Joshua David Mellberg LLC v. Will (96 F. Supp. 3d 953, 2015)

United States District Court for the District of Arizona 2015-03-30

Citations

Full opinion text

ORDER

CINDY K. JORGENSON, District Judge.

Plaintiffs Joshua David Mellberg, LLC, dba J.D. Mellberg Financial, and Joshua David Mellberg filed a First Amended Complaint asserting 11 counts against various Defendants. (Doc. 9, FAC) Four motions are now pending before the Court: (1) Partial Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendants Jovan Will and Tree Fine (Doc. 22); (2) Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant the Impact Partnership (Doe. 27); (3) Partial Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendants Fernando & Geovanna Godinez (Doc. 30); and (4) Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant Carly Uretz (Doc. 34). Following oral argument on November 13, 2014, Magistrate Judge Charles R. Pyle issued a Report and Recommendation (R & R) on February 9, 2015, (1) denying in part and granting in part Defendant Will and Fine’s Partial Motion to Dismiss; (2) granting Defendant Impact Partnership’s Motion to Dismiss; (3) granting Defendant Godinez’ Partial Motion to Dismiss; and (4) granting Defendant Uretz’ Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. 45.) With the exception of certain claims in the Third Claim (Unfair Competition), the Magistrate Judge recommended that all dismissed claims be dismissed with leave to amend. (Id. at 33.)

Plaintiffs files objections to the R & R to the extent that it recommends that certain unfair competition claims be dismissed as based on theories too novel to be permitted to go forward. (Doc. 46.) Defendant Jovan Will objects to the R & R on the ground that the FAC contains no plain statement that Will misappropriated trade secrets. (Doc. 47.) Defendant Tree Fine objects to the R & R on the ground that the Confidentiality Agreement is facially unenforceable. (Doc. 48.)

The Court overrules the objections and adopts the R & R.

I. Background

Plaintiffs are Joshua David Mellberg, LLC, dba J.D. Mellberg Financial, and Joshua David Mellberg, an individual (collectively referred to as “JDM” or “Plaintiffs”). Joshua David Mellberg is the owner and President of JDM. (FAC ¶ 16.) He is a nationally known financial advisor based in Tucson, Arizona, and “is a pioneer and leader in marketing and selling annuities via the Internet.” (Id. ¶¶ 17, 18.) JDM Mellberg Financial is a nationwide retail and wholesale insurance agency specializing “in capturing internet based leads and supplying them to a network of agents across the country. JDM began developing internet based marketing and sales funnels in 2009.” (Id. ¶ 22; see also id. ¶ 23 (JDM has expended in excess of $30 million refining its sales funnels)) JDM advertises and promotes the services and products that it offers, including annuities. (Id. ¶¶21, 22.) A significant portion of JDM’s advertising and promotional activities in the field of annuities is conducted on the internet. (Id. ¶ 21).

The individual Defendants are former employees of JDM. Also named as a Defendant is The Impact Partnership, which is a business entity that some or all of the individual Defendants are alleged to have joined or otherwise furthered the interests thereof. (See e.g., id. ¶¶ 62, 75, 87-88, 118, 138.) As stated in the R & R, JDM’s theory of the case is that the individual Defendants “devised a scheme to steal JDM’s trade secrets and confidential information, attempted to destroy evidence of their theft, and are now using that stolen information in a competing venture.” (Doc. 45 at 6.)

JDM alleges the following claims for relief: (1) violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030 (First Claim) against all Defendants; (2) violation of the Arizona Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“AUTSA”), A.R.S. § 44-401 et. seq., against all Defendants (Second Claim); (3) unfair competition against all Defendants (Third Claim); (4) breach of contract against Defendants Fine, Areeo and Godi-nez (Fourth Claim); (5) unjust enrichment against all Defendants (Fifth Claim); (6) breach of fiduciary duty/duty of loyalty against Defendants Fine and Will (Sixth Claim); (7) breach of duties regarding Alpha Academy Advisors, LLC, against Defendant Will (Seventh Claim); (8) trespass to chattel against Defendant Fine (Eighth Claim); (9) theft/conversion against Defendant Fine (Ninth Claim); (10) civil conspiracy against all Defendants (Tenth Claim); and (11) aiding and abetting against all Defendants (Eleventh Claim).

Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), Defendants Will, Fine, Godinez, Uretz, and The Impact Partnership seek dismissal of JDM’s Second, Third, Fifth, Tenth, and Eleventh Claims for failure to state a claim. Additionally, Defendants Fine and Godinez seek dismissal of JDM’s Fourth Claim for relief for failure to state a claim, and Defendants Fine and Will seek dismissal of JDM’s Sixth Claim for relief for failure state a claim.

II. Standard of Review

The Court reviews de novo the objected-to portions of the Report and Recommendation. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b). The Court reviews for clear error the unobjected-to portions of the Report and Recommendation. Johnson v. Zema Systems Corp., 170 F.3d 734, 739 (7th Cir.1999); see also, Conley v. Crabtree, 14 F.Supp.2d 1203, 1204 (D.Or.1998).

The standard for a motion to dismiss is correctly stated in the R & R and will not be repeated here. (Doc. 45 at 3-5.)

III. Findings and Conclusions of the Magistrate Judge and Parties’ Objections

A. Plaintiffs’ Objection

Plaintiffs’ Third Claim is for unfair competition against all Defendants. The FAC alleges as unfair competition that, inter alia, “Defendants have engaged in unlawful business acts or practices by committing acts including computer fraud, trespass, conversion, and other illegal acts as practices as alleged above, all in an effort to gain unfair competitive advantage over JDM.” (FAC ¶ 147.) The R & R recognizes a cause of action in Arizona for unfair competition based on the misappropriation of confidential information that does not rise to the level of a trade secret under the Arizona Uniform Trade Secrets Act (AUTSA). (Doc. 45 at 25.) ButMag-istrate Judge Pyle dismissed certain claims in the Third Claim; he recommended that the Court should be reluctant to allow Plaintiffs’ unfair competition claims based on specifically alleged unfair business practices — conversion, trespass, and computer fraud — that are novel to Arizona. (Doc. 45 at 25.) Plaintiffs object to the latter recommendation as reflective of an overly narrow view of unfair competition law that is inconsistent with Arizona authorities.

