Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER SAFFELS, District Judge. This matter is before the court on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment in both of the above-captioned companion cases. Because case no. 89-4014-S and case no. 89-4015-S involve the same fundamental questions of fact and law, and seek the same relief, these cases will be consolidated for purposes of considering the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 42(a); Ringwald v. Harris, 675 F.2d 768, 770-71 (5th Cir.1982); Wilson v. Watson, 309 F.Supp. 263, 268 (D.Kan.1968). In these actions, this court is once again asked to interpret the subscriber privacy provisions of the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 (hereafter referred to as “the Cable Act” or “the Act”), 47 U.S.C. §§ 521 et seq, Plaintiffs Reid Scofield (“Scofield”) and Debbie D. Anderson (“Anderson”) allege that defendant TeleCa-ble of Overland Park, Inc. (“TeleCable”), which provided cable television services to their respective residences, violated the disclosure and record-keeping provisions of Section 551 of the Cable Act. Because the court finds that oral argument would not be of material assistance in its determination of the motions before it, defendant’s requests for oral argument are denied. D.Kan. 206(d). I. Statement of Facts: Scofield For purposes of the parties’ present motions, the court finds the following facts to be uncontroverted. On February 21, 1985, defendant TeleCable of Overland Park, Inc. (“TeleCable”) entered into an agreement to provide cable television service at 10745 Barton, Overland Park, Kansas to plaintiffs Reid Scofield (“Scofield”). On February 21, 1985, TeleCable began to provide Scofield “cable service,” as that term is defined in the Act. The service provided by TeleCable included video programming and rebroadcast of the television broadcast signals of local Kansas City television stations. At all relevant times, TeleCable was a “cable operator” as that term is used in the Act. From February 21, 1985, until the cable service was disconnected on December 28, 1988 at 10745 Barton, Overland Park, Kansas, Scofield was a “subscriber” of the cable service provided by TeleCable. On January 6, 1989, Scofield’s cable service was reconnected at another address where he is still a subscriber at present; Sco-field’s subscription has been continuous since 1985. During the time that Scofield received cable service from TeleCable, he never requested new, improved, or expanded cable service, except by his use of pay-per-view service. It is undisputed that Sco-field has never given written consent or “electronic consent” (as that term is defined in the Act) for TeleCable to disclose personally identifiable information concerning him. In this action, Scofield alleges that he never received an SPN from TeleCable when he first began subscribing to TeleCa-ble’s services in February 1985. In his amended complaint, he also alleges that he did not receive an annual notice in May 1988, as required by the Act. It is, however, essentially undisputed that TeleCable sent subscriber privacy notices annually to all of its subscribers, including Scofield, in connection with its May billing for cable service in 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1988. It is also undisputed that Scofield received and paid his May bill for cable service each year, from 1985 through 1988. As stated above, TeleCable sends an SPN to all subscribers annually along with May bills for cable service. Actual insertion and mailing of the SPNs is done by CableData, TeleCable’s billing contractor. Since prior to 1985, the process for mailing and inserting the SPNs has been automated and subject to multiple quality control procedures to guarantee accuracy and reliability. Inserts are given a reference number and “insert plans” are prepared several weeks in advance of the scheduled mailing. Billing data, stored on magnetic tap and updated every month, is used to generate bills. Cartons of inserts are delivered to inserting machines in CableData’s Insert Receiving Department at the same time the printed statements for a particular insert plan are received from the laser printers. The “Insert Stager” verifies the inserts for each plan according to insert identification number. During the inserting process for each insert plan, CableData’s Quality Control Group opens a random sample of envelopes to check that the proper inserts are enclosed. Further, after insertions are complete the trays of envelopes are weighed to check that all programmed inserts were actually inserted. CableData mails approximately 25 million bills for cable service each month and approximately 40 million inserts. All pre-1989 notices sent by TeleCable to its subscribers are basically the same. The subscriber privacy notice issued by TeleCa-ble from 1985 through 1988 (hereafter referred to as “the pre-1989 SPN”), set in eight-point type, stated as follows: TELECABLE Subscriber Privacy Notice As a subscriber of cable services, you are entitled under federal law to know the following: 1.In order that we may continue to provide reliable, high quality service to you, we keep regular business records that contain your name, address, and other personally identifiable information. Such records include billing, payment and deposit records, records indicating the number of your television sets connected to cable, and the service options you have chosen. We use this information to make sure that you are being billed properly for the services you receive. 2. We consider information we keep to be confidential. We may collect personally identifiable information from you and may disclose it to a third party if (a) you consent in advance in writing or electronically; (b) disclosure is necessary to render cable service and (c) disclosure is required pursuant to a court order and you are notified of such order. (For example, we may without your consent disclose your name and address to a collection service if required to collect past due bills). 3. Unless you object, from time to time, we may also disclose your name and address for mailing lists and other purposes permitted by law. We will not disclose the extent of your viewing or use of a particular service or the nature of any transaction you may make over the cable system, but we may disclose that you are among those who subscribe to a particular service. If you wish to remove your name from such lists or limit the use of your name at any time, please contact us at the system office. 4. We may also electronically test the system from time to time to determine whether you are being billed properly for the cable services you are receiving. 5. We will maintain information about you for as long as we provide service to you and for a longer time if necessary for related business activities. When information is no longer necessary for our purposes, we will destroy the information unless there is a legitimate request or order to inspect the information still outstanding. 