Full opinion text
OPINION AND ORDER KOELTL, District Judge: Reverend Nathaniel T. Grady petitions for a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 based on an alleged violation of his Sixth Amendment right to the effective assistance of appellate counsel. The petitioner argues that his counsel's failure to raise on direct appeal the claim that the indictment was duplicitous constituted unconstitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel. A count of an indictment is duplicitous under New York law if it charges more than one offense. I. The relevant factual circumstances relating to Grady’s prosecution based on the trial record and the procedural history of Grady’s trial, appeal, and collateral proceedings are as follows. A. In early Autumn 1983, Reverend Nathaniel T. Grady, Sr., then forty-six years old, was assigned to be the minister of the Westches-ter United Methodist Church. The Church leased part of its space to the Westchester-Tremont Community Day Care Center in the Bronx, New York City. Grady’s job responsibilities included supervision of repairs at the day care center, and starting in December 1983 Grady occupied an office at the day care center adjacent to a classroom for three-year-olds. At the end of March 1984, Grady began building a closet in the classroom for the children to store the cots they used during nap time. Grady was in the classroom working on the closet on a daily basis during the first week of April 1984. In late April 1984, one of the children at the day care center reported to his mother that he had experienced sexual contact between himself and an adult male. An investigation ensued, conducted by the New York City Police Department and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”). Law enforcement officials interviewed children and parents, teachers at the day care center, and Reverend Grady. The FBI conducted thirty days of video surveillance of the classroom and other areas within the day care center, although no evidence of sexual misconduct or abuse was discovered from the surveillance. The investigation revealed evidence of sexual abuse committed against six children, all approximately three years old at the time, usually occurring during nap time at the day care center. The evidence included accounts by the children of their own abuse, descriptions by children of abuse they witnessed perpetrated against other children, statements by the children's parents as to both physical symptoms exhibited by their children and the episodes of abuse their children had related to them, and physiological evidence gathered by a pediatrician and found to be consistent with sexual contact. No teacher or other adult witness testified that they witnessed any of the acts of abuse related by the children. The Bronx District Attorney initiated the prosecution against Grady on October 9, 1984, when a Grand Jury in Bronx County returned a forty-two count indictment charging Grady with rape, sodomy, and sexual abuse of six children at the day care center over a one- or two-month period earlier in 1984. Grady was tried in New York State Supreme Court, Bronx County from November 1985 through January 1986. The children testified at trial, as did their parents and teachers. In addition to medical evidence, the People submitted the expert testimony of Eileen Treacy on the subject of certain behavioral and psychological symptoms exhibited by victims of child abuse. Reverend Grady testified in his own defense, denying outright all of the charges and insisting he had never interacted with any of the children at the child care center without a teacher present. The defense also offered its own expert witness on child sexual abuse, as well as numerous character witnesses. B. On January 20, 1986, after one week of deliberations, the jury convicted Grady on nineteen counts of rape, sodomy, and sexual abuse against five children ranging in age from three to four yéars old. Justice Bernard J. Fried sentenced Grady on May 1, 1986 to an indeterminate aggregate prison term of fifteen to forty-five years. Grady retained new counsel, (“Appellate Counsel”), to represent him on direct appeal from the conviction. Appellate Counsel prepared an extensive brief presenting six grounds for appeal and reviewing the 5,500 page trial record in detail. Nonetheless, Grady’s conviction was affirmed by the Appellate Division, First Department without opinion, People v. Grady, 125 A.D.2d 1011, 508 N.Y.S.2d 359 (1st Dep’t 1986), and leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals was denied. People v. Grady, 69 N.Y.2d 880, 515 N.Y.S.2d 1028, 507 N.E.2d 1098 (1987). Collateral proceedings began with a petition for a writ of habeas corpus brought in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The petition set forth three claims for relief, although no error based on duplicity of the indictment or failure to pursue such a claim on direct appeal was included. The petition was denied on the merits by Judge Whitman Knapp. Grady v. LeFevre, No. 87 Civ. 4988 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 4, 1987). That denial was vacated and remanded with instructions to dismiss the petition by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Grady v. LeFevre, 846 F.2d 862 (2d Cir.1988), based on Grady’s failure to exhaust all of his state remedies with respect to two of the claims raised in the petition brought before Judge Knapp. Grady then submitted a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in New York State Supreme Court, Clinton County, in a proceeding under N.Y.Crim.Proc.L. (“CPL”) art. 70 asserting the same claims that were set forth in the earlier federal habeas petition. The Article 70 petition was denied on procedural grounds on January 6, 1989, affirmed by the Appellate Division, Third Department, People ex rel. Grady v. LeFevre, 152 A.D.2d 850, 544 N.Y.S.2d 61 (3d Dep’t 1989), and leave to appeal was denied. People ex rel. Grady v. LeFevre, 75 N.Y.2d 702, 552 N.Y.S.2d 108, 551 N.E.2d 601 (1990). Grady again retained new counsel and moved before Justice Fried to vacate the conviction pursuant to CPL § 440.10. The basis of this motion was the duplicity of the indictment. The court found that Grady’s failure to pursue and thereby preserve the duplicity issue on direct appeal was “unjustifiable” and therefore the motion was denied. People v. Grady, N.Y.L.J., Apr. 16, 1991, at 24 (N.Y.Sup.Ct., Bronx Co. Apr. 16, 1991). Grady appealed Justice Fried’s decision and petitioned the Appellate Division for a writ of error coram nobis on the ground of ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel for failing to have raised the duplicity issue on direct appeal. Both the appeal and the petition were denied by summary order, People v. Grady, 175 A.D.2d 980, 573 N.Y.S.2d 407 (1st Dep’t 1991), and application for leave to appeal was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. People v. Grady, 78 N.Y.2d 1127, 578 N.Y.S.2d 885, 586 N.E.2d 68 (1991). Grady then filed this second petition for a writ of habeas corpus asserting a single claim based on his former Appellate Counsel’s failure to have raised on direct appeal the issue of the duplicity of the indictment. Grady argues that his former counsel elected to omit the duplicity issue from the direct appeal to the Appellate Division, First Department, choosing instead to present a host of far less promising arguments. After the direct appeal was fully submitted to the Appellate Division but before a decision was issued, the New York Court