Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION STROM, Chief Judge. This matter is before the Court on the memorandum, order and recommendation of the magistrate judge (Filing No. 27), the objections of petitioner to the findings of the magistrate judge (Filing Nos. 29 and 31), and the response of the respondent advising the Court that respondent had no objection to the report and recommendation of the magistrate judge (Filing No. 30). Neither party has submitted any additional briefs. Because of the amount of time which has elapsed since the filing of petitioner’s motion for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, a brief summary of the procedural history of this case is in order. On March 3, 1987, petitioner filed his first petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 (Filing No. 2). The respondent was ordered to file an answer and on April 21, 1987, filed a motion to dismiss or for more definite statement (Filing No. 5), which was denied on April 28, 1987 (Filing No. 6). Then the petitioner filed an amended petition on November 20, 1987 (Filing No. 11). On January 14, 1988, respondent filed his answer (Filing No. 13). On February 11, 1988, a scheduling order was entered by the Court (Filing No. 17). On January 11, 1989, the magistrate judge entered an order calling to the parties’ attention their failure to comply with his scheduling order and directing that it be complied with in ten (10) days, or show cause in writing why this matter should not be dismissed and counsel found in contempt or subjected to other disciplinary measures by the Court (Filing No. 21). The parties then filed a certificate of filing of the record and stipulation, as had been previously required by the Court. On October 20, 1989, the magistrate judge entered his memorandum and order (Filing No. 24), in which he analyzed each of the claims being made by petitioner, finding that they were without merit except the petitioner’s challenge to the aggravating factor set forth in Neb.Rev.Stat. § 29 — 2523(l)(d) as it applied to the sentence of death imposed upon defendant for the murder of Patricia MeGarry. The magistrate judge then stayed this action pending a final decision in Moore v. Clarke, 904 F.2d 1226 (8th Cir.1990), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 112 S.Ct. 1995, 118 L.Ed.2d 591 (1992). On July 15, 1992, the magistrate judge entered a further memorandum, order and recommendation (Filing No. 27), in which the Court recommended that the amended petition for habeas corpus relief be granted as to the petitioner’s claim that the aggravating factor set forth in Neb. Rev.Stat. § 29 — 2523(l)(d) is unconstitutionally vague as applied to the petitioner in the murder of Patricia MeGarry, and that in all other respects, the amended petition for writ of habeas corpus should be denied. That order further granted the parties forty (40) days from its date in which to file objections to the recommendation. The parties have filed their respective responses to the magistrate judge’s memorandum, order and recommendation, as noted above, and this ease is now ready for final decision. Initially in his amended petition, petitioner raised thirteen (13) claims as the basis for the granting of that petition. In petitioner’s brief, seven (7) of those were abandoned (Magistrate judge’s memorandum and order (Filing No. 24)). The six (6) claims which remain and which were addressed by the magistrate judge in his memorandum and order and to which petitioner has filed objections are: 1) Petitioner was unconstitutionally denied a jury trial on the issue of the death penalty in violation of the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States (¶ 12C). 2) Petitioner was denied his constitutional rights as a result of the three-judge sentencing panel’s use of a presentence investigation as its use denied petitioner his constitutional right to confront witnesses, to be represented by counsel, and to not incriminate himself, all in violation of the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution (¶ 12F). 3) Petitioner’s rights under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution were violated by the sentencing panel’s finding that petitioner’s crimes were “especially heinous, atrocious, cruel, or manifested exceptional depravity by ordinary standards of morality and intelligence, as an aggravating circumstance under Neb.Rev.Stat. 29-2523(l)(d) (¶ 121). 4) Petitioner’s right to a fair trial and due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution was violated as a result of exclusion of jurors with reservations concerning the death penalty (¶ 12K). 5) The petitioner’s conviction was based upon a confession obtained in violation of petitioner’s constitutional rights under the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments (¶ 12L). 6) The prosecution willfully and prejudi-cially withheld relevant and favorable evidence, thereby denying petitioner his constitutional rights under the Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution (¶ 12M). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 686(b)(1)(C), the Court has conducted a de novo review of the record in this matter as it pertains to these six claims, and they will now be addressed. 1) Plaintiffs claim that he was entitled to a jury determination on the finding of the existence of aggravating circumstances necessary to support the death penalty This claim is premised on the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Adamson v. Ricketts, 865 F.2d 1011 (9th Cir.1988). The magistrate judge rejected petitioner’s claim in a carefully reasoned analysis of Adamson v. Ricketts and the prior decisions of this Court. The magistrate judge’s opinion recognized that the Adamson case was the subject of a pending petition for certiorari which had been filed with the United States Supreme Court. That petition was denied on June 28, 1990, 497 U.S. 1031, 110 S.Ct. 3287, 111 L.Ed.2d 795 (1990). However, the day prior to the entry of that order, the Supreme Court decided Walton v. Arizona, 497 U.S. 639, 110 S.Ct. 3047, 111 L.Ed.2d 511 (1990). This case also addressed the issue of the right of a defendant to jury trial to determine the existence of aggravating or mitigating circumstances in a capital sentencing case. Walton’s first argument to the Supreme Court was that every finding of fact underlying the sentencing decision must be made by a jury, not by a judge, and that the Arizona scheme would be constitutional only if the jury decides what aggravating and mitigating circumstances are present in a given case. This was essentially the same issue raised in Adamson, supra. The Supreme Court rejected that argument, stating any argument that the Constitution requires that a jury impose the sentence of death or make the findings prerequisite to imposition of such a sentence, has been soundly rejected by prior decisions of this Court, citing Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 745, 110 S.Ct. 1441, 1446, 108 L.Ed.2d 725 (1990). The Supreme Court went on to state: Walton also suggests that in Florida aggravating factors are only sentencing “considerations” while in Arizona they are “elements of the offense.” But as we observed in Poland v. Arizona, 476 U.S. 147, 106 S.Ct. 1749, 90 L.Ed.2d 123 (1986), an Arizona capital punishment case: “Aggravating circumstances are not separate penalties or offenses, but are ‘standards to guide the making of [the] choice’ between the alternative verdicts of death and life imprisonment. Thus, under Arizona’s capital sentencing scheme, the judge’s finding of any particular aggravating circumstance does not of itself ‘convict’ a defendant (i.e., require the death penalty), and the failure to find any particular aggravating circumstance does not ‘acquit’ a defendant (i.e., preclude the death penalty).” Id., at 156, 106 S.Ct. 1749, 1755, 90 L.Ed.2d 123 (citation omitted). The Walton decision supports the magistrate judge’s analysis and decision. The Court now approves and adopts the reasoning of the magistrate judge as it addresses this issue and finds that this claim is without merit and should be denied. 