6. You have the right to inspect our records that contain information about you, correct any error in our information, and enforce your rights under federal law. If you wish to inspect the records at our system office pertaining to you, please contact us to set up an appointment during regular business hours. #4664 2/86 On January 6, 1989, TeleCable, by its agent K & W, Inc., installed new cable service at Scofield’s new residence at 10193 Rosehill Road, Overland Park, Kansas. In conjunction with the installation, Scofield received another subscriber privacy notice. The parties apparently disagree regarding whether the SPN received at installation was in the pre-1989 or in the revised 1989 form. TeleCable disputes that Scofield received the revised 1989 SPN prior to a January 13 and 17, 1989, mailing of the revised notice to all TeleCable subscribers. The revised SPN (hereafter, referred to as the “1989 SPN”), states as follows: TELECABLE Subscriber Privacy Notice As a subscriber of cable services, you are entitled under federal law to know the following: 1. In order that we may continue to provide reliable, high quality service and maintain adequate records, we keep regular business records that contain your name, address, telephone number, and other personally identifiable information. Such records include billing, payment, deposit, complaint and service records, records of information you have furnished to us, such as the location and number of television sets connected to cable, and the service options you have chosen. We use this information to sell, maintain, disconnect and reconnect services; to make sure that you are being billed properly for the services you receive; and to maintain financial, accounting, tax, service and property records. 2. We consider information we keep to be confidential. We may collect personally identifiable information from you and may disclose it to a third party if (a) you consent in advance in writing or electronically; (b) disclosure is necessary to render cable service and other services we provide to you and related business activities; or (c) disclosure is required pursuant to a court order and you are notified of such order. We may make your records available routinely to employees, agents and contractors to install, market, provide and audit cable service; to an independent billing house to send bills; to a mail house to send program guides; to programmers and outside auditors to check our records; to attorneys and accountants as necessary to render service to the company; to purchasers in connection with a system sale; to franchising authorities to demonstrate compliance; and to collection services if required to collect past due bills. The frequency of disclosure varies according to business needs. We may also electronically test the system from time to time to determine whether you are being billed properly for the cable services you are receiving. 3. Unless you object, from time to time, we may also disclose your name and address for mailing lists and other purposes permitted by law. We will not disclose the extent of your viewing or use of a particular service or the nature of any transaction you may make over the cable system, but we may disclose that you are among those who subscribe to a particular service. If you wish to remove your name from such lists or limit the use of your name at any time, please contact us at the system office. 4. We will maintain information about you for as long as we provide service to you, and for a longer time if necessary for our business purposes. When information is no longer necessary for our purposes, we will periodically destroy the information unless there is a legitimate request or order to inspect the information still outstanding. 5. You have the right to inspect our records that contain information about you and to correct any error in our information. If you wish to inspect the records at our system office pertaining to you, please contact us to set up an appointment during regular business hours. Federal law limits the collection and disclosure of these records. If your rights under federal law are violated, you may bring a private action in federal district court to remedy that violation. In addition, the government may obtain disclosure of personally identifiable information by court order, if it offers evidence that such records are material to a criminal case, and if you are given the opportunity to appear and contest the evidence. TeleCable of Overland Park, Inc. 8221 W. 119th Street (66213-1209) P.O. Box 12922 Overland Park, Kansas 66212-0922 (913) 451-8787 It is apparently undisputed that TeleCa-ble has retained certain information relating to Scofield including: a copy of the initial work order (retained for one year after installation of service); Scofield’s name, address, and telephone number; Sco-field’s account number, initial level of service (premium channel and pay-per-view events) and the level or service at the time of disconnection; information relating to the location of the cable outlet, number and physical location of the cable outlets, date of installation, date of disconnection, billing dates, the aging of Scofield’s account, Sco-field’s billing and payment history, Sco-field’s refund history, record of requests to TeleCable; whether Scofield was an owner or renter; the date bills (and inserts) were mailed; converter record; whether Scofield was a new or “restart” customer; whether Scofield requested removal of his name from subscriber lists for privacy reasons; and tag numbers identifying individual subscriber drop lines. Although the parties choose to characterize TeleCable’s record-keeping policies in relation to subscriber information differently, the relevant facts are essentially undisputed. TeleCable has no written policy regarding retention and destruction of subscriber information. As set out in the SPNs, however, its general policy is to keep such information so long as TeleCable provides service to the subscriber and “for a longer time if necessary for our business purposes.” TeleCable’s principal repository of subscriber information is an electronic data base or Management Information System (“MIS”). Scofield has not contradicted TeleCable’s assertion that the computer program for TeleCable’s MIS directs the computer to display current information in a subscriber file and to drop information that is no longer current. Under the MIS, non-current information is periodically purged from the system to make additional disk space. Ledger data (billing data), for instance, is retained in the subscriber file for 60-90 days. TeleCable also has supplementary record systems. “Hard copy” is necessary for some data, such as the data on a work order which must be carried by the technician to the work location. The time period during which such documents are maintained varies depending on TeleCable’s asserted “business need,” for up to one year for installation work orders. Some “hard copy” items, such as disconnect work orders, are discarded immediately. The only “hard copy” item kept for longer than one year is the converter receipt, which is kept until the subscriber returns the equipment. TeleCable’s second supplementary record-keeping system is its historical ledger microfiche which preserves accounting data and supporting billing data in microfiche form for reference purposes. Each historical ledger microfiche contains billing records for over two thousand subscribers. Special equipment is needed to make copies, and TeleCable does not have such equipment in Overland Park. TeleCable presently has microfiche records for each month since the Cable Act was passed. TeleCable keeps two copies of its historical ledger microfiches, one copy at the corporate headquarters of TeleCable’s parent company and one copy at TeleCable’s system offices in Overland Park. The micro-fiches can be reviewed at Overland Park, but Overland Park does not have the