investigated to DOI and/or NICB. Ex. 28, O'Brien Dep. at 107:8-21 (his best recollection was that he referred every claim to NICB); Ex. 29, Reyes Dep. at 77:17-78:4 (reported "essentially, almost all claims"). For some special investigators, their SIMs supervised some or most of their referrals to NICB and DOI. Ex. 22, Grimes Dep. at 47:22-48:5 (referrals were generally determined by special investigators but sometimes her manager directed her to refer claims that she would not have referred); Ex. 29, Reyes Dep. at 79:18-80:5 (same); Ex. 20, Deluca Dep. at 29:20-30:25) (asked SIM whether referral was appropriate "[m]ost of the time"). Once SIU makes a referral to NICB or DOI, it is up to that agency to decide how to handle the claim. Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 78:23-79:1.

In addition to referrals to NICB and DOI, a special investigator may report a claim to law enforcement to "shar[e] information" and "build rapport." Ex. 7, Grimes Dep. at 27:17-28:11 (would communicate with district attorneys in California in connection with investigations of workers compensation claims); Ex. 4, Daszko Dep. at 163:5-164:19.

E. Industry Events and Training for Claims Representatives

Special investigators may provide training to Claims representatives about SIU's work and some special investigators attend industry meetings and events or conduct trainings for outside groups. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 98:6-99:8 (a small number of special investigators provide training to Claims representatives and it is "encouraged, but not required"); Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 40:1-21 (some special investigators attended outside industry meetings). However, these events and trainings were not especially time consuming and were not a large portion of the tasks the special investigators performed as part of their job duties. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 40:23-41:4 (for special investigators who attended industry meetings frequently they would spend "[o]nly a couple hours a month" at them); Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 100:15-101:3 (trainings occur once or twice a year for approximately 15-20 minutes).

F. Tracking Time Worked and Breaks

There is evidence that special investigators worked over 40 hours per week to investigate all of the files assigned to them. Dkt. No. 69-9, Deluca Dec., ¶ 11; Francis Dec., ¶ 11; Daszko Dec., ¶ 11; O'Brien Dec., ¶ 11; Stewart Dec., ¶ 11 (stating that they "routinely worked over 40 hours per week" and that they "did not receive any overtime compensation for any of those hours"). Mr. Page, who is a SIM, testified at his deposition that he discourages special investigators from working over 40 hours a week but he "know[s] it happens." Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 98:13. He also stated, however, that "[i]t tends to balance itself out." Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 98:13-14. Farmers does not keep records of the hours that the special investigators worked and, therefore, the special investigators may be in the best position to identify how many hours they worked. Ex. 18, Ambrosio Dep. at 87:11-88:1; Ex. 28, Page Dep. at 100:22-24. The pay stubs provided to special investigators do not indicate the number of hours worked. Ex. 15, FIE-DF004398 (sample wage statement).

Farmers' meal and rest break policies did not provide second meal breaks for the exempt special investigators. The policies either (1) applied to "all employees" (i.e., exempt and nonexempt) but only provided first meal breaks without mention of second meal breaks; or (2) only provided second meal breaks for nonexempt employees. Dkt. No. 69-3. Plaintiffs testified that they regularly worked through their meal periods without taking dedicated meal periods. Ex. 21, Francis Dep. at 218:2-219:8 (worked through lunch); Ex. 20, Deluca Dep. at 149:12-24 ("I can't really say that I ever took lunch" and "a lot of times we'd eat right there [in the office] while we're working").

G. Laughlin's Employment

Melissa Laughlin, the New York Plaintiff, was employed as a special investigator from December 27, 2011 through August 29, 2014. McCoy Decl., ¶ 17, Ex. 16 (Laughlin's responses to Requests for Admission state that she "admits that her employment with Farmers began around that time, but does not recall the specific date. Plaintiff does not dispute that Farmers' records may show that her employment started on December 27, 2011." She similarly did not dispute the end date of her employment in her response to the Request for Admission. The complaint was filed on January 4, 2017, and Laughlin filed her consent to join form on October 23, 2017.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On January 4, 2017, Plaintiffs filed this lawsuit contending that Farmers misclassified them as overtime exempt. Plaintiffs alleged claims under FLSA for overtime and California's wage and hour laws for waiting time and wage statement penalties and premiums for missed meal periods. The Court conditionally certified Plaintiffs' FLSA claims on August 1, 2017 and certified a class of special investigators who worked for Farmers in California on February 27, 2018.