of Appeals had issued its decision in People v. Keindl, 68 N.Y.2d 410, 509 N.Y.S.2d 790, 502 N.E.2d 577 (1986), relating directly to the issue of duplicity. Grady argues that Appellate Counsel refused to bring this, intervening authority to the attention of the Appellate Division, even after Grady asked him whether the new decision was helpful to his appeal. Grady also complains that Appellate Counsel declined to mention the intervening case or the duplicity argument in general to the New York Court of Appeals in Grady’s request for leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals. Grady argues that he was not afforded effective assistance of Appellate Counsel because of his lawyer’s disregard for the duplicity argument. This claim of ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel was not presented in Grady’s first § 2254 petition before Judge Knapp, nor was it included in the subsequent article 70 habeas petition in the New York State Supreme Court. Accordingly, the Respondent challenges this petition as an abuse of the writ. The Respondent also argues that the issue of ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel on the basis of duplicity of the indictment is unexhausted because Grady asserts new facts not previously presented in any proceeding in state court. Finally, the Respondent argues that Grady’s claim of ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel fails on the merits. After considering the extensive submissions, the Court finds that Grady’s petition is not an abuse of the writ and presents a claim for which Grady has properly exhausted his state remedies. On the merits of the petition, the Court finds that Grady was deprived of the effective assistance of Appellate Counsel because of his former lawyer’s failure to raise the duplicity of the indictment on direct appeal. Accordingly, Grady is entitled to a new appeal from his conviction, and, as explained fully below, the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is conditionally granted. II. Before reaching the merits, there are two procedural arguments raised by the Respondent. The first obstacle Grady must overcome is his failure to have raised his ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel argument in his first petition for habeas relief before Judge Knapp. The Respondent argues that the present petition is an abuse of the writ because of this failure. In McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 111 S.Ct. 1454, 113 L.Ed.2d 517 (1991), the Supreme Court set out the standard for determining whether a petitioner has abused the writ of habeas corpus. The Court held that a petitioner who raises a new claim in a subsequent petition that could have been raised in the first is subject to having the petition dismissed pursuant to Rule 9(b) of the Rules Governing Habeas Corpus Proceedings. Id., 499 U.S. at 493-96, 111 S.Ct. at 1469-71. The Court further held that the cause and prejudice test derived from Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977) should be applied to determine whether a subsequent petition is abusive. Id., 499 U.S. at 493, 111 S.Ct. at 1469-70. If the petitioner cannot demonstrate cause and prejudice, or a fundamental miscarriage of justice, the new claim should be dismissed without addressing its merits. Id. See Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333, 338, 112 S.Ct. 2514, 2518, 120 L.Ed.2d 269 (1992); Gayle v. Mann, 966 F.2d 81, 83-84 (2d Cir.1992). It is the respondent who must plead abuse of the writ under Rule 9(b) and McCleskey by setting forth with particularity the petitioner’s history of applications for habeas relief. Rule 9(b) provides: (b) Successive petitions. A second or successive petition may be dismissed if the judge finds that it fails to allege new or different grounds for relief and the prior determination was on the merits or, if new and different grounds are alleged, the judge finds that the failure of the petitioner to assert those grounds in a prior petition constituted an abuse of the writ. In this case the Respondent argues that Grady’s petition is abusive because it contains a claim excluded from Grady’s first § 2254 petition which was brought before Judge Knapp in 1987. Although Judge Knapp denied that petition on the merits, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vacated that determination and remanded to Judge Knapp with instructions to dismiss the petition for failure to exhaust state remedies. Thus, even if Grady had included a claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, it could not have been decided on the first habeas corpus petition in this Court. The Respondent maintains that the abuse of the writ doctrine applies to this second petition notwithstanding the fact that Judge Knapp’s decision on the merits of the first petition was vacated. A. Although Rule 9(b) is unclear on its face with respect to whether the merits of the prior petition must be reached, the statute to which the rule applies is more instructive. Section 2244(b) of Title 28 provides, in relevant part: When after an evidentiary hearing on the merits of a material factual issue, or after a hearing on the merits of an issue of law ... a subsequent application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of such person need not be entertained ... unless the application alleges and is predicated on a factual or other ground not adjudicated in the hearing of the earlier application for the writ, and unless the court ... is satisfied that the applicant has not on the earlier application deliberately withheld the newly asserted ground or otherwise abused the writ. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) (emphasis added). It would be awkward to read “hearing of the earlier application” to include a hearing where the merits of a prior petition were not reached and the petition was dismissed for failure to exhaust state remedies on all of the claims. Both of the earlier references to a hearing in § 2244(b) are modified by “on the merits” with respect to both factual and legal issues. Indeed, the operation of this section of the statute is conditioned on such a hearing because it is after such a hearing that a subsequent petition “need-not be entertained.” The only reasonable construction of the statute is one that limits abuse of the writ to petitions asserting new grounds not asserted in an earlier petition which was decided on the merits. Based on this interpretation, the Respondent’s argument that Grady’s second petition is abusive must fail because the merits of his first petition were never finally determined. There is no authoritative holding on this issue by the Supreme Court. In McCleskey the issue did not arise because the earlier petition had been denied on the merits. See McCleskey, 499 U.S. at 473, 111 S.Ct. at 1459. Nor does Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 879 (1982), which requires the dismissal of petitions that include both exhausted and unexhausted claims, decide the issue. Three Justices did comment, however, on whether unexhausted claims included in the first petition were subject to dismissal for abuse of the writ if dropped and brought in a second petition after being exhausted. Justice O’Connor believed that a petitioner who dropped his. unexhausted claims in order to avoid the total-exhaustion bar erected by Rose was subject to abuse of the writ dismissal if he resurrected those claims in a second petition after exhausting them in state court. See Rose, 455 U.S. at 520-21, 102 