The Arizona Supreme Court has recently held that the AUTSA “creates an exclusive cause of action — and displaces conflicting causes of action — for claims based on the misappropriation of trade secrets.” Orca Commc’ns Unlimited, LLC v. Noder, 286 Ariz. 180, 337 P.3d 545, 546 (2014) (Orea II). The Court also held that assuming the viability of a common law claim for misappropriation of confidential information, AUTSA “does not displace common-law claims based on alleged misappropriation of confidential information that is not a trade secret.” Id. The Court, which was reviewing the lower courts’ decision on a motion to dismiss, declined to “decide today what aspects, if any, of the confidential information alleged in [the plaintiffs] unfair competition claim might fall within AUTSA’s broad definition of ‘trade secret’ and therefore be displaced.... That determination will not hinge on the claim’s label, but rather will depend on discovery and further litigation that has not yet occurred.” Id. at 549 (citations omitted). Magistrate Judge Pyle ruled that in light of Orea II, it cannot be said at this point in the litigation that JDM’s claim is preempted by AUTSA to the extent it may involve confidential information that does not constitute trade secrets. (Doc. 45 at 23.)

The Arizona Supreme Court also declined to decide whether Arizona recognizes a common-law claim for unfair competition as alleged in Orca’s complaint.

Nor do we decide whether Arizona recognizes a common-law claim for unfair competition as alleged in Orca’s complaint. Cf. Restatement (First) of Torts §§ 757, 759 (1939) (enumerating several theories of liability, including disclosure or use of another’s trade secret, and improper acquisition of information, whether or not it constitutes a trade secret, to advance a rival business interest). Compare Fairway Constructors, Inc. v. Ahern, 193 Ariz. 122, 124 ¶¶ 8-9, 970 P.2d 954, 956 (App.1998) (finding plaintiffs unfair-competition claim preempted by federal copyright law, and noting that such a claim is “based on principles of equity” and “encompasses several tort theories,” including “misappropriation”), with Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 1 cmt. g (1995) (noting that the “specific forms of unfair competition [described therein] do not fully exhaust the scope of statutory or common law liability for unfair methods of competition”), and Restatement (Second) of Agency §§ 395, 396 (1958) (describing agent’s duty not to use or disclose confidential information acquired during the course of his agency in competition with principal).

Orca II, 337 P.3d at 549-550.

Plaintiffs argue that Arizona courts have stated that “[t]he common law doctrine of unfair competition is based on principles of equity,” Fairway Constructors, Inc., 970 P.2d at 956, and because of the doctrine’s equitable underpinning, the “tort of unfair competition is extremely flexible[.]” Golden Nugget, Inc. v. American Stock Exchange, Inc., 828 F.2d 586, 591 (9th Cir.1987). Plaintiffs contend that the only requirements in Arizona for the tort of unfair competition are that the plaintiff show either “that it was engaged in competitive business with [the defendant] or that [the defendant’s] actions were likely to produce public confusion[.]” Sutter Home Winery, Inc. v. Vintage Selections, Ltd., 971 F.2d 401, 407 (9th Cir.1992) (emphasis added). In declining to decide whether Arizona recognizes a common-law claim for unfair competition, the Court pointed to Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition, which suggests that lower Arizona courts may follow the Restatement: Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 1 cmt. g (1995) (noting that the “specific forms of unfair competition [described therein] do not fully exhaust the scope of statutory or common law liability for unfair methods of competition”). Orca II, 337 P.3d at 549. Plaintiffs argue that this is consistent with the rule in Arizona that in the absence of controlling Arizona authority, Arizona courts follow the Restatement of the Law. See Lerner v. DMB Realty, LLC, 234 Ariz. 397, 322 P.3d 909, 916 n. 7 (Ariz.App.2014). The Restatement Third of Unfair Competition acknowledges the flexible nature of the doctrine:

One who causes harm to the commercial relations of another by engaging in a business or trade is not subject to liability to the other for such harm unless: (a) the harm results from acts or practices of the actor actionable by the other under the rules, of this Restatement relating to: (1) deceptive marketing, as specified in Chapter Two; (2) infringement of trademarks and other indicia of identification, as specified in Chapter Three; (3) appropriation of intangible trade values including trade secrets and the right of publicity, as specified in Chapter Four; or from other acts or practices of the actor determined to be actionable as an unfair method of competition, taking into account the nature of the conduct and its likely effect on both the person seeking relief and the public.

§ 1 (emphasis added). Plaintiffs further contend that Comment (g) to this section of the Restatement further elucidates the broad and flexible application of the doctrine:

A primary purpose of the law of unfair competition is the identification and redress of business practices that hinder rather than promote the efficient operation of the market. Certain recurring patterns of objectionable practices form the basis of the traditional categories of liability specifically enumerated in Subsection (a)(l)-(3). However, these specific forms of unfair competition do not fully exhaust the scope of statutory or common law liability for unfair methods of competition, and Subsection (a) therefore includes a residual category encompassing other business practices determined to be unfair.

Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 1 (1995) (emphasis added).

Defendant The Impact Partnership files a response, which is joined by Defendants Will, Fine, Godinez, and Uretz. (Docs. 49, 50.) They assert that Sutter Home, on which Plaintiffs rely, contains no analysis of the issue and cites a single Arizona Supreme Court opinion, from 1945. See Sutter Home, 971 F.2d at 407 (citing Lininger v. Desert Lodge, 63 Ariz. 239, 160 P.2d 761 (1945)). They contend that since Desert Lodge, the Arizona Supreme Court has twice held that “the universal test [for unfair competition] is whether the public is likely to be confused.” Boice v. Stevenson, 66 Ariz. 308, 187 P.2d 648, 653 (1947) (emphasis added); see also O’Hara v. Lance, 77 Ariz. 84, 267 P.2d 725, 728 (1954) (same). They also argue that Desert Lodge was a trade name dispute between the owners of “The Lodge on the Desert” and “Desert Lodge.” The court expressly limited its analysis to disputes over trade names. They point out that this court refused to recognize a claim for unfair competition in the absence of public confusion on two occasions. (Doc. 49 at 2-3, citing Doe v. Arizona Hospital & Healthcare Association, 2009 WL 1423378 at *12 (D.Ariz. Mar. 19, 2009) and ACT Group, Inc. v. Hamlin, 2012 WL 2976724, at *8 (D.Ariz. July 20, 2012).)

