Full opinion text
OPINION FUENTES, Circuit Judge. Paul Gamboa-Taylor (“Taylor”) is a Pennsylvania inmate sentenced to death by a Pennsylvania state court for murdering his wife, Valerie, their two children, and his mother-in-law’s child. He is also serving a life sentence for murdering his mother-in-law, Donna Barshinger. On federal habeas review, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, the District Court concluded that none of Taylor’s guilt or penalty-phase claims merited a writ. of habeas corpus. We agree with the District Court, and will affirm. I. Background And Procedural History Taylor pleaded guilty to five murders on December 19, 1991. A hearing was conducted on January 10, 1992 to determine Taylor’s degree of guilt and penalty. At this hearing, Taylor was found guilty of five counts of murder in the first degree by the Honorable John H. Chronister, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of York County, Pennsylvania. Judge Chronister also determined the sentence, without objection from Taylor, which was imposed on January 23,1992. A. The murders took place on the evening of May 18, 1991. Under the influence of alcohol and cocaine, Taylor, who had no apparent prior history of domestic violence, hammered the skull of his mother-in-law and slit her throat with a knife. He then hammered the skulls of her two-year-old son Lance, and his own children, four-year-old Paul and two-year-old Jasmine. When his wife Valerie returned home twelve hours later, he also hammered her skull until she died. Taylor did not harm his five-month-old daughter, Rachelle, who was present during the killings. After killing his wife, Taylor attempted suicide by slashing his wrists with a hacksaw and stabbing himself in the abdomen. He then called 911 (because he was worried about Rachelle) before trying to electrocute himself in the bathtub with a hair dryer. When the police arrived, they found him alive in the bathtub and took him to York Hospital. At the hospital Taylor made incriminating statements after the police questioned him about the killings without advising him of his right to counsel or to remain silent. Doctors stabilized Taylor physically and on May 22, 1991, transferred him to York Hospital’s psychiatric inpatient unit. There, Mohamed I. Elyan, M.D., Taylor’s treating physician, recorded Taylor’s account of what happened the night of the murders in his hospital records. When Dr. Elyan concluded that Taylor was psy-chiatrically stabilized, on May 24, 1991, he discharged Taylor to the state’s custody. Attorney Robert Bruce Evanick, Chief Public Defender, was appointed to represent Taylor. Evanick prepared a suppression motion, seeking to exclude the statements that Taylor made to police at the hospital. Taylor, however, wrote a letter of confession to the police, dated June 15, 1991, which states the following: On May 18, 1991, I, Paul G. Taylor, came home, went to the third floor, and to check on the kids. Jasmine was sleeping with Donna. I picked her up and put her in my bed, and no voice made me do it. I did it. Paul G. Taylor, on my own. I was so mad or bad about me to turn back to drugs, and my wife didn’t care no more that I wasn’t going to leave my family for no one. If I couldn’t have my kids, no one will. So I went downstairs and got the ball-peen hammer and killed Donna, Lance, Jasmine and Paul with it. After I dropped the hammer, I ran downstairs and washed my hands and went outside and walked around and cried. And I knew what I had done. It was my turn and my wife’s turn to die. I came back, went to the third floor, and covered them up. The baby was asleep. Rachelle and I went downstairs. And I called about 5:00 or 6:00 a.m. I called Tina Markle to see if she was there. The phone rang and Tina picked it up and I said, is Val there. She said, yes. But she never got on the phone, and the phone went dead. I called back, but I got a busy sound, and tried a half hour later, and got the same thing. Val called back around 11:30 and said she be home around 12, or 12:30, and she hung up. When she got home she did not look or say anything but went to the dining room, and said, I’m going out tonight. And I killed her with the hammer, too, and went outside and said to Tina, she’ll see you tonight, and she went. I carried my wife up the stairs and laid her in bed with my daughter, and went downstairs and got a hacksaw and a knife, and went back upstairs to kill myself. That’s what happened to my family. I don’t want mercy from the Court. I want the maximum sentence. God said that this was the truth. Amen. P.S., I’m not a sick man. I’m a man that went over and came back. P.S. It was out of love that no one was going to take them away, my wife and my kids. Truly sorry, Mr. Paul G. Taylor. (App. at 238-39.) Before Taylor’s plea hearing, two experts — Edward J. Briercheck, M.S., a licensed psychologist, and Robert L. Sadoff, M.D., a psychiatrist — evaluated Taylor and opined that he was competent to participate in legal proceedings. Moreover, Mr. Briercheck concluded that Taylor “was capable of formulating intent” at the time of the murders and Dr. Sadoff found that Taylor would not be able to prove an insanity defense. (App. at 317.) At Taylor’s guilty-plea hearing on December 19, 1991, about seven months after the murders, defense counsel reported to the trial judge that Taylor had directed him “not to contact any witnesses or to call any medical personnel who have interviewed and talked with him. He understands that there are statutory aggravating circumstances and that the likely result will be imposition of the death penalty.” (App. at 137.) Taylor agreed with counsel’s statement in a colloquy on the record, after which the court accepted his plea. Twenty-two days later, at Taylor’s degree-of-guilt and penalty hearing, the trial judge granted Taylor’s suppression motion, ruling that the hospital statements were unlawfully obtained. The court next asked Taylor if he wished to let his guilty plea stand, and Taylor answered affirmatively. The Commonwealth presented several witnesses’ testimony, including police and pathologists. Defense counsel presented no evidence, and made no argument on Taylor’s behalf. The trial judge concluded that all five murders were intentional and thus in the first degree. The penalty phase commenced immediately, and the court asked Taylor whether he wanted to present any mitigating evidence. Taylor declined. Nevertheless, the District Attorney, H. Stanley Rebert, stated that, as an officer of the court, he felt obliged to mention that Taylor could claim the mitigating circumstance set forth in 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 9711(e)(1) because he had no significant history of prior criminal convictions. The trial judge next heard argument on the aggravating circumstances, and the Commonwealth conceded that none applied to the murder of Taylor’s mother-in-law. Taylor murdered the three children and Valerie after his mother-in-law, however, which satisfied 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 9711(d)(ll) (requiring that a defendant be convicted of another murder committed either before or at the time of the offense at issue). And the three children were under the age of twelve, which satisfied 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 9711(d)(16) (requiring that the victim be a child under the age of twelve). As the hearing