S.Ct. at 1204-05 (O’Connor, J., for a plurality). Justices Brennan and Marshall disagreed, arguing that such a petitioner could not be said to have abandoned the unexhausted claims in his first petition when it was the holding in Rose that compelled him to do so to obtain a swift dismissal of his exhausted claims. See id., 455 U.S. at 536-37, 102 S.Ct. at 1212-13 (Brennan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Justice White agreed with this position. See id., 455 U.S. at 538, 102 S.Ct. at 1213-14 (White, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Moreover, and more to the issue relevant to Grady’s petition, Justice Brennan explained that even a petitioner who elected not to press forward on his first petition by dropping unexhausted claims, and rather allows-that petition to be dismissed as mixed, may still return again after exhausting his claims without being subject to abuse of the writ. Justice Brennan explained that: I conclude that when a prisoner’s original, “mixed” habeas petition is dismissed without any examination of its claims on the merits, and when the prisoner later brings a second petition based on the previously unexhausted claims that had earlier been refused a hearing, then the remedy of dismissal for “abuse of the writ” cannot be employed against that second petition, absent unusual factual circumstances truly suggesting abuse. Id., 455 U.S. at 537-38, 102 S.Ct. at 1213 (Brennan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, in an en banc decision by Judge Higginbotham, interpreted Justice Brennan’s concurrence as authoritative on this point: [Rose] made plain that assertion of the unexhausted claims necessitates dismissal of the mixed petition and that dismissal of a mixed petition does not create a hurdle of writ abuse on petitioner’s return. Jones v. Estelle, 722 F.2d 159, 168 (5th Cir.1983) (en banc). See Herbst v. Scott, 42 F.3d 902, 905 (5th Cir.1995) (“Since the district court that heard [petitioner’s] first federal habeas petition decided it on the merits, 28 U.S.C. § 2254 Rule 9(b) applies to his second petition. If the second petition presents new grounds that were not alleged in the first petition, the Government may plead abuse of the writ.”). While the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has yet to address this question, several decisions by district courts in this circuit have concluded that a petition which follows an earlier dismissal for failure to exhaust is not subject to challenge for abuse of the writ. See, e.g., Bacchus v. New York, Nos. CV-93-1247, CV-94-3073, 1995 WL 62599, at *3 n. 7 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 8, 1995) (Trager, J.) (“As neither of petitioner’s two prior petitions were dismissed with prejudice, the third petition is not truly ‘successive’, and the abuse of writ doctrine is not applicable.”). Furthermore, where a second petition asserts entirely new grounds for relief, it may not be attacked as abusive if the prior petition was dismissed without prejudice as a mixed petition. See Abdul-Matiyn v. Mitchell, No. 92 Civ. 6654, 1993 WL 307806, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 10, 1993) (Buchwald, M.J.) (denying motion to dismiss third petition raising three new claims based on abuse of the writ where first two petitions were dismissed as mixed because § 2244(b) requires determination on the merits); Spruill v. Scully, No. 90 Civ. 5342, 1993 WL 307778, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 9, 1993) (Ward, J.) (holding that “second prong of Rule 9(b) also requires a prior determination on the merits before a subsequent habeas petition can be dismissed on abuse of the writ grounds[,]” and affirming Magistrate Judge Lee’s finding that “an abuse of the writ inquiry would be inappropriate in this case”). In fact, a case on which the Respondent relies, Woods v. Whitley, 933 F.2d 321, 322 n. 1 (5th Cir.1991), noted that “[b]eeause the federal district court dismissed [the petitioner’s] first habeas petition without prejudice, we disregard it for purposes of abuse of the writ analysis.” Another case on which the Respondent relies, Robinson v. Abrams, No. 91 Civ. 3226, 1991 WL 102495 (S.D.N.Y. June 6, 1991) (Sweet, J.), did dismiss a second petition asserting new claims as abuse of the writ. But in that case, the first petition had been denied on the merits. See Robinson v. Scully, 683 F.Supp. 941 (S.D.N.Y.1988) (Sweet, J.). The Respondent relies principally on Holmes v. Bartlett, 810 F.Supp. 550 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (Edelstein, J.), where a third petition asserting a claim for habeas relief not asserted in either of the two previous petitions was dismissed as abusive notwithstanding that both of the earlier petitions had been dismissed without prejudice for failure to exhaust state remedies. See id., 810 F.Supp. at 558-59. Judge Edelstein also dismissed these claims on their merits as an alternative holding. See id., 810 F.Supp. at 560-61. Grady acknowledges Holmes but distinguishes it by pointing out that the petitioner in that case had failed to raise the claims at issue in two prior proceedings rather than one. The fact that the petitioner brought a third petition may be an unusual factual circumstance suggesting abuse of the sort alluded to by Justice Brennan in Rose— although that specific analysis was not raised or discussed in Holmes. In any event, the weight of authority discussed above, together with the language of § 2244 itself, establishes that an earlier mixed petition dismissed without prejudice for failure to exhaust state remedies is irrelevant for purposes of abuse of the writ. Whether a claim was raised in a prior mixed petition or not, it is only after a petition has been reviewed on its merits that the doctrine applies at all. Absent some unusual circumstances, it makes no difference that a claim subsequently asserted was not asserted in the first mixed petition because it could not have been considered on the merits of that petition in any event. Therefore, the Court agrees with those courts that have held abuse of the writ is not applicable to a new claim where a prior habeas petition in which the new claim was not included was dismissed without prejudice as a mixed petition under Rose. In this case, although Grady’s first petition was initially denied on the merits by Judge Knapp, that disposition was vacated by the Court of Appeals and the petition was subsequently dismissed for failure to exhaust in accordance with that court’s instructions. Therefore, there was no decision on the merits of Grady’s first petition. Accordingly, the petitioner’s claim based on ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel, although not included in his first petition, is not subject to challenge as an abuse of the writ, and therefore review of that claim in the present petition is proper. B. Alternatively, even if Grady’s petition is subject to challenge as an abuse of the writ, Grady has demonstrated both cause and prejudice for not having raised the claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel in his first petition. Under McCleskey, to establish cause for failure to raise a claim in a prior petition, the petitioner must show that the failure stemmed from some “external impediment whether it be government interference or the reasonable unavailability of the factual basis for the claim.” McCleskey, 499 U.S. at 497, 111 S.Ct. at 1472 (adopting “cause and prejudice” test from Wainwright v. Sykes, 438 