Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co. (838 F.2d 1287, 1988)

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge BORK.

BORK, Circuit Judge:

This is a libel action in which Liberty Lobby, Inc., a citizens’ group, seeks fifty million dollars in compensatory and punitive damages from the publisher of The Wall Street Journals• After more than a year of discovery, the district court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the first count, and judgment on the pleadings as to the remaining four counts of Liberty Lobby’s complaint. We affirm the district court’s disposition of the case in all respects, although we sometimes follow a different route to the same result.

I.

On September 28, 1984, The Wall Street Journal published a column entitled “Controversial Publisher — Racial Purist Uses Reagan Plug.” Appendix to Complaint, E.N. 1 (filed Nov. 15, 1984) [hereinafter “Complaint”]; Wall St. J., Sept. 28, 1984, at 56, col. 1. The article, written by defendant Rich Jaroslovsky, a ten-year veteran of The Journal’s news staff, bore the logo “Politics 84,” and was published as part of The Journal’s coverage of the 1984 presidential campaign. The article is reprinted in its entirety as Appendix A to this opinion. The article states that one Roger Pearson, an advocate of racial betterment through genetic selection, had received a letter of commendation from President Reagan and that he had exploited the letter to promote his controversial publications. According to the story, the letter was composed by a Pearson associate on the White House staff, and President Reagan had never met Mr. Pearson. Jaroslov-sky concluded that the incident demonstrated “how a highly ideological presidency— conservative or liberal — can be used by well-connected outside activities to gain respectability.”

In the course of discussing Pearson’s past activities and associations, the article asserted:

Other Pearson writings appeared in Western Destiny, a magazine published by the far right, anti-Semitic Liberty Lobby. Mr. Pearson edited Western Destiny briefly in the mid-1960s and wrote several books on race and eugenics that were issued by Liberty Lobby’s publishing arm. These pamphlets are still sold by the National Socialist White People’s Party, the Arlington, Va. based American Nazi group; Mr. Pearson says he doesn’t have any connection with that group.

App. A, infra, p. 1304.

On November 15, 1984, Liberty Lobby filed a complaint for libel in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, basing jurisdiction on diversity of citizenship under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (1982). Complaint ¶ 1. Named as defendants were Dow Jones & Co., Inc., the company that publishes The Journal, and Rich Jaroslovsky, the author of the Pearson article. Id. ¶¶ 2-3.

Liberty Lobby claims that the quoted passage is false and defamatory in two respects. First, although Liberty Lobby admits to being an anti-Zionist organization, it claims that The Journal’s characterization of it as “anti-Semitic” is false and injurious to its reputation. Complaint 1110. Second, Liberty Lobby contends that it never published the magazine, Western Destiny; nor did it issue any books by Mr. Pearson. Id. It further contends that no books or pamphlets issued by Liberty Lobby are or were sold by the National Socialist White People’s Party. Id.

In November, 1985, after eleven months of voluminous discovery had been completed, Liberty Lobby sought and was granted leave to amend its complaint to add four additional causes of action for libel against Dow Jones. See Motion for Leave to Amend and Supplement the Complaint, E.N. 46 (filed Nov. 1, 1985). These claims were based upon a column entitled “There’s Nothing Like a Libel Trial for an Education” which appeared in the editorial section of The Wall Street Journal on October 11, 1985. Id. exh. B; Wall St. J., Oct. 11, 1985, at 28, col. 3. The column was written by Ms. Suzanne Garment, a member of The Journal’s editorial staff, and is reprinted in its entirety as Appendix B to this opinion.

Using as a vehicle the trial of another libel action, one between Liberty Lobby and The National Review, a magazine of opinion, the column gave the author’s views “about libel suits in general and their place in democratic politics.” In introducing its theme, the Garment column noted that Liberty Lobby’s claim based on the Jaroslov-sky article was at that time pending before the district court, stating:

Over the years, Liberty Lobby and Mr. Carto have sued a number of publishers that called them racist and anti-Semitic. Still pending is a Liberty Lobby suit against The Wall Street Journal, which last year called Liberty Lobby “anti-Semitic”. and reported that it had published various tracts by a promoter of racial betterment through genetic selection.

App. B, infra, at 1305. This republication of allegedly defamatory material from the Jaroslovsky story forms the basis for Liberty Lobby’s second cause of action.