came to an end, Taylor’s counsel added: Your Honor, just so we’re clear for the record, the only other additional mitigating factor is the Defendant’s remorse. That has been passed on by the Supreme Court and found to be a legitimate mitigating factor. Whether or not you conclude from his letter [of June 15, 1991] that he is genuinely sorry for what occurred, of course, is your decision, but there is certainly evidence to support it of record. (App. at 247-48.) The judge sentenced Taylor to life in prison for his mother-in-law’s murder, after finding that there were no aggravating circumstances and at least one mitigating circumstance (no prior criminal record). With respect to the three children, the court found that both aggravating circumstances had been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, and that there were two mitigating circumstances: no prior criminal record and genuine remorse. The court concluded that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating ones, and imposed three death sentences for the childrens’ murders. For Valerie’s murder, only one aggravating circumstance had been proven since she was an adult, and there were two mitigating circumstances: no prior record and remorse. Nevertheless, the judge found that the single aggravating circumstance outweighed the two mitigating circumstances and imposed a death sentence. The court explained: The Court draws this conclusion on the fact that there were multiple homicides which occurred. Also in the fact that a substantial period of time passed after the first four victims were killed, and the wife, Valerie Taylor came home, so that this lying in wait, and this further opportunity to plan and premeditate the situation creates an additional weight to the aggravating circumstance in the Court’s mind. (App. at 285.) The court advised Taylor that post-trial motions were due on January 23, 1992, the date of formal sentencing, and advised him of his automatic right to appeal. At formal sentencing, on January 23, 1992, defense counsel explained: “I spoke with Paul last week. He indicated that he did not want any motions filed in his behalf and Pm not sure there are any that could have been filed. So he’s essentially forfeited that potential area of review.” (App. at 288.) The court then asked Taylor whether he had anything to say before sentencing. He did not, and the court imposed four death sentences and one life sentence. B. Death sentences are subject to automatic review by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 9711(h). On May 4, 1993, Taylor’s counsel told the Court that Taylor wished no action to be taken on his behalf. The Court instructed counsel to obtain an affidavit from Taylor confirming this intention, and counsel supplied Taylor with an affidavit for his signature. Taylor declined to sign the affidavit in a handwritten note to counsel, dated May 6, 1993. The note said: The affidavit you send me on May 6, 1993 to sign and get notary is a suicide form to say I Paul Gamboa Taylor give them the right to kill me; they the court found me guilt[y] now they or you want me to commit suicide in writing too. I do not understand the law, but by the Grace of God I will not sign over my life in a affidavit you have send. (App. at 340.) Thereafter, Taylor executed an affidavit authorizing counsel to withdraw his guilty plea, and on May 20, 1993, counsel filed a petition with the Court requesting a remand to afford Taylor the opportunity to do so. The Court denied the petition for remand, without explanation, on July 21,1993. On December 9, 1993, the Court sustained Taylor’s murder convictions and affirmed the judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. Gamboa-Taylor, 535 Pa. 266, 634 A.2d 1106 (1993) (hereinafter “Taylor I ”). Because no issues had been preserved for review, the Court reviewed only those issues required by statute, and held: the evidence was sufficient to support convictions for first degree murder; there was no evidence that the sentences of death were the product of passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor; and the sentences of death were not excessive or disproportionate. Id. at 1108-09. The Court did not mention Taylor’s desire to withdraw his guilty plea. C. On January 13,1997, Taylor filed a timely pro se petition for post-conviction relief under Pennsylvania’s Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. §§ 9541-46. Attorney J. Richard Robinson, who was appointed as post-conviction counsel, filed a supplemental petition (the “first PCRA petition”), including the following pertinent claims: 1. Trial counsel was ineffective in failing to introduce evidence of Petitioner’s drug use for purposes of mitigating circumstances at the penalty phase. 2. Trial counsel was ineffective in failing to interview witnesses identified in discovery who may have provided exculpatory evidence for Petitioner. 3. Trial counsel was ineffective in failing to raise or pursue the defense of diminished capacity. 6. Trial counsel was ineffective in failing to call family members and friends as character witnesses at trial. (App. at 351-52.) The first PCRA petition also contained a list of twenty-two potential witnesses, including family members and friends. The petition was assigned to Judge Chronister, who had been Taylor’s trial judge. The judge held a hearing on June 24, 1997, at which Taylor presented no evidence besides his own testimony. Trial counsel, then working in New Orleans, gave testimony via telephone. Judge Chronister denied the post-conviction petition, finding that Taylor had instructed counsel “not to present testimony, that [Taylor] had discussed the possibility of having testimony by various friends, associates, employers, coworkers with Mr. Evanick and elected not to call them and, in fact, [Taylor] made the phone calls to tell those witnesses not to come in.” (App. at 277-78.) Taylor appealed the denial of post-conviction relief, but on August 20, 1998, Judge Chronister’s decision was affirmed in Commonwealth. v. Taylor; 553 Pa. 144, 718 A.2d 743 (1998) (hereinafter “Taylor II ”). D. On September 3, 1998, Taylor, represented by current counsel, the Defender Association of Philadelphia, initiated proceedings in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania by filing motions to stay the execution, appoint counsel, and proceed in for-ma pauperis. After receiving extensions of time, Taylor filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus on January 5, 1999 raising numerous claims — some of them plainly new, some of them more comprehensive versions of what had been raised in his first PCRA petition. Among other things, Taylor claimed that trial counsel’s performance was constitutionally deficient because he failed to adequately investigate Taylor’s family background and mental health issues, and failed to present a defense to first-degree murder or, at the penalty phase, evidence of mitigating circumstances. On February 5, 1999, Taylor filed a second PCRA petition in the York County Court of Common Pleas in order to exhaust the claims in his federal petition that were new. Taylor’s second PCRA petition was also assigned to Judge Chronister. Taylor alleged ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel (counsel for his first PCRA petition) and submitted new evidence, including affidavits from his siblings and family Mends, and affidavits from