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977) for overcoming abuse of the writ). Grady points out that Appellate Counsel was still representing him at the time of his first petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. Grady argues that Appellate Counsel could not have been expected to raise his own ineffectiveness as an issue in the first petition. Grady maintains that Appellate Counsel’s self-interest is an external impediment that constitutes sufficient cause for the failure to have presented the ineffectiveness of Appellate Counsel claim in the prior petition. Respondent interprets Grady’s argument to be a claim that Appellate Counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel because he did not argue his own ineffectiveness in Grady’s first habeas petition. The Respondent argues that because there is no constitutional right to counsel on a habeas petition, the ineffectiveness of that counsel does not constitute cause for failing to present a claim, relying on Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991); Ritchie v. Eberhart, 11 F.3d 587 (6th Cir.1993), cert. denied; 510 U.S. 1135, 114 S.Ct. 1111, 127 L.Ed.2d 422 (1994); Johnson v. Hargett, 978 F.2d 855, 859 (5th Cir.1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 1007, 113 S.Ct. 1652, 123 L.Ed.2d 272 (1993); Harris v. Vasquez, 949 F.2d 1497, 1514 (9th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 503 U.S. 910, 112 S.Ct. 1275, 117 L.Ed.2d 501 (1992). But this response does not address Grady’s contention that this particular habeas counsel had a unique reason not to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel — namely, he would be arguing that it was his own legal performance that was deficient. Grady argues that Appellate Counsel could not'be expected to have raised an argument based on his own ineffectiveness and that this particular disability constitutes “cause” for not raising the claim in the first petition. Grady’s position is persuasive and has solid support in the case law of this circuit and others. In Ciak v. United States, 59 F.3d 296 (2d Cir.1995), the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the failure by trial counsel to raise his own ineffectiveness on direct appeal would excuse a procedural default on the claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim, thereby allowing the petitioner to assert that claim in his petition brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Id., 59 F.3d at 303-04. The court explained that such a failure would constitute “cause” under Wainwright v. Sykes: We also find that the Wainwright procedural default rules do not bar this petition because petitioner was represented by the same counsel at trial and on appeal.... We cannot expect ineffective assistance claims to be raised on direct appeal — and therefore we should not penalize a petitioner for failing to raise them — when a petitioner’s counsel on direct appeal also represented him at trial. It is the rare attorney who can be expected to contend on appeal that his representation was so poor that he deprived his client of a fair trial. Ciak, 59 F.3d at 303. Ciak relied squarely on Billy-Eko v. United States, 8 F.3d 111, 114-16 (2d Cir.1993), which held that the procedural default rules that traditionally bar prisoners from raising issues for the first time in § 2255 proceedings do not apply to claims for ineffective assistance of counsel where a petitioner was represented by the same attorney at trial and on direct appeal or where such claims depend on matters outside the record from the petitioner’s trial and direct appeal. In Billy-Eko, the Court of Appeals noted that a defendant is often represented by the same counsel at trial and on direct appeal, and therefore “it would be unrealistic to expect that trial counsel would be eager to pursue an ineffective assistance claim.” Id., 8 F.3d at 114. See also Williams v. Lockhart, 862 F.2d 155, 157 n. 4 (8th Cir.1988) (noting that district court held “ ‘[quite] obviously, the petitioner should not, and will not, be charged with the failure to raise this ground [of ineffective assistance of trial counsel] in his first petition because counsel would not attempt to challenge his own competency in a habeas proceeding.’” (quoting Williams v. Lockhart, No. PB-C-86-200, slip op. at 11 (E.D.Ark. Aug. 20, 1986))), cert. denied after remand, 502 U.S. 874, 112 S.Ct. 213, 116 L.Ed.2d 171 (1991); Stephens v. Kemp, 846 F.2d 642, 651 (11th Cir.) (“We find ‘cause’ for petitioner’s failure to raise the ineffective assistance issue in his' first state habeas petition in the fact that petitioner’s trial counsel, whose effectiveness is here challenged, also represented him in the first state habeas proceeding.”), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 872, 109 S.Ct. 189, 102 L.Ed.2d 158 (1988); Riner v. Owens, 764 F.2d 1253, 1257 (7th Cir.1985) (‘We hold that ... representation of one or more of these defendants by the same attorney on direct appeal can meet the cause element of the cause and prejudice standard under certain circumstances.... Since it would be most difficult if not professionally awkward to require a lawyer to argue on appeal his own ineffectiveness ... we conclude that identity of trial and appellate counsel can constitute sufficient cause to meet the first element of the cause and prejudice standard.”), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1055, 106 S.Ct. 1282, 89 L.Ed.2d 589 (1986); Alston v. Garrison, 720 F.2d 812, 816 (4th Cir.1983) (‘We are satisfied with Alston’s excuse for failing to raise his ineffectiveness claim at trial and on state appeal. The content of an appeal is heavily controlled by counsel, and where, as here, the defendant’s trial lawyer also prosecuted the appeal, it is obvious that ineffective assistance of counsel is not likely to be raised at trial or to appear among the assignments of constitutional error.”). But see Bonin v. Calderon, 77 F.3d 1155, 1159 (9th Cir.1996) (second petition was abuse of the writ where it asserted claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel not asserted in first petition; “[Petitioner] therefore cannot show cause by alleging that his first habeas counsel performed ineffectively in failing to allege the ineffectiveness of his appellate counsel in the first set of habeas petitions. His counsel’s failure to raise the issue of his own ineffectiveness of appeal did not violate [Petitioner's rights. under the Sixth Amendment.”), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 116 S.Ct. 980, 133 L.Ed.2d 899 (1996). The rationale expressed in Ciak and Billy-Eko, as well as in cases from other circuits, applies to the situation presented here. Appellate Counsel did not argue that he provided constitutionally ineffective assistance to Grady on Grady’s direct appeal as a basis for relief in the first habeas petition. But Grady should not be penalized on his second petition in which he asserts that claim because Appellate Counsel could not reasonably have been expected to raise the claim of his. own ineffectiveness on direct appeal in the first habeas petition. Accordingly, the fact that counsel for Grady’s first habeas petition was the same counsel whose performance on direct appeal Grady now claims was ineffective constitutes “cause” under McCleskey. Grady has also satisfied the requirement of “actual prejudice” under McCleskey. As explained in more detail below, Grady has made a strong showing that but for Appellate Counsel’s ineffective assistance, it was likely that his conviction