The body of the Garment column discussed Liberty Lobby’s trial strategy in defending a counterclaim for libel brought against it by The National Review. The column described in detail the courtroom scene prior to the delivery of opening arguments to the jury. It noted the presence of “a good-looking black female lawyer” at Liberty Lobby’s counsel table with Mr. Lane, the lead counsel, and went on to state, “[t]he moment the jury filed in — all black, as is not uncommon in the District— you began to suspect that Mr. Lane might have something in mind.” The column then summarized Liberty Lobby’s opening argument to the jury, at one point quoting Mr. Lane as saying:

If you read the words of Adolf Hitler regarding superior races and advanced races and inferior races, you will have difficulty separating the words of Mr. Buckley in his editorials in the National Review from the words of Adolf Hitler.

App. B, infra, p. 1306. The column summed up its discussion of Liberty Lobby’s trial strategy by stating:

So we see the Liberty Lobby standing up in court and calling Mr. Buckley racist, most likely calculating that black jurors will be too hypnotized by this possibility to consider other facts important. This is not just an ordinary lawyer’s trick. This is breathtaking in its daring. Most of us would be embarrassed to appeal to a racial or religious minority audience so crudely. We know the Fair Play Patrol would at once swoop down and cart us away. But the Carto team is of sterner stuff, able to put its head down and go for broke.

Id. at 1306.

The column questioned the utility of highly inflammatory libel suits in a democratic society, and compared “Louis Farrakhan wowing them at Madison Square Garden” to “Mark Lane in front of the jury.” The statements in the Garment column concerning Liberty Lobby’s conduct during The National Review trial form the basis for its third, fourth and fifth causes of action for libel against Dow Jones.

On December 16, 1985, appellees filed a motion for summary judgment on the first cause of action based on the Jaroslovsky article, and for judgment on the pleadings as to the four claims based on the Garment column. Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment and Judgment on the Pleadings, E.N. 57 (filed Dec. 16,1985).

On July 10, 1986, the district court issued its memorandum opinion and order, granting appellees’ motions and dismissing Liberty Lobby’s complaint with prejudice. See Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., 638 F.Supp. 1149 (D.D.C.1986). The district court found that the truth or falsity of The Journal’s statements concerning Liberty Lobby’s publishing activities was “immaterial,” for, even if false, they were not “defamatory in the least of Liberty Lobby but for the ... characterization of the entire conglomerate as ‘anti-Semitic.’ ” Id. at 1152. On the latter score, the district court “suspect[ed] ... that the term ‘anti-Semitic,’ as Jaroslovsky has used it, is probably constitutionally protected opinion.” Id. (citing Ollman v. Evans, 750 F.2d 970, 974-84 (D.C.Cir.1984) (en banc), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1127, 105 S.Ct. 2662, 86 L.Ed.2d 278 (1985)). However, the district court went on to hold that, to the extent the charge of anti-Semitism had any objectively verifiable factual content, the statement was substantially true. Id. Relying upon the contents of a multivolume file Liberty Lobby kept on publications about Jews and upon the views expounded in Liberty Lobby’s official organ, The Spotlight, the district court found that appel-lees’ “evidence of Liberty Lobby’s institutional anti-Semitism in its most malign sense” was “compelling.” Id. With only the bald denial of the affidavit of Willis Carto, Liberty Lobby’s founder and chief executive officer, weighing against appel-lees’ evidence, the district court concluded that no reasonable jury could find by a preponderance of the evidence that the ascription of anti-Semitism to Liberty Lobby was false. Id. at 1153.

The district court also found that dismissal of Liberty Lobby’s claims based on the Jaroslovsky article was mandated by the complete lack of evidence that any of the allegedly defamatory statements were published with actual malice. The court noted that Jaroslovsky had spent three months on intermittent research, had reviewed a large number of Liberty Lobby documents, and had consulted various articles about Liberty Lobby. Jaroslovsky had shown these materials to his editor, who concurred in his judgment that Liberty Lobby was anti-Semitic. The Journal’s Washington bureau chief, who was familiar with Liberty Lobby’s radio program and its official publication, The Spotlight, agreed. The district court concluded that no reasonable jury could find that The Journal had acted with knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard of the truth, “there being no evidence of [actual malice] at all, much less proof that is clear and convincing.” Liberty Lobby, 638 F.Supp. at 1153.

Turning to the Garment column’s reference to the Jaroslovsky article, the district court found that this claim was “extinguished by the demise of Count I.” Liberty Lobby, 638 F.Supp. at 1153. In the alternative, the court held that the “republication” was shielded by the common law privilege accorded to fair and accurate accounts of official reports and records. Id.