2) Use of the presentenee report at sentencing hearing The substance of this claim is petitioner’s contention that he was deprived of his constitutional right to confront witnesses, his right to be represented by counsel, and his right not to incriminate himself by the sentencing panel’s use of a presentence investigation report. As the magistrate judge noted, the petitioner cites no authority to support his claim. However, the magistrate judge went on to carefully review the applicable case law, and concluded that this claim was without merit. The petitioner has not cited any further case authority but simply takes exception to the findings of the magistrate judge as set forth in his memorandum and order. Having reviewed the briefs and the order of sentence and commitment entered by the District Court of Lancaster County, Nebraska, the Court now approves and adopts the magistrate judge’s memorandum, report and recommendation on this issue, and finds that it should be denied. 3)The vagueness of the aggravating factor set forth in Neb.Rev.Stat. § 29-2523(l)(d). The magistrate judge found that this claim was valid as it applied to the sentencing of the petitioner for the murder of Patricia McGarry, but rejected petitioner’s claim that it also was a basis for invalidating the sentence of petitioner for the murder of Catherine Brooks. The petitioner’s objection is addressed only to that portion of the magistrate judge’s opinion as it relates to the application of this factor to the determination of the sentence for the murder of Catherine Brooks. Aggravating circumstance (l)(d) reads as follows: The murder was especially heinous, atrocious, cruel, or manifested exceptional depravity by ordinary standards of morality and intelligence. Neb.Rev.Stat. § 29-2523(l)(d). The Nebraska Supreme Court has recognized that this aggravating circumstance “describes in the disjunctive two separate circumstances, which may operate in conjunction with or independent of one another.” State v. Moore, 210 Neb. 457, 470, 316 N.W.2d 33 (1982). The magistrate judge in his memorandum and order of October 20,1989, recognized the two-prong nature of this aggravating circumstance and carefully analyzed the applicable law and the evidence as it related to this aggravating circumstance. The Court has reviewed the sentencing hearing (B.E. 3995-4053), the order of sentence and commitment (B.E. 4054-73; Ex. 2, Williams Trial Transcript), and the opinions of the Nebraska Supreme Court in the cases which have been cited in the magistrate judge’s memorandum and opinion. Moore v. Clarice, 904 F.2d 1226 (8th Cir.1990), in effect affirms the magistrate judge’s analysis and conclusions. The Court notes that, other than objecting to this finding, petitioner has pointed the Court to no specific case or to any evidence which supports his objection that the magistrate judge erred in his findings and recommendation. For these reasons, the Court will approve and adopt the findings and recommendations of the magistrate judge. 4) Death qualified jury. The magistrate judge disposed of this issue by reference to Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 106 S.Ct. 1758, 90 L.Ed.2d 137 (1986). The petitioner cited no authority in his initial brief nor has he cited any authority since which would dictate a different result. Accordingly, the Court will approve and adopt the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations as it relates to this issue. 5) Whether petitioner’s conviction was based upon a confession obtained in violation of his constitutional rights. The Court has reviewed the portions of the Bill of Exceptions relating to the suppression hearings (B.E. 136-500), has reviewed the opinion of the district court denying the motion to suppress the statements made by the defendant, and the opinion of the Supreme Court addressing that issue, State v. Williams, 205 Neb. 56, 69-70, 287 N.W.2d 18 (1979), and the findings and recommendation of the magistrate judge which carefully reviews the evidence, and the applicable law. While the petitioner in his amended motion for writ of habeas corpus requested an evi-dentiary hearing on the question of whether the defendant had made a request for counsel before he gave his confession, the magistrate judge noted that in neither petitioner’s request or brief, did he mention the grounds which must be shown in order to entitle petitioner to such an evidentiary hearing, see Warden v. Wyrick, 770 F.2d 112 (8th Cir.1985), nor did he make reference to any reasons why such a hearing should be required. In his objections to the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendation, no further showing has been made in this respect. The Court, having carefully reviewed the record in this matter and conducted a de novo review of the hearing held in connection with the petitioner’s motion to suppress, finds that the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations should be adopted and approved. 6) The prosecution willfully and prejudi-cially withheld relevant and favorable evidence. The magistrate judge in his findings and recommendations noted that a defendant when seeking habeas relief has the burden to prove that his rights have been violated, and he may not rely upon speculation and conjecture to satisfy this burden, Sargent v. Armontrout, 841 F.2d 220, 226 (8th Cir.1988). The magistrate judge then notes that the petitioner had not submitted any evidence to the Court supporting his claim and has not sought to expand the record. The only reference which this Court notes that petitioner has made to this claimed evidence are the summaries which he has set forth in his original brief on appeal to the Supreme Court of Nebraska (Exhibit 3, pp. 48-53). Nearly all of those summaries constitute petitioner’s paraphrasing of the exhibits to which he makes reference and upon which he premises this claim. The magistrate judge brought to petitioner’s attention his failure to submit this evidence to the Court and his failure to expand the record to include that evidence in his memorandum and order of October 20, 1989. Petitioner still has not asked this Court for leave to include that evidence in the record or to expand the record to include that evidence, but simply states “that the prosecution’s (sic) violated petitioner’s constitutional right to discovery of exculpatory and/or mitigating evidence by withholding certain, relevant and favorable evidence relating to petitioner’s insanity defense.” Petitioner has given this Court nothing to review in which to determine whether there is any merit to this claim. The magistrate judge in his findings and recommendations again has carefully analyzed the law, setting forth the petitioner’s burden and concluding that it was impossible for the Court to determine whether the referenced evidence was either favorable or material to the petitioner’s defense since the evidence had not been made available to the Court. In