would have been reversed on appeal because the indictment was duplicitous. Grady has shown substantial actual prejudice as a result of the ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Accordingly, even if this petition were subject to challenge for abuse of the writ, Grady has demonstrated both cause and prejudice for having omitted the claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel from the first habeas petition. Therefore, the Respondent’s interposition of the defense of abuse of the writ is overcome. III. The-second procedural obstacle Grady faces is the argument that he has failed to exhaust his state remedies with respect to his ineffective assistance of appellate counsel claim. The Respondent argues that Grady presents new material facts relevant to the claim that Grady’s Appellate Counsel neglected to pursue the issue of duplicity of the indictment on his direct appeal. Specifically, the Respondent argues, Grady asserted in his coram nobis motion to the Appellate Division, First Department, that his Appellate Counsel failed to raise the duplicity argument because Appellate Counsel did not understand the doctrine and was ignorant of the relevant case law. In the present habeas corpus petition, however, Grady explains that Appellate Counsel confused the doctrine of duplicity with the doctrine of multiplicity. The Respondent argues that this somewhat different explanation of why Appellate Counsel did not raise the duplicity issue on Grady’s direct appeal is a new factual allegation that is material to the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel. Grady argues that the explanation of why Appellate Counsel may have failed to base an appeal on the duplicity doctrine is not material to his legal claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. Grady maintains that the crucial question with respect to exhaustion is whether the New York state court was presented with his claim. Grady argues that the claim was presented and that therefore he has exhausted his state remedy. Grady also offers to withdraw the new explanation if the Court finds it creates a new factual issue not yet presented to the New York state courts. To exhaust properly claims presented in a federal habeas petition, the petitioner must fairly present those claims to the state court in a manner that provides an opportunity for the state court to hear the claims. See Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275, 92 S.Ct. 509, 512, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b). As the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit explained in this circuit’s foremost decision on this issue: [T]he petitioner must have informed the state court of both the factual and the legal premises of the claim he asserts in federal court.... Specifically, he must have set forth in state court all of the essential factual allegations asserted in his federal petition; if material factual allegations were omitted, the state court has not had a fair opportunity to rule on the claim. Daye v. Attorney General of the State of New York, 696 F.2d 186, 191-92 (2d Cir.1982) (en banc). In this petition, Grady’s claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel was presented fairly and fully to the Appellate Division in both its legal and factual aspects. The memorandum of law Grady submitted in support of his motion for a writ of coram nobis quite clearly identified the legal claim as ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. It also set forth the factual basis for the claim, including how the duplicity issue was raised before, during, and after trial, how the issue was properly preserved, the timing of the Keindl case, Grady’s efforts to have Appellate Counsel include the duplicity issue in his direct appeal, and, after Keindl, to inquire of Appellate Counsel whether the case could be brought to the attention of the Appellate Division or the Court of Appeals. The memorandum also sets forth Appellate Counsel’s inaction in response to Grady’s entreaties and contrasts the relative merits of the grounds Appellate Counsel did base the appeal on with the promise held by the duplicity claim. The memorandum also identifies similar convictions that were vacated on the basis of duplicity subsequent to Keindl, bolstering the argument that the failure to pursue the issue on appeal constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. The only new aspect of the claim is the alternative supposition for Appellate Counsel’s failure to have raised the duplicity issue. But the critical legal inquiry compares the arguments ignored by Appellate Counsel with the arguments that were raised and focuses on whether the appellate lawyer’s representation fell below the objective standard of reasonableness and whether there is a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different but for that lawyer’s error. See Mayo v. Henderson, 13 F.3d 528, 533 (2d Cir.1994). In Grady’s case, there is no meaningful difference between an argument that Appellate Counsel confused duplicity and multiplicity and one that he simply did not understand duplicity at all. . The thrust of both arguments is that a decision not to pursue that issue was not strategic and was based on Appellate Counsel’s alleged incompetence or neglect rather than a professional evaluation of the relative promise of that particular line of argument. The additional explanation for the reason behind a lawyer’s oversight does not “fundamentally alter the nature of [the petitioner’s] legal claim already considered by the state courts.” Vasquez v. Hillery, 474 U.S. 254, 260, 106 S.Ct. 617, 622, 88 L.Ed.2d 598 (1986). Indeed, if ignoring the duplicity issue on appeal was objectively reasonable, the fact that Grady’s counsel may have been confusing duplicity and multiplicity does nothing to alter the objective reasonableness of that choice. On the other hand, if the failure to argue duplicity was not objectively reasonable, it would not be made so because the lawyer confused it with another legal concept. This is not a case like Rodriguez v. Hoke, 928 F.2d 534 (2d Cir.1991) where the petitioner asserted the ineffective assistance of his trial counsel based on six distinct allegations including failure to object to a jury charge not being read into the record, failure to object to the supplemental jury charge, and failure to move for a mistrial based on juror incompetence, among, others. The Court of Appeals held that the petitioner had failed to exhaust his state remedies because only the first two of the six separate instances had been raised before the state court. The court explained that: “[S]ince [petitioner’s] claim of ineffective assistance of counsel can turn on the cumulative effect of all of counsel’s actions, all his allegations of ineffective assistance should be reviewed together.” Id., 928 F.2d at 538. In contrast, Grady asserts only one instance of alleged ineffectiveness: the failure to argue duplicity on appeal. Whatever the reason for that failure, it remains a single claim that has been raised fully before the New York state courts. Therefore, Grady’s petition presents a properly exhausted claim of ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel raising no new, as yet unexhausted material factual allegations. IV. There being no procedural impediment in this case, the merits of Grady’s claim of ineffective assistance of Appellate Counsel may be addressed. A. On a petition for a writ of habeas corpus based on ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must show that (i) his counsel’s performance was deficient in that it was objectively unreasonable under professional standards prevailing at the time, and (ii) that counsel’s deficient performance was prejudicial to the petitioner’s case. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); Bunkley v. Meachum, 68 F.3d 1518, 1521 (2d Cir.1995). The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has applied Strickland to habeas petitions based on ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. See Bunkley, 68 F.3d at 1521; Abdurrahman v. Henderson, 897 F.2d 71, 74 (2d Cir.1990). Deficient performance, the first part of the Strickland test, entails legal practice which falls “outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. An attorney’s performance must be evaluated in light of prevailing legal practice at the time, without the benefit of hindsight. Id.; Jameson v. Coughlin, 22 F.3d 427, 429 (2d Cir.1994) (holding that counsel’s appellate strategy was reasonable given precedents of the Appellate Division at the time of the appeal). In appellate practice, an attorney need not raise every nonfrivolous legal argument on appeal, Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 754, 103 S.Ct. 3308, 3314, 77 L.Ed.2d 987 (1983), nor must a lawyer anticipate significant changes in the law which might suggest alternative strategies to improve the client’s chance at a reversal. See Lilly v. Gilmore, 988 F.2d 783, 786 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 852, 114 S.Ct. 154, 126 L.Ed.2d 116 (1993); Horne v. Trickey, 895 F.2d 497, 500 (8th Cir.1990); United States ex rel. Roche v. Scully, 739 F.2d 739, 742-44 (2d Cir.1984). Deficient performance may be established, however, if the petitioner shows that his appellate counsel “omitted significant and obvious issues while pursuing issues that were clearly and significantly weaker.” Mayo, 13 F.3d at 533. See also Gray v. Greer, 800 F.2d 644, 646 (7th Cir.1986) (“Generally, only when ignored issues are clearly stronger than those presented, will the presumption of effective assistance of counsel be overcome.”). The comparison of omitted and included arguments on appeal is not to be performed in a vacuum — the omitted claims must have some positive merit. As the Court of Appeals has explained: We doubt that constitutional ineffectiveness of appellate counsel can be predicated on a finely calibrated measurement of the relative lack of merit of several issues, all of which appeared unlikely to result in a new trial based on the case law “as of the time of counsel’s conduct.” We would, of course, have a different case if the three issues presented had been advanced in preference to an omitted issue that appeared to be meritorious.' See Jameson, 22 F.3d at 430 (citation omitted). On the other hand, it need not be assured that the omitted claim would have prevailed had it been presented. See Mayo, 13 F.3d at 533-34; Claudio v. Scully, 982 F.2d 798, 805 (2d Cir.1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 912, 113 S.Ct. 2347, 124 L.Ed.2d 256 (1993). The ultimáte issue is whether counsel’s failure to raise the omitted claim constituted legal representation below an objective standard of reasonableness. The second part of the Strickland test is a showing of prejudice. To satisfy this part of the test, the petitioner must show that: “[T]here is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Bunkley, 68 F.3d at 1521 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068). In some situations, however, a different outcome on appeal is a necessary but not a sufficient showing for satisfying the prejudice part of the test. In Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 370, 113 S.Ct. 838, 843, 122 L.Ed.2d 180 (1993), the Supreme Court indicated that “an analysis focussing solely on mere outcome determination, without attention to whether the result of the proceeding was fundamentally unfair or unreliable, is defective.” In Fretwell, the habeas petitioner asserted a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel based on the lawyer’s failure, during the death penalty sentencing phase of the trial, to object to an issue relating to aggravating factors. The petitioner argued that the objection would have provided a basis for appeal in light of governing Eighth Circuit case law. Although that case law was subsequently overruled by the Eighth Circuit in light of Supreme Court precedent, the district and circuit court agreed that the failure to raise a then-winning argument prejudiced the petitioner. The Supreme Court reversed, explaining that the petitioner had no entitlement to an appeal based on the application of law that was later overruled. The Court explained that “the ‘prejudice’ component of the Strickland test ... focusses on the question whether counsel’s deficient performance renders the result of the trial unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair.” Id., 506 U.S. at 372, 113 S.Ct. at 844. The majority opinion did not specify the circumstances under which such an inquiry into fairness or reliability is required. In a concurring opinion, however, Justice O’Con-nor expressed the view that the traditional Strickland test would suffice in all but a few exceptional cases, of which Fretwell was one. See Fretwell, 506 U.S. at 373-74, 113 S.Ct. at 844-45 (O’Connor, J., concurring). As Justice O’Connor explained, the prejudice inquiry of Strickland should not include a right to have a state court make an error in the petitioner’s favor. Id., 506 U.S. at 374-75, 113 S.Ct. at 845 (O’Connor, J., concurring). In Bunkley, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit did not resolve the question of the scope of Fretwell, but it did find that an additional showing of fundamental unfairness or unreliability, as described in Fretwell, was unnecessary where the claim overlooked by appellate counsel was based exclusively on state law. See Bunkley, 68 F.3d at 1522-23; see also Mayo, 13 F.3d at 530-31 (omitted claim on appeal based on New York’s Rosario rule examined solely under Strickland test for prejudice; decided after Fretwell); Claudio, 982 F.2d at 800-01 (omitted claim based on New York Constitution examined under Strickland test; decided before Fretwell). The Bunkley court also found that where there is no reason to suspect the state appellate courts would incorrectly decide an omitted claim based on federal law, no additional inquiry into fairness or reliability under Fret-well would be required. See Bunkley, 68 F.3d at 1522-23. This petition involves a straightforward claim that appellate counsel failed to raise an argument under state law that would have prevailed on appeal. As explained below, the validity of the foregone argument has actually been confirmed rather than undermined or overturned by subsequent decisions from the New York state courts. Thus, this petition fits within that class of cases where the traditional Strickland analysis plainly applies and where the “outcome of the appeal” test explained in Bunkley is the appropriate measure of prejudice. B. The question of whether the performance of Grady’s lawyer on direct appeal was deficient begins with an analysis of the omitted claim. That claim is a challenge to Grady’s indictment based on the doctrine of duplicity. There was clear authority at the time of Grady’s appeal indicating that an argument based on the duplicity of the indictment would likely have been successful. The New York Criminal Procedure Law provides that: “Each count of an