The remainder of the Garment column was, in the district court’s view, “simply descriptions of Garment’s personal reactions to Liberty Lobby’s attorney’s opening statement, nothing more.” Liberty Lobby, 638 F.Supp. at 1154. Even assuming Liberty Lobby’s charges of bias or vindictiveness were true, Garment’s comments on The National Review trial were, in the lower court’s view, expressions of opinion entitled to absolute first amendment protection. Id.

II.

Under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c), summary judgment

shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

The motion requires the court to look behind the bare allegations of the pleadings to determine if they have sufficient factual support to warrant their consideration at trial. The Supreme Court recently reaffirmed these principles:

the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). See First Nat’l Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Servs. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 1592, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968); 10A C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2727 (1983). The party opposing summary judgment “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleading, but his response ... must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).

Where a public figure, which Liberty Lobby concedes that it is, or a public official pursues a libel action, first amendment requirements supplant both the common law of defamation and the normal standards of appellate review in several respects. First, such a plaintiff must demonstrate by at least a fair preponderance of the evidence that the allegedy defamatory statement is false. See Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v. Hepps, 475 U.S. 767, 775-78, 106 S.Ct. 1558, 1563-65, 89 L.Ed.2d 783 (1986); Old Dominion Branch No. 496, Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers, AFL-CIO v. Austin, 418 U.S. 264, 284, 94 S.Ct. 2770, 2781, 41 L.Ed.2d 745 (1974) (“Before the test of recklessness or knowing falsity can be met, there must be a false statement of fact.”); Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 74, 85 S.Ct. 209, 215, 13 L.Ed. 2d 125 (1964) (“[A] public official [is] allowed the civil [defamation] remedy only if he establishes that the utterance was false.”).

This requirement is fully applicable at the summary judgment stage. Thus, where a district court concludes upon motion or its own initiative (after proper notice) that no reasonable jury could find by a fair preponderance of the evidence that the statement complained of is false, summary judgment for the defendant should be granted. Where the question of truth or falsity is a close one, a court should err on the side of nonactionability. See Hepps, 475 U.S. at 776, 106 S.Ct. at 1563.

Second, a public figure or official must demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant published the defamatory falsehood with “actual malice,” that is, with “knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not.” New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 280, 84 S.Ct. 710, 726, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964). To support a libel judgment, there must be evidence which establishes in convincing fashion “that the defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his publication.” St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 731, 88 S.Ct. 1323, 1325, 20 L.Ed.2d 262 (1968). Through the defendant’s own actions or statements, the dubious nature of his sources, the inherent improbability of the story or other circumstantial evidence, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant himself entertained a “high degree of awareness of ... probable falsity.” Garrison, 379 U.S. at 74, 85 S.Ct. at 216. This requirement, too, is applicable when considering a motion for summary judgment. The question for the court is “whether the evidence presented is such that a reasonable jury might find that actual malice had been shown with convincing clarity.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2515, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

Finally, statements of opinion or belief are nonactionable as a matter of law. See Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, 466 U.S. 485, 504, 104 S.Ct. 1949, 1961, 80 L.Ed.2d 502 (1984) (“Under our Constitution ‘there is no such thing as a false idea. However pernicious an opinion may seem, we depend for its correction not on the conscience of judges and juries but on the competition of other ideas.’ ”) (quoting Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 339-40, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 3006-07, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974)). The absolute protection accorded statements of opinion stems, in part, from plaintiff’s burden of proving falsity, a component of which is proving that a statement is amenable to disproof. But as the language of Gertz suggests, the rule has independent roots in the limitations which the first amendment places on the intrusion of any branch of government, including Article III courts, into the marketplace of ideas.