First, the Court is not persuaded that the Magistrate Judge’s ruling was based on the failure to allege public confusion. In addition, the unfair competition claims in Orea do not appear to involve public confusion. Nevertheless, the Court overrules Plaintiffs’ objection. The reference to the Restatements in Orea II was solely in the context of a theory of unfair competition based on misappropriation. The Arizona courts have previously stated that “the doctrine [of unfair competition] encompasses several tort theories, such as trademark infringement, false advertising, ‘palming off,’ and misappropriation.” Fairway Constructors, Inc., 970 P.2d at 956 (emphasis added). Pursuant to Orea 11, Plaintiffs will be permitted to amend the claim of unfair competition based on misappropriation of confidential information that is not a trade secret. But this Court does not read the language in Orea II as inviting additional expansion of the doctrine of unfair competition, and Plaintiffs cite no cases outside Arizona that recognize unfair competition as including theories of computer fraud, trespass, or conversion. Moreover, Plaintiffs have separately asserted claims for computer fraud, trespass, and conversion.

B. Defendant Will’s Objection

The R & R finds that Plaintiffs state a claim against Defendant Will for misappropriation of trade secrets. (Doc. 45 at 11-12.) Defendant Will objects, asserting that the FAC does not contain a plain statement of the claim that Will misappropriated trade secrets. (Doc. 47 at 1.)

According to Will, the R & R identifies six paragraphs that address the trade secrets claim against Will, two of which do not rise to the level of misappropriation— ¶¶ 38, 39 alleging access to client lists. (Doc. 47 at 2; ref. Doc. 45 at 11.) The R & R summarizes the remaining four paragraphs against Will as follows:

JDM alleges that he ... hosted an unauthorized webinar using JDM proprietary materials, (FAC, ¶¶47, 48), and postemployment with JDM, gained unauthorized access to “JDM web domains and, with that access secured, in November, 2013 ... illegally downloaded the content of those sites, including all of JDM’s training and educational videos! ]” (FAC ¶¶ 121-120).

(Doc. 45 at 11 (quoting FAC ¶¶ 47-48,120-121).)

Will argues that allegations that he “hosted an unauthorized webinar” (FAC ¶¶ 47, 48) cannot support a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets because on their face, the allegations relate to actions Will took “in July of 2013 ... through AAA” (FAC ¶ 47), which led to “an agreement to wind down AAA” (FAC ¶ 48.) The FAC alleges that AAA was at the time an LLC formed by Will and Plaintiff Josh Mellberg (FAC ¶ 40), “to provide sales and marketing training to agents outside of JDM” and “to market to and recruit agents to work with JDM.” (FAC ¶ 42.) Will contends that his actions cannot be misappropriation because he owned the entity with Plaintiff.

Will asserts that the allegation that he hosted a webinar “using JDM proprietary materials” is conclusory. A “plaintiff seeking relief for misappropriation of trade secrets must describe the subject matter of the trade secret with sufficient particularity to separate it from matters of general knowledge in the trade or of special knowledge of those persons ... skilled in the trade.” HTS, Inc. v. Boley, 954 F.Supp.2d 927, 944 (D.Ariz.2013) (quoting Imax Corp. v. Cinema Tech., Inc., 152 F.3d 1161, 1164-65 (9th Cir.1998)). The FAC does not distinguish the “proprietary materials” from general knowledge in the trade and fail to allege any facts whatsoever to identify what portion of the webinar constituted a trade secret.

Will also argues that Plaintiffs’ FAC allegations fail to plead sufficient facts to show that the information both

(a) Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and

(b) Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.

Ariz.Rev.Stat. § 44-401(4). Both are essential elements for information to rise to the level of a trade secret.

Will further contends that the allegations of downloaded “web content” are insufficient because the allegations suggest that the “web content” is not secret; rather, it is readily available to all of Plaintiffs’ clients. The “hallmark of trade secrets is their secrecy.” Householder Grp., LLLP v. Van Mason, 2012 WL 4513635 (D.Ariz. Sept. 30, 2012). Plaintiffs admit that the “web content,” including the “training and educational videos,” were “available on a password-protected basis to agents that register for and pay for JDM’s services.” (FAC ¶ 119.) Will argues that information accessible to anyone who pays for access is not secret. In addition, Plaintiffs have alleged no facts to plausibly support “trade secret” status for the content they make available on the internet. Furthermore, the FAC does not allege that Will ever “used” the allegedly illegal downloads of JDM’s training videos. {See FAC ¶¶ 122-126, alleging that Will was told to stop using a client list, had launched websites, and was using JDM’s third-party compli-anee consultant — not that Will was using the training videos.)

Plaintiffs respond that they allege suf-fieient facts to state a claim and that Will’s objections are at odds with the applicable pleading standard. (Doc. 51 at 4.) The FAC’s detailed identification and description of Plaintiffs’ trade secrets satisfies the notice pleading standard because it plausibly appears that trade secrets are involved. Plaintiffs are not required to disclose the actual trade secrets in the Complaint. For example, in W.L. Gore & Assocs. v. GI Dynamics, Inc. (Gore I), No. CV-10-8088, 2010 WL 5184254, at *8 (D.Ariz. Dec. 15, 2010), the complaint alleged broad categories of confidential information including “market studies, financial information, manufacturing methods, and [counterclaimant’s] future plans.” Id. The court found that these categories were sufficient to state the existence of trade secrets in light of Iqbal. Id.

Here, Plaintiffs’ allegations, like the categories of information alleged in Gore I, include misappropriation of their training materials, confidential client and marketing lists, advertising data, call center metrics, proprietary sales processes, metrics, and scripts, sales and marketing programs, advertising copy still in development, and password protected . training and educational videos. (FAC ¶¶ 24, 27, 39, 48, 61, 85, 88, 96, 105, 115, 117, 119.) Plaintiffs assert that the FAC also describes in detail the types of information that are secret {id., ¶ 24(a)-(k)), the effort, cost, and time it took JDM to develop the trade secrets {id., ¶¶ 22-24), and the efforts JDM takes to maintain the secrecy of its trade secrets {id. ¶¶ 28-31).

Plaintiffs allege not only that Will misappropriated the ideas or secrets behind Plaintiffs’ trade secrets but also that he systematically and wrongfully misappropriated physical manifestations and embodiments of Plaintiffs’ trade secrets. (See e.g., id. ¶¶2427, 39, 48, 55-58, 61, 64, 69, 75, 85, 88, 96, 105, 114, 115, 117, 119, 121.)

Plaintiffs further argue that even if some aspects of the trade secrets are publically available, that would not warrant dismissal of the claim. As the Arizona Court of Appeals observed in the Enterprise Leasing v. Ehmke:

Although matters of general knowledge cannot be appropriated as secret, a trade secret may consist of a combination of elements even though each individual component may be a matter of common knowledge.