necessary equipment to make hard copy from the microfiches. TeleCable has not yet destroyed post-Cable Act historical ledger microfiche for the stated reason that to do so would be contrary to federal law requiring retention of financial records. With regard to TeleCable’s release of subscriber information to third parties, the relevant facts are similarly undisputed. TeleCable generally states that it does not release subscriber names and addresses to any third party except in connection with rendering cable service, nor does TeleCable use subscriber names and addresses for any purpose except to render cable service. TeleCable states that information in addition to subscriber names and addresses is disclosed only to conduct “legitimate business activities related to cable service.” Specifically, TeleCable provides subscriber information to an independent billing house (“Cable Data”) to send bills and independent contractors installing cable service (“K & W, Inc.”). TeleCable also provides mailing labels to premium channels for purposes of sending program guides, to Johnson County Community College for mailings about credit courses available via cable and to consumer research organizations retained by NBC to recruit program research volunteers (through ASI Market Research, Inc.). TeleCable’s office hours at Overland Park are Monday through Thursday from 8:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., and Saturday from 8:30 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. TeleCable’s parent corporation occasionally conducts telephone market research surveys for TeleCable to determine current subscriber satisfaction. Survey data is listed in the aggregate, but seriously dissatisfied subscribers are identified to TeleCable’s local office to attempt to resolve problems with the subscriber. TeleCable has never received a request from a subscriber for subscriber information in TeleCable’s possession. If such a request were received, TeleCable has stated that it would most probably offer the subscriber use of a supervisor’s office to view such information. II. Statement of Facts: Anderson For purposes of the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment in case no. 89-4015-S, the court finds the following facts to be undisputed. On April 22, 1987, defendant TeleCable entered into an agreement to provide cable television service to plaintiff Anderson. On April 22, 1987, TeleCable began to provide Anderson “cable service,” as that term is defined in the Cable Act. The cable service provided included video programming and the rebroadcast of television broadcast signals of local Kansas City television stations. At all relevant times, TeleCable was a “cable operator” as that term is used in the Act. From April 22, 1987, until cable service was disconnected on June 1, 1989, Anderson was a “subscriber” of cable service provided by defendant, as that term is defined in the Act. During the time Anderson received cable service from TeleCable, she never requested new, improved or expanded cable service except for one month of free trial expanded service. Anderson was not at her residence when cable service was installed at her residence on April 22, 1987. Thus, if TeleCable provided a section 551 disclosure statement to plaintiff at installation, the statement would have been delivered to plaintiff’s husband, W. Bruce Anderson, through TeleCable’s subcontractor, K & W, Inc. The only persons present at installation (and thus, the only persons who know whether a disclosure statement was provided at installation) were plaintiff’s husband and an unknown cable installer from K & W, Inc. In this action, Anderson alleges that she never received a disclosure statement at the time of installation on April 22, 1987, or through early May 1987. TeleCa-ble, however, disputes this alleged non-receipt by offering proof of regular procedures used by TeleCable to assure routine issuance of such statements to subscribers at installation. TeleCable also states that a subscriber privacy notice was sent to Anderson around the first of May 1987, along with her bill for service from April 22 — May 31, 1987. In an affidavit attached to plaintiff’s summary judgment motion, plaintiff’s husband, W. Bruce Anderson, stated that he received the subscriber privacy notice attached to plaintiff’s complaint as Exhibit A in May 1987. In his deposition, however, Mr. Anderson stated that he was not sure whether he had received the notice in 1987 or in 1988. The subscriber privacy notice received by the Andersons and attached to their complaint as Exhibit A (hereafter referred to as the “pre-1989 SPN”) was one sent by TeleCable once a year to all subscribers until January 1989. Thus, if Anderson did receive a disclosure statement at installation (which Anderson in this action denies), the statement would have been identical to Exhibit A. On approximately January 17, 1989, TeleCable mailed, and Anderson received, a revised subscriber privacy notice (hereafter referred to as the “1989 SPN”). In this action, Anderson alleges that she did not receive an SPN in May 1988, as required by the Act. It is, however, undisputed that Anderson did receive and pay her May 1988 bill for cable service. Further, the facts contained in the Statement of Facts relating to plaintiff Scofield regarding TeleCable’s processes for annual mailing of SPNs are similarly undisputed here. As stated in the statement of facts regarding plaintiff Scofield, TeleCable has no written policies with regard to retention of personally identifiable information concerning subscribers. TeleCable’s practices regarding retention of subscriber information are largely undisputed by the parties. TeleCable has retained information relating to Anderson as follows: a copy of the work order for one year after installation; plaintiff’s name, address, telephone number; plaintiff’s account number; plaintiff’s initial level of service (premium channel and pay-per-view events) and the level of service at the time of disconnection; information relating to the location of the cable outlet, number and physical location of the cable outlets; date of installation and date of disconnection; billing dates; the aging of plaintiff’s account; plaintiff’s billing, payment and refund history; a record of subscriber requests to defendant; whether Anderson was an owner or a renter of her residence; the date bills were mailed and any relevant insert codes in connection with bill-mailing; Anderson’s converter record; whether Anderson was a new or “restart” customer; whether Anderson requested removal of her name from subscriber lists for privacy reasons; tag numbers identifying individual subscriber drop lines; a record of non-routine subscriber payments and information on work orders necessary to respond to the subscriber situation that generated the work order. All of the above-referenced information is kept in such a form that it is possible to determine that it relates to Anderson and it is presently retained by TeleCable, except for installer work orders and installer checklists which have been destroyed. The same facts contained in the Scofield Statement of Facts relating to TeleCable’s subscriber record-keeping systems also apply to Anderson’s case as well and are similarly undisputed. It is also undisputed that Anderson has never given written consent or “electronic consent” as that term is defined in the Act for TeleCable to disclose personally identifiable information concerning her. TeleCa-ble’s