On November 8, 2018, the Court granted in part and denied in part Plaintiffs' motion to leave to amend their complaint. The Court permitted Plaintiffs to amend the complaint to add New York Plaintiff Melissa Laughlin and her New York state law claims but denied the addition of Michigan Plaintiffs Timothy Bethel, Thomas Berry, and Mark Ritzema and their Michigan state law claims. Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on November 13, 2018 to add Plaintiff Laughlin's claims that Farmers violated New York's overtime law, New York Labor Law Art. 19, §§ 650 et seq., and provided deficient notice and wage statements in violation of New York's Wage Theft Act, New York Labor Law Art. 6, §§ 190 et seq. On April 15, 2019, the Court granted the parties' stipulation to dismiss other Farmers entities: Defendants Farmers Group, Inc., Farmers Insurance Company, Inc., and Farmers Specialty Insurance Company, Inc.

III. LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment shall be granted if "the pleadings, discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Material facts are those which may affect the outcome of the case. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A dispute as to a material fact is genuine if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Id. The court must view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and give it the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from those facts. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). The court must not weigh the evidence or determine the truth of the matter, but only determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial. See Balint v. Carson City, 180 F.3d 1047, 1054 (9th Cir. 1999).

A party seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion, and of identifying those portions of the pleadings and discovery responses that demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Where the moving party will have the burden of proof at trial, it must affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party. On an issue where the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial, the moving party can prevail merely by pointing out to the district court that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case. Id. If the moving party meets its initial burden, the opposing party "may not rely merely on allegations or denials in its own pleading;" rather, it must set forth "specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial." See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2) ; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505. If the nonmoving party fails to show that there is a genuine issue for trial, "the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548.

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Administrative Exemption

1. Legal Framework

An "employee employed in a bona fide administrative capacity" is exempt from overtime compensation requirements under the FLSA and applicable California and New York state law. To meet this exemption, Farmers must prove that the special investigators are:

(1) Compensated on a salary or fee basis at a rate of not less than $455 per week (or $380 per week, if employed in American Samoa by employers other than the Federal Government), exclusive of board, lodging or other facilities;

(2) Compensated on a salary or fee basis pursuant to § 541.600 at a rate per week of not less than the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time nonhourly workers in the lowest-wage Census Region (or 84 percent of that amount per week, if employed in American Samoa by employers other than the Federal government), exclusive of board, lodging or other facilities. Beginning January 1, 2020, and every three years thereafter, the Secretary shall update the required salary amount pursuant to § 541.607;

(3) Whose primary duty is the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of the employer or the employer's customers; and

(4) Whose primary duty includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance.

29 C.F.R. § 541.200(a). The dispute in this case focuses on whether the second and third elements concerning the special investigators' "primary duty" are satisfied. Thus, this Court must address whether there are triable issues of fact as to whether the special investigators' primary duty (1) is "directly related to the management or general business operations" of Farmers, and (2) "includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance." Id. "Determination of an employee's primary duty must be based on all the facts in a particular case, with the major emphasis on the character of the employee's job as a whole." Id.

The application of the administrative exemption is a mixed question of law and fact. "The nature of the employees' duties is a question of fact, and the application of the FLSA to those duties is a question of law." Ballaris v. Wacker Siltronic Corp., 370 F.3d 901, 910 (9th Cir. 2004). "Because the FLSA gives no 'textual indication' that its exemptions should be construed narrowly, 'there is no reason to give [them] anything other than a fair (rather than a 'narrow') interpretation.' " Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro, --- U.S. ----, 138 S. Ct. 1134, 1142, 200 L.Ed.2d 433 (2018) (quoting Scalia & B. Garner, Reading Law, at 363 (2012)). The administrative exemption is an affirmative defense, so Farmers bears the burden of proving that it applies in this case. Klem v. Cnty. of Santa Clara, California, 208 F.3d 1085, 1089 (9th Cir. 2000).

2. Analysis of Exemption

a. Primary Duty

The two disputed prongs of the administrative exemption both revolve around the special investigators' "primary duty." The parties dispute what their primary duty is, although there is no dispute that Plaintiffs spend a majority of their time investigating potentially fraudulent claims.

