Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION KETANJI BROWN JACKSON, United States District Judge Plaintiffs Sierra Club and the National Wildlife Federation (“Plaintiffs”) have sued several federal agencies and their officers (“Federal Defendants”) in an attempt to enjoin the construction of the Flanagan South Pipeline (the “FS Pipeline”), a domestic oil pipeline that, as planned, will transport tar sands crude oil from Pontiac, Illinois, through the states of Missouri and Kansas, and ultimately into Cushing, Oklahoma. Because a private company is constructing the 589-mile pipeline on mostly privately-owned land that is entirely within the territorial borders of the United States, no federal statute authorizes the federal government to oversee or regulate the construction project. Nevertheless, Plaintiffs allege that the Federal Defendants have failed to conduct an assessment of the environmental impact of the entire FS Pipeline and, as a result, have violated the National Environmental Protection Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321-4347 (2012), the Clean Water Act (“CWA”), 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387 (2013), and the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706 (2013). Plaintiffs have filed a six-count complaint alleging various statutory violations, but as Plaintiffs themselves have cogently summarized it, “[t]he central issue in this case is whether any federal agency is required to analyze the impacts of the [nearly] 600-mile long Flanagan South tar sánds oil pipeline, including the risks and impacts of oil spills, pursuant to [NEPA] .before [the pipeline] can be built and operated.” (Pis.’ Mot. to Suppl. & Amend First Am. Compl. (“Pis.’ First Mot. to Amend”), ECF No. 83, at 2.) This Court first addressed the question of whether any federal agency had a duty to conduct an environmental review of the entire privately-constructed FS Pipeline in the context of a motion for a preliminary injunction that Plaintiffs filed on September 4, 2013 — a mere 13 days after the August 22nd filing of Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint. For the purposes of that preliminary injunction motion, this Court analyzed, among other things, whether or not Plaintiffs had a likelihood of success on .the merits of their central argument, and the Court concluded that Plaintiffs were unlikely to be able to establish successfully that the Federal Defendants had violated their obligations under NEPA, the CWA, or the APA. See Sierra Club v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 990 F.Supp.2d 9, 25-38 (D.D.C.2013) (“PI Opinion”); see also id. at 33-44 (finding, additionally, that Plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate irreparable harm, and that the balance of harms and public interest did not necessarily weigh in Plaintiffs’ favor). Before this Court at present are several motions that focus this Court’s attention on the merits of this matter once again. The Federal Defendants and authorized Intervenor Enbridge Pipelines (FSP), LLC (“Enbridge”) — the private company that is constructing the FS Pipeline — have filed motions to dismiss parts of Plaintiffs’ first amended complaint on ripeness grounds and for failure to state a claim, seeking dismissal of the complaint’s allegations that certain agencies have violated a duty to conduct an environmental review of the pipeline. Each party has now also filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, with Plaintiffs maintaining that the administrative record conclusively establishes the alleged NEPA, CWA, and APA violations, and the Federal Defendants and the Intervenor arguing that the undisputed facts unquestionably establish the opposite. Setting aside the ripeness issue in light of subsequent developments in this case, this Court will GRANT IN PART the Federal Defendants’ and Intervenor’s Partial Motions to Dismiss, and will GRANT the Federal Defendants’ and Intervenor’s cross-motions for summary judgment with respect to all remaining claims, because the totality of the record before the Court indicates that there are no genuine issues of material fact regarding Plaintiffs’ claims and that Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The Court’s reasons for this ruling are explained further below, but the gist of the Court’s conclusion is that Plaintiffs are wrong to insist that any federal agency had an obligation under NEPA or any other statute to conduct an environmental review of the impaet of the entire FS Pipeline before Enbridge broke ground on the project, given that the Federal Defendants have permitting authority over only small segments of this private pipeline project and none of the defendant agencies, alone or in combination, have authority to oversee or control the vast portions of the FS Pipeline that traverse private land. Two separate orders — one that implements the Court’s findings herein and another that addresses the Plaintiffs’ futile motions to amend the complaint — will issue in conjunction with this Memorandum Opinion. I. OVERVIEW This Court’s PI Opinion contains a lengthy and detailed discussion of the factual background of this case, as well as the complex web of statutes and regulations that undergird Plaintiffs’ claims. See Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 13-24. The Court will not reproduce that discussion in full here; it assumes familiarity with the prior description and expressly incorporates it herein. What is necessary for present purposes is a short restatement of the key facts and a review of the complaint’s basic claims. In addition, the instant opinion includes a brief recitation of the procedural history that followed the PI Opinion. A. Basic Facts That Underlie Plaintiffs’ Core Complaint As noted, Enbridge is a private company that constructs oil pipelines. Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 13. Congress has not authorized the federal government to oversee the construction of private domestic oil pipelines; consequently, Enbridge has undertaken to build the planned FS Pipeline largely on its own, primarily by securing easements from the landowners who own the property over which the pipeline will operate. At the time of the PI Opinion, Enbridge had already approached more than 1,700 private land owners, and had “secured 96% of the land rights” along the 589-mile FS Pipeline route. Id. Enbridge has also sought federal approval for constructing the FS Pipeline over the 27.28 total miles of federal land and waterways that the FS Pipeline route traverses. Id. To this end, the Army Corps of Engineers (the “Corps”) has verified pursuant to the National Permitting System that the 13.68 total miles of FS Pipeline water crossings — which incorporate extensive . mitigation measures — are consistent with a pre-existing national permit that pertains to construction projects that are likely to have “minimal” separate or cumulative adverse effects on the environment. 