information disclosure policies are stated in the Statement of Facts relating to plaintiff Scofield. TeleCable has provided information related to plaintiff Anderson in the form of a work order to K & W, Inc., an independent contractor TeleCable has used to install cable service to approximately 25% of its new subscribers. TeleCable provided a mailing label to Jetson Midwest Mailers, Inc., so that Jetson could send an HBO program guide to Anderson. TeleCa-ble has also provided subscriber records relating to Anderson to its attorneys in connection with this suit. On five or six occasions over the last several years, TeleCable has also allowed Johnson County Community College to use its subscriber list to mail information to cable subscribers about the credit courses offered over the cable system by the college. Further, on several occasions over the last several years, TeleCable has allowed a local consumer research organization retained by NBC to use TeleCable’s subscriber list to recruit research volunteers for NBC. III. Summary Judgment Standard A moving party is entitled to summary judgment only when the evidence indicates that no genuine issue of material fact exists. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Maughan v. SW Servicing, Inc., 758 F.2d 1381, 1387 (10th Cir.1985). An issue of fact is “material” only when the dispute is over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). The requirement of a “genuine” issue of fact means that the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party. Id. Thus, the mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment. Id. The court must consider factual inferences tending to show triable issues in the light most favorable to the existence of those issues. United States v. O’Block, 788 F.2d 1433, 1435 (10th Cir.1986). The court must also consider the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Bee v. Greaves, 744 F.2d 1387, 1396 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1214, 105 S.Ct. 1187, 84 L.Ed.2d 334 (1985). IV. The Cable Act of 198k In 1984, Congress enacted the Cable Act to establish national policy and guidelines for the rapidly expanding cable television industry. 47 U.S.C. § 521. Section 551 of the Cable Act, entitled “Protection of subscriber privacy,” provides that cable operators are required to make certain disclosures to their customers regarding the personal information the operator retains, the purposes for which it retains that information, the circumstances under which the information will be disclosed to third parties and the time after which the information will be destroyed. Section 551 also provides for a private right of action by a subscriber aggrieved by a cable operator’s violation of the Act. In these actions, Scofield and Anderson allege three separate types of violations of the Cable Act by TeleCable. First, plaintiffs allege that TeleCable failed to provide a privacy disclosure statement both when their respective agreements for cable service were first entered into and in 1988, in violation of Section 551(a)(1) of the Cable Act. Second, plaintiffs allege that the disclosure statements contained in the subscriber privacy notices (SPNs) issued by TeleCable are insufficient to satisfy Cable Act requirements as set forth in section 551(a)(l)(A)-(E). Third, plaintiffs allege that TeleCable violated the Cable Act by failing to destroy personally identifiable information relating to them, as required by section 551(e) of the Act. A. Person Aggrieved/Standing The first threshold issue to be resolved is the question of standing. TeleCable contends that plaintiffs do not qualify as “persons aggrieved” under the Act because neither Scofield nor Anderson can demonstrate any actual or pecuniary injury from TeleCable’s alleged violations of the Cable Act. Section 551(f)(1) of the Act provides: Any person aggrieved by any act of a cable operator in violation of this section may bring a civil action in a United States district court. 47 U.S.C. § 551(f)(1). “Person aggrieved” is not defined in the Act itself. As a general rule, the term “person aggrieved” is interpreted as evincing a congressional intention to confer standing “as broadly as permitted by Article III of the Constitution.” See Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 409 U.S. 205, 209, 93 S.Ct. 364, 367, 34 L.Ed.2d 415 (1972). Further, it is recognized that a violation of statutorily created rights can confer standing under Article III, Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Org., 426 U.S. 26, 41 n. 22, 96 S.Ct. 1917, 1926 n. 22, 48 L.Ed.2d 450 (1976), even if no injury would exist without the statute. Jicarilla Apache Tribe v. United States, 601 F.2d 1116, 1125 (10th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 995, 100 S.Ct. 530, 62 L.Ed.2d 426 (1979). See Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 501, 95 S.Ct. 2197, 2206, 45 L.Ed.2d 343 (1975). Thus, the court finds that TeleCable’s proposed interpretation of the term “person aggrieved” as requiring that a plaintiff demonstrate actual or pecuniary injury as a prerequisite to bringing an action is contrary to the generally accepted meaning of the term as it is used in the federal statutes. The court further notes that the Act does not, by its terms, require “actual” injury as a prerequisite to bringing suit under the Act. The court also notes that, as a practical matter, actual injury from the violation of the subscriber privacy provisions of section 551 would be difficult to show. Although the court’s previous decision in Warner has been vacated, the court still finds its prior reasoning persuasive, as quoted below: In fact, it is difficult to conceive how a subscriber might suffer ‘actual’ injury as a result of a cable operator’s failure to timely provide the subscriber with the proper disclosures as required by section 551(a)(1). Yet, Congress did not limit recovery to those who are the subject of the violations under subsections (b) through (e). All violations of the Cable Act are actionable. The court finds that Congress intended to operate as a ‘private attorney general’ statute, similar to the Truth-in-Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq. 699 F.Supp. 851, 859 (D.Kan.1988), remanded with instructions to vacate, No. 1880-2820 (10th Cir., unpublished, Jan. 6, 1989). See also Herrera v. First Northern Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 805 F.2d 896, 901 (10th Cir.1986) (stating that injury is presumed from violation of TILA requirements and that no showing of actual injury is required under TILA) (citation omitted). Thus, the court finds TeleCable’s arguments with regard to plaintiffs’ standing to be without merit. B. Statute of Limitations The next threshold issue before the court on the parties’ cross-summary judgment motions in these cases is that of the appropriate statute of limitations. Section 551 of the Cable Act does not provide a limitations period for the subscriber’s private right of action for alleged violations of the Act. This is just one of many issues of first impression which the court must resolve in these actions. In its summary judgment motion, Tele-Cable contends that the court should borrow a limitations period from an analogous federal statute, namely the one-year limitations period contained in the Federal Truth-in-Lending Act (“TILA”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 1601 et seq. If the court were to seek a limitations period from state law, TeleCable argues that the court should apply the one-year limitations period of the Kansas Uniform Consumer Credit Code, which is analogous to TILA. See K.S.A. 16a-5-203(5). In the alternative, TeleCable contends that the court should apply a two-year limitations period, borrowing either from a federal statute, namely the Fair Credit Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681p, or the Federal Wiretap Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2520, or from the general tort limitations period under state law for actions for invasion of privacy, K.S.A. 60-513(a)(4). Generally, when a federal statute upon which a claim is based does not specify a limitations period, the court will apply the most appropriate state statute of limitations “if it is not inconsistent with federal law or policy to do so.” Wilson v. Garcia, 471 U.S. 261, 266-67, 105 S.Ct. 1938, 1942, 85 L.Ed.2d 254 (1985) (footnote omitted). See DelCostello v. Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 158, 103 S.Ct. 2281, 2287, 76 L.Ed.2d 476 (1983); Ebrahimi v. E.F. Hutton & Co., 852 F.2d 516, 519 (10th Cir.1988). The United States Supreme Court has, however, also endorsed the practice of applying limitations periods derived from analogous federal statutes when, for example, federal policies at stake favor application of a federal rule. See Agency Holding Corp. v. Malley-Duff & Assoc., Inc., 483 U.S. 143, 148, 107 S.Ct. 2759, 2763, 97 L.Ed.2d 121 (1987). In determining whether a federal limitations period should be borrowed, two factors are particularly relevant: (1) the availability of a limitations period in a closely analogous federal statute, and (2) when application of a federal limitations period is consistent with available indications of Congressional intent. See Wilson, 471 U.S. at 270, 105 S.Ct. at 1944. The court finds TeleCable’s arguments in favor of the application of the one-year statute of limitations from the federal Truth-in-Lending Act (TILA), 15 U.S.C. § 1640(e), persuasive. Applying the two-factor test from Wilson, the court finds that TILA is closely analogous to the Cable Act. See Warner, 699 F.Supp. at 859; Wilson v. American Cablevision of Kansas City, Inc., No. 88-1259-CV-W-JWO-3, slip op. at 3 (W.D.Mo., unpublished, May 29, 1989) (recognizing an appropriate analogy between TILA and the Cable Act in the context of denying a motion for class certification). Both TILA and section 551 of the Cable Act share the same general purpose of requiring meaningful disclosure of information to consumers. Both statutes provide that such disclosure should be clear and conspicuous. Compare 47 U.S.C. § 551(a) with 15 U.S.C. § 1602(j). As TeleCable points out, the civil enforcement provisions of TILA and section 551 are somewhat similar. Compare 47 U.S.C. § 551(f) with 15 U.S.C. § 1640(a). See also Agency Holding Gorp., 483 U.S. at 151, 107 S.Ct. at 2764 (citing similarity in civil enforcement provisions as persuasive in a decision to borrow a federal limitations period). Applying the second Wilson factor, the court finds that available indications of Congressional intent behind the Cable Act favor the application of a uniform federal limitations period. Congress had several purposes in mind in enacting the Cable Act, including to “establish national policy and guidelines for the rapidly expanding cable television industry,” Warner, 699 F.Supp. at 854; 47 U.S.C. § 521, and to eliminate any unnecessarily burdensome state regulation of the industry. 47 U.S.C. § 521. Specifically, section 551 was intended to “create a nationwide standard for the privacy protection of cable subscribers....” H.R.Rep. No. 934, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 76 (1984), reprinted in, 1984 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 4655, 4713. Given the federal uniformity concerns expressed in the Cable Act and specifically in enacting section 551, the court finds that applying the federal TILA limitations period, rather than either the state tort or the state version of TILA, would be most consistent with Congressional purposes. The court further finds that because section 551 requires that subscriber privacy notices be issued annually, a one-year limitation period should not prove unduly burdensome because each annual notice would trigger a new, consecutive limitation period during which a subscriber could bring an action under this section. The court notes, however, that application of the limitations period contained in the most closely analogous state statute, i.e., the state version of TILA, K.S.A. 16a-5-203(5) (providing for a one-year limitations period), would lead to a result identical to that reached by applying federal law. In their filings on this issue, plaintiffs make several arguments. First, plaintiffs contend that TeleCable has waived a statute of limitations defense by failing to cite a specific limitations period in its answer. Because the court finds that TeleCable has complied with Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure by generally pleading its reliance on a statute of limitations affirmative defense, Defendant TeleCable’s Answer at ¶ 17, the court finds plaintiffs’ first argument is without merit. See, e.g., Santos v. District Council of New York City, 619 F.2d 963, 967 (2d Cir.1980). Second, plaintiff Scofield initially argued that no limitations period should apply to actions under the Cable Act since no period is specified within the Act. Scofield has since retreated from this position in subsequent filings in connection with the parties’ cross-motions in his case. The court, however, will note here that some limitations period must apply to this federal cause of action. See Wilson, 471 U.S. at 271, 105 S.Ct. at 1944 (“[a] federal cause of action ‘brought at any distance of time’ would be ‘utterly repugnant to the genius of our laws.’ ”) (quoting Adams v. Woods, 2 Cranch 336, 342, 2 L.Ed. 297 (1805)). Thus, the sole question properly before the court is that of which limitations period is most appropriately borrowed for these private attorney general actions under section 551 of the Cable Act. See, e.g., Agency Holding Corp., 483 U.S. at 146, 107 S.Ct. at 2762 (applying the borrowing principle to import a limitations period for a federal cause of action). Third, plaintiffs urge the court to apply general limitation periods available under Kansas law for actions created by statute, e.g., K.S.A. 60-512(2) (providing a three-year period for “an action upon a liability created by a statute other than a penalty or forfeiture”) or K.S.A. 60-511(5) (providing a five-year period for “an action for relief, other than recovery of real property not provided in this article.”). The court, however, finds that applying either of these “catch-all” limitation periods would be inappropriate. As the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals has recently stated the matter in Ebrahimi v. E.F. Hutton & Co.: When borrowing a state statute of limitations, a court should look to the statute which most clearly addresses the same or similar policy considerations as those underlying the federal right.... ‘There simply must be a commonality of purpose between the federal right and the state statutory scheme so that it is reasonable to subject the federal implied right to the statute of limitations provided by state law.’ 852 F.2d at 520. The court finds that neither of the statutory provisions proffered by plaintiffs are analogous enough to their section 551 actions to merit