The term "primary duty" means "the principal, main, major or most important duty that the employee performs." 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(a). Facts to consider when determining the primary duty include but are not limited to: "the relative importance of the exempt duties as compared with other types of duties; the amount of time spent performing exempt work; the employee's relative freedom from direct supervision; and the relationship between the employee's salary and the wages paid to other employees for the kind of nonexempt work performed by the employee." Id.

Plaintiffs argue that their primary duty is conducting investigations. Plaintiffs cite deposition testimony from various current employees of Farmers that their primary duty is to investigate, as well as the fact that the SIU Onboarding Journal and the Guidelines both emphasize the investigation of claims even if they also mention other tasks performed by the special investigators such as regulatory compliance.

Turning the focus onto their "primary value" or end goal rather than their main task, Farmers contends that the special investigators' primary duty is to protect Farmers' assets against the threat of insurance fraud or, in a slightly different characterization, combat fraud. See Ferrell v. Gwinnett Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 481 F. Supp. 2d 1338, 1344 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 30, 2007) (elevating the plaintiffs' primary value" to the defendant over consideration of the time spent performing certain duties). Farmers notes that insurance fraud is a multi-billion dollar threat. See Cal. Ins. Code § 1871(b) ("fraudulent activities account for 15 to 20 percent of all auto insurance payments"), (h) ("Although there are no precise figures, it is believed that fraudulent activities account for billions of dollars annually in added health care costs nationally."). Thus, Farmers asserts that all of Plaintiffs' tasks - from running their investigations to consulting with Claims representatives to reporting claims to NICB or DOI to training other personnel on fraud prevention and detection - should all be considered part of their primary duties. If the Court were to give controlling weight to an employee's "primary value," as Farmers argues, it is likely that nearly all tasks an employee completes would be completed in service of her ultimate worth to the employee organization, unless the employee undertook truly unrelated tasks.

Instead, Plaintiffs' primary job duty is to conduct investigations into claims that indicate potential fraud, while their other responsibilities are secondary to that central task. Take, for example, Plaintiffs' responsibility to report potentially fraudulent claims to DOI and NCIB. There is undisputed evidence that nearly all claims that SIU investigates are referred to one or both entities, and that making those referrals takes up a relatively small percentage of Plaintiffs' time. See Calderon v. GEICO Gen. Ins. Co., 809 F.3d 111, 122 n.10 (4th Cir. 2015) (holding that insurance investigators' primary duty "was the investigation of suspected fraud" and that referring claims to law enforcement or the NICB or the defendant's underwriting department was not a primary duty because "nothing in the record ... would support a conclusion that these responsibilities were any more than a minor part of the Investigators' jobs, either in their importance or in the amount of the Investigators' time that they occupy"). That task serves Farmers' overall goal of preventing and detecting insurance fraud and is necessary to comply with Farmers' legal obligations.

But it is not central to the fundamental purpose of the special investigators, which is to avoid the payment of fraudulent claims in the first place. See Ex. 15, Serafin Dep. at 123:5-8 (SIU's purpose is to "educate, identify, detect, [and] resist fraudulent payments, or attempts to defraud the company through the insurance claims process"). If, hypothetically, Farmers were to eliminate the duty to make referrals, the special investigators' jobs would remain largely the same.

The same is true of the other less time-intensive tasks that Plaintiffs perform in the course of their jobs. Farmers highlights the fact that some special investigators train Claims representatives and other personnel on issues related to fraud. Since providing training is not a requirement of the job and not all special investigators opt to give training, this activity cannot be considered part of Plaintiffs' primary duty. For essentially the same reasons, the provision of informal opinions to Claims representatives about the legitimacy of a claim are also not Plaintiffs' primary duty. Some special investigators testified that they give informal opinions about whether to pay a claim, but there is also evidence that they are not trained to do so, it is not considered part of their job, some do not give these informal opinions, and their investigations and conclusions are factual only.

b. Directly Related

The next requirement of the test considers whether an employee "perform[s] work directly related to assisting with the running or servicing of the business, as distinguished, for example, from working on a manufacturing production line or selling a product in a retail or service establishment." 29 C.F.R. § 541.201(a). The regulation identifies the following non-exclusive list of functional areas of work that are "directly related to management or general business operations:"

[T]ax; finance; accounting; budgeting; auditing; insurance; quality control; purchasing; procurement; advertising; marketing; research; safety and health; personnel management; human resources; employee benefits; labor relations; public relations, government relations; computer network, internet and database administration; legal and regulatory compliance; and similar activities.