197 Ariz. 144, 3 P.3d 1064, 1069 (Ariz.App.1999). Trade secrets “may consist of a compilation of information that is continuously used or has the potential to be used in one’s business and that gives one an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know of or use it.” Id. at 1068 (citations omitted). Thus, training videos, business plans, customer information, and marketing techniques can be trade secrets.

As to efforts to maintain secrecy, Plaintiffs argue that the owner of the secret information need only show that it made reasonable efforts to maintain its secrecy to ensure that it would be difficult for others to discover it without using improper means. Id. at 1070. The FAC alleges significant, reasonable and sufficient measures to protect the secrecy of the materials and information in issue. (FAC ¶¶ 28-30.)

Finally, The FAC alleges misappropriation of more than general knowledge; Defendants are charged with misappropriating and using J.D. Mellberg Financial’s actual, physical proprietary information— the physical manifestations of Plaintiffs’ trade secrets.

The Court overrules Will’s objection. The R & R makes specific findings regarding trade secrets, economic advantage, and protection of trade secrets, including references to website materials. (Doc. 45 at 7-10.) As the Magistrate Judge noted, these issues are common to the motions filed by all Defendants. At this stage of the litigation, the Court need not decide whether the “web content” is, in fact, a trade secret. As the Magistrate Judge found, the allegations of trade secrets are plausible on their face. (Id. at 11.)

Moreover, in addition to the paragraphs cited by Will, the Magistrate Judge noted additional allegations in the FAC directed at Will. Specifically, the R & R states:

JDM also alleges that Defendant Will approached Defendant “Impact Partnership to launch a web-based lead program that mirrors the JDM program and that clients and agents of Advisors Excel have received marketing regarding the lead program. JDM’s internal advisors also received this marketing.” (FAC, ¶ 122). Further, “Defendant Will launched several websites very similar to JDM sites.... ” (FAC, ¶ 124) and one of his websites “is purchasing AdWords and keywords identical in name, pattern, and volume to the purchases conducted by Defendant Fine in his former role as Marketing Director at JDM.” (FAC, ¶ 126). The allegations plausibly suggest that Defendant ... Will ... not only had access to trade secret information, but that [he has] acquired that information and [is] using it as well.

In other words, although the FAC does not specifically assert that Will used the training and educational videos, it asserts that he illegally downloaded them, and in the next paragraph asserts that Advisors Excel notified Plaintiffs that Will had ap-' proached The Impact Partnership to launch a web-based lead program, that mirrors the JDM program and that clients and agents had received the marketing regarding the lead program. (FAC ¶¶ 121, 122.) The FAC also alleges that Will had launched websites very similar to JDM websites. (Id. ¶ 124.) This is sufficient factual content to allow the Court to draw the reasonable inference that Will may be liable for misappropriation. Viewed in its entirety, the Court finds the allegations in the FAC sufficient to state a claim against Will for misappropriation of trade secrets.

C. Defendant Fine’s Objection

The R & R finds that Plaintiffs state a claim against Defendant Fine for misappropriation of the physical manifestations of JDM’s trade secrets. (Doc. 45 at 12-13.) Defendant Fine argues that even if, as Magistrate Judge Pyle found, Fine misappropriated the physical manifestation of trade secrets — i.e. specifically, spreadsheets compiling internet advertising data — the Confidentiality Agreement constitutes an unenforceable noncompetition agreement. (Doc. 48 at 1-2.)

In Arizona, an overly broad confidentiality agreement amounts to a non-competition agreement. See Orca Commc’ns Unlimited, LLC v. Noder, 233 Ariz. 411, 314 P.3d 89, 95 (Ariz.App.2013) (Orea I), depublished in part on other grounds, Orca II, 337 P.3d at 550 (depub-lishing ¶¶ 28-31). In turn, a noncompetition agreement must be limited in time and in geography or it is unenforceable. Orea I, 314 P.3d at 95.

In the FAC, Plaintiffs allege that Defendant Fine entered into a confidentiality agreement precluding him from:

disclosing] Confidential Information, directly or indirectly, under any circumstances, or by any means, to any third person without the express written consent of the Company ... [or] copying], transmit[ting], reproducing], summarizing], quoting], or making] any commercial or other use whatsoever of Confidential Information, except as may be necessary to perform [his] duties for the Company.

(Doc. 45 at 26 (quoting FAC ¶¶ 157, 158 & Ex. 1 §§ 5, 6).) According to Fine, the impermissibly broad definition of “Confidential Information” includes:

(a) proprietary information of the Company, (b) information marked or designated by the Company as confidential, (c) information, whether or not in written form and whether or not designated as confidential, that is known to me as being treated by the Company as confidential; and (d) information provided to the Company by third parties that the Company is obligated to keep confidential. Confidential Information includes, but is not limited to, client lists, financial information related to client accounts, discoveries, documentation, processes, know-how, marketing plans and other financial and technical information.

(Doc. 45 at 26 (quoting FAC Ex. 1 § 1) (emphasis added).)

In the Motion to Dismiss, the parties largely disputed the use of the term “know-how.” The Magistrate Judge adopted the Third Circuit’s definition of “know-how” that is sufficient to constitute a trade secret; it is not “ability” or “experience,” “but rather the compiled products of that ability and experience that had been recorded for repetitive use.” SI Handling Sys. Inc. v. Heisley, 753 F.2d 1244, 1262 (3d Cir.1985) (such compilations can be graphs, charts, drawings and other data). “The employee ability and experience that led to these developments, and presumably will lead to still further developments, does not belong to” the employer. Id. (“we do not think that, after employees leave, [the employer] can assert proprietary rights over their problem-solving ability or knowledge of mistakes to be avoided.”).

Thus, the Magistrate Judge reasoned that “know-how” as used in the Agreement here means the compilation, ie., physical manifestation of data or information, such as spread sheets, not mere knowledge. Furthermore, such a meaning is consistent with the allegations of trade secret violations that JDM has advanced. The Magistrate Judge also noted there no suggestion that the “discoveries, documentation, processes [and] know-how” as used in the Agreement are matters of public knowledge. If they were, then they would not fall within the scope of the Agreement because it specifically excludes “information that the Company now or hereafter voluntarily disseminates to the public or that otherwise becomes part of the public domain through lawful means.” (Doc. 45 at 27-28; FAC, Ex. 1, Sec. 8.)

In his objection, Fine reasserts that the Agreement is overly broad, and he cites to Orea I.