application here. Fourth, plaintiffs argue that the limitations period contained in the state or federal versions of TILA should not apply because section 551 concerns record-keeping as well as disclosure. The court, however, finds that there is a substantial federal interest in applying a uniform limitations period to all private actions brought under section 551(f), whether a subscriber’s claims arise out of a cable operator’s alleged violation of the disclosure provisions of section 551(a)(1) or out of the information destruction provisions of section 551(e). This court has no desire to instigate the creation of the kind of “confused, inconsistent, and unpredictable” state of the law in this area that has occurred in the contexts of civil RICO and section 1983, when courts applied different limitation periods according to their characterization of the plaintiffs’ underlying claims. See Agency Holding Corp., 483 U.S. at 148, 107 S.Ct. at 2763 (citation omitted). Thus, the court will apply the TILA limitations period to all of plaintiffs’ section 551 claims in these actions. Finally, plaintiffs contend that the court should apply the doctrines of equitable estoppel or equitable tolling to relieve any statute of limitation problems in this case. The court, however, finds that plaintiffs have not demonstrated any basis for either equitable tolling or equitable estoppel in this case. Therefore, because both plaintiffs filed their respective actions on January 20, 1989, the court finds that the only issues before it concern the adequacy of TeleCable’s pre-1989 and 1989 SPNs, plaintiffs’ claims for non-delivery of an SPN in 1988, and plaintiffs’ claims that TeleCable violated section 551(e) by not destroying information about them. Plaintiffs’ claims that they did not receive disclosure statements at installation (in 1985 for plaintiff Scofield and in 1987 for plaintiff Anderson) are time-barred. The court finds that, on the undisputed facts, the remaining issues in this case are ripe for summary judgment. C. Adequacy of TeleCable’s Subscriber Privacy Notice Subsection (a)(1) of section 551 of the Cable Act sets out a number of specific requirements for subscriber privacy notices (SPNs). That subsection provides as follows: (a) Notice to subscriber regarding personally (1) At the time of entering into an agreement to provide any cable service or other cable service to a subscriber and at least once a year thereafter, a cable operator shall provide notice in the form of a separate, written statement to such subscriber which clearly and conspicuously informs the subscriber of— (A) the nature of personally identifiable information collected or to be collected with respect to the subscriber and the nature of the use of such information; (B) the nature, frequency, and purpose of any disclosure which may be made of such information, including an identification of the types of persons to whom the disclosure may be made; (C) the period during which such information will be maintained by the cable operator; (D) the times and place at which the subscriber may have access to such information in accordance with subsection (d) of this section; and (E) the limitations provided by this section with respect to the collection and disclosure of information by a cable operator and the right of the subscriber under subsections (f) and (h) of this section to enforce such limitations. Plaintiffs contend that defendant’s SPNs fail to meet the section 551(a)(1) requirement that the notice “clearly and conspicuously” inform the subscriber of the specific items enumerated in subsections (A)-(E). In defining the “clear and conspicuous” standard, plaintiffs contend that Congress intended to impose, in the Cable Act a strict standard similar to that found in the Truth-in-Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1632(a). Thus, plaintiffs argue that the required disclosure must appear in “a reasonably understandable form,” citing TILA regulations and Sneed v. Beneficial Fin. Corp., 410 F.Supp. 1135, 1138 (D.Haw.1976) (disclosure must be “readily understandable by the ordinary layman”). Specifically, plaintiffs contend that the eight-point type of TeleCable’s SPNs is too small, that the introductory language is “confusing as to what ‘federal law’ is involved,” and that the disclosure made in the SPNs is not full, complete or readily understandable in form. With regard to plaintiffs’ arguments that the SPNs violate the “clear and conspicuous” requirement under Section 551(a)(1) of the Act, the court finds that a general standard of “meaningful disclosure,” which governs TILA disclosure, should apply in evaluating defendant’s disclosure under the Cable Act. See Brooks v. Maryville Loan & Fin. Co., 679 F.2d 837, 839 (11th Cir.1982) (citing Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Cenance, 452 U.S. 155, 101 S.Ct. 2239, 68 L.Ed.2d 744 (1981)). Under this standard, defendant’s disclosure should be reasonably understandable to the ordinary person. Sneed, 410 F.Supp. at 1138 (applying this standard in TILA cases). With regard to plaintiffs’ specific arguments, the court does not find that the use of eight-point type for printing the notice in and of itself violates the Cable Act requirement that the written notice clearly and conspicuously inform the subscriber of certain required information. The court notes that under federal regulations, forms set in eight-point type apparently meet the analogous TILA requirements that notices be clear and conspicuous. See 12 C.F.R. § 226, App. G (1989) (Form G-5 — Rescission Model Form (When Opening An Account)). The court will, however, apply the clear and conspicuous standard in its consideration of whether the disclosure contained in TeleCable’s subscriber privacy notices comports with the particular requirements of section 551(a)(1). In defense of its subscriber privacy notices, TeleCable advances several arguments. Primarily, TeleCable contends that it should have no liability under the Act because it has acted in good faith in writing and disseminating its SPNs. TeleCable also contends that a lessened degree of scrutiny can and should be applied to its SPNs for two reasons. TeleCable argues that the legislative history indicates that Congress was primarily concerned with avoiding privacy abuses connected with two-way, rather than one-way, cable systems. Second, TeleCable argues that various statements in the legislative history regarding a “fair information practices” standard support applying a lesser degree of scrutiny in evaluating TeleCable’s SPNs. TeleCable also presents expert testimony from Dr. Alan Westin in support of its position that neither its SPNs nor its subscriber information practices violate the Cable Act. The court, however, finds that TeleCable’s arguments in favor of a lesser degree of scrutiny of their subscriber privacy notices must fail for several reasons. First, the court finds that the Act’s subscriber privacy provisions apply unambiguously to one-way as well as two-way cable systems. See 47 U.S.C. § 522(5)(A) (defining “cable service” as including one-way transmission of video programming or other programming service). Thus, if Congress had meant to exclude or apply a lessened standard to one-way cable systems it did not so specify in the statutory language. Second, the Act explicitly imposes the fairly rigorous standard that the notice “clearly and conspicuously” inform the subscriber of the specific items set forth in section 551(a)(l)(A)-(E); the court must, therefore, follow the express mandate of the Congress in evaluating TeleCa-ble’s compliance with the Act. Third, because the court finds that the language of the Act is clear and unambiguous, the language must be held to mean what it plainly expresses; the court should not resort to selective portions of the legislative history to interpret section 551(a)(1) requirements. Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 485, 37 S.Ct. 192, 194, 61 L.Ed. 442 (1917) (“It is elementary that the meaning of the statute must, in the first instance, be sought in the language in which the act is framed, and if that is plain, and if the law is within the constitutional authority of the law-making body which passed it, the sole function of the courts is to enforce it according to its terms.”) (citation omitted). See also 2A C. Sands, Sutherland Stat. Constr. § 46.01, at 73-74 (1984). Further, because the court finds that expert testimony is not necessary to interpret the clear language of the Act, the proffered report of Dr. Westin will not be given undue weight in the court’s decision. Last, because Congress did not see fit to place a “good faith” defense or exception in the Act, the court cannot deviate from the expressed intent of Congress to apply the exception urged by TeleCable here. Subsection (A) As quoted above, section 551(a)(1)(A) contains two separate requirements. First, subsection (A) requires the cable operator to clearly and conspicuously disclose in a notice “the nature of personally identifiable information collected or to be collected with respect to the subscriber.” Second, the cable operator must disclose, clearly and conspicuously, “the nature of the use of such information.” Defendant’s pre-1989 SPN contains the following disclosure: 1. In order that we may continue to provide reliable, high quality service to you, we keep regular business records that contain your name, address and other personally identifiable information. Such records include billing, payment and deposit records, records indicating the number of your television sets connected to cable, and the service options you have chosen. We use this information to make sure that you are being billed properly for the services you receive. Given the undisputed facts regarding TeleCable’s practices, the court finds that the TeleCable pre-1989 SPN’s disclosure with regard to the nature of information collected or to be collected is adequate to comply with the Act. As an initial matter, the court finds that the requirement that the SPN disclose the “nature” of the information collected does not by its terms require that each item of information be separately disclosed. The court notes that TeleCable’s use of the phrase, “other personally identifiable information,” coupled with the use of the phrase, “such records include,” followed as it is by a non-exhaustive list, could be considered problematic. The court, however, finds that because the evidence before it on the parties’ cross-motions does not show that TeleCable in fact collected or sought to collect information of a different nature than the types of information disclosed in the SPN, TeleCable’s disclosure of the “nature of the information collected” substantially complies with subsection (A) requirements. It therefore follows that TeleCable’s 1989 SPN, which (as quoted in the Statement of Facts relative to plaintiff Scofield) is more complete than the pre-1989 SPN, also complies with the Act. The court, however, finds that the disclosure in the pre-1989 SPN with regard to the nature of TeleCable’s use of subscriber information is too incomplete to pass statutory muster. The pre-1989 SPN merely states that the information is used “to make sure you are being billed properly for the service you receive.” In fact, Tele-Cable uses the information for more than just billing purposes. These uses are more accurately disclosed in the 1989 SPN which states that the information is used to “sell, maintain, disconnect, and reconnect services; to make sure that you are being billed properly for the services you receive; and to maintain financial, accounting, tax, service and property records.” Even this disclosure is incomplete, in light of TeleCa-ble’s use of subscriber information for various mailings, including program guides, and for Johnson County Community College class-related mailings, as well as Tele-Cable’s disclosure of subscriber information to a consumer research organization. The court finds that these additional uses not specified in the SPN are of a different nature than the uses disclosed in TeleCa-ble’s notices. Thus, the court finds that TeleCable’s disclosure in both the pre-1989 and 1989 SPNs violates the second requirement of section 551(a)(1)(A) that the nature of the use of personally identifiable information be clearly and conspicuously disclosed in the subscriber privacy notice. Subsection B Section 551(a)(1)(B) requires that the written notice clearly and conspicuously disclose the “nature, frequency, and purpose of any disclosure ... including an identification of the types of persons to whom the disclosure may be made.” In relevant part, defendant’s pre-1989 SPN states: 2. We consider information we keep to be confidential. We may collect personally identifiable information from you and may disclose it to a third party if (a) you consent in advance in writing or electronically; (b) disclosure is necessary to render cable services and other services we provide to you and related business activities; or (c) disclosure is required pursuant to a court order and you are notified of such order. (For example, we may without your consent disclose your name and address to a collection service if required to collect past due bills). 3. Unless you object, from time to time, we may also disclose your name and address for mailing lists and other purposes permitted by law. We will not disclose the extent of your viewing or use of a particular service or the nature of any transaction you may make over the cable system, but we may disclose that you are among those who subscribe to a particular service. If you wish to remove your name from such lists or limit the use of your name at any time, please contact us at the system office. The uncontroverted facts with regard to TeleCable’s practices concerning release of subscriber information to third parties are as follows. TeleCable generally states that it does not release subscriber names and addresses to any third party except in connection with rendering cable service. Tele-Cable further states that it does not use subscriber names and addresses for any purpose except to render cable service. TeleCable states that information in addition to subscriber names and addresses is disclosed only to conduct “legitimate business activities related to cable service.” Specifically, however, TeleCable provides subscriber information to the following persons: an independent billing house (“Cable Data”) to send bills, independent contractors installing cable service (“K & W, Inc.”), premium channels for purposes of sending program guides, Johnson County Community College for mailings about credit courses available via cable, and consumer research organizations retained by NBC to recruit program research volunteers (through ASI Market Research, Inc.). The court finds the disclosure contained in defendant’s pre-1989 SPN insufficient to comply with section 551(a)(1)(B) requirements. First, aside from the example of defendant’s possible