29 C.F.R. § 541.201(b).

The purpose of this prong of the test "is 'to distinguish between work related to the goods and services which constitute the business' marketplace offerings and work which contributes to running the business itself." McKeen-Chaplin v. Provident Savings Bank, FSB, 862 F.3d 847, 852 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting DOL Wage & Hour Div. Op. Ltr., 2010 WL 1822423, at *3 (Mar. 24, 2010) ). "This requirement is met if the employee engages in 'running the business itself or determining its overall course of policies,' not just in the day-to-day carrying out of the business' affairs." Bothell v. Phase Metrics, Inc., 299 F.3d 1120, 1125 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting Bratt v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 912 F.2d 1066, 1068 (9th Cir. 1990) ). However, this distinction can be "complicated" when the work at issue does not fall squarely on one side of this "administrative-production dichotomy." McKeen-Chaplin, 862 F.3d at 852 (holding that the administrative exemption did not apply to mortgage underwriters); see also Bothell, 299 F.3d at 1127 ("[T]he dichotomy is but one analytical tool, to be used only to the extent it clarifies the analysis. Only when work falls 'squarely on the production side of the line,' has the administration/production dichotomy been determinative."). The California Supreme Court has also recognized the limitations of strict adherence of the administrative/production dichotomy. See Harris v. Superior Court, 53 Cal. 4th 170, 188, 135 Cal.Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d 953 (2011).

Plaintiffs rely on several relatively recent cases involving investigators to argue that because they conduct factual investigations, which are used by other employees, such as Claims representatives, to pay or deny a claim, they are engaged in the day-to-day business of Farmers' and are not administrative workers. In Bratt, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court's determination that probation officers were not exempt as administrative employees under the FLSA where their "primarily responsibility" was "to conduct factual investigations of adult offenders or juvenile detainees and advise the court on their proper sentence or disposition within the system." 912 F.2d at 1069. The court found that the district court had correctly interpreted the "directly related" prong of the exemption when it found that the probation officers' work "primarily involves the day-to-day carrying out of the business' affairs, rather than running the business itself or determining its overall course or policies," and therefore the exemption did not apply to the plaintiffs. Id. at 1070.

In Calderon, the Fourth Circuit considered whether the first prong foreclosed the application of the FLSA's administrative exemption for employees in GEICO's special investigations unit. Calling it a "very close legal question," the Fourth Circuit ultimately found that GEICO had not met its burden to establish that the investigators' primary duty is directly related to management or general business operations and reversed the district court's determination that GEICO met that prong of the test. 809 F.3d at 130. Finding that the investigators' "primary duty consists of conducting investigations to resolve narrow factual questions, namely whether particular claims submitted to GEICO were fraudulent," in addition to "spend[ing] a small percentage of their time performing other duties," like training adjusters about fraud, the Fourth Circuit concluded that the investigators did not meet the exemption because they were not part of GEICO's management or running the business. Id. at 118, 124. Citing Bratt, the Calderon court concluded that the nature of the plaintiffs' investigations work was not "directly related to GEICO's management or general business operations" because the information they gathered was used in GEICO's "day-to-day processing of their employers' claims." Id. at 126.

The Calderon court also noted that the role of fact investigator is more analogous to the "[p]ublic sector inspectors or investigators of various types, such as fire prevention or safety, building or construction, health or sanitation, environmental or soils specialists and similar employees," whose work the regulations identify as not satisfying the "directly related" element of the administrative exemption. Id. at 127 (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 541.203(j) ). The regulations further provide that the exemption does not apply to the following public sector jobs:

[P]olice officers, detectives, deputy sheriffs, state troopers, highway patrol officers, investigators , inspectors, correctional officers, parole or probation officers, park rangers, fire fighters, paramedics, emergency medical technicians, ambulance personnel, rescue workers, hazardous materials workers and similar employees, regardless of rank or pay level, who perform work such as preventing, controlling or extinguishing fires of any type; rescuing fire, crime or accident victims; preventing or detecting crimes; conducting investigations or inspections for violations of law; performing surveillance; pursuing, restraining and apprehending suspects; detaining or supervising suspected and convicted criminals, including those on probation or parole; interviewing witnesses; interrogating and fingerprinting suspects; preparing investigative reports; or other similar work.