In Orea I, the employee Noder signed a confidentiality covenant that

prohibited Noder from ‘directly or indirectly circumventing] or competing] with The Company with regard to any Confidential Information.’ The Agreement defined confidential information in section 2.2 as ‘knowledge or information not generally known to the public or in the public relations industry’ that Noder learned from her employment with Orea that related to Orea, its business partners, or the business of its customers or potential customers. This included ‘any information [Noder] learn[ed] of, possessed] as a result of, or access[ed] through’ Noder’s employment. The definition excluded ‘publicly known’ information, information ‘readily accessible to the public in a written publication,’ but included information that was only available through ‘substantial searching of published literature’ or that had to be ‘pieced together’ from a number of publications or sources. In the event of a dispute, the covenant placed on Noder the burden of proving that information was not confidential.

Orca I, 314 P.3d at 92. The Court of Appeals reasoned that the

the Agreement’s definition of ‘confidential information’ extends far beyond the ‘truly confidential.’ The definition properly excludes ‘publicly known’ information, and further defines ‘publicly known’ as ‘readily accessible to the public in a written publication,’ but then includes within its ambit information that is available through ‘substantial searching of published literature’ or that has to be ‘pieced together’ from a number of publications or sources. The definition also includes as confidential, ‘any information’ Noder ‘learn[ed] of, possess [ed] as a result of, or access[ed] through employment’ with Orea.

Id. at 94-95.

Thus the court held that the definition of confidential information was overbroad because (1) it deemed public information confidential if the public had to do substantial searching or to combine information, and (2) it deemed confidential any information that the employee might have come across during her employment with Orea, regardless of whether the information was truly confidential. As to the first ground, the court stated that information available to the public remains public knowledge even if a member of the public has to expend substantial time to gather or comprehend it. As to the second ground, the court said that Orea cannot by fiat deem confidential all information Noder obtained through her employment with Orea. Id. at 95.

As noted, according to the Agreement here, “Confidential information” encompasses “discoveries, documentation, processes, [and] know-how, marketing plans, and other financial and technical information.” (Id.) In his objections, Fine argues that as the Confidentiality Agreement extends beyond the “truly confidential,” and includes all information “designated” or “treated” by the company as confidential. (Doc. 48 at 3.) He contends that it is overbroad because it purports to prevent him from using most, if not all, of the information he learned from his employment, including any information the company unilaterally designates as confidential and any information related to his or the company’s “documentation, processes, [or] knowhow” (among other things). This imposes an unlimited restriction against competing with JDM. (Doc. 48 at 3-4.) Even assuming the spreadsheets are confidential, the Confidentiality Agreement is, nevertheless, overly broad because, on its face, it includes much more than spreadsheets.

Plaintiffs respond that this Agreement is not like the one in Orea. This Agreement nowhere expressly defines as “Confidential” information that is available to the public; in fact, it expressly excludes such information. And the Agreement at issue here does not define as confidential “any information” acquired by Defendant Fine during his employment with JDM. As the Magistrate Judge held, “know-how” is a term of art typically used in confidentiality provisions to designate a subset of trade secrets or confidential information that is quite distinct from the general knowledge an employee may acquire during employment. See e.g., SI Handling Sys., Inc., 753 F.2d at 1262 (noting that while an employee’s “know-how” with regard to specific methods and techniques may be protected under trade secret law, an employee may still be entitled to use his “experience, knowledge, memory, and skill, which he gained” from his previous employment) (quotations omitted).

The Court finds that the Confidentiality Agreement here is not like the Agreement in Orea I. The Agreement in Orea I was overly broad on its face largely because although it purported to exclude publically known information from what was deemed confidential, it also, in fact, included information available to the public. The Agreement here may include items or information that are not truly confidential but does not do so necessarily. As the Magistrate Judge noted, the Agreement specifically excludes “information that the Company now or hereafter voluntarily disseminates to the public or that otherwise becomes part of the public domain through lawful means.” (FAC, Ex. 1, Sec. 8.) In other words, it does not contain an impermissible limitation on what constitutes public information. And, unlike Orca I, it does not define as confidential “any information” acquired by an employee while working for Plaintiffs.

IV. Conclusion

The Court will overrule the objections to the R & R. In addition, the Court has reviewed and considered the Motions to Dismiss, the responses, the. replies, the exhibits, and the R & R and, after an independent review, of the unobjected to portions of the R & R finds no clear error.

Accordingly,

IT IS ORDERED:

(1) The Report and Recommendation (Doc. 45) is ADOPTED;

(2) The pending motions (Docs. 22, 27, 30, and 34) are granted and denied as follows:

(a) Defendants Will and Fine’s Partial Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 22) is granted to the extent that Plaintiffs’ claims of unfair competition (Third Claim) and unjust enrichment (Fifth Claim) are dismissed. The motion is denied to the extent that they seek dismissal of claims under AUT-SA (Second Claim); claims for breach of contract (Fourth Claim); claims for breach of fiduciary duty/duty of loyalty (Sixth Claim); claims for civil conspiracy (Tenth Claim); and claims for aiding and abetting (Eleventh Claim);

(b) Defendant Impact Partnership’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 27) is granted;

(c) Defendant Godinez’ Partial Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 30) is granted; and

(d) Defendant Carly Uretz’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 34) is granted.

(3) Dismissed claims are dismissed with leave to amend, with the exception of certain claims for unfair competition (Third Claim). Claims for unfair competition regarding misappropriation of confidential information that do not rise to the level of a trade secret are dismissed with leave to amend; other claims for unfair competition are dismissed with prejudice.

(4) Plaintiffs may file a second amended complaint within 30 days of the date of this Order as set forth herein and in the Report and Recommendation.

REPORT & RECOMMENDATION

CHARLES R. PYLE, United States Magistrate Judge.