addition to reviewing the briefs of the parties, the Court has also reviewed the opinion of the Supreme Court of Nebraska (State v. Williams, supra, 205 Neb. at 70-72, 287 N.W.2d 18). Considering the record presented and the analysis of the magistrate judge, the Court finds that his findings and recommendations with respect to this issue should be approved and adopted. A separate order will be entered herein accordance with this memorandum opinion. MEMORANDUM, ORDER, AND RECOMMENDATION PIESTER, United States Magistrate Judge. This case was stayed in October, 1989 as a result of the pending appeal in Moore v. Grammer, CV84-L-754. The respondent has now filed a request to reactivate this case in light of the finality of Moore. See, Moore v. Clarke, 904 F.2d 1226 (8th Cir.1990) reh’g denied, 951 F.2d 895 (1991), cert. denied — U.S. —, 112 S.Ct. 1995, 118 L.Ed.2d 591 (1992). No opposition brief to the respondent’s motion has been received. The matter will, therefore, be reactivated. In my memorandum and order of October 20, 1989, filing 24, I discussed all of the petitioner’s claims, concluding that habeas relief should be denied with the exception of his claim challenging the application of aggravating circumstance (l)(d) to the murder, of Patricia McGarry. The Eighth Circuit’s decision in Moore confirms that this is the appropriate course. I shall, therefore, recommend that relief be granted as to that one claim, and denied in all other respects. Because this is a capital case, I shall provide additional time for filing objections to the report and recommendation, as incorporated herein. IT THEREFORE HEREBY IS ORDERED: 1. The respondent’s motion for decision, filing 25, is granted, and this case is reactivated and placed upon the active docket of Chief Judge Lyle E. Strom. 2. The parties are given forty days from the date of this order in which to file their objections to the recommendation which follows. IT HEREBY IS RECOMMENDED, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 636(b), to the Honorable Lyle E. Strom, Chief Judge, that the petition for habeas corpus relief be granted as to Claim 3, that is, that Neb.Rev.Stat. Sec. 29 — 2523(l)(d) is unconstitutionally vague as applied to the petitioner in the murder of Patricia McGarry. The writ of habeas corpus should issue unless the respondent initiates resentencing proceedings of the petitioner for the murder of Patricia McGarry, within a reasonable time following the entry of judgment. It is recommended that habeas corpus relief be denied as to all of the other claims of the petitioner as set forth and discussed in the memorandum and order of October 20, 1989, filing 24, which is hereby incorporated by this reference. The parties are hereby notified that unless objection is made within forty days after being served with a copy of this recommendation, they may be held to have waived any right they may have to appeal the court’s order adopting this recommendation. Dated July 15, 1992. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PIESTER, United States Magistrate Judge. The petitioner in this habeas action was convicted of two counts of first degree murder and one count of first degree sexual assault, and was sentenced to death by electrocution on each count of murder and to imprisonment for not less than eight and one-third years nor more than 25 years on the sexual assault count. The convictions and sentences were affirmed on direct appeal to the Nebraska Supreme Court in State v. Williams, 205 Neb. 56, 287 N.W.2d 18 (1979), and the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari in Williams v. Nebraska, 449 U.S. 891, 101 S.Ct. 255, 66 L.Ed.2d 120 (1980). These appeals were followed by two state post-conviction actions which ultimately resulted in three further appearances before the Nebraska Supreme Court. In his first post-conviction action the District Court of Lancaster County, Nebraska denied relief and that judgment was affirmed on appeal by the Nebraska Supreme Court in State v. Williams, 217 Neb. 539, 352 N.W.2d 538 (1984). Petitioner then filed a second motion for post-conviction relief which was denied by the district court. On appeal, however, that judgment was affirmed in part, and in part reversed and remanded to the district court for an evidentiary hearing on questions raised regarding a possible conflict of interest on the part of defense counsel who represented petitioner at trial, on direct appeal and in his first post-conviction action. State v. Williams, 218 Neb. 618, 358 N.W.2d 195 (1984). On remand an evidentiary hearing was conducted, after which the district court found that petitioner had failed to prove his allegations, and it denied relief. The judgment of the district court was affirmed by the Nebraska Supreme Court in State v. Williams, 224 Neb. 114, 396 N.W.2d 114 (1986). Petitioner then filed with this court the present action for writ of habeas corpus in which, by his amended petition, he raises thirteen claims; however, seven of those claims have been voluntarily abandoned by the petitioner in his brief in support of the petition. Therefore, the following six claims are raised by the petitioner in this action: 1. Petitioner was denied a jury determination on the finding of the existence of aggravating circumstances necessary to support a sentence of death. 2. Petitioner’s rights to confront witnesses, to be represented by counsel, and against self-incrimination were violated by the sentencing panel’s use of a pre-sen-tence investigation. 3. Nebraska’s statutory aggravating circumstance § 29-2523(l)(d) is unconstitutionally vague. 4. The “death qualification” process used in jury selection in capital cases, including petitioner’s case, denied petitioner a fair trial and due process of law. 5. Petitioner’s conviction was based on an illegally obtained confession. 6. The prosecution violated petitioner’s constitutional right to discovery of exculpatory and/or mitigating evidence by withholding certain relevant and favorable evidence relating to petitioner’s insanity defense. EXHAUSTION AND WAIVER Several of petitioner’s claims were not raised on direct appeal, although they could have been, but were raised in petitioner’s first post-conviction action. On appeal of that first post-conviction judgement, the Nebraska Supreme Court noted that all of the 33 claims raised in the action could have been raised on direct appeal but were not. State v. Williams, 217 Neb. 539, 540, 352 N.W.2d 538 (1984). However, the court then went on to examine several of the claims on the merits, which include the first five claims that petitioner has now raised in this action. In light of the recent decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989), absent a “plain statement” from the Nebraska Supreme Court that its determination is based on a state procedural bar, which is not present in this case, such claims are not barred from review in a federal habeas action. JURY DETERMINATION OF EXISTENCE OF AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES In his first claim petitioner contends that the Nebraska death sentencing statutes violate the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments by failing to provide for a jury trial on the existence of aggravating circumstances, which he contends are “elements of the capital offense.” Petitioner’s Second Brief at 18. The petitioner concedes that this claim has previously been rejected by this court on numerous occasions. See Harper v. Grammer, 654 F.Supp. 515, 533-34; Otey v. Black, CV82-L-665 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated February 3, 1987 at pp. 36-37, adopted, unpublished memorandum of decision dated April 7, 1987 (Urbom, J.) at 1; Holtan v. Black, CV84-L-393 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated June 25, 1986 at pp. 17-18, adopted, unpublished memorandum of decision dated November 5,1986 (Urbom, J.) at p. 10,1986 WL 12479; Moore v. Clarke, CV84-L-754 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated May 23, 1988 at pp. 29-30, adopted, unpublished memorandum of decision dated , September 20, 1988 (Urbom, J.). Cf. Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 384-88, 106 S.Ct. 689, 696-98, 88 L.Ed.2d 704 (1986) (requisite factual finding under Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 102 S.Ct. 3368, 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982) — that defendant killed, attempted to kill, or intended that a killing take place— need not be made by the jury, but may instead be made by a judge, either at the trial, or possibly the appellate level). In Harper v. Grammer, supra, Judge Urbom adopted the following language from the undersigned Magistrate’s recommendation as a. proper statement of the law: The identical argument for jury input on aggravating factors has been rejected by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals based on the facts of Spaziano [v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 104 S.Ct. 3154, 82 L.Ed.2d 340 (1984)]. Although the issue was not explicitly addressed in Spaziano, a judge, not a jury, in' that case determined the existence of aggravating and mitigating factors underlying the sentence. Adamson v. Ricketts, 758 F.2d 441 (9th Cir.1985). In Roach v. Martin, 757 F.2d 1463 (4th Cir.), cert. denied [474 U.S. 1039] 106 S.Ct. 645 [88 L.Ed.2d 637] (1985), the court found constitutionally adequate a capital sentencing statute under which the judge found the existence of aggravating circumstances in sentencing after a plea, even though a jury performed that sentencing task upon conviction after trial. Aggravating factors in the capital sentencing scheme are not elements of a death-deserving or “capital” crime. Adamson v. Ricketts, supra. By arguing that the aggravating factors are elements of a more serious, separate crime, the petitioner seeks to equate the capital sentencing proceeding with a trial on guilt or innocence and would demand the same safeguards, including a trial by jury. While it is certainly true that a capital sentencing procedure is deliberately unique from other sentencings, Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 605 [98 S.Ct. 2954, 2965, 57 L.Ed.2d 973] (1978), and must, unlike other sentencing schemes, be designed with safeguards to insure measured, consistent application and fairness to the accused, Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 [92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346] (1972), it does not follow that such proceedings require the constitutional protections identical to those provided criminal defendants at trial. See, Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349 [97 S.Ct. 1197, 51 L.Ed.2d 393] (1977). There is no Sixth Amendment to jury sentencing even where the sentence turns on specific findings of fact. See, McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79, [93, 106 S.Ct. 2411, 2420, 91 L.Ed.2d 67] (1986). This claim is without merit and should be denied. 654 F.Supp. at 533-34. As pointed out by the petitioner, the citations to Adamson v. Ricketts, 758 F.2d 441 (1985).in the above cited language are no longer an accurate reflection of the law in the Ninth Circuit in light of the recent decision in Adamson v. Ricketts, 865 F.2d 1011 (9th Cir.1988) (en banc), reh’g denied, Feb. 1, 1989, pet. for cert. den., 497 U.S. 1031, 110 S.Ct. 3287, 111 L.Ed.2d 795. In that case the Ninth Circuit, sitting en banc, held that Arizona’s statutory death penalty scheme, which requires a sentencing judge to find at least one aggravating circumstance before a defendant convicted of first degree murder may be considered death-eligible, “impermis-sibly identifie[s] elements of the crime of capital murder as sentencing factors for determination" by a judge, thereby removing their consideration from a jury, in violation of the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 1029. The petitioner in Adamson argued that Arizona’s death penalty statute effectively operated to create a “higher degree of murder — capital murder,” which is an offense separate and distinct from the four categories of murder which are formally and explicitly set forth in the Arizona statutes, those being first degree murder, A.R.S. § 13-1105; second degree murder, A.R.S. § 13-1104; manslaughter, A.R.S. § 13-1103; and negligent homicide, A.R.S. § 13-1102. According to petitioner’s argument, his death sentence was imposed only after he was found guilty of that higher degree of murder “by virtue of the judge finding two additional factors, specifically, aggravating circumstances A.R.S. §§ 13-703(F)(5) (a motive of “pecuniary gain”) (“(F)(5)”), and 13-703(F)(6) (murder committed in an “especially heinous, cruel or depraved” manner) (“(F)(6)”). In analyzing the petitioner’s argument the Ninth Circuit noted: The logic of Adamson’s argument, however, is sound only if the Arizona statutory aggravating circumstances are actually elements of a distinct crime. Adamson, 865 F.2d at 1024. The court began by noting that in accordance with the dictates of In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970), states are required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt all elements of the offense with which a defendant is charged. Further, the court pointed out that “the parameters of what constitutes an ‘element’ ... remain elusive.” Id. In determining whether Arizona’s statutory aggravating circumstances were “elements” of a distinct offense, the court examined the following: (1) the legislative history of Arizona’s death penalty statutes; (2) the actual role played by aggravating circumstances under Arizona’s revised statute § 13-703; and (3) the application of McMillan v. Pennsylvania, [477 U.S. 79 [106 S.Ct. 2411, 91 L.Ed.2d 67] (1986) ], the Supreme Court’s most recent pronouncement on the distinction between elements and sentencing factors, to this case. Id. In analyzing Arizona’s legislative history of its death penalty statute, the court noted that prior to 1973 it was the function of the jury to determine whether a defendant would receive “death or life imprisonment.” That decision, according to the court, was made at trial wherein the state “... allocated the burden of proof of the elements of the homicide — including the burden of proving mitigation — between the prosecution and defendant. ...” In other words, in Arizona prior to 1973, the jury determined the degree of murder based on evidence of mitigation, or lack thereof. Thus, the Ninth Circuit concluded that these mitigating factors could be viewed as one of the “elements” necessary to establish a specific degree of murder. Id. at 1024-25, n. 23. The court went on to note, however, that Arizona’s pre-1973 practices were not dispos-itive of Adamson’s claim. The question remained as to whether Arizona’s revised death penalty statutes deprived the petitioner of his Sixth Amendment right to have a jury determine all the “elements” of the charged offense. According to the court, Arizona’s revised statute indeed created the distinct offense of “capital murder.” The court stated: Under Arizona’s revised code, all