two new experts, Richard G. Dudley, Jr., M.D., and Gillian Blair, Ph.D. The petition also included updated affidavits from Mr. Briercheck and Dr. Sadoff. On March 9, 1999, the District Court dismissed the “mixed” habeas petition without prejudice, for failure to exhaust state remedies. See Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 510, 522, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982). And, in the meantime, Judge Chronister denied Taylor’s second PCRA petition as untimely. Taylor appealed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania contending that the after-discovered evidence exception to the state’s post-conviction one-year limitation period, 42 Pa. Cons.Stat. Ann. § 9545(b)(l)(ii), applied. He included affidavits from Drs. Dudley, Blair, Sadoff, and Mr. Briercheck, and he argued that the first post-conviction counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to appreciate the significance of his diminished mental state, as revealed in this after-acquired evidence. On June 19, 2000, the Court affirmed the untimeliness ruling. Commonwealth v. Gamboa-Taylor, 562 Pa. 70, 753 A.2d 780 (2000) (hereinafter “Taylor III ”). The Court reasoned that an allegation of ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel does not excuse a failure to comply with the PCRA’s time limitation, id. at 785, and that all of the facts regarding Taylor’s mental state, if not known, were discoverable by the exercise of due diligence before his proceedings, id. at 787. On August 11, 2000, proceedings in the District Court resumed when Taylor refiled his habeas petition. On July 22, 2004, the District Court denied the habeas petition on the merits. Taylor appealed. Taylor’s habeas petition is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), 110 Stat. 1214. Taylor pursued seventeen claims before the District Court, and has consolidated them for the purposes of this appeal essentially as follows: Claim 1: The trial court failed to hold a competency hearing despite indicia that Taylor was incompetent. Claim 2: Taylor’s due process rights were denied when he was tried while incompetent, and the District Court erred when it refused to hold an evi-dentiary hearing to consider his after-acquired evidence that he was not actually competent at the time of his proceedings. Claim 3: Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate, prepare, and present evidence of Taylor’s incompetence. Claim 4: Taylor’s guilty plea and waivers of other rights were not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Claim 5: Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to ensure that any waiver by Taylor was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Claim 6: Taylor never waived his right to have his sentence determined by a jury, and counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the invalid waiver. Claim 7: Trial counsel failed to investigate, present, and argue mitigating evidence, and his deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Claim 8: Taylor did not waive his right to present mitigating evidence and any purported waiver was invalid because he was not adequately informed of his rights. Claim 9: Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate, develop, and present the defense of diminished capacity. Claim 10: Trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate, develop and present the defense of voluntary intoxication. Claim 11: Taylor was denied effective assistance of counsel on direct appeal to the state supreme court. Before reaching the merits of Taylor’s claims we first address the threshold issues of timeliness, exhaustion, and procedural default. II. Timeliness, Exhaustion, and Procedural Default A. Timeliness The Commonwealth argues that the set of claims Taylor raised for the first time in his August 2000 federal habeas petition is barred by the statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1), which provides: A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. The limitation period shall run from the latest of— (A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review; (B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action; (C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review; or (D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence. Because Taylor’s conviction became final before AEDPA was passed, the one-year limitation period began to run on its passage date, April 24, 1996. Burns v. Morton, 134 F.3d 109, 111 (3d Cir.1998); Miller v. N.J. State Dep’t of Corrs., 145 F.3d 616, 617 (3d Cir.1998). On January 13,1997, about eight months after the statute of limitations began to run, Taylor filed his first PCRA petition. We toll the limitations period while that petition was pending, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2); thus it did not begin to run again until the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed the denial of the petition, on August 20, 1998. An additional two weeks elapsed before Taylor filed his motions for a stay of execution, appointment of counsel, and infor-ma pauperis status in federal court, on September 3, 1998. Then, on January 5, 1999, he filed his first, timely habeas petition. However, on March 9, 1999, the District Court dismissed the “mixed” petition, without prejudice, for failure to exhaust state remedies. See Rose, 455 U.S. 509, 102 S.Ct. 1198. The Court declined to stay the matter pending exhaustion, but noted that Taylor’s filing of an exhausted petition would likely relate back to his January 1999 petition, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c). By the time Taylor filed his second petition before the District Court, on August 11, 2000, his time to file had run out. The Court had to reconsider its prediction that the revised petition would relate back because the law changed while Taylor had been pursuing his second PCRA petition. In the interim, we issued Jones v. Morton, 195 F.3d 153 (3d Cir.1999), which held that once a petition is dismissed for failure to exhaust, a new petition cannot relate back to the dismissed petition. In light of Jones, the District Court correctly-determined that Taylor’s August 2000 petition could not relate back to his January 1999 petition. However, the Court decided to equitably toll the statute because it would have granted his request for a stay initially, had it the benefit of our subsequent decisions in Jones and Crews v. Horn, 360 F.3d 146, 154 (3d Cir.2004), in which we permitted a stay when a dismissal would jeopardize timeliness. The Court also found that Taylor had pursued his claims diligently. The Commonwealth argues that the District Court erred because § 2244(d)(l)’s one-year requirement is not subject to equitable tolling. In Miller, however, we explained that § 2244(d)(1) is a statute of limitations, subject to equitable tolling, not a jurisdictional rule. 145 F.3d at 617; see also Day v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 198, 205, 126 S.Ct. 1675, 164 L.Ed.2d 376 (2006) (holding that § 2244’s one-year time limitation is not jurisdictional). Section 2244(d)’s one-year limitation may be tolled, among other reasons, if “the plaintiff has in some extraordinary way been prevented from asserting his rights.” Fahy v. Horn, 240 F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir.2001). The Commonwealth concedes that if § 2244(d)(l)’s time limitation may be