The following motions are pending before the Court: (1) Partial Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendants Jovan Will and Tree Fine (Doc. 22); (2) Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant the Impact Partnership (Doc. 27); (3) Partial Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendants Fernando & Geovanna Godinez (Doc. 30); and (4) Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendant Carly Uretz (Doc. 34). The Motions came on for oral argument on November 13, 2014. For the following reasons, the Magistrate Judge recommends that the District Court, after its independent review: (1) deny in part and grant in party Defendant Will and Fine’s Partial Motion to Dismiss; (2) grant Defendant Impact Partnership’s Motion to Dismiss; (3) grant Defendant Godinez’ Partial Motion to Dismiss; and (4) grant Defendant Uretz’ Motion to Dismiss. Background

This case was removed from State Court and a First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) was subsequently filed as a matter of right pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)(1). Plaintiffs are Joshua David Mell-berg, LLC, dba J.D. Mellberg Financial, and Joshua David Mellberg, an individual (collectively referred to . as “JDM” or “Plaintiffs”). Joshua David Mellberg is the owner and President of JDM. (FAC, ¶ 16). He is a nationally known financial advisor based in Tucson, Arizona, and “is a pioneer and leader in marketing and selling annuities via the Internet”. (Id. at ¶¶ 17, 18). JDM Mellberg Financial is a nationwide retail and wholesale insurance agency specializing “in capturing internet based leads and supplying them to a network of agents across the country. JDM began developing internet based marketing and sales funnels in 2009.” (FAC, ¶ 22; see also id. at ¶ 24 (JDM has expended in excess of $30 million refining its sales funnels)). JDM advertises and promotes the services and products that it offers, including annuities. (FAC, ¶¶ 20, 22). A significant portion of JDM’s advertising and promotional activities in the field of annuities is conducted on the internet. (Id. at ¶ 21).

The individual defendants are former employees of JDM. Also named as a Defendant is The Impact Partnership, which is a business entity that some or all of the individual defendants are alleged to have joined or otherwise furthered the interests thereof. {See e.g., FAC, ¶¶ 62, 75, 87-88, 118,138).

JDM alleges the following claims for relief: (1) violation of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1030 (First Claim) against all Defendants; (2) violation of the Arizona Uniform Trade Secrets Act (“AUTSA”), A.R.S. § 44-401, et. seq., against alj Defendants (Second Claim); (3) unfair competition against all Defendants (Third Claim); (4) breach of contract against Defendants Fine, Arceo and Godi-nez (Fourth Claim); (5) unjust enrichment against all Defendants (Fifth Claim); (6) breach of fiduciary duty/duty of loyalty against Defendants Fine and Will (Sixth Claim); (7) breach of duties regarding Alpha Academy Advisors, LLC, against Defendant Will (Seventh Claim); (8) trespass to chattel against Defendant Fine (Eighth Claim); (9) theft/conversion against Defendant Fine (Ninth Claim); (10) civil conspiracy against all Defendants (Tenth Claim); and (11) aiding and abetting against all Defendants (Eleventh Claim).

Pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), Defendants Will, Fine, Godinez, Uretz, and The Impact Partnership (referred to collectively as “all moving Defendants”) seek dismissal of JDM’s Second, Third, Fifth, Tenth, and Eleventh Claims for failure to state a claim. Additionally, Defendants Fine and Godinez seek dismissal of JDM’s Fourth Claim for relief for failure to state a claim, and Defendants Fine and Will seek dismissal of JDM’s Sixth Claim for relief for failure state a claim.

Standard

“Federal pleading rules call for ‘a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relieff.]’ ” Johnson v. City of Shelby, Mississippi — U.S. -, 135 S.Ct. 346, 190 L.Ed.2d 309 (2014) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2)). The complaint must contain a set of facts that serves to place the defendants on notice as to the nature and basis of the claims. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).

“ ‘To survive a motion to dismiss [under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6) ], a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face;’ that is, plaintiff must ‘plead[] factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’ ” Telesaurus VPC, LLC v. Power, 623 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009)); see also Moss v. United States Secret Serv., 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir.2009) (to defeat a motion to dismiss, the “non-conclusory ‘factual content,’ and reasonable inferences from that content, must be plausibly suggestive of a claim entitling the plaintiff to relief.”). Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) “can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir.1990), abrogated on other grounds by Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007).

“[T]he tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a complaint ...” does not apply to legal conclusions. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937; see also Telesaurus, 623 F.3d. at 1003 (pleadings that are no more than legal conclusions “ ‘are not entitled to the assumption of truth.’ ” (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937).) Thus, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conelu-sory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Moreover, the court “cannot assume any facts necessary to [the plaintiffs’] ... claim that they have not alleged.” Jack Russell Terrier Network of Northern Calif. v. American Kennel Club, Inc., 407 F.3d 1027, 1035 (9th Cir.2005).

However, the court will assume “ ‘well-pleaded factual allegations,’... to be true, ‘and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.’ ” Telesaurus, 623 F.3d. at 1003 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937. Determining plausibility is a “context-specific task ...” that requires the court to “draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Id. at 679, 129 S.Ct. 1937. A complaint cannot survive dismissal where the court can only infer that a claim is merely possible rather than plausible. Id. Trade Secrets Claim against all Moving Defendants (Second Claim for Relief)

All moving Defendants contend that JDM’s AUTSA claim fails to satisfy the notice pleading requirement of Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. All moving Defendants also argue that JDM fails to state a claim under the AUTSA for the following reasons: (1) JDM has failed to allege facts showing their alleged trade secrets are actually trade secrets; (2) JDM merely alleges that the individual Defendants gained “general knowledge and skills” while working at JDM and are using those skills to compete; (3) JDM fails to allege facts showing that it made reasonable efforts to maintain the secrecy of the information to which the individual Defendants had access; and (4) JDM fails to allege facts showing Defendants misappropriated the trade secrets.

“To establish a claim for misappropriation of a trade secret, the [plaintiff] must first prove a legally protectable trade secret exists. Arizona has adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act ..., which codifies the basic principles of common law trade secret protection.” Calisi v. Unified Financial Servs., LLC., 232 Ariz. 103, 106, 302 P.3d 628, 631 (App.2013). Further, the plaintiff must allege that the defendant misappropriated the trade secret through improper means. HTS, Inc. v. Boley, 954 F.Supp.2d 927, 943 (D.Ariz.2013).

Under AUTSA a “trade secret” is: information, including a formula, pattern, compilation, program, device, method, technique or process, that both: (a) Derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from not being generally known to, and not being readily ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can obtain economic value from its disclosure or use.

(b) Is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.

A.R.S. § 44-401(4). “Whether a trade secret exists is a mixed question of law and fact.” Calisi, 232 Ariz. at 106, 302 P.3d at 631.

AUTSA defines “misappropriation” as either:

(a) Acquisition of a trade secret of another by a person who knows or has reason to know that the trade secret was acquired by improper means.

(b) Disclosure or use of a trade secret of another without express or implied consent by a person who either:

(i) Used improper means to acquire knowledge of the trade secret.