indictment may charge one offense only.” CPL § 200.30(1) (adopted in 1970 and unaltered since). This statutory prohibition codified well-established New York common law. See People v. Klipfel, 160 N.Y. 371, 374, 64 N.E. 788 (1899) (“An indictment containing but one count and charging two distinct crimes, is bad for duplicity.”). Indictments defective because of duplicity are subject to dismissal. See CPL §§ 210.20(l)(a), 210.25(1). In one of the earliest cases discussing CPL § 200.30, the Appellate Division set forth the traditional test for duplicity: The test'for duplicity of a count of an indictment has been stated to be whether the defendant could be convicted of either one of the crimes charged therein if the District Attorney elects to waive the other. People v. Branch, 73 A.D.2d 230, 234, 426 N.Y.S.2d 291, 294 (2d Dep’t 1980) (citations omitted). “Where, however, a crime by its nature as defined in the Penal Law may be committed either by one act or by multiple acts and can be characterized as a continuing offense over time, the indictment may charge the continuing offense in a single count.” People v. First Meridian Planning Corp., 86 N.Y.2d 608, 615-16, 635 N.Y.S.2d 144, 148, 658 N.E.2d 1017, 1021 (1995). The continuing crime doctrine has been applied to permit otherwise duplicitous indictments in cases such as larceny, see People v. Rosich, 170 A.D.2d 703, 703-04, 567 N.Y.S.2d 749, 750-51 (2d Dep’t), appeal denied, 77 N.Y.2d 1000, 571 N.Y.S.2d 926, 575 N.E.2d 412 (1991), depraved indifference murder, see People v. Brammer, 189 A.D.2d 885, 886, 592 N.Y.S.2d 761, 762 (2d Dep’t), lv. denied, 81 N.Y.2d 967, 598 N.Y.S.2d 769, 615 N.E.2d 226 (1993), and intentional misrepresentation. See People v. Kirk, 62 Misc.2d 1078, 1080-81, 310 N.Y.S.2d 155, 159-60 (N.Y.Co.Ct., Rockland Co.1969). The earliest decisions relating to the viability of the continuing crime doctrine in the context of sex offenses arose from challenged sentences rather than indictments. In People v. Yonko, 41 A.D.2d 514, 339 N.Y.S.2d 837 (1st Dep’t 1973), aff'd, 34 N.Y.2d 825, 359 N.Y.S.2d 54, 316 N.E.2d 338 (1974)* the defendant appealed a conviction for, multiple counts of sodomy and assault against his daughters who ranged in age from two-and-a-half months to ten years. The defendant challenged the imposition of consecutive minimum prison terms on several of the counts. The court modified the sentence to a maximum of five years without any minimum to be served concurrently, explaining that “the imposition of mínimums and consecutive terms would defeat the possibility of correction of defendant by rehabilitative training. Though there are different violations spelled out, defendant’s acts constituted but one continuing crime and should be regarded as such.” Id., 41 A.D.2d at 515, 339 N.Y.S.2d at 840 (emphasis added). In another appeal of the imposition of consecutive sentences for a rape conviction, the defendant argued that the three -rapes of a sixteen-year old over a seventeen-hour period were part of a continuing crime. See People v. Brown, 66 A.D.2d 223, 226, 413 N.Y.S.2d 482, 483 (3d Dep’t 1979). The court rejected this argument, however, and held that each act of intercourse was a separate and distinct offense justifying consecutive sentences. Id., 66 A.D.2d at 226, 413 N.Y.S.2d at 483-84. The first case the parties identify dealing directly with the issue of duplicity of an indictment for a sex offense is People v. MacAfee, 76 A.D.2d 157, 431 N.Y.S.2d 149 (3d Dep’t 1980). The defendant appealed his conviction on two counts of rape and one count of child endangerment, asserting that the indictment was defective. The indictment charged the defendant with having engaged in sexual intercourse with a woman less than eleven years old at unknown times over a twenty-month period. In response to a motion for a bill of particulars, the People identified four specific occasions and a nineteen-month period during which the defendant allegedly raped the victim at least fifteen other times. The Appellate Division described this amplification of count one of the indictment as a clear violation of CPL § 200.30, the duplicity prohibition. See id., 76 A.D.2d at 159-60, 481 N.Y.S.2d at 151. The court went on to find the second rape count was also duplicitous. See id., 76 A.D.2d at 160, 431 N.Y.S.2d at 151. That count alleged that the defendant engaged in sexual intercourse with a different woman, also younger than eleven years, at some time during a particular month. The People’s affidavits in answer to the defendant’s motion for a bill of particulars, however, alleged one rape in that month, and two others sometime in the same year. The court dismissed both counts on the basis of duplicity. Id. A very similar indictment was found duplicitous by the Fourth Department in People v. Pries, 81 A.D.2d 1039, 440 N.Y.S.2d 116 (4th Dep’t 1981). In that case the indictment alleged one count of rape by the adult defendant against a woman younger than seventeen years at an unspecified time from May 1978 to April 1979, a period of twelve months. The bill of particulars provided by the district attorney narrowed the time frame to the Summer and Fall of 1978 and the later half of April 1979. The trial court conducted an in camera hearing at which the victim identified eight specific dates. The Appellate Division reversed the conviction, holding that the lack of specific dates made the indictment defective for inspecificity. Even if the victim’s testimony cured that defect, the court continued, the indictment would still have been defective as duplicitous. See id., 81 A.D.2d at 1039, 440 N.Y.S.2d at 117. Up until this point, the case law had not revealed any distinction on the issue of duplicity for sex offenses based on the age of the victim or the victim’s relationship to the defendant. That difference was featured in People v. Barlow, 88 A.D.2d 668, 451 N.Y.S.2d 254 (3d Dep’t 1982). In that ease, the defendant was convicted of raping and sodomizing his two daughters, ages thirteen and fourteen. The defendant appealed, challenging the indictment on grounds of duplicity and lack of specificity. The Appellate Division was unpersuaded by this argument, citing Yonko for the proposition that “repeated sexual molestation of one’s own young children have been treated as one continuous crime.” Id., 88 A.D.2d at 668, 451 N.Y.S.2d at 256. The court also noted that the defendant had not demonstrated he was not in fact on notice of the crimes charged and that he had not demanded a bill of particulars in any event until after the trial was concluded. Id. The Fourth Department disagreed with the Barlow court on the question of duplicity. In People v. Faux, 99 A.D.2d 654, 472 N.Y.S.2d 230 (4th Dep’t), appeal denied, 62 N.Y.2d 649, 476 N.Y.S.2d 1043, 464 N.E.2d 995 (1984), the defendant was charged with over three-hundred counts of rape, sodomy, and sexual abuse of his three young daughters. On the basis of grand jury testimony alleging a random pattern of abuse once or twice each month, the People charged the defendant with one count for each victim for each month over a four year period. Unlike Barlow, this defendant demanded a bill of particulars. The People’s response, however, simply explained it was impossible to specify exact dates for the sexual assaults. The Appellate Division found the indictment duplicitous and reversed the convictions. The court found fault in the People’s inability to designate specific dates for the crimes charged. See id., 99 A.D.2d at 655, 472 N.Y.S.2d at 231. The court