use of a collection service to collect unpaid bills from a subscriber, TeleCable’s pre-1989 SPN is too vague and too general regarding the nature and purpose of its disclosure of subscriber information to third parties to constitute meaningful disclosure. It does not clearly and conspicuously inform the subscriber of TeleCable’s practices concerning disclosure of information to third parties. Second, other than the example of a collection agency, the pre-1989 notice does not disclose the types of persons to whom disclosure is made, other than as “third parties.” Third, the disclosure is incomplete (in terms of nature and purpose of disclosure and types of persons to whom disclosure is made) in light of defendant’s actual practices, as outlined above. Fourth, the pre-1989 SPN does not let the subscriber know how frequently subscriber information is disclosed. Although the court again notes that a dictionary definition is not controlling with regard to Congress’ intended meaning of any term, the court is struck by the precise nature of the word chosen by Congress for this subsection, i.e., “frequency”, which is defined in Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary as “the number of repetitions of a periodic process in a unit of time.” Id. at 455. The court finds the statement “from time to time,” is simply too general to comply with the rather specific requirements of the Act. Thus, the court finds that TeleCable’s pre-1989 SPN violates section 551(a)(1)(B) of the Cable Act. The court finds that TeleCable’s 1989 SPN also violates subsection (B) requirements. As an initial matter, the court notes that the revised notice is much more complete than the pre-1989 SPN. The court, however, finds that some of the defects of the earlier SPN remain. Specifically, the 1989 SPN does not reveal that TeleCable makes personally identifiable subscriber information available to Johnson County Community College or to consumer research organizations. The court finds that these disclosures are of different natures, to different types of persons, and for different purposes than those contained in the 1989 SPN. Further, the blanket statement in the third paragraph of the notice that TeleCable “may also disclose your name and address for mailing lists and other purposes permitted by law” provides no meaningful disclose regarding the limits of TeleCable’s disclosure of subscriber names and addresses to third parties. If, as TeleCable argues, it is merely attempting to inform the subscriber that the Act allows a cable operator to disclose certain information about its subscribers, but that TeleCable does not in fact give out its mailing lists to third parties, the notice should so state, clearly and conspicuously, as required by the Act. With regard to the frequency of these disclosures, the 1989 SPN is more complete than the pre-1989 SPN in that it states that TeleCable may make subscriber records “available routinely,” to a fairly wide list of persons stated in the second paragraph of the notice. The 1989 SPN also contains the general statement that “[t]he frequency of disclosure varies according to business needs.” The 1989 SPN retains the same vague language as the pre-1989 SPN in its third paragraph that TeleCable “from time to time” may disclose subscriber names and addresses for mailing lists and “other purposes permitted by law.” As stated above, the broad statements to the effect that TeleCable will disclose information whenever it wishes to do so are simply too general to comply with Congress’ specific mandate in subsection (B). Therefore, the court finds that both the pre-1989 and 1989 SPNs violate the Act for the reasons stated above. Subsection C Section 551(a)(1)(C) requires that the written notice clearly and conspicuously inform the subscriber of the “period during which [subscriber information] will be maintained by the cable operator.” Defendant’s SPN (the pre-1989 version) states: 5. We will maintain information about you for as long as we provide service to you, and for a longer time if necessary for related business activities. When information is no longer necessary for our purposes, we will destroy the information unless there is a legitimate request or order to inspect the information still outstanding. The undisputed facts regarding TeleCa-ble’s practices are as follows. TeleCable has retained certain information relating to plaintiffs Scofield and Anderson including: a copy of the initial work orders (retained for one year after installation of service); plaintiffs’ names, addresses, and telephone numbers; account numbers, initial levels of service (premium channel and pay-per-view events) and the level of service at the time of disconnection; information relating to the location of the cable outlet, number and physical location of the cable outlets, date of installation, date of disconnection, billing dates, the aging of plaintiffs’ accounts, plaintiffs’ billing, payment and refund history; a record of plaintiffs’ requests to TeleCable; whether plaintiffs were owners or renters of their respective residences; the date bills (and inserts) were mailed; converter record; whether plaintiffs were new or “restart” customers; whether either of plaintiffs requested removal of his or her name from subscriber lists for privacy reasons; and tag numbers identifying individual subscriber drop lines. All of the above information, which (with the exception of installer work orders and installer checklists) is currently being retained by defendant, is kept in such a form that it is possible to determine that it relates to a particular subscriber, such as plaintiffs. As stated in its SPNs, TeleCable’s general policy is to keep subscriber information so long as it provides service to the subscriber and for a longer time if necessary for related business activities. TeleCable’s principal repository of subscriber information is an electronic data base or Management Information System (“MIS”). Under the MIS, non-current information is periodically purged from the system to make additional disk space, e.g., billing data is retained in the subscriber file for 60-90 days. TeleCable also has supplementary record systems. TeleCable states that “hard copy” is necessary for some data, such as the data on a work order which must be carried by the technician to the work location. The time period during which such documents are maintained varies depending on TeleCable’s asserted “business need,” for up to one year for installation work orders. Some “hard copy” items, such as disconnect work orders, are discarded immediately. The only “hard copy” item kept for longer than one year is the converter receipt, which is kept until the subscriber returns the equipment. TeleCable’s second supplementary recordkeeping system is its historical ledger microfiche which preserves accounting data and supporting billing data in microfiche form. Each historical ledger microfiche contains billing records for over two thousand subscribers. TeleCable presently has microfiche records for each month since the Cable Act was passed. The court finds that the defendant’s disclosure in both the pre-1989 and the 1989 SPNs is inadequate to meet the requirements of this subsection. The court finds that the phrase, “and for a longer time if necessary for related business activities,” gives the cable operator a veritable “blank check” for retaining information and gives the subscriber no meaningful disclosure regarding what subscriber information is