First amendment concerns also affect a court’s posture in reviewing the evidence presented on summary judgment. Normally, the evidence presented upon a motion for summary judgment is construed in favor of the party opposing the motion. See United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 994, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962); 10A C. Wright, A. Miller & M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2727 (1983). As to the nonconstitutional issues in a libel action, this standard still obtains. However, where the constitutional prerequisites of falsity and actual malice are at issue “an appellate court has an obligation to ‘make an independent examination of the whole record’ in order to make sure that ‘the judgment does not constitute a forbidden intrusion on the filed of free expression.’ ” Bose, 466 U.S. at 499, 104 S.Ct. at 1958 (quoting New York Times, 376 U.S. at 284-86, 84 S.Ct. at 728-29). While Bose and prior eases involved appellate review of trial verdicts in libel actions, logic and considerations of judicial administration dictate that the same level of review apply to the granting of summary judgment. See Herbert v. Lando, 781 F.2d 298, 308 (2d Cir.) (applying Bose independent review to summary judgment for media defendant), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1182, 106 S.Ct. 2916, 91 L.Ed.2d 545 (1986); accord Bartimo v. Horsemen’s Benevolent & Protective Ass’n, 771 F.2d 894, 894-98 (5th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1119, 106 S.Ct. 1635, 90 L.Ed.2d 181 (1986); Hardin v. Santa Fe Reporter, Inc., 745 F.2d 1323, 1326 (10th Cir.1984).

We turn to an analysis of the statements at issue and the district court’s rulings.

A,

Unlike the district court, we think Jaros-lovsky’s statements concerning Liberty Lobby’s publishing activities have defamatory content independent of the charge of anti-Semitism. Under District of Columbia law, a statement is defamatory, “if it tends to injure plaintiff in his trade, profession or community standing, or lower him in the estimation of the community.” Howard Univ. v. Best, 484 A.2d 958, 988 (D.C.1984) (citation omitted). “It is only when the court can say that the publication is not reasonably capable of any defamatory meaning and cannot reasonably be understood in any defamatory sense that it can rule as a matter of law, that it was not libelous.” Levy v. American Mut. Ins. Co., 196 A.2d 475, 476 (D.C.1964). See Afro-American Publishing Co. v. Jaffe, 366 F.2d 649, 654 n. 10 (D.C.Cir.1966) (citations omitted).

Here, The Journal article by Jaros-lovsky indicated that Liberty Lobby had published Pearson’s theories of racial supremacy and genetic selection, and that these publications were sold by an American Nazi organization. A jury could find that such an allegation, standing alone, tended “to lower [Liberty Lobby] in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from dealing or associating with [Liberty Lobby].” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 559 (1977); see also id. illustration 2 (An allegation of membership in the Ku Klux Klan is defamatory.). We have little doubt that a District of Columbia court would find that the allegation of this type of publishing activity has sufficient defamatory content to go to a jury. See Afro-American Publishing, 366 F.2d at 655 (charge that plaintiff store owner cancelled his subscription to black magazine for racist motives and made derogatory statements about black customers could support libel verdict).

We find, however, that these statements about Liberty Lobby’s publishing activities are nonactionable as a matter of federal constitutional law for two reasons. First, we are convinced that no reasonable jury could find by a fair preponderance of the evidence that these statements are false. Second, even if a jury could find that the Jaroslovsky article falsely exaggerated the connection between Liberty Lobby and Pearson’s writings, there is absolutely no evidence that the statements were made with “a high degree of awareness of ... probable falsity.” Garrison, 379 U.S. at 74, 85 S.Ct. at 216.

1.

It is undisputed that both Western Destiny and the Pearson books mentioned in the Jaroslovsky article were published by an unincorporated entity located in Torrance, California, doing business as The Noontide Press. See Affidavit of Robert P. LoBue, E.N. 57, 1185 (filed Dec. 16, 1985) [hereinafter “LoBue Aff.”]. The record evidence that both Mr. Carto and Liberty Lobby exercise substantial financial and editorial control over the publishing activities of Noontide is, in our view, compelling.

In their first set of interrogatories, ap-pellees asked Liberty Lobby to:

state whether plaintiff or any of its officers or directors or their spouses controls or ever has controlled, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, formally or informally, any aspect of the business or publishing activities or operations or the editorial policy or decision-making of The Noontide Press.

Defendants’ First Set of Interrogatories to Plaintiff, E.N. 6, at 13 (filed Dec. 26, 1984). In an answer sworn to by Mr. Carto, the appellant responded in the affirmative and went on to indicate that Mr. Carto had acted in an “advisory capacity” to Noontide for the last twenty years. Plaintiff’s Answer to Defendants’ First Set of Interrogatories, E.N. 9, at 17 (filed Feb. 28, 1985). In deposition testimony, Mr. Carto admitted that he was the central figure in the establishment of Noontide Press and had chosen its name. Deposition of Willis A. Carto, E.N. 41, at 400-01 (filed Oct. 4,1985) [hereinafter “Carto Dep.”]. Noontide’s nominal director, Mr. Thomas Marcellus, testified that Mr. Carto exercises considerable control over the selection of the books that Noontide will publish. See LoBue Aff. ¶ 62 (quoting Deposition of Thomas Marcel-lus at 116). In support of their dispositive motion, appellees also introduced the sworn testimony of Mr. Robert M. Bartell, a member of Liberty Lobby’s Board of Policy until 1984. See LoBue Aff. ¶ 60. In this testimony, given in an unrelated action involving Liberty Lobby, Mr. Bartell described Noontide’s publishing activities as follows:

a pamphlet or a book of some kind was run through Liberty Lobby’s executive staff for reading, for approval, for changes, for whatever____ And the finished copy is then given back to Mr. Carto and it goes back to California and is published by Noontide Press, and this has been going on for years and years and years, then [Mr. Carto] doesn’t have to say that I am Noontide Press although we all know he is.

Id. (quoting Deposition of Robert M. Bar-tell at 46-47, filed in Mermelstein v. Institute for Historical Review, No. C 356 542 (Cal.Super.Ct.)).

Until a fire in 1984, Liberty Lobby and The Noontide Press shared office space in Torrance, California. See Carto Dep. at 474. During the 1960’s, when the Pearson books were published, Mr. Carto was a board member of The Legion, the incorporated entity behind Noontide Press. See Carto Dep. at 300-03. Mr. Bruce Hollman, a Liberty Lobby director, also sat on The Legion’s board at the time of the publications at issue. See id. at 301. At the same time, Mr. Robert Kuttner, listed as a contributing editor of Western Destiny, was also a member of Liberty Lobby’s Board of Directors. Id. at 12C. During this time, Roger Pearson was the editor of Western Destiny, and Mr. Carto, under the pseudonym “E.L. Anderson,” was its sole associate editor. See Plaintiff’s Answer to Defendants’ First Set of Interrogatories, E.N. 9, at 15 (filed Feb. 28, 1985) (admitting that “E.L. Anderson” is a pseudonym for Mr. Carto).

The Legion’s application to do business as Noontide Press is signed by Mrs. Elizabeth Carto, Mr. Carto’s wife, and a supervisor at Liberty Lobby. See LoBue Aff. 1146 (citing Deposition of Thomas Marcellus, exh. 15). The application also lists Bruce Hollman as one of Noontide’s principals, himself a Liberty Lobby director. Id. Mr. Carto has personally chosen the only two directors of Noontide, and they received their positions by contacting Liberty Lobby through The Spotlight. LoBue Aff. ¶¶ 52-54. The record also indicates that The Noontide Press advertises only in Liberty Lobby’s official organ, The Spotlight. Lo-Bue Aff. 1176 (citing Marcellus Deposition at 69-70). In return, Liberty Lobby purchases almost half of the books for its “Liberty Library” from Noontide. See Lo-Bue Aff., exh. 17. Appellees have also adduced evidence that Liberty Lobby provides substantial financial support to The Legion and Noontide. See LoBue Aff. ¶ 77.

Upon this record, we have little difficulty in concluding that both The Journal’s characterization of Noontide as Liberty Lobby’s “publishing arm” and its statement that Liberty Lobby “published” Western Destiny are substantially true. Given the substantial ties between Mr. Carto, Liberty Lobby and Noontide, we are convinced that Liberty Lobby could not demonstrate by a fair preponderance of the evidence that these statements are false.

In Tavoulareas v. Piro, 817 F.2d 762 (D.C.Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 108 S.Ct. 200, 98 L.Ed.2d 151 (1987), The Washington Post ran a story charging that the President of Mobil Oil Corp., William Tavoulareas, had “set up” his son Peter in a shipping company which did substantial business with Mobil. Both father and son sued in libel, claiming that the “set-up” allegation was false and defamatory. In fact, Atlas Shipping, the company Peter Tavoulareas was associated with, dealt only with Samarco, a Saudi/Mobil joint venture. 817 F.2d at 767-68. The Tavoulareases claimed that the article created the false and defamatory impression that there was a “direct link” between Mobil and Atlas. Id. at 787.

Reviewing the record, this court found that Mobil’s and the elder Tavoulareas’ links with Atlas were substantial and palpable, although in no way formalized. Mobil had recruited the first head of Atlas Shipping, had provided it with ships and office space, and had even supplied it with an interim manager when its most senior executive departed. Tavoulareas, 817 F.2d at 787. Under these circumstances, the court held that “even if The Post article failed to make clear the formal, corporate relationship between Mobil, Samarco, and Atlas ... the defendants cannot in reason and in law be held liable for accurately reporting the direct link that undisputably did exist between Mobil and Atlas.” Id.