also held that: While there is authority that repeated acts of sexual molestation of one’s own children may be treated as a continuous crime [citing Barlow], we have previously held that “multiple rapes of the same victim do not constitute a continuing offense, rather each act of intercourse is a separate and distinct offense [citing Pries].” Id. Both Grady and the Respondent identify the foregoing cases as the relevant authorities as of the date of Grady’s conviction on the issue of duplicity with respect to indictments charging sexual offenses. In short, there were at least three Appellate Division decisions — MacAfee, Pries, and Faux — which had reversed convictions for allegedly continuing sexual offenses because of the duplicitous nature of the indictments. While Barlow had found no duplicity, it did so in the context of molestation of the defendant’s own young children. And Yonko, a case directly contradicted by Brown, did not concern duplicity of counts in an indictment at all. A related line of authority relating to specificity under CPL § 200.50 had also developed by the time of Grady’s appeal. These cases generally related to challenges to the indictment based on the failure to designate a specific date for the offense charged. The leading case, People v. Morris, 61 N.Y.2d 290, 473 N.Y.S.2d 769, 461 N.E.2d 1256 (1984), reinstated an indictment that charged the defendant with two sexual offenses perpetrated over a twenty-four day period against two young girls ages five and six, one of whom was the defendant’s daughter. The Court of Appeals reiterated that an indictment ought to state the date and time of the offense charged to the extent reasonable under the circumstances, explaining that: [F]actors to be considered might include but should not be limited to the length of the alleged period of time in relation to the number of individual criminal acts alleged; the passage of time between the alleged period for the crime and defendant’s arrest; the duration between the date of the indictment and the alleged offense; and the ability of the victim or complaining witness to particularize the date and time of the alleged transaction or offense. Id, 61 N.Y.2d at 296, 473 N.Y.S.2d at 773, 461 N.E.2d at 1260. The court ruled that the indictment in Morris was not defective, holding that the indictment provided reasonable and adequate notice under the circumstances of the case, citing factors such as the victims’ ages, the inability of the victims to provide specific dates and times, and the fact that the victims resided in the defendant’s home. See id., 61 N.Y.2d at 296-97, 473 N.Y.S.2d at 773, 461 N.E.2d at 1260. The opinion did not discuss or even mention duplicity. Morris was applied in the later case of People v. Benjamin R., 103 A.D.2d 663, 481 N.Y.S.2d 827 (4th Dep’t 1984), where the defendant appealed his conviction for sodomy, sexual abuse, and child endangerment against his fourteen-year-old stepdaughter. The indictment charged acts alleged to have occurred during a two-week period, a period of time the defendant challenged as inspecific and defective under CPL § 200.50. The court disagreed, citing Morris for the proposition that the time period was reasonably precise under the circumstances of the case. See id., 103 A.D.2d at 666-67, 481 N.Y.S.2d at 830-31. The defendant also argued the indictment was defective for duplicity under CPL § 200.30. The court noted that the duplicity argument had not been raised before the trial court, and that in any event there was no defect because “on its face, each count of the indictment alleges only one sexual offense" within a designated period of time.” Id., 103 AD.2d at 667, 481 N.Y.S.2d at 831. At the time of Grady’s conviction, such was the state of the law of New York with respect to the two related doctrines of duplicity and specificity, subject to challenge under CPL §§ 200.30 and 200.50 respectively. The grounds asserted by Appellate Counsel in the brief he submitted on Grady’s behalf did not include duplicity. The duplicity issue had been properly preserved at trial and could have been among the bases for appeal. The issue had been raised by trial counsel after the People submitted a bill of particulars which provided that each and every act charged during the various one- and two-month periods alleged in each count of the indictment occurred “in a continuous course of conduct, excluding weekends.” (App. at 68-71.) ■ The indictment, No. 3778/84, originally charged two counts of rape ip the first degree, twenty-four counts of sodomy in the first degree, and sixteen counts of sexual abuse in the first degree. (See App. at 25.) Each of the rape counts was formulated as follows: The defendant, in or about the month of April, 1984, in the County of the Bronx, engaged in sexual intercourse with [-], a female.... The sodomy counts were formulated as follows: The defendant, in or about the month of April, 1984, in the County of the Bronx, engaged in deviate sexual intercourse, to wit: contact between the penis of Nathaniel T. Grady and the anus of [_],- In some counts, the date indicated was “February 1984,” and in others “March and April of 1984.” The sexual abuse counts were formulated similarly to the sodomy counts. The first bill of particulars provided by the People, (see App. at 68-71), provided the following information: 7. Each and every act charged in counts one through eight of the indictment, alleged to have been committed by the defendant upon [_], is alleged to have occurred in or about the month of April 1984, in a continuous course of conduct, excluding weekends. Paragraphs 8-12 of the bill of particulars included identical language with respect to the other counts relating to the other children, in some cases indicating a date of “February 1984” and in other cases “March and April, 1984” corresponding to the dates indicated in the indictment for the counts relating to each particular child. Each paragraph included the phrase “in a continuous course of conduct, excluding weekends.” A later. amended bill of particulars also alleged that, Grady committed the crimes charged in a continuous course of conduct. (See App. at 73-75.) For example, in paragraph five the People explained: Each and every act charged in counts one through eight of the indictment, alleged to have been committed by the defendant upon [_], is alleged to have been committed in a continuous course of conduct, in and about the months of March and April, 1984, excluding March 12, 1984, April 17th through April 19, 1984, April 23rd and 24th, 1984, and weekends. The remaining paragraphs provided similar information for the counts in the indictment relating to each child, and while the dates included and excluded varied, the phrase “continuous course of conduct” appeared in each. After the People submitted the amended bill of particulars, Grady’s trial counsel challenged the indictment as defective for duplicity under CPL § 200.30, arguing that after the People’s submissions “[t]here can no longer be any question but that each count of the indictment charges more than one offense, and, indeed, seeks to charge an unspecified number of multiple offenses (without, of course, delineating the specifics of each offense).” (App. at 85 (emphasis in original).) Both MacAfee and Brown were cited in support, and Barlow and Yonko were distinguished as cases where the continuing crime doctrine had been narrowly applied. (See App. at 85-86.) The People opposed Grady’s pretrial motion to dismiss the indictment under CPL § 200.30