tolled, then the factual circumstances in this case warrant tolling. Commonwealth Br. at 21. Our review confirms that Taylor has pursued his claims diligently, and that the District Court had assured Taylor “that the claims presented in [his timely] petition could later be reasserted in an ‘amended’ petition” that would “relat[e] back” to his timely petition. See Dist. Ct. Op. at 9. Thus, in these circumstances, we agree with the Commonwealth, Taylor, and the District Court that equitable tolling is warranted. We will therefore affirm the District Court’s decision to toll the statute of limitations. Taylor’s claim is therefore timely. B. Exhaustion and Procedural Default The Commonwealth concedes that the claims Taylor raised in his first PCRA petition have been exhausted under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A). It argues, however, that the claims Taylor raised for the first time in his second PCRA petition have not been exhausted and are procedurally defaulted because the state courts dismissed his petition as untimely. Section 2254(b)(1)(A) provides that an application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it appears that “the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State.” “To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, the petitioner must fairly present all federal claims to the highest state court before bringing them in federal court.” Stevens v. Del. Corr. Ctr., 295 F.3d 361, 369 (3d Cir.2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, because we will deny all of Taylor’s claims on the merits, we need not address exhaustion. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(2) (“An application for a writ of habeas corpus may be denied on the merits, notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to exhaust the remedies available in the courts of the State.”). We will address procedural default, however, even with respect to the claims we will deny. A habeas claim has been procedurally defaulted when “a state court declined to address a prisoner’s federal claims because the prisoner had failed to meet a state procedural requirement.” Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 730, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). For a federal habeas claim to be barred by procedural default, however, the state rule must have been announced prior to its application in the petitioner’s case and must have been “firmly established and regularly followed.” Ford v. Georgia, 498 U.S. 411, 423-24, 111 S.Ct. 850, 112 L.Ed.2d 935 (1991). Whether the rule was firmly established and regularly followed is determined as of the date the default occurred, not the date the state court relied on it, Doctor v. Walters, 96 F.3d 675, 684 (3d Cir.1996), because a petitioner is entitled to notice of how to present a claim in state court, Ford, 498 U.S. at 423-424, 111 S.Ct. 850. Here, the state courts dismissed Taylor’s second PCRA petition as untimely pursuant to Pennsylvania’s one-year PCRA statute of limitations, 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 9545(b)(1). We agree with the District Court that Taylor’s default occurred on March 9, 1995, when Taylor’s time to file a second petition expired, and we have held that § 9545(b)(1) was not firmly established or regularly applied until November 23, 1998, at the earliest, when the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania decided Commonwealth v. Albrecht, 554 Pa. 31, 720 A.2d 693, 700 (1998). See Bronshtein v. Horn 404 F.3d 700, 708-09 (3d Cir.2005) (recognizing that petitioner, whose second PCRA petition was untimely under § 9545(b)(1), had not defaulted federal review because Pennsylvania previously applied a “relaxed waiver” rule, under which a claim of constitutional error in a capital case would not be waived by a failure to preserve it). Thus, we agree with the District Court’s determination that Taylor’s claims raised for the first time in his second PCRA petition are not barred by procedural default. III. Applicable Legal Principles The parties agree that AEDPA governs federal court review of Taylor’s habeas action. We review de novo whether the District Court appropriately applied AED-PA’s standards of review. Johnson v. Carroll, 369 F.3d 253, 257 (3d Cir.2004). The District Court’s denial of an evidentia-ry hearing is reviewed for abuse of discretion. See Schriro v. Landrigan, — U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 1933, 1940, 1944, 167 L.Ed.2d 836 (2007); Hakeem v. Beyer, 990 F.2d 750, 758 (3d Cir.1993). A. Standards of Review Under AEDPA AEDPA requires federal courts collaterally reviewing state proceedings to afford considerable deference to state courts’ legal and factual determinations on the merits. Specifically, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) provides: An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim— (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. A state court decision is “contrary to” Supreme Court precedent if the state court “arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached” by the Court on a question of law, or “confronts facts that are materially indistinguishable from a relevant Supreme Court precedent and arrives at a result opposite to” that of the Court. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000). An “unreasonable application” of Supreme Court precedent occurs: (1) “if the state court identifies the correct governing legal rule from [the Supreme] Court’s cases but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the particular state prisoner’s case;” or (2) if it “either unreasonably extends a legal principle from [Supreme Court] precedent to a new context where it should not apply or unreasonably refuses to extend that principle to a new context where it should apply.” Id. at 407. If, on the other hand, “the state court has not reached the merits of a claim thereafter presented to a federal habeas court, the deferential standards provided by AEDPA and explained in Williams do not apply.” Appel v. Horn, 250 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir.2001). “In such an instance, the federal habeas court must conduct a de novo review over pure legal questions and mixed questions of law and fact, as a court would have done prior to the enactment of AEDPA.” Id. Whether or not the state courts reached the merits of a claim, § 2254(e)(1) requires that “a determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed to be correct” unless the petitioner rebuts “the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” See id. Although it would appear that there is “little material difference between a reasonableness determination and a presumption of correctness as they express the same fundamental principle of deference to state court findings,” we have explained that, in fact, the language of § 2254(d)(2) and § 2254(e)(1) implies an important distinction: § 2254(d)(2)’s reasonableness determination turns on a consideration of the totality of the “evidence presented in the state-court proceeding,” while § 2254(e)(1) contemplates a challenge to the state court’s individual factual determinations, including a challenge based wholly or in part on evidence outside the state trial record. Lambert v. Blackwell, 387 F.3d 210, 235 (3d Cir.2004). In addition, AEDPA prohibits district courts, except in certain limited circumstances, from holding an evidentiary hearing on a federal habeas claim “[i]f the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of [the] claim in State court proceedings.” § 2254(e)(2). However, even if an evidentiary hearing is not prohibited under § 2254(e)(2), a petitioner is not necessarily entitled to one: “In deciding whether to grant an evidentiary hearing, a federal court must consider whether such a hearing could enable an applicant to prove the petition’s factual allegations, which, if true, would entitle the applicant to federal habe-as relief.” Landrigan, 127 S.Ct. at 1940. Furthermore, to the extent that “the deferential standards prescribed by § 2254 control whether to grant habeas relief, a federal court must take into account those standards in deciding whether an eviden-tiary hearing is appropriate.” Id. at 1940. B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Sixth Amendment claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are governed by Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), which “qualifies as clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.’ ” Williams, 529 U.S. at 391, 120 S.Ct. 1495 (internal quotation marks omitted). To prevail, a defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient, and that this prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Trial counsel’s representation must fail to satisfy an objective standard of reasonableness, considering all the circumstances. Id. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Courts must assess the reasonableness of counsel’s conduct on the facts of the particular case, and as of the time of counsel’s conduct. Id. at 690, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Counsel’s strategic choices made after full investigation are “virtually unchallengeable,” but choices made after limited investigation are reasonable only to the extent that the limited investigation itself was reasonable. Id. at 690-91, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Moreover, courts may look to the defendant’s statements or actions in determining the reasonableness of counsel’s conduct. Id. at 691, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Strickland's, prejudice prong requires a defendant to show “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. IV. Competency Claims (Claims 1, 2, and 3) Taylor argues that the proceedings leading to his conviction and death sentence violated three of his constitutional rights relating to his competency to stand trial: (Claim 1) his due process right to a competency hearing; (Claim 2) his due process right not be tried while incompetent; and (Claim 3) his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel with respect to competency issues. He also seeks an evidentiary hearing before the District Court to present newly-acquired evidence that he was not competent at the time of his proceedings. A. Federal Competency Standards The foundation of these competency claims is the well-established due process right not to be tried, or plead guilty, while incompetent. See Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 171-72, 95 S.Ct. 896, 43 L.Ed.2d 103 (1975); Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 385, 86 S.Ct. 836, 15 L.Ed.2d 815 (1966); Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389, 399-400, 113 S.Ct. 2680, 125 L.Ed.2d 321 (1993) (holding that standards for competency to plead guilty and to stand trial are the same). The Supreme Court set the basic standard for competency in Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402, 80 S.Ct. 788, 4 L.Ed.2d 824 (1960): To be competent to plead guilty or stand trial, a defendant must have a “sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding” and must possess “a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.” Id. at 402, 80 S.Ct. 788 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Drope, 420 U.S. at 171, 95 S.Ct. 896 (“[A] person whose mental condition is such that he lacks the capacity to understand the nature and object of the proceedings against him, to consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing his defense may not be subjected to a trial.”). B. State Court Proceedings and Standards of Review 1. At the outset, the state trial court “accept[ed] [Taylor’s] guilty plea finding it to be knowingly and voluntarily given.” (App. at 152.) In Godinez, the Supreme Court explained: The focus of a competency inquiry is the defendant’s mental capacity; the question is whether he has the ability to understand the proceedings. The purpose of the “knowing and voluntary” inquiry, by contrast, is to determine whether the defendant actually does understand the significance and consequences of a particular decision and whether the decision is uncoerced. 509 U.S. at 401 n. 12, 113 S.Ct. 2680 (citations omitted). If a defendant does not have the “ability” to understand the proceedings, it is impossible that he “actually does” understand them. It follows, then, that a finding of competence is a prerequisite to a determination that a plea is knowing and voluntary. Thus, the state trial court’s determination that Taylor’s plea was knowing and voluntary, included an implied finding that he was competent. Sitting as the first PCRA court, Judge Chronister held an evidentiary hearing and made factual findings on (1) Taylor’s competency during his proceedings and (2) effective assistance of counsel with respect to competence. Judge Chronister explicitly reaffirmed his implicit finding at the guilty plea hearing that Taylor was competent. The Judge also determined for the second time that Taylor had been competent to make decisions about his case, albeit affected by his remorse, and that counsel was not ineffective for entrusting Taylor with decisions about his case: There’s nothing in the testimony today which would show that the Defendant was not capable of making those decisions or that there was any legal impediment which would have forced counsel not to submit the decision to the Defendant. We recognize that perhaps the Defendant’s thinking at that time was colored by remorse. I don’t think there’s any question about that. His very actions of having counsel file for suppression, having the Court grant a suppression of a confession, and then the Defendant turning right around and sending a letter to the D.A. giving another confession to make sure that the conviction would occur makes it clear that the Defendant was acting out of remorse. But the Court does not find that to be a legal impediment. That remorse is a natural result and feeling of the circumstances of this particular death given the fact that it was the Defendant’s family and his children who were involved, and the fact that the Defendant’s mind may have been affected by the remorse is not an impediment to — legally to his making the decisions as to what — how the trial will proceed unless his mind is so clouded that he becomes confused or subject to a mental status that would make him unable to participate in the trial. The Court was very careful to make sure that that was not the case, insisted upon the psychiatric evaluation prior to proceeding. The evaluation showed that the Defendant was capable of cooperating with counsel and making rational decisions, albeit affected by his remorse, and the Court finds that there’s no legal impediment because of that. (App. at 279-80.) The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed this decision in Taylor II, recognizing that “[w]oven into Taylor’s claim of ineffectiveness [of counsel] is the assertion that his mental state after the killings prevented him from making rational decisions, essentially rendering him incompetent. ... In this case, Taylor’s claim of incompetency is completely unsupported in fact. ” 718 A.2d at 745 (emphasis added). The Court reasoned, further: [T]he PCRA court’s determination that Taylor was competent in all matters of decision and strategy is supported by substantial evidence of record, including Taylor’s own testimony, the testimony of his trial counsel, and the report of the court-appointed psychiatrist. Taylor’s suggestion that stress and remorse associated with a capital case are such that he (and, by implication, others in his situation) are per se incompetent to make decisions of strategy does not comport with the well-established standard for determining mental competency.... Id. at 745-46. 