(ii) At the time of disclosure or use, knew or had reason to know that his knowledge of the trade secret was derived from or through a person who had utilized improper means to acquire it, was acquired under circumstances giving rise to a duty to maintain its secrecy or limit its use or was derived from or through a person who owed a duty to the person seeking relief to maintain its secrecy or limit its use.

(iii) Before a material change of his position, knew or had reason to know that it was a trade secret and that knowledge of it had been acquired by accident or mistake.

A.R.S. § 44-401(2). Finally, AUTSA defines “improper means” as including:

theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy or espionage through electronic or other means.

A.R.S. § 44-401(1).

It is well-settled that “the policy supporting trade-secret law is to balance this public interest in competition in the workplace with the need for commercial ethics.” Enterprise Leasing Co. of Phoenix v. Ehmke, 197 Ariz. 144, 151, 3 P.3d 1064, 1070 (App.2000) (citing Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 481-82, 94 S.Ct. 1879, 40 L.Ed.2d 315 (1974) (other citations omitted)).

JDM’s theory of the case is that the individual Defendants, who are JDM’s former employees, “devised a scheme to steal JDM’s trade secrets and confidential information, attempted to destroy evidence of their theft, and are now using that stolen information in a competing venture.” (See e.g. JDM’s Opposition to Defendant Godi-nez’ Partial Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 38, p. 2); (see e.g., FAC, ¶¶ 11, 61, 75, 87, 88, 122)). JDM contends that the FAC alleges specific and individualized facts to place all moving Defendants on notice of the claims against them.

At the outset, the Magistrate Judge addresses the issue of protection of trade secrets and economic advantage which is common to the motions filed by Defendants Will, Fine, Godinez, and Uretz.

Protection of Trade Secrets. Defendants Will, Fine, Godinez, and Uretz argue that JDM fails to plead sufficient facts to establish that JDM took reasonable efforts to maintain the secrecy of the alleged trade secrets. “Just as the trade secret’s owner is obliged to establish that the matter is secret, it must also show that it exercised reasonable care to safeguard the secret.” Ehmke, 197 Ariz. at 150, 3 P.3d at 1070 (citing A.R.S. § 44-401(4)(b)). Thus, “the most important factor in gaining trade-secret protection is demonstrating that the owner has taken such precautions as are reasonable under the circumstances to preserve the secrecy of the information.” Id. (citation omitted). To satisfy this requirement, the plaintiff need only “show that it made reasonable efforts to maintain the secrecy of the information such as to ensure that it would be difficult for others to discover the information without using improper means.” Id.; see also id., 197 Ariz. at 151, 3 P.3d at 1071; Sunshine Media Group, Inc. v. Goldberg, 2010 WL 2899081, *5 (D.Ariz. July 22, 2010) (complaint survived motion to dismiss where plaintiffs alleged that manual containing trade secretes was stamped “confidential” on each page in bold and employees were required to sign a confidentiality agreement). Further, “the owner of a trade secret does not relinquish its secret by disclosure to employees on a necessary basis or by limited publication for a restricted purpose.” Ehmke, 197 Ariz. at 150, 3 P.3d at 1070 (citation omitted).

In the FAC, JDM sets out “some of the security measures invoked ... to protect its confidential information and trade secrets .... ” (FAC, ¶ 30; see also ¶ 31). Contrary to Defendants’ protestations, the measures are not mere formulaic recitations but are specific to JDM. Given that JDM has listed several measures to ensure .secrecy, Defendants’ arguments that not all employees were required to sign confidentiality agreements is an argument for summary judgment, not a motion to dismiss. JDM has sufficiently alleged that reasonable efforts have been made to keep the information secret.

Economic Advantage. Defendants argue that the FAC fails to set out facts plausibly suggesting JDM derived economic value from the alleged trade secrets not being generally known to others.

Independent economic value can be shown by “circumstantial evidence of the resources invested in producing the information, the precautions taken to protect its secrecy, and the willingness of others to pay for its access.” Religious Tech. Ctr. v. Netcom On-Line Commc’n Servs., Inc., 923 F.Supp. 1231, 1253 (N.D.Cal.1995) (citations omitted). “[IJnformation can have independent economic value even if there is no actual product on the market utilizing the information.” Leatt Corp. v. Innovative Safety Tech., LLC, No. 09-1301, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 37382, at *18, 2010 WL 1526382 [*6], (S.D.Cal. Apr. 15, 2010). Indeed, information can have independent economic value even if its value comes from a “negative” standpoint, such as “the results of lengthy and expensive research which proves that a certain process will not work....” Courtesy Temp. Serv. v. Camacho, 222 Cal.App.3d 1278, 1287, 272 Cal.Rptr. 352 (Cal.Ct.App.1990) (citation and quotations omitted).

Spring Design, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, LLC, 2010 WL 5422556, *5 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 27, 2010).

JDM alleges that it began developing internet based marketing and sales funnels in 2009, has expended over $30 million refining its sales funnels, and its “business advantage is derived in part from confidential and proprietary information and practice, and from trade secrets that it has developed in its long history of business[ ]”. (FAC, ¶¶ 22-24, 24(a)-24(k)). JDM also alleges that it derives significant economic value from the fact that its confidential information and trade secrets are not known to its competitors and cannot be readily ascertained from public sources. (FAC, 1Í26). According, to JDM its business advantage is derived, in part, from its relationships with customers and potential customers, for its agent training materials, agent support and marketing services, and its reputation with those customers and potential customers. (FAC, ¶27). JDM persuasively points out that the allegations in the FAC, “combined with the ... fact that the Plaintiffs are businesses ..., plausibly suggest that the trade secrets [at issue] have economic value.” (Doc. 38, p. 14). JDM’s allegations satisfy sufficiently allege economic advantage in support of its misappropriation claim.

Alleged trade secrets. “A plaintiff seeking relief for misappropriation of trade secrets must describe the ‘subject matter of the trade secret with sufficient particularity to separate it from matters of general knowledge in the trade or of special knowledge of those persons ... skilled in the trade.’ ” HTS Inc., 954 F.Supp.2d at 944 (quoting Imax Corp. v. Cinema Tech. Inc., 152 F.3d 1161, 1164-65 (9th Cir.1998) (internal citations omitted)). In the FAC, JDM specifically identifies “[t]he confidential information and trade secrets regarding JDM’s sales and marketing funnels .... ” (See FAC, ¶ 24(a)-(k)). The allegations include:

Pay per click advertising designed to convert views to website visits that has been put through a rigorous compliance process developed specifically for JDM for this type of product and industry. Pay per click advertising must create a response based upon just a few key words or phrases.