murder is not capital murder. * * * While Arizona has formally subdivided murder into at least four categories ... it appears that aggravating circumstances in fact operate to create an additional category of murder. While the statute’s nomenclature (“aggravating circumstances”) suggests that they are mere factors guiding the judge in his or her determination of the appropriate penalty, all other indicators confirm that aggravating circumstances are additional elements necessary for a finding that a defendant is guilty of the distinctive offense of capital murder. * * * An aggravating “circumstance” which elevates a murder to a “death-eligible” murder in the penalty phase, remarkably mirrors the attributes of an essential element of the offense during the guilt phase of a trial. Like an element of a crime, an aggravating circumstance in the Arizona scheme informs the prosecutor what facts must be proven to obtain a conviction. The circumstance must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The hearing is adversarial, with oral argument and the prosecution’s presentation of evidence governed by the usual rules of evidence. The presiding trial judge must make findings on the existence or nonexistence of each of the statutory aggravating and mitigating circumstances. If the judge finds an aggravating circumstance, the burden then shifts to the defendant who must put on sufficient evidence of mitigation or the death penalty will be imposed. (Citation omitted). If the prosecution is unable to prove the existence of a single aggravating circumstance, like not proving an essential element, the defendant cannot be put to death. Id. at 1026-27. (Emphasis in original). Based on this examination of the revised death penalty statute, the Ninth Circuit held that Arizona’s “aggravating circumstances function as elements of the crime of capital murder requiring a jury’s determination.” Finally, the court stated that the Supreme Court’s opinion in McMillan, supra, its most recent pronouncement on what constitutes an “element” of an offense, added support to its holding in Adamson. After distinguishing the facts of the two cases, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the facts present in Adam-son’s case required a result different from that reached in McMillan. The most significant distinction could be found in the Supreme Court’s statement that if the factor alleged to have been an “element” of an offense in McMillan had exposed a defendant to “greater or additional punishment,” McMillan, All U.S. at 88, 106 S.Ct. at 2417 the result could have been different. According to the Adamson court, that is precisely what Arizona’s “aggravating circumstance” scheme accomplishes. The Ninth Circuit found that although first degree murder in Arizona is punishable by either death or life imprisonment, in the absence of a finding of at least one aggravating circumstance, the death penalty cannot be imposed. Therefore, the finding of that aggravating circumstance “exposes [defendants] to greater or additional punishment.” Adamson, 865 F.2d at 1028, citing, McMillan, All U.S. at 88, 106 S.Ct. at 2417. For the reasons which follow, I conclude that the Adamson decision should not alter this court’s past course relating to this issue. Despite any similarities that may exist between the death penalty schemes in Nebraska and Arizona, I respectfully disagree with the Ninth Circuit’s conclusion that the statutory aggravating circumstances are, in reality, “elements” of an unwritten offense known as “capital murder” and are merely masquerading as sentencing factors. Most importantly I do not agree with majority’s analysis in which it distinguishes the McMillan decision on its facts. The Ninth Circuit distinguished McMillan in two ways; first, it concluded that Arizona’s revised statutory death penalty scheme “in essence withdrew from the definition of its homicide crimes various ‘elements’ traditionally preserved in Arizona for jury determination ...” while in McMillan, “Pennsylvania had defined the elements of the enumerated offenses, as well as their maximum allowable sentences, at least ten years prior to passing the statute at issue.” Second, as noted above, the Adamson majority concluded that the Arizona statutory scheme actually subjected defendants to “greater or additional punishment,” a factor which could have changed the result in McMillan. Adamson, 865 F.2d at 1027. I would first point out that Nebraska’s statutory scheme never included a “statute allocating the burden of proving mitigation at trial” such as that repealed by the Arizona legislature in 1973 and referred to by the Adamson majority as evidence that Arizona had in fact altered the “elements” of its homicide crimes. Even if I were to agree with the majority’s assessment of that Arizona statute and the import accorded its repeal, the fact that it served to distinguish the Adamson case from the McMillan case is of no importance in the case before this court. Nebraska’s first degree murder statute, the elements necessary to establish that offense, and the possible penalty have remained virtually unchanged since 1893. Therefore that distinguishing feature found in the Adamson case is not present in this case. More importantly, however, I cannot agree with the Ninth Circuit that the finding of aggravating circumstances subjects defendants to “greater or additional punishment.” The majority states: The [McMillan] Court placed great emphasis on the fact that the Pennsylvania statute neither alters the maximum penalty for the crime committed nor creates a separate offense calling for a separate penalty; it operates solely to limit the sentencing court’s discretion in selecting a penalty within the range already available to it without the special finding of visible possession of a firearm. (Citation omitted). The Adamson majority then goes on to conclude that the above quoted language from McMillan is not applicable to the Arizona statutory scheme of finding aggravating circumstances. I do not agree. The language quoted above from McMillan is equally accurate if applied to a statutory death penalty scheme such as that in Nebraska. The finding of a statutory aggravating circumstance does not alter the maximum penalty for first degree murder nor does it create a “separate offense calling for a separate penalty.” It does serve to limit the discretion of the sentencing court “in selecting a penalty within the range already available to it.” The maximum punishment upon conviction for first degree murder is death. As noted by the dissent in Adamson, “the method of establishing that maximum punishment (Citation omitted) does not alter the maximum penalty nor create a separate crime calling for a separate penalty.” 