2. Based on this record it is clear that the state courts addressed the merits of Taylor’s claim that he was tried while incompetent (Claim 2), and received ineffective assistance of counsel in this regard (Claim 3); we will therefore review both claims under § 2254(d). We will, however, review the trial court’s decision not to hold a competency hearing (Claim 1) de novo because that claim was not addressed on the merits. Moreover, regardless of whether a given claim was reached on the merits, competency is a state court factual finding that, if supported by the record, is presumed correct. See Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 111, 116 S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383 (1995) (citing Maggio v. Ful-ford, 462 U.S. 111, 118, 103 S.Ct. 2261, 76 L.Ed.2d 794 (1983)); Demosthenes v. Baal, 495 U.S. 731, 735, 110 S.Ct. 2223, 109 L.Ed.2d 762 (1990) (per curiam). Implicit factual findings are presumed correct under § 2254(e)(1) to the same extent as express factual findings. Campbell v. Vaughn, 209 F.3d 280 285-86 (3rd Cir. 2000). Thus, here, the state courts’ implicit and explicit factual findings that Taylor was competent are presumed correct, unless Taylor can rebut “the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” See § 2254(e)(1); Appel, 250 F.3d at 210. C. The Merits of the Competency Claims 1. The Trial Court’s Failure To Hold A Competency Hearing (Claim 1) Taylor argues that the trial court’s failure to hold a competency hearing despite indicia of his incompetence violated his procedural due process rights under Drope, 420 U.S. at 171-72, 95 S.Ct. 896 and Pate, 383 U.S. at 385, 86 S.Ct. 836. A trial court’s failure to inquire into competency, sua sponte, where there is reason to doubt a defendant’s competency, violates due process because it deprives the defendant of his right to a fair trial. Drope, 420 U.S. at 172, 95 S.Ct. 896; Pate, 383 U.S. at 385-86, 86 S.Ct. 836. But barring indicia of incompetence, due process does not require that a competency hearing be held. Godinez, 509 U.S. at 402 n. 13, 113 S.Ct. 2680. The Supreme Court has not “prescribe[d] a general standard with respect to the nature or quantum of evidence necessary to require resort to an adequate procedure” but it has explained: a defendant’s irrational behavior, his demeanor at trial, and any prior medical opinion on competence to stand trial are all relevant in determining whether further inquiry is required, but that even one of these factors standing alone may, in some circumstances, be sufficient. There are, of course, no fixed or immutable signs which invariably indicate the need for further inquiry to determine fitness to proceed; the question is often a difficult one in which a wide range of manifestations and subtle nuances are implicated. That they are difficult to evaluate is suggested by the varying opinions trained psychiatrists can entertain on the same facts. Drope, 420 U.S. at 172, 180, 95 S.Ct. 896. Taylor argues, first, that rather than hold a hearing the trial court erroneously relied wholly on Dr. Sadoff s conclusion that Taylor was competent to proceed. See Taylor Br. at 29-33. Although it would have been insufficient for the trial court to rest his entire competency determination on just one psychiatric report, see Pate, 383 U.S. at 383, 86 S.Ct. 836, that is not what happened here. In addition to the Sadoff report, which concluded that Taylor was “mentally competent to proceed in that he does know the nature and consequences of his current legal situation and can work with counsel in preparing his defense,” App at 326, the trial court had the benefit of its own observations and interactions with Taylor, as well as reports of counsel’s observations and interactions with him. None of these indicated incompetency. The record shows that throughout the proceedings Taylor was able to engage with counsel and respond to the trial court’s inquiries, and that trial counsel never expressed concern over Taylor’s competency. See Jermyn v. Horn, 266 F.3d 257, 294-97 (3d Cir.2001); Demosthenes, 495 U.S. at 736-37, 110 S.Ct. 2223. The trial court also granted a continuance of the proceedings when Taylor’s counsel sought a psychological evaluation from Mr. Briercheek, to supplement the Sadoff report, prior to the guilty plea. After having received Mr. Briercheck’s evaluation, which concluded that Taylor was “mentally competent to proceed with the legal aspects of his case,” App. at 317, trial counsel did not seek a hearing on competency. The record does not disclose whether the court ever saw the Briercheek report, but we know that the court was aware counsel considered the issue of competence, had reviewed an expert opinion in addition to Dr. Sadoffs, and still did not raise the issue. See Jermyn, 266 F.3d at 292 (noting, in denying petitioner’s competency-hearing claim, that counsel did not give any indication to the trial court that he doubted petitioner’s competence). Second, Taylor argues that the court erroneously focused on Dr. Sadoff s conclusion of competency, while ignoring portions of the report that indicated ineompe-teney. He also argues that both Mr. Briercheck’s and Dr. Sadoffs competency conclusions must be read in the context of their other observations of Taylor’s poor mental health. For example, both experts reported Taylor’s drug use, suicidal thoughts, acute grief reaction to the killings, and severe depression. It is plain from the face of these reports, however, that both took full account of these issues in reaching their respective conclusions that Taylor was competent. Indeed, as the District Court correctly observed, the Briercheek and Sadoff reports stand in stark contrast to the reports in Drope, which indicated that the defendant would have difficulty assisting in his case and reached no conclusion about whether the defendant was competent to stand trial. 