29 C.F.R. § 541.3(b)(1) (emphasis added).

The Department of Labor ("DOL") has issued several opinion letters that consistently conclude that conducting factual investigations it not administrative work that falls within the scope of the exemption. See DOL, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion Letter, FLSA 2018-13 (Jan. 5, 2018); DOL, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion Letter, FLSA 2005-21, 2005 WL 3308592 (Aug. 19, 2005) ; DOL, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion Letter, 1998 WL 852783 (Apr. 17, 1998) ; DOL, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion Letter, 1998 WL 852752 (Jan. 23, 1998) ; DOL, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion Letter, 1997 WL 971811 (Sept. 12, 1997). Farmers downplays the significance of these DOL opinion letters, arguing that they are not persuasive because many of the employers' businesses are part of the investigations industry, but courts routinely cite these letters when evaluating the application of the administrative exemption to investigators who work within other industries, including the insurance industry. Although not controlling, the DOL opinion letters are useful interpretative material for determining the application of the exemption.

In 2013, the Sixth Circuit took a different view and held in Foster v. Nationwide Ins., 710 F.3d 640 (6th Cir. 2013), that insurance special investigators who investigate suspicious claims satisfy the administrative exemption. The Sixth Circuit affirmed the district court's entry of partial summary judgment for Nationwide that the investigators' work was administrative in nature and judgment in favor of Nationwide after a bench trial that their primary duty included the exercise of discretion and independent judgment. The Foster court analyzed the "directly related" prong by considering whether the investigators' work was "ancillary" to the employer's general business operations. Id. at 646. Because the investigators work is "integral to the claims adjusting function, is performed in partnership with [claims adjusters], and involves making findings that bear directly on the [claims adjusters'] decisions to pay or deny a claim," the "investigative work that drives the claims adjusting decisions with respect to suspicious claims is also directly related to assisting with the servicing of Nationwide's business." Id.

Farmers argues that Foster is more persuasive and should be applied here because it was decided after trial. Moreover, Farmers notes that the Fourth Circuit stated that Calderon was a "very close legal question" and suggests that it would come out the other way after the Supreme Court's recent Encino decision repudiating a narrow construction of the FLSA exemptions.

Significantly, in 2017 the Ninth Circuit tacitly rejected the Sixth Circuit's "ancillary" activity approach when it held in McKeen-Chaplin that mortgage underwriters who "perform work that services the Bank's business, something ancillary to [the Bank's] principal production activity," were not directly related to the general business operations so as to warrant applying the administrative exemption. McKeen-Chaplin, 862 F.3d at 852-53. McKeen-Chaplin is consistent with the Fourth Circuit's approach in Calderon in which it rejected the Sixth Circuit's conclusion because it "fails to take into account that it is 'the nature of the work, not its ultimate consequence,' that controls whether the exemption applies." Calderon, 809 F.3d at 129 (citing Desmond v. PNGI Charles Town Gaming, L.L.C., 564 F.3d 688, 692 (4th Cir. 2009) and 29 C.F.R. § 541.201(a) ("The phrase 'directly related to the management or general business operations' refers to the type of work performed by the employee.") (emphasis added)).

The Court is persuaded by Bratt, Calderon, McKeen-Chaplin, and the regulations and DOL's analysis that Plaintiffs' primary duty of conducting factual investigations that inform the Claims representatives' ultimate determination of whether to pay claims does not qualify as "directly related" to running Farmers' business or formulating or helping to execute policy such that this prong of the exemption is satisfied. Plaintiffs' role is at least one step removed from activity that would qualify under this factor. While Plaintiffs support the Claims representatives who are executing policy, they themselves are not doing so. As Farmers notes in its motion, "[f]raud investigation protects the company and assists Claims to adjust claims." Def. Mot. at 26. There is no record evidence to show that Plaintiffs' investigative work is the sole category of information used by Claims representatives to make their determination about whether to pay claims. That Plaintiffs perform work that is ancillary to or relied upon by administratively exempt employees does not make the investigators administratively exempt as well. To conclude otherwise would permit "the exemption to swallow the rule." Roney v. United States, 790 F. Supp. 23, 28 (D.D.C. 1992).