865 F.2d at 1054. (Brun-etti, J., dissenting). The majority in Adam-son appears to me to have introduced a strained interpretation of what constitutes an “element” of an offense, an interpretation which, I believe, is not consistent with the Supreme Court’s analysis in McMillan. The State of Arizona has filed a petition for certiorari in the Adamson case in the U.S. Supreme Court. See, Lewis v. Adamson, 497 U.S. 1031, 110 S.Ct. 3287, 111 L.Ed.2d 795. In the absence of guidance from either the Supreme Court or the Eighth Circuit, I decline petitioner’s invitation to adopt the Adamson opinion. USE OF PRE-SENTENCE REPORT AT SENTENCING HEARING The petitioner asserts that the use of a pre-sentence investigation report at his sentencing hearing violated his right to confront witnesses, right to be represented by counsel and right against self-incrimination as guaranteed by the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments. Specifically, petitioner objects to that portion of the pre-sentence report which related to an alleged sexual assault of his former wife, Merilee Williams, which occurred only a few days prior to the murders of Catherine Brooks and Patricia MeGarry. Petitioner alleges that he was denied his right to cross-examine Ms. Williams with regard to the assault and that the evidence relating to the assault in the pre-sentence report was “simple hearsay.” That portion of the report was allegedly used, in part, to establish the existence of the second prong of aggravating circumstance § 29-2523(l)(a). For the reasons which follow I conclude that the petitioner’s claim must fail. Petitioner’s claim that the Nebraska death penalty statute violates the defendant’s right to confront witnesses has been previously rejected by this court on several occasions. Otey v. Black, CV82-L-665 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated February 3, 1987 at pp. 38-40, adopted, (unpublished memorandum of decision dated April 7, 1987) (Urbom, J.) at p. 1; see also Harper v. Grammar, 654 F.Supp. 515, 535-36 (D.Neb.1987) and supplementary memorandum of decision dated December 15, 1987 (Urbom, J.) at pp. 3-4; Moore v. Clarke, CV84-L-754 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated May 23, 1988 at pp. 10-13, adopted, unpublished memorandum of decision dated September 20, 1988 (Urbom, J.). Despite the absence of any authority cited to support the petitioner’s claim, I shall re-viéw the ease law applicable to this issue. The Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses is not absolute even in a criminal trial, a context in which the right is clearly applicable. See, e.g., United States v. Inadi, 475 U.S. 387, 106 S.Ct. 1121, 89 L.Ed.2d 390 (1986); Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 U.S. 15, 106 S.Ct. 292, 88 L.Ed.2d 15 (1986). In addition, and of particular significance, the United States Supreme Court has never held the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses applicable to sentencing proceedings. In fact, in Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 69 S.Ct. 1079, 93 L.Ed. 1387, reh’g denied, 337 U.S. 961, 69 S.Ct. 1529, 93 L.Ed. 1760 and 338 U.S. 841, 70 S.Ct. 34, 94 L.Ed. 514 (1949), the Court expressly declined to extend the confrontation and cross-examination guarantees to capital sentencing proceedings. See also Williams v. Oklahoma, 358 U.S. 576, 584, 79 S.Ct. 421, 426, 3 L.Ed.2d 516, reh’g denied, 359 U.S. 956, 79 S.Ct. 737, 3 L.Ed.2d 763 (1959). In Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349, 97 S.Ct. 1197, 51 L.Ed.2d 393 (1976) the Supreme Court reversed and remanded a death sentence that was based in part upon information contained in a confidential presen-tence report that was not disclosed to either of the parties. That decision, however, was not based on the confrontation clause. Instead, the Court merely held it to be a violation of due process to impose the death penalty on the basis of information which the defendant had no opportunity to explain or deny. This was done to ensure that the defendant’s due process right to be sentenced on the basis of accurate information was satisfied. See Gardner, 430 U.S. at 356, 97 S.Ct. at 1203; United States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 447, 92 S.Ct. 589, 591-92, 30 L.Ed.2d 592 (1972); Townsend v. Burke, 334 U.S. 736, 741, 68 S.Ct. 1252, 1255, 92 L.Ed. 1690 (1948). As the Court noted in Gardner, “The fact that due process applies does not, of course, implicate the entire panoply of criminal trial procedural rights.” 430 U.S. at 358 n. 9, 97 S.Ct. at 1205 n. 9. However, the Eleventh Circuit has determined that the holding of Williams v. New York, supra, should be re-examined in light of the “substantial revolution” of the constitutional requirements governing capital sentencing proceedings since Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972). Proffitt v. Wainwright, 685 F.2d 1227, 1252 (11th Cir.1982), modified on reh’g, 706 F.2d 311 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1002, 1003, 104 S.Ct. 508-509, 78 L.Ed.2d 697 (1983). In Proffitt the Eleventh Circuit held that “the right to cross-examine adverse witnesses applies to capital sentencing hearings,” 685 F.2d at 1254, but this holding was later expressly limited to the facts of the case, involving a damaging pre-sentence psychiatric report about the defendant. Proffitt, 706 F.2d at 312. Such a limitation is appropriate. When expert witnesses provide information in the form of opinions, “cross-examination is necessary not only to test the witness’s knowledge and competence in the field ... but also to elicit the facts on which he relied in forming his opinions.” Proffitt, 685 F.2d at 1254. In the ease of such expert opinions, cross-examination is perhaps the only way in which the reliability and accuracy of the opinions can be effectively tested. See id. at 1255. At the outset I note that neither party in this action submitted, as part of the state court records, the presentenee report at issue herein, nor has there been filed a motion to expand the record by the addition of that report. However, given the narrow basis upon which the petitioner challenges the sentencing hearing, I conclude that the presen-tence report is not vital to the disposition of this claim. First, it is apparent from the state court records which are on file that petitioner has never raised in state court the specific issue which is before this court in this habeas action; thus, it could be deemed waived. However, petitioner did raise broad, general objections to the use of the presentence report by the sentencing panel in his first post-conviction action and on appeal to the Nebraska Supreme Court from that judgment. (Ex. 7, pp. 5-6, ¶¶ 10-12, 25, 27, 33, and 34; Ex. 10, p. 1, ¶ 2; Ex. 23, pp. 24-28). Therefore, giving the petitioner the benefit of any doubt, I address the claim on its merits. As noted above, the Supreme Court has never held that the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses is applicable at sentencing proceedings. Williams v. New York, supra. At most, the Due Process Clause requires only that a defendant have access to a presentenee report and an opportunity to rebut, by explanation or denial, any inaccurate information in the report. Gardner, supra. In addition it is clear that Williams’ case does not fall within the limited holding of Proffitt. Unlike Proffitt, petitioner is not complaining of an inability to cross-examine a psychiatrist responsible for a damaging pre-sentence psychiatric report. “Due process does not require reconsideration of a sentencing decision ‘where the defendant is given a full and fair opportunity to reveal the inaccuracies in the information relied upon by the sentencing court and fails to do so.’ ” United States v. Manko, 772 F.2d 481, 482 (8th Cir.1985) (quoting United States v. Brown, 715 F.2d 387, 389 (8th Cir.1983)). Petitioner has not demonstrated how the sentencing hearing failed to provide him with a full and fan- opportunity to rebut the information relied upon by the sentencing panel. Indeed, from the state court records it is clear that the pre-sentence report had been reviewed by petitioner’s counsel prior to sentencing (BE 4055:2-7) and counsel made an objection to any use of the report by the sentencing panel, as well as objections to specific portions of the report. (BE 4009:21-25, 4010:1-11). The petitioner does not argue that he and his counsel were denied adequate access to the report. Nor is there any showing that any information relied upon by the sentencing panel was false, and could have been shown to be false with the help of the cross-examination of witnesses. There is no allegation or indication that petitioner could not have successfully rebutted the statements objected to, if they were in fact falsely made, without the presence of the witness. Finally, as noted earlier, the petitioner alleges that he was prejudiced by the use of that portion of the presentence report relating to Merilee Williams because it was relied upon by the sentencing panel in finding the existence of the second prong of aggravating circumstance (l)(a), “substantial history of serious assaultive or terrorizing criminal activity.” (BE 4060:24-25, 4061:1-4). However, even if I accept petitioner’s argument and find that the sentencing panel relied on improper evidence in the presen-tence report to find the second prong of aggravating circumstance (l)(a), this would not result in a recommendation for relief based on an unconstitutional application of aggravating factor (l)(a). There are two prongs to (l)(a), either of which may be found, resulting in a finding that the aggravating circumstance exists beyond a reasonable doubt. In discussing aggravating factor (l)(a), the Nebraska Supreme Court has stated: [T]here are two aspects to aggravating circumstance (l)(a), one of which may be proved by establishing prior convictions for “another murder or crime involving the use or threat of violence to the person” and the other of which may be proved by showing that the offender “has a substantial history of serious assaultive or terrorizing criminal activity,” irrespective of whether the offender was convicted for the conduct creating the history. State v. Birdhead, 225 Neb. 822, 836, 408 N.W.2d 309 (1987). ' In petitioner’s case, the sentencing panel found that the first prong of (l)(a) existed based on the fact that “the defendant was convicted of the felony offense of robbery in the third degree which involved a threat of violence to the victim, and the defendant was thereafter sentenced to an indeterminate sentence not to exceed five years at the Elmira State Reformatory in New York on September 22,1964.” (BE 4060:18-24). The petitioner has not challenged the factual foundation relied upon by the court in finding the existence of the first aspect of (l)(a); in fact, there is no objection in any form as to the finding of the first prong of that aggravating circumstance. Thus, even if I were to conclude that the panel improperly found the second prong of that circumstance, it would not negate the existence of (l)(a) in its entirety. Therefore, for all the reasons set forth above, I conclude that this claim must fail. VAGUENESS OF AGGRAVATING FACTOR 29-2523(l)(d) The petitioner challenges the constitutionality of aggravating circumstance (l)(d), alleging that it is vague and therefore facially unconstitutional. Aggravating circumstance (l)(d) is as follows: The murder was especially heinous, atrocious, cruel, or manifested exceptional depravity by ordinary standards of morality and intelligence. Neb.Rev.Stat. § 29-2523(l)(d). At the time of Williams’ appeal the first prong of aggravating circumstance (l)(d), “especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel,” was construed as applying to the “conscienceless or pitiless crime which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim.” State v. Simants, 197 Neb. 549, 566, 250 N.W.2d 881 (1977). In addition, the court in State v. Rust, 197 Neb. 528, 250 N.W.2d 867 (1977), adopted the sentencing panel’s interpretation of this factor: We recognize that all first degree murder crimes are capable of being accurately characterized by one or more of the descriptive adjectives employed, but by the use of the words ‘especially’ and ‘exceptional’ the legislature has required a much greater degree of these characteristics than is usually present in a murder. This category of aggravating circumstances would include murders involving torture, sadism, sexual abuse, or the imposition of extreme suffering.... Id. at 538, 250 N.W.2d 867. The second prong of (l)(d), the “exceptional depravity” prong, was described by this court in Holtan as follows: The second prong applies to the state of mind of the actor. It applies where circumstances demonstrate exceptional depravity — that is, where it offends all standards of morality and intelligence or was senselessly bereft of any regard for human life or “so coldly calculated” as to be “senselessly bereft” of any regard for human life. (Citations omitted). Holtan, supra at 25. In Williams’ case the sentencing panel made the following findings of fact as to aggravating circumstance (l)(d): The evidence establishes beyond a reasonable doubt that both murders in Count I and Count II of the Information were especially heinous, atrocious, cruel and manifested exceptional depravity by ordinary standards of morality and intelligence. The defendant killed both said victims who were defenseless and unresisting; that the commission of both said murders by the defendant was totally and bereft of any regard for human life. The evidence further establishes that the victim Catherine M. Brooks was sexually abused by the defendant. This aggravating circumstance does exist as to both Counts I and II of the Information. (BE 4062:4-18; Filing 22, Ex.2, Williams trial transcript, “Order of Sentence and Commitment” at 5). Petitioner’s vagueness challenge has been examined by this court on several occasions. See Harper v. Grammer, 654 F.Supp. 515, 538-40; Otey v. Black, CV82-L-665 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated February 3, 1987 at pp. 42-44, adopted, unpublished memorandum of decision dated. April 7, 1987 (Urbom, J.). Holtan v. Black, CV84-L-393 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated June 25, 1986 at pp. 24-29, adopted, unpublished memorandum of decision dated November 5, 1986 (Urbom, J.) at p. 22-26; Moore v. Clarke, CV84-L-754 (D.Neb.) report and recommendation dated May 23, 1988 at pp. 40-43, adopted, unpublished memorandum of decision dated September 20, 1988 (Urbom, J.). As the petitioner correctly points out, in Holtan v. Black, supra, this court found aggravating circumstance (l)(d) to be facially unconstitutional. . That determination was based on the conclusion that the second prong of (l)(d) failed to provide a sentencing panel with “ ‘clear and objective standards’ for ‘specific and detailed guidance’ and that make ‘rationally reviewable the process for imposing a sentence of death.’ ” Holtan, supra, at 25. (quoting, Godfrey v. Georgia, 446 U.S. 420, 427-28, 100 S.Ct. 1759, 64 L.Ed.2d 398). Although this portion of the opinion was subsequently vacated by the Eighth Circuit as unnecessary to the disposition of the case, 838 F.2d 984 at 986 & n. 3, I concluded in Moore v. Clarke, supra, and reiterate here, that it nonetheless remains persuasive. The petitioner also raises a vagueness challenge to the first prong of circumstance (l)(d). This court has consistently held that the first prong of (l)(d) passes constitutional muster. Holtan, supra unpublished memorandum of decision at 25. Harper, 654 F.Supp. at 538^10; Otey, supra at 43-44. The petitioner has offered no new argument which might persuade this court to alter its previous position on this issue. As this court held in Harper and Otey, when a sentencing panel finds beyond a reasonable doubt that both prongs of aggravating factor (l)(d) exist, “the unconstitutional vagueness of the second prong does not diminish the virility of the first prong.” Harper, supra, unpublished memorandum of decision at 31. “[AJggravating circumstance (d) contains two separate prongs which may operate in conjunction with or independent of one another to establish the existence of the factor.” Holtan, CV84-L-393, unpublished memorandum of decision dated November 5, 1986 (Urbom, J.) at p. 24. In Williams’ case, as noted above, the panel concluded that “both murders ... were especially heinous, atrocious, cruel and manifested exceptional depravity....” (emphasis added). From that language one could infer that both prongs of (l)(d) were found to exist as to both murders. However, the findings of fact set forth by the panel do not support such an inference. The sentencing panel in Williams’ case made only three specific factual findings, one of which applied to only one victim, which could be said to support the criteria necessary for a finding of the existence of (l)(d). The panel found that the victims were “defenseless” and that they were “unresisting.” Further, the panel found that the petitioner had “sexually abused” Catherine Brooks. Based on these three findings from the evidence, the panel’s conclusion amounted to a finding that both prongs of circumstance (l)(d) existed as to both victims. Williams’ sentencing panel made no distinction between the two prongs of (l)(d), a failure which is understandable given that the Nebraska Supreme Court had not, at that time, clearly distinguished between them. Two of the three factual findings of the sentencing panel, “defenseless and unresisting,” have traditionally been used by the Nebraska state courts to support the existence of the “exceptional depravity” prong of (l)(d), the prong which this court has found to be unconstitutional. Indeed, this case is somewhat analogous to the Holtan case in that in Holtan, 197 Neb. 544, 250 N.W.2d 876 (1977) (direct appeal), while the sentencing panel found that the murder was “especially heinous, atrocious, cruel, and manifested exceptional depravity ...,” the Nebraska Supreme Court relied exclusively on the second prong of (l)(d) to uphold the existence of that circumstance when it stated: Although torture was not involved, it is clear that this element was applicable. The defendant killed, and attempted to kill, unresisting victims of the robbery. The act was totally and senselessly bereft of any regard for human life. Id. at 547, 250 N.W.2d 876. Again in State v. Peery, 199 Neb. 656, 261 N.W.2d 95 (1977), the Nebraska Supreme Court upheld the existence of 1(d) based on the second prong when it found: [T]he defendant fired the shots when the victim was thoroughly and effectively bound, both wrists tied tightly behind her, and her ankles tightly tied; she was not offering any resistance, posed no threat to the defendant, and was totally helpless. Id. at 675, 261 N.W.2d 95. (Emphasis added). In addition, the Nebraska Supreme Court’s post 1986 construction of the second prong of (l)(d), as set forth in State v. Palmer, 224 Neb. 282, 319-20, 399 N.W.2d 706 (1986), confirmed that “helplessness” of the victim is but one circumstance that may be found which would support a finding that the second prong of (l)(d) exists. Thus, case law both before and after Williams’ appeal establishes that a finding that murder victims were defenseless, unresisting or helpless went to support a conclusion that the second prong of (l)(d) existed. As with the “defenseless and unresisting” findings of fact, the sentencing panel did not delineate whether the finding of “sexual abuse” of Catherine Brooks was intended to support the “especially heinous” or the “exceptional depravity” prong of (l)(d). As a general rule Nebraska case law states that if a sexual assault occurs before death, that factor will be considered in establishing the existence of the first prong of (l)(d). See, State v. Rust, 197 Neb. 528, 538, 250 N.W.2d 867 (1977) (Court adopts language of sentencing panel that “[t]his category of aggravating circumstances would include murders involving torture, sadism, sexual abuse, or the imposition of extreme suffering.”) (emphasis added); see also, State v. Reeves, 216 Neb. 206, 344 N.W.2d 433 (1982). Arguably in the pre-Williams cases involving sexual assaults occurring before death, it is difficult to determine whether the assault was evidence supporting the first or the second prong of (l)(d) because, as noted above, the state courts had not clearly distinguished the two prongs at that time. In Rust, however, the “sexual abuse” language was set forth in conjunction with the “torture” and “extreme suffering” language which was and still is determinative of the “especially heinous” prong of (l)(d). State v. Rust, 197 Neb. at 538, 250 N.W.2d 867. On the other hand, in State v. Simants, 197 Neb. 549, 250 N.W.2d 881 (1977), the Nebraska Supreme Court held that a sexual attack on a victim’s body after death was sufficient to establish the constitutionally invalid “exceptional depravity” prong of (l)(d). See also, State v. Peery, 199 Neb. 656, 675, 261 N.W.2d 95 (1977). Thus, if the evidence in petitioner’s case indicated that the assault occurred after Brooks death, the panel may have intended the assault as evidence supporting the second prong of (l)(d). The record is not particularly clear on the question of when Ms. Brooks was assaulted in relation to her death. Even if it were, it is not the province of this court on habeas review to make such findings of fact. See, Cabana v. Bullock, 474 U.S. 376, 106 S.Ct. 689, 88 L.Ed.2d 704 (1985) (Federal court in habeas action must “take steps to require the State’s own judicial system to make ... factual findings” regarding the Enmund [v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 102 S.Ct. 3368, 73 L.Ed.2d 114.0 (1982) ] criteria, i.e., whether the defendant killed, attempted to kill, or intended to kill). As the United States Supreme Court stated in Cabana: [T]o the extent that Enmund recognizes that a defendant has a right not to face the death penalty absent a particular factual predicate, it also implies that the State’s judicial process leading to the imposition of the death penalty must at some point provide for a finding of that factual predicate. 474 U.S. at 390-91, 106 S.Ct. at 699. (Emphasis in original). However, it would not be overreaching for this court to presume that the panel’s finding that Ms. Brooks was “sexually abused” was based on the jury’s determination that the petitioner was guilty of the sexual assault of Catherine Brooks. It would appear to be beyond argument that Nebraska’s sexual assault statute, Neb.Rev.Stat. § 28-319, contemplates a living victim. For that reason I conclude that the sentencing panel utilized the finding of the “sexual abuse” of Ms. Brooks to establish the existence of the “especially heinous” prong of (l)(d). Thus, the panel’s finding of the existence of (l)(d) was based in part on a constitutionally adequate construction of that circumstance, i.e., the “especially heinous” prong. The only findings of fact as to the existence of (l)(d) in the ease of victim Patricia McGarry is that she was “defenseless and unresisting,” findings which indicate, in accordance with the above, that the panel relied exclusively upon the constitutionally invalid second prong of (l)(d). There are no findings of fact set forth by the sentencing panel that would support its conclusion that the “es