(FAC, ¶ 24(a));

Knowing when and where to use pay per click advertising to increase consumer response and decrease advertising costs. Incredible amounts of money can be wasted by advertising at the wrong place or time. Knowing what words, word combinations, phrases, titles, topics on what websites or combination of websites at different times of the day, week, or month is critical. This has taken JDM years to develop at tremendous expense — JDM has spent over $30 million on such advertising.

(FAC, ¶ 24(b));

E-mails designed to convert to website visits that have been put through a rigorous compliance process developed specifically for this type of product and industry. Development includes knowing what copy to use in the subject line, what headlines to use, what copy to use for the body of the e-mail, and what calls to action to sue [sic]. If any one of these factors is missing or “off’, then the entire e-mail may be ineffective. Development also includes knowing what topics to use relative to current events and how to blend different topics for best response.

(FAC, ¶ 24(c));

Knowing when and where to use e-mail advertising to increase consumer response and decrease advertising- costs. E-mails must be sent to the right demographics, at the right time (relative to time of day, current events, and days of the week also taking into account holidays). This has also taken years to develop at great expense.

(FAC, ¶ 24(d));

Website landing pages [of which] ... [c]ritieal components include specific words, phrases, titles, topics, and videos as well as almost innumerable combinations of them. Each component has been tested and tracked to determine what gets the best response from consumers taking into account variables such at [sic] what e-mails and pay per click ads they are used in conjunction with.

(FAC, 24(e));

... Call center staffing and activity [which] must be closely coordinated to current advertising volume and message. All aspects of call center performance have been tracked and measured to improve performance including call response times, time of day, clients called, number of clients called, number of times clients called, frequency of client calls, coordinating client calls with emails and timing of appointments set.

(FAC, ¶ 24(f));

Training for financial advisors that teaches them JDM’s sales process, including specific messaging for each appointment with the client. Critical aspects include what to say to clients under different circumstances, at what stage in the sale process to introduce different concepts, income planning to maximize value to the client, and the psychology of annuity buyers.

(FAC, ¶ 24(j); see also FAC, 1Hi24(g)-(h) and (k) (regarding sales processes and training techniques)).

Defendants Will, Fine, Godinez, and Ur-etz take issue with the fact that JDM combines reference to “confidential information and trade secrets” in the same allegation, asserting that that the FAC fails to put them on notice as to what the actual trade secrets are that they are alleged to have misappropriated. However, as discussed below, JDM does not rely on paragraph 24 and its sub-parts, alone, to identify the trade secrets that Defendants Will, Fine, Godinez and Uretz are alleged to have misappropriated. Instead, JDM asserts that Defendants Will, Fine, Godi-nez, and Uretz misappropriated the physical manifestations of trade secrets. Because the information that each of the individual moving defendants is alleged to have misappropriated is, for the most part, unique to the individual, the Magistrate Judge discusses each motion to dismiss the AUTSA claim separately with regard to the each of the moving Defendants.

Defendants Will and Fine’s Motion to Dismiss AUTSA Claim. At the outset, Defendants Will and Fine contend that “[a]s a matter of law” websites, website design, internet advertising, and keywords cannot be considered trade secrets. (Doc. 36, p. 3 (citing Wyatt Technology Corp. v. Malvern Instruments, Inc., 2009 WL 2365647, *21 (C.D.Cal. July 29, 2009), aff'd 526 Fed.Appx. 761 (9th Cir.2013))). However, Wyatt was decided on summary judgment and the court relied on affidavits to conclude that “relevant search terms of the ... industry and other keywords are publicly disclosed and publicly accessible.” Wyatt Technology Corp., 2009 WL 2365647 at *21 (citing affidavits for conclusion that website is public, keywords are publicly accessible, and other competitors use the same phrasing on their websites). Defendants Will and Fine assert that “[t]he Court may take judicial notice ... that the so-called ‘secrets’ to successful pay per click and e-mail advertising and website landing pages, are readily available to anyone who enters those very terms in a ‘Google’ search.” (Doc. 29, p. 3 n. 2) At best, Defendants’ arguments on this issue are premature at this stage in the litigation.

JDM asserts in its Opposition to Defendant Will and Fine’s Motion that the allegations are “not that Defendants have simply misappropriated the ideas or secrets behind Plaintiffs’ various trade secrets, but that Defendants have systematically and wrongfully misappropriated the physical manifestations of Plaintiffs’ trade secrets.” (JDM’s Opposition to Defendant Will and Fine’s Motion (Doc. 29, p. 4) (citing FAC, ¶¶ 24-27, 39, 55-58, 61, 64, 69, 75, 96, 114, 115,117,119,121)).

As to Defendant Will, JDM alleges that he “had access to” confidential client and marketing lists and access to the confidential client/agent list of Advisor Excel, which is a product partner/vender to JDM (FAC, ¶ 39; see also FAC, ¶ 38), hosted an unauthorized webinar using JDM proprietary materials, (FAC, ¶¶ 47, 48), and post-employment with JDM, gained unauthorized access to “JDM web domáins and, with that access secured, in November, 2013 ... illegally downloaded the content of those sites, including all of JDM’s training and educational videos[ ]” (FAC, ¶¶ 121-120). JDM stresses, “at the pleading stage, what matters is that it is ‘plausible on its face’ that these items constitute protectable trade secrets.” (Doc. 29, p. 4). This Court agrees. “[A] trade secret may consist of a compilation of information that is continuously used or has the potential to be used in one’s business and that gives one an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know of or use it.” Ehmke, 197 Ariz. at 148, 151, 3 P.3d at 1068 (holding car rental company’s worksheet, reflecting substantial market-research investment by plaintiff delineating factors helpful to managing a successful branch office, “as a whole is an original product containing an arrangement of factors that provides [plaintiff] a competitive advantage” unique to the plaintiff); see also Prudential Ins. Co. v. Pochiro, 153 Ariz. 368, 371, 736 P.2d 1180, 1183 (App.1987) (“ ‘A list of customers, if their trade and patronage have been secured by years of business effort and advertising and the expenditure of time and money, constitutes an important part of a business and is in the nature of a trade secret.’ ”) (quoting Town & Country House & Homes Service, Inc. v. Evans, 150 Conn. 314, 319, 189 A.2d 390, 393-394 (1963)); Amex Distributing Co., Inc. v. Mascari, 150 Ariz. 510, 516, 724 P.2d 596, 602 (1986) (“[i]f customer information is truly confidential, and to a substantial degree inaccessible, it may be given