420 U.S. at 164 n. 1, 175-76, 95 S.Ct. 896. Third, notwithstanding the experts’ conclusions, we cannot agree with Taylor that his history of drug abuse or suicidal thoughts indicated that he was incompetent to participate in the proceedings. There is no evidence that Taylor was abusing drugs immediately prior to or during the proceedings. See United States v. Renfroe, 825 F.2d 763, 767 (3d Cir.1987). And his suicide attempt occurred long before the plea and penalty proceedings. Compare Jermyn, 266 F.3d at 293 (early suicide attempt did not implicate competency vel non to stand trial) with Drope, 420 U.S. at 178-80, 95 S.Ct. 896 (mid-trial suicide attempt raised doubt as to competency); United States v. Loyola-Dominguez, 125 F.3d 1315, 1319 (9th Cir.1997) (suicide attempt on eve of trial raised doubt as to competency); and Tiller v. Esposito, 911 F.2d 575, 578 (11th Cir.1990) (two suicide attempts while in pre-trial incarceration raised doubt as to competency). Finally, Taylor’s desire to confess and receive the death penalty as punishment, and refusal to allow witnesses during the penalty phase, are not indications that he was incompetent. These actions are consistent with Taylor’s repeatedly expressed desire to plead guilty and accept the consequences. Ultimately, the record reveals no indicia that compelled the trial court to hold a competency hearing. As the District Court aptly observed: “Taylor’s lucid and remorseful desire to plead guilty simply cannot, out of hand, be colored as utterly bizarre behavior indicative of incompetency.” App. at 35 (citing Jermyn, 266 F.3d at 288). We agree with the District Court’s analysis in this regard, and are satisfied that the state trial court’s decision to forego a competency hearing&emdash;be-fore accepting Taylor’s guilty plea and through the end of the penalty phase&emdash; comported with federal standards of due process. 2. Competence To Stand Trial (Claim 2) Taylor also argues that he was incompetent during his proceedings, in violation of his due process rights. See Drope, 420 U.S. at 171-72, 95 S.Ct. 896; Pate, 383 U.S. at 385, 86 S.Ct. 836. As mentioned previously, to be competent a defendant must have “a sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding” and must possess “a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.” Dusky, 362 U.S. at 402, 80 S.Ct. 788. We will presume that the state courts’ finding that Taylor was competent were correct, unless Taylor can rebut “the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Appel, 250 F.3d at 210. i. Taylor’s After-Acquired Evidence of Incompetence To rebut the presumption of competence, Taylor seeks an evidentiary hearing before the District Court, in order to present the testimony of four experts: Mr. Briercheck, and Drs. Sadoff, Blair, and Dudley. As indicated in their affidavits, these experts would testify that, contrary to the state courts’ competency findings, Taylor was incompetent to plead guilty or to waive his rights. This evidence was not presented to the first PCRA court, which held an evidentiary hearing on Taylor’s competency. It was first presented to the state courts in Taylor’s second PCRA petition, which the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania dismissed as untimely. The limits on evidentiary hearings set out in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) are relevant here: If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows that— (A) the claim relies on— (ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence Id. (emphasis added). We have explained the meaning of “failed to develop” under § 2254(e)(2) as follows: The “failure” inquiry does not end once it is determined that the factual basis of a claim had not been developed in state court. Because “[i]n its customary and preferred sense, ‘fail’ connotes some omission, fault, or negligence on the part of the person who has failed to do something,” “a person is not at fault when his diligent efforts to perform an act are thwarted, for example, by the conduct of another or by happenstance.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 431-32, 120 S.Ct. 1479, 146 L.Ed.2d 435. Accordingly, “[u]nder the opening clause of § 2254(e)(2), a failure to develop the factual basis of a claim is not established unless there is lack of diligence, or some greater fault, attributable to the prisoner or the prisoner’s counsel. ” Id. at 432, 120 S.Ct. 1479. Thomas v. Varner, 428 F.3d 491, 498 (3d Cir.2005) (emphasis added). Thus, if the state courts had failed to resolve the competency issue for some reason unrelated to Taylor’s diligence, § 2254(e)(2) would not apply and a new evidentiary hearing would be permitted. See Campbell, 209 F.3d at 286-87. As the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania explained in Taylor III, however, Taylor had every opportunity to present this evidence of his incompetency at the time of his proceedings, and again at his first PCRA hearing on the issue, nearly six years after the trial: “The issue to which this purportedly newly discovered evidence speaks is whether Appellant was mentally fit at the time of trial. All the facts regarding Appellant’s mental state, if not known, surely were ascertainable by the exercise of due diligence before Appellant’s trial.” 753 A.2d at 786-87. The Court also noted that “regardless of Appellant’s [after-acquired evidence] argument, the issue of whether Appellant was competent at trial has been litigated.” Id. at 787 n. 8. Taylor argues, nonetheless, that because the second PCRA court declined to hear this evidence based on an inadequate state procedural default rule, it is not his fault that he failed to develop these facts in the state courts. See Wilson v. Beard, 426 F.3d 653, 665 (3d Cir.2005) (“If a petitioner requests a hearing to develop the record on a claim in state court, and if the state courts ... deny that request on the basis of an inadequate state ground, the petitioner has not failed to develop the factual basis of [the] claim in State court proceedings for purposes of § 2254(e)(2).”) (internal quotation marks omitted). But the problem with an argument based on Wilson is that Taylor’s competency claim had been fully litigated well before he sought to have the second PCRA court consider his new evidence. To the extent that the state procedural default of Taylor’s claims was inadequate, it only bears on the claims that were new to his second PCRA petition. Unlike the petitioner in Wilson, Taylor’s competency claim was raised in his first PCRA petition and addressed on the merits. His resurrection of the claim in his second PCRA petition does not put it under Wilson’s rule. “Federal courts sitting in habeas are not an alternative forum for trying facts and issues which a prisoner made insufficient effort to pursue in state proceedings.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 437, 120 S.Ct. 1479. The only thing that prevented Taylor from presenting his new evidence of incompetency before the first PCRA court was a lack of diligence. Therefore, under § 2254(e)(2), we must affirm the District Court’s decision to deny an evidentiary hearing on this claim. ii. Taylor Has Failed Rebut the Presumption that the State Courts’ Competency Determinations Were Correct As we have explained, both the trial court and the first PCRA court determined as a factual matter that Taylor was competent throughout his proceedings. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania affirmed these determinations, and they are presumed correct under § 2254(e)(1). Because § 2254(e)(2) bars an evidentiary hearing on Taylor’s new evidence of incompetence, he must rely on the present record to rebut the presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence. See Lambert, 387 F.3d at 235. In our discussion about the trial court’s decision not to hold a competency hearing, however, we explained why the state court record shows no indication that Taylor was incompetent. Taylor therefore cannot rebut the presumption that the state courts’ competency determinations were correct. Moreover, under § 2254(d)’s deferential standard of review, Taylor’s claim lacks merit. His competency is amply supported by the state court record&emdash;based on, among other things, the original Sa-doff and Briercheck reports and the trial court’s and trial counsel’s interactions with Taylor&emdash;and thus the state courts’ competency findings constituted a reasonable determination of the facts. See id. (“Section 2254(d)(2) mandates the federal habeas court to assess whether the state court’s determination was reasonable or unreasonable given that evidence.”). Moreover, nothing in the record suggests that the competency determinations were “contrary to” the teachings of Drope, Pate, or Dusky. See § 2254(d)(1). Ultimately, “[Requiring that a criminal defendant be competent has a modest aim: It seeks to ensure that he has the capacity to understand the proceedings and to assist counsel.” Godinez, 509 U.S. at 402, 113 S.Ct. 2680. Based on our review of the record, we are confident that aim was achieved in Taylor’s case. We will there-fox-e affirm the District Court’s dismissal of Taylor’s claim that he was tried while incompetent. 3. Ineffective Assistance with Respect to Competency (Claim 3) Taylor argues that tidal counsel was ineffective for not requesting a competency hearing. We have explained that Counsel’s failure to request the tidal court to order a hearing or evaluation on the issue of the defendant’s competency ... could violate the defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel provided there are sufficient indicia of incompetence to give objectively reasonable counsel reason to doubt the defendant’s competency, and there is a reasonable probability that the defendant would have been found incompetent to stand trial had the issue been raised and fully considered. Jermyn, 266 F.3d at 283. Here, trial counsel testified before the PCRA court, in detail, about his observations of Taylor at the time of the proceedings: I did not see anything that [indicated] Paul did not understand the course of conduct that he chose.... In what he said or how he behaved or how he acted that would indicate that he didn’t understand what was going on.... I talked frequently with Pat [Gallagher] at the jail ... Paul frequently talked to Pat Gallagher, and I received no indication from Pat Gallagher that Paul Taylor did not understand what was happening. He appeared&emdash;everything I saw, Paul was competent to make decisions. (App. at 270-71.) Consistent with the legal standard for competency, counsel’s interactions with Taylor-paired with both the Briercheck and Sadoff reports concluding that Taylor was competent&emdash;were sufficient for counsel to reasonably forego a competency heai-ing. Nor do we agree with Taylor that counsel unreasonably failed to provide Mr. Briex-check and Dr. Sadoff with enough information for them to make well-informed competency determinations. Mr. Briercheck and Dr. Sadoff state in their new affidavits that they would have benefited from reading one another’s reports, but this retrospective observation does not suggest that it was unreasonable of trial counsel, at the time, to seek two independent evaluations. In Jacobs v. Horn, 395 F.3d 92 (3d Cir.2005), we disapproved of counsel’s failure to provide expei’ts with any background information concerning the defendant’s history, the alleged ci'imes, or the Commonwealth’s pursuit of the death penalty. Id. at 103. But, in contrast to Jacobs, Taylor’s background and crimes are detailed in both Briercheck’s and Sadoff s reports. These experts knew a great deal about Taylor’s history and the crime, and it is evident from their reports that Taylor discussed the possibility of the death penalty with both of them. In sum, Taylor’s competency-related, ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails on the first prong of Strickland because counsel’s decision not to pursue a competency hearing was objectively reasonable, considering all the circumstances. See 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. 2052. As with the trial court’s decision not to convene a competency hearing, there were insufficient indicia of incompetence to deem counsel’s decision unreasonable. Taylor has also failed to show prejudice under Strickland’s second prong. Because we have found that the state courts correctly determined, based on all of the evidence available, that Taylor was competent, there is no “reasonable probability” that Taylor was incompetent, and therefore no prejudice caused by counsel’s failure to request a competency hearing. Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052. We will therefore affirm the District Court’s dismissal of this claim. V. Validity of Taylor’s Guilty Plea and Waiver of Specific Defenses (Claim 4); Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Regarding Waivers (Claim 5) Taylor next argues that his guilty plea, waivers of related rights, and waiver of specific defenses to first degree murder were not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Primarily, he argues that the trial court’s inquiry into how his mental state influenced his waivers was inadequate, and he seeks an evidentiary hearing to develop the record on this issue. Taylor Br. at 63. For the reasons we explain below, however, we fully agree with the District Court that the waiver colloquies in this case, including the written one, made part of the record, were legally sufficient under federal law. See Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242-43, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L.Ed.2d 274 (1969). A. Standard of Review Taylor’s claim that his guilty plea was not knowing and voluntary was first raised in his second PCRA petition and has never been reviewed on the merits by the state courts. Taylor I does not mention Taylor’s last minute decision to withdraw his guilty plea, and although the first PCRA court addressed Taylor’s competence to make decisions, it did not address the broader issue of whether his guilty plea was knowing and voluntary. We will therefore review this claim de novo, Appel, 250 F.3d at 210, affording the state courts’ factual determinations a presumption of correctness, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). B. Constitutional Requirements for Knowing and Voluntary Waivers As noted, competence to plead g-uilty is subject to the same legal standard as competence to stand trial. Godinez, 509 U.S. at 398-99, 113 S.Ct. 2680. We have already established that Taylor had the requisite competence to stand trial. However, as the Supreme Court has explained, that is not enough for a valid waiver: In addition to determining that a defendant who seeks to plead guilty or waive counsel is competent, a trial court must satisfy itself that the waiver of his constitutional rights is knowing and voluntary. In this sense there is a “heightened” standard for pleading guilty.... Id. at 400-01, 113 S.Ct. 2680 (citations and emphasis omitted). Under Boykin, it is crucial that the record reveal not only that a defendant was aware of his rights, but also that he “intelligently and understandingly” waived them. 395 U.S. at 242, 89 S.Ct. 1709; see also Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938) (“[waiver must be] an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a know