33 U.S.C. § 1344(e)(1); see also Reissuance of Nationwide Permits, 77 Fed. Reg. 10,184, 10,271 (Feb. 21, 2012). The Corps is also the agency responsible for considering Enbridge’s request for an easement to construct and operate the pipeline over 1.3 total miles of federal land along the proposed route, including at points along the Mississippi River in Illinois and Missouri and the Arkansas River in Oklahoma. Because NEPA mandates that an agency evaluate the environmental consequences of any “major federal action [ ] significantly affecting the quality of human environment,” 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C), the Corps has assessed the environmental impact of permitting Enbridge to construct the FS Pipeline over that small portion of federal land and has granted Enbridge construction easements over that property. (See Notice of Issuance of Easements by the Army Corps of Engineers, ECF No. 90.) For its part, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (“BIA”) has entertained a similar Enbridge request for an easement regarding the 12.3 total miles of Native American land that the pipeline crosses, and has also issued easements for the FS Pipeline to be constructed across those lands after conducting an Environmental Assessment (“EA”) and making a Finding of No Significant Impact (“FONSI”). (See Notice of Issuance of Easements by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, ECF No. 81.) Moreover, both the Corps and the BIA consulted the Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”) as a required part of their respective easement-request review processes, and as a result, the FWS issued a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement related to potential impacts of the construction of the FS Pipeline on certain endangered species. Notably, to date, although some of the federal agencies that have considered En-bridge’s requests regarding aspects of the FS Pipeline have reviewed the environmental impact of the pipeline’s construction and operation over the particular geographical areas that are under the agency’s jurisdiction — e.g., the BIA has issued an EA/FONSI regarding the 12.3 miles of Native American lands over which the pipeline will cross — no federal agency has interpreted NEPA as a mandate that it undertake a comprehensive environmental impact study of the entire 589-mile FS Pipeline. Plaintiffs’ currently operative First Amended Complaint contains six claims, each of which, in essence, points to the same underlying contention: that some federal agency, if not all of them collectively, had a statutory duty to conduct a NEPA review of the entire FS Pipeline. The complaint’s Claims 11(a), 11(b), and III address individually certain federal agencies that Plaintiffs believe had such a NEPA duty, homing in on the particular agency activities that Plaintiffs allege were major federal actions that should have prompted the subject agency to conduct an environmental review of the entire FS Pipeline pursuant to that statute. These agency activities consist of the Corps’s verifications of the FS Pipeline’s water crossings pursuant to Nationwide Permit 12 (“NWP 12”) (Claim 11(a)) (see Am. Compl., ECF No. 7, ¶¶ 156-160); the Corps’s consideration (and eventual issuance) of easements for construction over the federal land under its jurisdiction (Claim 11(b)) (see id. ¶¶ 161-164); and the FWS’s issu-anee of a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement (Claim III) (see id. ¶¶ 165-171). In addition, Plaintiffs contend that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (“PHMSA”) eventually will be called upon to' approve an oil spill response plan that Enbridge will be required by law to submit with respect to the FS Pipeline at some point in the future, and that this potential future determination of the PHMSA should also be considered a major federal action that triggered a NEPA obligation on the part of that agency to conduct an environmental review of the pipeline prior to its construction (Claim IV) (see id. ¶¶ 172-17 9). In Claim V, Plaintiffs’ complaint approaches the same target from a different angle, by expressly maintaining that, whether or not each individual agency’s actions triggered a duty for any particular agency to conduct an environmental review of the entire FS Pipeline under NEPA, the combined actions of all of the federal agencies that had some connection to the FS Pipeline collectively constitute major federal action giving rise to an obligation to conduct a NEPA review of the FS Pipeline as a whole and to appoint a “lead agency” to undertake that responsibility (id. ¶¶ ISO-189). Finally, in Claim VI, Plaintiffs make the ancillary argument that the Corps’s verification determinations violated the CWA and NWP 12 because the agency failed to evaluate the cumulative effects of the FS Pipeline’s water crossings (id. ¶¶ 190-193). B. Post-Preliminary Injunction Procedural History As noted above, this Court issued an opinion denying Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction on November 13, 2013. More or less contemporaneously with this Court’s issuance of that opinion, both the Federal Defendants and En-bridge filed motions to dismiss Plaintiffs’ easement claims against the Corps and the BIA, as well as Plaintiffs’ claim against the PHMSA, based on the fact that those agencies, at that time, had not yet taken any action regarding the’easements or the not-yet-filed oil spill response plan. The motions to dismiss also argued that the claim against the FWS was subject to dismissal because that agency’s issuance of the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement was non-discretionary. (See Mem. in Supp. of Fed. Defs.’ Mot. to Partially Dismiss the Compl. (“Fed. Defs.’ MTD Br.”), ECF No. 47-1 (filed on Nov. 8, 2013); Mem. in Supp. of Intervenor’s Mot. to Partially Dismiss the Compl. (“En-bridge MTD Br.”), ECF No. 50-1 (filed on Nov. 19, 2013).) On December 9, 2013, while these partial motions to dismiss were still pending (and indeed, before those motions were even fully briefed), Plaintiffs filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, largely reasserting the same arguments put forth in their unsuccessful preliminary injunction motion. (Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pis.’ MSJ Br.”), ECF No. 61.) The Federal Defendants and Enbridge responded with motions for summary judgment of their own, which were filed by January 10, 2014. (Fed. Defs.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Fed. Defs.’ MSJ Br.”), ECF No 70; In-' tervenor’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“En-bridge MSJ Br.”), ECF No 71.) The cross-motions for summary judgment were fully briefed on February 10, 2014, and on February 21, 2014, this Court held a motion hearing on the pending partial motions to dismiss and motions for summary judgment, at the conclusion of which the Court took all of the pending motions under advisement. Significantly, the Federal Defendants thereafter filed two notices alerting the Court to certain developments in the case. In particular, on April 23, 2014, the Federal Defendants informed the Court that the BIA had granted easements to Enbridge, and on July 18, 2014, the Federal Defendants notified the Court that the Corps had done the same with respect to the land under its jurisdiction. (See Notice of Issuance of Easements by BIA, ECF No. 81; Notice of Issuance of Easements by Corps, ECF. No. 90.) Thus, the BIA and the Corps have apparently completed the environmental assessments of the impact of constructing the pipeline over the land under their jurisdiction and have made final determinations that the easements over the federal land under the Control of those agencies should be granted, giving En-bridge the go-ahead to begin construction on those portions of the pipeline. In addition, according to Plaintiffs in a motion filed subsequent to the parties’ briefing of the motions to dismiss and cross-motions for summary judgment, the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has commented on proposed plans for the construction of portions of the pipeline, concluding that the entire FS Pipeline “[should] be analyzed as a ‘connected action’ in a single NEPA document.” (Pis.’ First Mot. to Amend at 4.) Despite these new developments, neither the BIA nor the Corps, nor any other federal agency, has conducted an environmental review of the entire FS Pipeline. * * * The instant opinion will proceed as follows. First, this Court will consider whether and to what extent any of the claims in Plaintiffs’ complaint must be dismissed based on the arguments made in the Federal Defendants’ and Intervenor’s partial motions to dismiss. By and large, the Federal Defendants’ and Intervenor’s ripeness arguments have been overtaken by events; therefore, this Court will consider them moot and will not address them. What remains of the motions to dismiss is the argument that the Plaintiffs’ claim against the PHMSA must be dismissed for lack of any “final agency action,” and also the contention that the FWS’s preparation of a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement can never give rise to a NEPA obligation under the circumstances presented here and thus must be dismissed — both of which the Court addresses below. Next, the Court will turn to the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. The opinion evaluates the extent to which the record supports Plaintiffs’ contentions that both the Corps’s verifications and the FWS’s preparation of a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement are “major federal actions” giving rise to environmental review obligations under NEPA. The opinion also addresses Plaintiffs’ core contention that, in any event, the record establishes that some federal agencies undertook one or more “major federal actions” with respect to aspects of the FS Pipeline, and that this federal involvement — whether viewed alone or cumulatively — gave rise to an obligation on the part of the federal government to conduct a comprehensive environmental review of the entire pipeline. Finally, the opinion discusses this Court’s conclusions regarding Plaintiffs’ claim that the Corps violated the CWA by arbitrarily and capriciously failing to take into account the “cumulative effects” of the water crossings when it verified those crossings under NWP 12. II. FEDERAL DEFENDANTS’ AND INTERVENOR’S PARTIAL MOTIONS TO DISMISS The Federal Defendants and the Intervenor have moved to dismiss parts of Plaintiffs’ complaint on two overarching bases: first, that “Plaintiffs have challenged numerous actions that may be undertaken by the Corps, PHMSA, BIA, and EPA that have not yet occurred and may never occur” (Fed. Defs.’ Mot. to Partially Dismiss Pls.’ Compl., ECF No. 47, at 2); and second, that “Plaintiffs have not stated a claim against PHMSA, EPA, and FWS because the[ir] ... actions are not major federal actions requiring NEPA review” (Fed. Defs.’ MTD Br. at 12). There is no need to flesh out the details of the Federal Defendants’ and Intervenor’s ripeness-related arguments with respect to the complaint’s easement claims against the Corps and the BIA because both sides now agree that these agencies have done an environmental assessment of the federal land over which the FS Pipeline will run, and have, in fact, issued the easements in question. With respect to Defendants’ and Interve-nor’s similar contention that the PHMSA has not yet taken any “final agency action” and thus that this Court lacks jurisdiction over the claim against the PHMSA under the APA, it is well-established that the APA’s final agency action requirement is not jurisdictional, see Reliable Automatic Sprinkler Co., Inc. v. Consumer Prod. Safety Comm’n, 324 F.3d 726, 732 (D.C.Cir.2003); thus, the final agency action argument provides no basis.for dismissal of the PHMSA under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). Furthermore, Defendants’ argument that this Court should dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims against the BIA and EPA are unavailing for the very simple reason that the current complaint contains no “claim” against the EPA or BIA that can be subjected to dismissal. This leaves for analysis only the Federal Defendants’ and Intervenor’s contention that Plaintiffs’ claims against the PHMSA and FWS must be dismissed because they fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). A. Dismissal For Failure To State A Claim Under Federal Rule Of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) “A Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint[.]” Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C.Cir.2002). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (citation omitted). Although a plaintiff may survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion even where “recovery is very remote and unlikely[,]” the facts alleged in the complaint “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level[.]” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-56, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, a pleading must offer more than “labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action[.]” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). If the facts as alleged, which must be taken as true, fail to establish that a plañítiff has stated a claim upon which relief can be granted, the Rule 12(b)(6) motion must be granted. See, e.g., Am. Chemistry Council, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 922 F.Supp.2d 56, 61 (D.D.C.2013). Notably, in deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a court may “consider only the facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint!,] and matters of which [the Court] may take judicial notice.” EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C.Cir.1997). B. Plaintiffs’ Claim Against The FWS Is Not Susceptible To Dismissal On Rule 12(b)(6) Grounds, But The Claim Against The PHMSA Is Dismissed On This Basis The complaint maintains that the FWS and PHMSA have engaged in “major federal actions” for the purpose of NEPA and thus should have conducted an environmental review of the entire pipeline. (See Compl. ¶¶ 165-171(FWS); 172-179 (PHMSA).) The Federal Defendants and Intervenor maintain that no such NEPA claim is possible as a matter of law because neither agency exercises any discretion in determining whether or not to issue a Biological Opinion or approve a submitted oil-response plan, and in any event, the PHMSA has not yet engaged in any action, much less a major federal action, with respect to the FS Pipeline. (See Fed. Defs.’ MTD Br. at 16-23; Enbridge MTD Br. at 5-10.) The Court concludes that it cannot dismiss the claim against the FWS on the proffered lack-of-discretion ground because, as this Court made clear in the PI Opinion, there are circumstances in which the FWS’s mandatory issuance of a Biological Opinion and incidental'take statement can trigger the obligation to conduct a NEPA review. See Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 30 (rejecting the argument that “an FWS opinion and incidental take statement issued pursuant to the Section 7 consultation process can never rise to the level of major federal action” (emphasis in original)); see also Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 169, 117 S.Ct. 1154, 137 L.Ed.2d 281 (1997) (noting that, in some circumstances, a Biological Opinion can have “a powerful coercive effect on the action agency” and therefore qualify as a major federal action); Ramsey v. Kantor, 96 F.3d 434, 444 (9th Cir.1996) (finding that a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement that the FWS issued as required pursuant to Section 7 of the Environment Protection Act was a major federal action insofar as it was the “functional equivalent to a permit”). The Federal Defendants and Intervenor have provided no good reason for this Court to reconsider its conclusion in this regard, nor have they provided any basis for concluding that the PHMSA’s mandatory approval of an oil spill response plan should be analyzed any differently. Therefore, this Court declines to find that — as a matter of law — agency actions such as the issuance of a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement or the approval of a mandated oil spill response plan can never rise to the level of major federal action for NEPA purposes. The additional argument that the Federal Defendants and the Intervenor make regarding the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claim against the PHMSA has much more traction. The complaint claims that the PHMSA violated a duty to conduct a NEPA review of the entire FS Pipeline before construction began because, at some point in the future, PHMSA will be called upon to approve an oil spill response plan for the FS Pipeline and that such approval will constitute a “major federal action” for NEPA purposes. (Compilé 172-179.) Defendants maintain that this claim should be dismissed because the PHMSA has not yet even been presented with such a plan, much less engaged in the process of deciding whether or not' to approve one, and thus, the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. On this point, the Court agrees with Defendants. Although the fact that an agency has not yet áffírmatively acted may not preclude a finding that the agency has taken “final agency action” for the purposes of the APA, see, e.g., Biovail Corp. v. FDA 448 F.Supp.2d 154, 161 (D.D.C.2006) (under the APA “ ‘agency action’ includes, inter alia, agency ‘failure to act’ ”), it is readily apparent to this Court that a “major federal action” for NEPA purposes must be defined with reference to an agency’s active consideration of whether or not to act. As was explained in the PI Opinion, Congress wanted to “ensure that federal agencies made fully-informed and well-considered decisions” regarding whether to act in a certain way or refrain from acting, and “[t]o this end,” NEPA specifically mandates that, “before a federal agency undertakes a ‘major federal action[ ] significantly affecting the quality of the human environment,’ ... the agency [must] evaluate the environmental consequences of that proposed action.” Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 18 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C)). Regulations implementing NEPA further underscore the point that the NEPA duty is triggered only when an agency is actively considering undertaking a proposed major federal action. Section 1502.5 of Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations states that “[a]n agency shall commence preparation of an [environmental analysis under NEPA] as close as possible to the time the agency is developing or is presented with a proposal [.]” 40 C.F.R. § 1502.5 (emphasis added). Similarly, section 1506.1(b) provides that “[i]f any agency is considering an application from a non-Federal entity,” that agency must “promptly notify the applicant that the agency will take appropriate action to insure that the objectives and procedures of NEPA are achieved.” 40 C.F.R. § 1506.1(b) (emphasis added). Here, it is undisputed that the PHMSA has not even received an application from Enbridge for approval of an oil spill response plan (or a request that the pipeline be authorized to operate without such approval); thus, the agency is certainly not engaged in the process of considering any such plan or request. This Court concludes that, insofar as the PHMSA has not even begun considering whether or not to take action with regard to the FS Pipeline, the PHMSA had no duty under NEPA or otherwise to conduct an environmental review of the FS Pipeline as a matter of law, and therefore, Plaintiffs’ claim against the PHMSA (Claim IV of the complaint) must be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. III. THE PARTIES’ CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment maintains that the record here conclusively demonstrates both that an environmental impact study of the entire FS Pipeline was required under NEPA (see, e.g., Pis.’ MSJ Br. at 1-3), and also that the Corps violated the CWA and the APA when it alleged-' ly verified that the 1,950 FS Pipeline-related water crossings were consistent with NWP 12 without taking into account the “cumulative effects” of those water crossings (see Compl. ¶¶ 190-93; Pis.’ MSJ Br. at 41-54). The Federal Defendants and the Intervenor argue with equal vigor in their cross-motions for summary judgment that the undisputed record facts pertaining to the construction of the FS Pipeline establish no such thing. (See Defs.’ MSJ Br. at 1, 40-42; Enbridge MSJ Br. at 1-3, 41-44.) As explained below, after an evaluation of the complaint’s NEPA, CWA, and APA claims in light of the evidence presented, this Court has determined that Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A. Standard For Summary Judgment In Administrative Action Cases In most civil cases, summary judgment will be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Moore v. Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C.Cir.2009). “Summary judgment is [also] the proper mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether an agency action is supported by the administrative record and consistent with the APA standard of review.” Loma Linda Univ. Med. Ctr. v. Sebelius, 684 F.Supp.2d 42, 52 (D.D.C.2010) (citing Stuttering Found, of Am. v. Springer, 498 F.Supp.2d 203, 207 (D.D.C.2007)); see also Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 n. 28 (D.C.Cir.1977). However, due to the limited role a court plays in reviewing the administrative record to evaluate whether an agency has complied with the APA, the typical summary judgment standards are not applicable. Stuttering, 498 F.Supp.2d at 207. Under the APA, it is the role of the agency to resolve factual issues to arrive at a decision that is supported by the administrative record, whereas “the function of the district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the evidence in the administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.” Id. (quoting Occidental Eng’g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766, 769-70 (9th Cir.1985)). In other words, “when a party seeks review of agency action under the APA, the district judge sits as an appellate tribunal,” and “[t]he ‘entire case’ on review is a question of law.” Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C.Cir.2001) (footnote and citations omitted). Significantly, the APA provides a “default standard” of judicial review of agency actions on summary judgment when the governing statute does not otherwise provide one: “[a] court must set aside agency action it finds to be ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’ ” Tourus Records, Inc. v. DEA 259 F.3d 731, 736 n. 10 (D.C.Cir.2001) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)). “The ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard of review as set forth in the APA is highly deferential,” and the Court must therefore “presume the validity of agency action.” Am. Horse Prat. Ass’n v. Yeutter, 917 F.2d 594, 596 (D.C.Cir.1990) (citation omitted). Although the “court is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency[,] ... the agency must examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action[,] including a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983) (citations and quotation marks omitted). B. The Record Establishes That No Federal Agency, Alone Or In Combination, Had A NEPA Duty To Evaluate The Entire FS Pipeline Plaintiffs’ primary contention in this case — which is restated in various ways in different counts of the complaint — is that, under NEPA, one or more agencies of the federal government was legally required to undertake a comprehensive review of the potential environmental impacts of the construction and operation of the entire FS Pipeline before construction on that pipeline commenced. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 180-189; Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 13-39.) As previously noted, the NEPA statute requires preparation of an environmental impact study regarding every “major federal action significantly affecting quality of the human environment,” 33 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C), and in relevant part, NEPA regulations define “major federal actions” as “projects and programs entirely or partly financed, assisted, conducted, regulated, or approved by federal agencies[,]” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18(a). Relying on this statutory and regulatory framework, Plaintiffs here point to three bases for their argument that NEPA unquestionably required the federal government to undertake an environmental review of the entire FS Pipeline. First, Plaintiffs assert that certain activities that the individual federal agencies named as defendants have undertaken with respect to the FS Pipeline qualify as “major federal actions” that should have prompted those agencies to do an assessment of the entire FS pipeline under NEPA. (See Compl. ¶¶ 156-160, 165-171; Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 18-30.) See also Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 15-16. Second, Plaintiffs argue that, regardless of whether the activity of any particular federal agency standing alone constituted a major federal action that triggered a duty to conduct an environmental review of the entire FS Pipeline under NEPA, the combination of all of the federal activities that the myriad federal agencies that have been consulted regarding some aspect of the construction and operation of the pipeline have undertaken — including the PHMSA’s potential future approval of the required •oil spill response plan — indicates that the federal government has sufficient control over the FS Pipeline that the pipeline itself qualifies as a major federal action, despite being privately owned and overwhelmingly constructed on private land. (See Compl. ¶¶ 180-89; Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 34-39.) Plaintiffs’ third theory of-NEPA liability is that if any of the activities of the federal agencies qualifies as a “major federal action” triggering environmental review of some aspect of the pipeline project, that acting agency cannot confine its environmental impact assessment to the area under its own jurisdiction; rather, its review must encompass the entirety of the FS Pipeline’s construction and operation, because the pipeline is one “connected action.” (See Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 13-16.) In short, all roads lead to Plaintiffs’ core contention that the federal government violated a NEPA duty to assess the environmental impact of the entire FS Pipeline prior to the pipeline’s construction. For the reasons that follow, this Court disagrees. 1. Neither The Corps’s Verifications Nor The Service’s Biological Opinion And Incidental Take Statement Qualify As “Major Federal Actions” Under the Circumstances Presented Plaintiffs’ first argument in support of summary judgment on their NEPA-violation claims is that the record indisputably establishes that both the Corps’s issuance of four letters verifying the FS Pipeline water crossings, and also the FWS’s preparation of a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement, qualify as “major federal actions” that triggered a duty to conduct an environmental impact review under NEPA. Under the regulations implementing NEPA, the term “major federal action” includes “actions with effects that may be major and which are potentially subject to Federal control and responsibility^]” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18, and as explained in the PI Opinion, the relevant case law and authorities establish that, if the federal agency itself is not undertaking or financing the project in question, the agency action qualifies as “major federal action” for NEPA purposes only if the agency’s act is tantamount to a permit that allows the project to proceed. See Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 25-26; see also Wetlands Action Network v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 222 F.3d 1105, 1117 (9th Cir.2000) (finding no major federal action where the project in question “could proceed without the permit” issued by a federal agency (emphasis in original)); Ramsey, 96 F.3d at 444 (noting that “if a federal permit is a prerequisite for a project with adverse impact on the environment, issuance of that permit does constitute a major federal action”); Daniel R. Mandelker, NEPA Law & Litig. § 8:19 (2d ed.2014) (explaining that “[fjederal permits, leases and other approvals” are “typical examples” of major federal action triggering NEPA in the context of otherwise non-federal projects). Plaintiffs appear to accept? that standard, and argue here that the Corps’s verification letters— which collectively certified that the 1,950 instances in which the FS Pipeline impacts waters of the United States were consistent with a preexisting nationwide permit — were effectively “permits” for the purpose of the NEPA definition. (See Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 24-26.) Plaintiffs make essentially this same argument with respect to the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement that the FWS issued when it consulted with the Corps and BIA. (See id. at 19-21.) However, in light of the record evidence, this Court concludes that neither the Corps’s verifications nor the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement satisfy the “major federal action” NEPA requirement. а. The Corps’s NWP 12 Verifications Are Not The Equivalent Of Permits For NEPA Purposes The PI Opinion discussed at length how the Corps’s NWP 12 verification process relates to the overall pipeline project. See Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 14, 19-22, 25-30. Briefly, under the CWA, a party seeking to discharge dredged or fill material into wetlands or waters that are under the jurisdiction of the Corps must obtain federal approval to do so. See 33 U.S.C. § 1344. The party can seek this approval in one of two ways: either it can apply to the Corps for an individual permit, id. § 1344(a), or it can request that the Corps verify that the actions the party seeks to take are already authorized under an existing general permit. Id. § 1344(e). The difference between these separate paths to the same destination is significant, because the individual permitting process involves “detailed application and processing instructions” and the Corps’s “case-specific review of each application,” Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 19 (citing 33 C.F.R. Parts 323, 325 (2013)), while under the general permitting system, the Corps has already concluded that covered activities can proceed based on an extensive environmental impact study that the agency does periodically regarding such construction activities on a regional or nationwide basis. See id. at 27 (explaining that “under the nationwide permit system, the Corps has already done an environmental review on a general categorical basis and has already given its imprimatur to discharges that result from the type of construction activity at issue under specified circumstances”). Therefore, when a party approaches the Corps under the general permitting scheme (which is not even required for every water-related construction project), such party is merely requesting “verification” of their own belief that the proposed construction project satisfies the Corps’s previously established requirements. See id. (“When a prospective per-mittee files a pre-clearance notice [under the general permit process], the only thing left to be done is for the Corps’s district engineers to verify that the planned project does, in fact, fit within the category of activities that the Corps has already authorized.”). For its construction of the FS Pipeline, Enbridge asked the Corps to verify that each of the 1,950 water crossings that construction of the FS Pipeline might impact was consistent with Nationwide Permit 12, a nationwide permit that specifically authorizes discharges into federal waterways as required for “the construction, maintenance, repair, and removal of utility lines and associated facilities in waters of the United States, provided the activity does not result in the loss of greater than 1/2-acre of waters of the United States for each single and complete project.” Reissuance of Nationwide Permits, 77 FedReg. 10,184, 10,271 .(Feb. 21, 2012). In August and September of 2013, Corps district engineers from each of the four Corps' districts through which the FS Pipeline passes issued letters verifying that the water crossings associated with the FS Pipeline were, in fact, consistent with NWP 12. (See Admin. R. (“AR”) App. Part 1, ECF No. 79 — i, at 5-11 (Kansas City Dist. Verification Letter); AR App. Part 6, ECF No. 79-6, at 5-17 (Rock Island Dist. Verification Letter); AR App. Part 7, ECF No. 79-7, at 5-13 (St. Louis ■ Dist. Verification Letter); AR App. Part 10, ECF No. 79-10, at 5-6 (Tulsa Dist. Verification Letter).) The issuances of these letters are the “actions” that Plaintiffs insist constitute a “major federal action” that, according to Plaintiffs, triggered an obligation on the part of the Corps to conduct an environmental review of the entire FS Pipeline consistent with NEPA. (Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 24-31.) This Court explained in detail in the PI Opinion why Plaintiffs would be unlikely to establish that the Corps’s verifications were permits for construction of the FS Pipeline such that they would qualify as a major federal action under the regulatory definition. See Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 25-30. The PI Opinion noted that “the law quite clearly distinguishes between ‘verifications’ and ‘permits’ in the CWA context,” and that this distinction manifests itself in the difference between a project that is verified as consistent with an existing general permit, and one that must be subjected to searching scrutiny under the individual permitting system. Id. at 26. Most significantly, this Court pointed out that “the entire point of the general permitting system is to avoid the burden of having to conduct an environmental review under NEPA when a verification — as distinguished from an individual discharge permit — -is sought,” id. (emphasis added), and that it would therefore “make[] little sense” to accept Plaintiffs’ position that “notwithstanding the FS Pipeline project’s eligibility for verification under NWP 12, the Corps nevertheless had to conduct a full environmental review under NEPA[,]” id. at 26-27. In their summary judgment motion, Plaintiffs point to no record evidence or any new authorities that would cast doubt on the Court’s prior reasoning regarding the proper characterization of the Corps’s verifications. Rather, Plaintiffs now seek essentially to sidestep the distinction between general and individual permits altogether, by arguing that the verifications here qualify as a major federal action because, as a result of the verifications, the Corps had “discretion over a substantial part” of the FS Pipeline. (Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 25 (citing Karst Envtl. Educ. & Prot., Inc.. v. EPA, 475 F.3d 1291, 1297 (D.C.Cir.2007)).) To the extent that this argument is based on Plaintiffs’ contention that the verifications here related to a significant number of water crossings spread throughout the length of the pipeline, i.e., that the Corps’s verification process impacted a “substantial part” of the pipeline (see Pis.’ MSJ Br. at 33-34), they do have a point about scale, but it is a point that, in this Court’s view, is not material to the applicable legal analysis. As the PI Opinion explained, when the Corps undertakes to “verify” the benign nature of a project under the general permit scheme, it is not engaging in an exercise of discretion with respect to that project in the relevant sense, regardless of whether the agency is called upon to verify one water crossing or 1,000: See Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 28-29 & n. 14. The plain language of NEPA underscores that Congress understood that not all of the activities that an agency undertakes can properly be considered “major federal actions” for NEPA purposes, and courts rightly have concluded that only those agency actions that implicate an agency’s decision-making authority qualify as “major federal actions” under NEPA. See, e.g., Citizens Against Rails-to-Trails v. Surface Transp. Bd., 267 F.3d 1144, 1151 (D.C.Cir.2001) (“The touchstone of whether NEPA applies is discretion.”). Whereas a request for an individual permit to discharge dredged material into waters of the United States requires the Corps to consider such matters as “the location, purpose and need for the proposed activity,” as well as the “the type, [source,] composition and quantity of the material to be dredged, the method of dredging, and the site and plans for disposal of the dredged material,]” 33 C.F.R. § 325.1(d), and to bring its expertise to bear on the determination of whether or not the particular project satisfies the applicable regional guidelines for such activity, verifications under the CWA general permitting system have the entirely different character of “allowing] the Corps to designate certain construction projects as eligible for CWA discharge permits ‘with little, if any, delay or paperwork’ because they fit within [certain] pre-cleared categories of activities.” Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 26 (quoting 33 C.F.R. § 330.1(b)). The distinction between verifications and permits — coupled with the ever-present realization that the Corps’s fully-informed decision to authorize certain activities has been made ex ante under the nationwide permitting system such that any requirement that the agency conduct a NEPA analysis in the verification context by no means furthers the purpose of NEPA, see 40 C.F.R. § 1500.1(c) (the purpose of NEPA is “to foster excellent decisions”) — convinces this Court that Plaintiffs are mistaken to insist that the verifications here constituted a major federal action triggering a NEPA duty to conduct an environmental review. Accordingly, the Corps’s failure to perform a NEPA review as part of its verification process was neither arbitrary and capricious nor contrary to law, and the Court will enter summary judgment in favor of Defendants with respect to Plaintiffs’ NEPA-related claim based upon the Corps’s verifications (Claim 11(a)). b. The FWS’s Biological Opinion And Incidental Take Statement Is Not The Functional Equivalent Of A Permit In This Case Both the Corps and the BIA consulted with the FWS pursuant to the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), as part of the previously described verification process and also as part of the process that both agencies undertook when evaluating the easements that Enbridge requested in order to construct the small portion of the FS Pipeline that traverses federal land and waterways. {See AR Part 1 at 39.) When so consulted, the FWS is required to determine whether “any action authorized, funded, or carried out by [the consulting] agency” is likely “to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species[.]” 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). Federal agencies considering certain actions (such as the verifications and easements at issue here) are required to consult with the FWS under Section 7 of the ESA, and Plaintiffs’ complaint contends that the FWS’s preparation of the required Biological Opinion, and also its issuance of a related incidental take statement, constituted a “major federal action” that triggered a duty on the part of the FWS to conduct an environmental review of the entire FS Pipeline pursuant to NEPA. (Compl. ¶¶ 165-171.) In its summary judgment briefing, Plaintiffs also make the related contention that, by accepting and incorporating the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement into its own analysis of the requested verification letters, the Corps had a NEPA duty to undertake an environmental review of the entire pipeline. (Pis.’ MSJ Br. at 26-28.) With respect to Plaintiffs’ claim that the FWS had a NEPA duty to review the entire FS Pipeline as a result of the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement that it issued, this Court previously accepted Plaintiffs’ assertion that an FWS Biological Opinion and incidental take statement may sometimes qualify as “major federal action,” see Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 30; see also supra Part II.B, but concluded that the circumstances here were such that it was unlikely that Plaintiffs would be able to demonstrate that the FWS had a duty to conduct a NEPA review as a result of its issuance of a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement regarding the potential impact of the FS Pipeline on the decurrent false aster plant, the Indiana bat, and the American burying beetle. Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 16. Nothing in the Plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion points to any different result. This is primarily because a Biological Opinion and incidental take statement that the FWS issues pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA does not, in itself, have any direct effect on the underlying action under consideration; rather, it is the requesting agency (in this case, the Corps and the BIA) that determines what, if any, effect the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement will have on the agency’s actions. See 50 C.F.R. § 402.15(a) (“Following. the issuance of a biological opinion, the Federal agency shall determine whether and in what manner to proceed with the action in light of its section 7 obligations and the [FWS’s] biological opinion.”). Consequently, the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement can only truly function as the equivalent of a permit for NEPA purposes if the underlying federal action would not, and could not,- have proceeded without the FWS’s imprimatur. Put another way, in the relatively unusual situation in which the underlying federal action hinges on the FWS’s conclusion that endangered species will not be impacted and/or its issuance of a statement that permits the “taking” of any such species, then one could reasonably conclude that the FWS’s opinion or statement is the functional equivalent of a permit allowing the action to proceed. Such was the case in Ramsey, where the action in question was a government-sponsored plan to harvest salmon, including certain species that were protected by the ESA, and therefore quite literally could not have progressed without an incidental take statement. Ramsey, 96 F.3d at 437-39. Looking at the very different role that the FWS’s report played in the instant case, this Court concluded in the PI Opinion — and reaffirms now — that Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement had the same practical effect on the Corps’s arid BIA’s consideration of the federal action -at issue here. See Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 31 (noting that, rather than functioning as a permit, the FWS’s Biological Opinion was “at best peripheral to the project in question”). Perhaps as a result of this shortcoming, Plaintiffs have tried a slightly different tack on summary judgment: they argue that the acting agency — in this case, the Corps — had a duty to undertake a NEPA review by virtue of the fact that it “implemented” the terms of the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement in its own verification letters. (See Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 26-27.) As an initial matter, it is not clear from the record that the verification letters the Corps divisions sent to Enbridge do, in fact, “implement” the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement: the letters contain boilerplate statements that the FWS documents are “incorporated by reference,” but they are also careful to note that the verification letters “do[] not authorize [Enbridge] to take an endangered species” and that in order to do so, Enbridge “must have separate authorization under the’Endangered Species Act.” (Kansas City Dist. Verification Letter at 6; Rock Island Dist. Verification Letter at 6; St. Louis Dist. Verification Letter at 6.) Nevertheless, even if the verification letters’ language referring to “incorporation” of the FWS’s work product were sufficient to support the conclusion that the Corps “implemented” the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement, Plaintiffs have not established that the Corps’s verifications — agency action that is not a major federal action in and of itself, as determined above — were somehow transformed into a “major federal action” by virtue of the incorporation of the FWS documents. Plaintiffs have cited no case which stands for (or even contemplates) this novel proposition, and the case that Plaintiffs do principally rely on for the proposition that “implementation” of a biological opinion can give rise to NEPA obligations is easily distinguishable. The court in In re Consolidated Salmonid Cases, 688 F.Supp.2d 1013 (E.D.Cal.2010), premised its holding that implementation of a Biological Opinion qualifies as “major federal action” for NEPA purposes on the fact that the federal agency itself was responsible for managing and operating the projects for which the Biological Opinion had been prepared. Id. at 1024 (finding that the agency’s “operation of the projects to comply with the [Biological Opinion] is major federal action under- NEPA” (emphasis added)). Here, by contrast, the action that the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement potentially impacts is that of Enbridge — not that of the Corps — -which brings us back to the original question of whether the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement can reasonably be viewed as a permit that enabled Enbridge’s construction to proceed. Plaintiffs strenuously assert that this is so, relying on the language referencing the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement in the verifications (see Pis.’ MSJ Br. at 27 (citing Kansas City Dist. Verification Letter at 6; Rock Island Dist. Verification Letter at 6; St. Louis Dist. Verification Letter at 6)), as well as several email conversations that occurred between the FWS, the Corps, and Enbridge regarding the scope of the Biological Opinion (id. at 20-21 (citing AR App. Part 5, ECF No. 79-5, at 42^18)). But these references demonstrate only that the agencies were aware of, and considered, the FWS’s opinion, as the law required them to do; they do not establish that the verifications or easements would not have issued had the FWS’s findings been different. Indeed, to the contrary, both the verification letters and the Biological Opinion itself make it clear that Enbridge could proceed with construction of the FS Pipeline regardless of what the Corps said about the FWS statements. What is more, the FWS’s Biological Opinion itself does not provide any basis for concluding that the FS Pipeline construction project necessarily would have been halted but for the positive FWS evaluation such that it would be reasonable to maintain that the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement permitted the construction to proceed. In fact, the documents the FWS prepared are rife with conditional language and speculation regarding the potential impact of the FS Pipeline’s construction on the endangered species at issue, and indeed, the FWS ultimately concluded that the construction would probably not result in any major impact to any of those species. (See AR App. Part 1, ECF No. 79-1, at 39 (Biological Opinion) (concluding that construction was likely to have minimal impact on the species in question).) See also Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 40 (discussing the Biological Opinion’s conclusions). In short, although Plaintiffs repeatedly assert that “[wjithout an [incidental take statement], Enbridge would be prohibited by the ESA from constructing” the FS Pipeline (Pls.’ Reply to Pis.’ Mot. for Summ. J. & Resp. to Defs.’ & Intervenor’s Cross-Mots, for Summ. J. (“Pls.’ MSJ Reply”), ECF No. 74, at 14), the record does not demonstrate conclusively that issuance of the Biological Opinion and incidental take statement was a necessary prerequisite to construction. Thus, on the record before it, this Court sees no reason to alter its prior conclusion that the FWS’s Biological Opinion and incidental take statement are, at best, “peripheral to the project in question” and therefore are not the “functional ] equivalent” of a permit for NEPA purposes. Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 31 (internal quotation marks omitted). Consequently, this Court will enter summary judgment in Defendants’ favor on Claim III of the complaint. 2. The Combined Actions Of The Federal Agencies Do Not Constitute “Major Federal Action” As noted at the outset, Plaintiffs’ complaint primarily rests on a core belief that NEPA required some federal agency somehow to conduct an environmental assessment of the entire 589-mile FS Pipeline before that pipeline could be constructed and operated. Claim V alleges as much, and because the other NEPA-relat-ed claims in the complaint address each federal- agency individually, Claim V is most reasonably construed as asserting that the actions of the various federal agencies with some connection to the FS Pipeline’s construction and operation — taken together — were sufficient to give rise to an obligation for the Federal Defendants to perform a NEPA analysis covering the entirety of the FS Pipeline, and to select a lead agency responsible for the review. (Compl. ¶¶ 180-189 (emphasis added).) This claim boils down to an assertion that, regardless of whether or not any of the individual agency actions meets the threshold for major federal action under NEPA, if there is persistent federal involvement with a given private project, the project is effectively “federalized” for NEPA purposes such that an environmental review is required. {See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 181 (alleging that all of the federal actions “singly, in combination, and cumulatively constitute major federal action”); see also Pls.’ MSJ Br. at 34-37.) The “federalization” theory of NEPA responsibility is not new; indeed, as the PI Opinion made clear, the case law and authorities interpreting NEPA have held that an otherwise non-federal action can become federalized for NEPA purposes, but in order for that to occur, the federal government must exercise substantial control over the otherwise private project. See, e.g., Mandelker § 8:19 (noting that in cases where “the action claimed to fall under NEPA was nonfederal, the question becomes whether the action was federalized and brought under NEPA because a federal agency exercised control over the nonfederal action”); 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18 (defining “major federal action” to include actions “potentially subject to-Federal control and responsibility”); Citizens Alert Regarding the Env’t v. EPA 259 F.Supp.2d 9, 20 (D.D.C.2003), aff'd 102 Fed.Appx. 167 (D.C.Cir.2004) (noting that a non-federal project can be federalized where the federal agencies “have sufficient authority over the local project so as to control or influence its outcome”); Ross v. Fed. Highway Admin., 162 F.3d 1046, 1051 (10th Cir.1998) (a project may be federalized where “the federal government has actual power to control the project” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). This Court has previously explained at length why the cumulative involvement of the various, federal agencies here was not likely to be deemed sufficient ‘to federalize the FS Pipeline such that the Federal Defendants were required to perform a NEPA analysis of the environmental impacts of the pipeline as a whole. Sierra Club, 990 F.Supp.2d at 36-37. Moreover, in this regard, this Court noted that “Plaintiffs have significantly overstated the degree of federal involvement in the FS Pipeline in an attempt to shoehorn this essentially private project into the NEPA statute.” Id. at 40. Here, in the summary judgment context, Plaintiffs have neither directly rejected the Court’s legal conclusion that federal control is a critical component of adequate “federalization,” nor pointed to any additional record evidence that establishes that the federal agencies had the requisite degree of control over the FS Pipeline. Instead, Plaintiffs either seek to advance arguments about the nature of the federal activities that this Court already rejected in the PI Opinion, or they retreat to reliance on eonclusory assertions regarding the combined impact of the federal actions in question, or both. For example, Plaintiffs reassert their argument that the Western District of Texas’s opinion in Spiller v. Walker, No. 98-ca-255, 2002 WL 1609722 (W.D.Tex. July 19, 2002), is dis-positive on the federalization issue (see Pis.’ MSJ Br. at 34-35), and further argue that the federal government effectively had control and responsibility over