On reply, Plaintiffs raise the additional argument that Farmers cannot meet its burden on California law to show that the special investigators' primary job duty was both qualitatively and quantitatively administrative, as set forth in Harris v. Superior Court, 53 Cal. 4th 170, 181-82, 135 Cal.Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d 953 (2011). This minor distinction between the federal and state test arises from the fact that California's Wage Order 4-2001 incorporates the pre-2004 amendments to the FLSA regulations, including former 29 C.F.R. § 541.205 which no longer exists. Work that is qualitatively administrative means work that is "administrative in nature," which includes "work done by 'white collar' employees engaged in servicing a business. Such servicing may include, as potentially relevant here, advising management, planning, negotiating, and representing a company." Id. at 182, 135 Cal.Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d 953. The qualitatively administrative analysis is co-extensive with the FLSA "directly related" analysis, as Plaintiffs concede in their reply, and Farmers has not satisfied that element. Under California law, a job is quantitatively administrative if it is "of substantial importance to the management or operations of the business." Id. at 181, 135 Cal.Rptr.3d 247, 266 P.3d 953. Farmers may be right that Plaintiffs' work is substantially important to its operations because Plaintiffs' work contribute to savings of approximately $50-60 million annually. However, because Farmers has not carried its burden on the other qualitative element of the California exemption, summary judgment in favor of Plaintiffs is warranted on the California and FLSA misclassification claims.

c. Discretion and Independent Judgment

As an additional and separate ground for summary judgment, the administrative exemption is not fulfilled because Plaintiffs do not exercise the necessary discretion and independent judgment in carrying out their primary duty. The regulations counsel that "the exercise of discretion and independent judgment involves the comparison and the evaluation of possible course of conduct, and acting or making a decision after the various possibilities have been considered." 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(a). Whether an employee exercises discretion and independent judgment is determined on a case-by-case basis and is based on the following factors:

[W]hether the employee has authority to formulate, affect, interpret, or implement management policies or operating practices; whether the employee carries out major assignments in conducting the operations of the business; whether the employee performs work that affects business operations to a substantial degree, even if the employee's assignments are related to operation of a particular segment of the business; whether the employee has authority to commit the employer in matters that have significant financial impact; whether the employee has authority to waive or deviate from established policies and procedures without prior approval; whether the employee has authority to negotiate and bind the company on significant matters; whether the employee provides consultation or expert advice to management; whether the employee is involved in planning long- or short-term business objectives; whether the employee investigates and resolves matters of significance on behalf of management; and whether the employee represents the company in handling complaints, arbitrating disputes or resolving grievances.

29 C.F.R. § 541.202(b).

Plaintiffs argue that it is undisputed that Farmers has continued to prohibit their special investigators from including subjective opinions and conclusions from their written reports. Plaintiffs note that in Fenton the court concluded that the special investigators' primary duty does not entail the exercise of discretion because their "subjective opinions and conclusions are excluded from their written reports." Fenton, 663 F. Supp. 2d at 727. It found that the exclusion of subjective opinions and conclusions outweighed the fact that the special investigators had some discretion in how they conducted their investigations. Id. at 726-27. Because Plaintiffs' reports still do not set forth conclusions, Plaintiffs urge the Court to adopt the Fenton analysis and find that this prong is not satisfied. Moreover, Plaintiffs contend that they are not exercising discretion over "matters of significance" because they are merely applying well-established techniques to gather all facts, good and bad, and convey them to the Claims representative. Plaintiffs ignore the fact that Farmers has implemented some changes to their duties in the years since the Fenton court's ruling, including elimination of the QA checklists that previously mandated that Plaintiffs take certain investigative steps in each investigation regardless of whether a particular suspicious claim called for them.

With respect to the factors listed above that are used to consider whether there is adequate discretion and judgment exercised, Plaintiffs contend that none apply. They also argue that even those that facially seem to apply, such as "whether the employee provides consultation or expert advice to management" and "whether the employee investigates and resolves matters of significance on behalf of management," do not actually apply here. They emphasize that the special investigators are merely responsible for gathering all relevant facts and passing them along to the Claims representatives so that they can make an ultimate determination. Moreover, Plaintiffs distinguish the services they provide from advising "management" on the grounds that the special investigators only advise, if they can be considered advising at all, on individual claims and not on a broader company policy.

Farmers cites Roe-Midgett v. CC Servs., Inc., 512 F.3d 865 (7th Cir. 2008), in which the Seventh Circuit upheld entry of summary judgment for the defendant on whether a group of appraisers were administratively exempt. The defendant contracted with insurance companies to provide claims processing services for auto, home, commercial, and farm policies. Id. at 867. The appraisers "provide claims adjustment services for [the defendant's] insurance company clients up to a $12,000 limit of claims settlement authority and repr