We think the logic of Tavoulareas is controlling here. Newspaper reporters should not be required to convert the results of investigative journalism into a Standard & Poor’s report on the formalities of corporate structure. The sting of the charge that Liberty Lobby has approved of and assisted in the dissemination of Mr. Pearson’s controversial views and the Western Destiny magazine, is substantially true. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 581A, comment f (1977) (“It is not necessary to establish the literal truth of the precise statement made. Slight inaccuracies of expression are immaterial provided that the defamatory charge is true in substance.”). Moreover, there is evidence in this record that Mr. Carto specifically designed the Liberty Lobby/Legion/Noontide/IHR network so as to divorce Liberty Lobby’s name from those of its less reputable affiliates. See infra p. 1296. It is Mr. Carto’s right to pour his political activities into whatever corporate shell he desires. What he may not do is silence those who see through the form to the reality.

2.

Even if a reasonable jury could find that Jaroslovsky and his editors falsely exaggerated Liberty Lobby’s role in the dissemination of the Pearson books and Western Destiny, no jury could find that they did so with knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for truth. After over a year of discovery, Liberty Lobby has not been able to adduce a scintilla of evidence indicating that anyone involved in the preparation of the Pearson article entertained any doubt about its veracity.

To the contrary, appellees’ evidence reveals that Jaroslovsky thoroughly documented his story and relied upon wholly reputable sources in drawing the connection between Liberty Lobby and Noontide’s publishing activities. Among Jaroslovsky’s sources was a June 1980 issue of the Facts newsletter published by the Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith (“ADL”). See Deposition of Richard Jaroslovsky, E.N. 32 & 33, exh. 45 (filed Aug. 6, 1985) [hereinafter “Jaroslovsky Dep.”]; The Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, “The Spotlight: Liberty Lobby’s Voice of Hate,” Facts, vol. 26, No. 1 (June, 1980). Under the subtitle “Front for Anti-Semi-tism,” the article states:

For almost a quarter century, Liberty Lobby has served as a front for Carto’s seamier operations and activities. Among these have been ... Western Destiny, a magazine that published racist, Nazi-tinged articles extolling the Nordic mystique; and Noontide Press, publisher of anti-Semitic, racist, and pro-Nazi books ____

Id. at 1. Later, the article refers to Noontide as “a Carto-influenced front.” Id. at 4. Other ADL publications which Jaroslov-sky reviewed in preparing the Pearson story referred to the “Carto Network” and described Noontide and Western Destiny as “Carto-run” and “official partners” in the Liberty Lobby conglomerate. See Jar-oslovsky Dep., exh. 57; The Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, Extremism on the Right — A Handbook 25 (1983).

Jaroslovsky also relied upon an article by C.H. Simonds, entitled “The Strange Story of Willis Carto,” which appeared in the September 10, 1971 issue of The National Review. Jaroslovsky Dep., exh. 60; Si-monds, “The Strange Story of Willis Car-to,” The National Review, Sept. 10, 1971, at 983. The article flatly states that “[t]he sole owner and proprietor of Noontide is Willis Carto.” Id. at 981. The article chronicles Mr. Carto’s attempts to distance himself and Liberty Lobby from The Legion/Noontide network but concludes that “[t]he most casual observer soon detects a tight relationship among the various components of Carto’s empire. The same names keep popping up on this letterhead, that masthead or board; it’s a closed group, and only very rarely will the name of an outsider appear.” Id. at 985.

During the composition of the story Jar-oslovsky also possessed a copy of the masthead of Western Destiny, listing “E.L. Anderson,” a known Carto pseudonym, as the sole associate editor. See Jaroslovsky Dep., exhs. 48 & 49. He also had obtained an advertisement published in Western Destiny, listing two Pearson books as available from Noontide Press. Jaroslov-sky Dep., exh. 56. Finally, Jaroslovsky had a clipping from the Nazi publication, White Power, which advertised two of the Pearson works published by Noontide. See Jar-oslovsky Dep., exh. 54.

We think The Wall Street Journal’s good faith reliance on previously published reports in reputable sources of Liberty Lobby’s connections with Noontide and Western Destiny precludes a finding of actual malice as a matter of law. See Rosanova v. Playboy Enterprises, Inc., 580 F.2d 859, 862 (5th Cir.1978) (“The subjective awareness of probable falsity required by [