Full opinion text
HULL, Circuit Judge: Marcus Ray Johnson, a Georgia prison inmate under a death sentence, appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The issues on appeal concern whether Johnson’s trial counsel were ineffective in the penalty phase as to evidence of Johnson’s life history, escape from pretrial custody, and future dangerousness. After review and oral argument, we conclude the Georgia state court’s denial of Johnson’s ineffective counsel claims was not based on an unreasonable determination of the facts or an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. Thus, we affirm. I. PRETRIAL BACKGROUND A. The Crime On March 24, 1994, Johnson raped, murdered, and mutilated Angela Sizemore a few hours after meeting her at a bar in Albany, Georgia. See Johnson v. State, 271 Ga. 375, 519 S.E.2d 221, 225 (1999). The Georgia Supreme Court set forth the evidence against Johnson: [T]he victim, Angela Sizemore, met Johnson in a west Albany bar called Fundamentals between 12:30 and 1:30 a.m. on March 24, 1994. Ms. Sizemore had been to a memorial service for an acquaintance the previous day, and she had been drinking so heavily the bar had stopped serving her. Johnson was wearing a black leather jacket, jeans, black biker boots, and a distinctive turquoise ring. According to a witness, Johnson was angry and frustrated because another woman had spurned his advances earlier in the evening. The bar owner and its security officer (who both personally knew Johnson) testified that they saw Johnson and Ms. Sizemore kissing and behaving amorously. [At approximately 2:30 a.m.] Johnson and Ms. Sizemore left Fundamentals together; the bartender handed Ms. Size-more’s car keys directly to Johnson. They were seen walking towards Sixteenth Avenue. At approximately 8:00 a.m. on March 24, 1994, a man walking his dog found Ms. Sizemore’s white Suburban parked behind an apartment complex in east Albany, on the other side of town from Fundamentals. Ms. Sizemore’s body was lying across the front passenger seat .... Four people testified that they saw Johnson about an hour before the body was found. Two witnesses testified that [at around 7:00 a.m.] they saw him walk from the area where the victim’s Suburban was parked through an apartment complex to a bus stop. He boarded a bus and asked if the bus would take him to the Monkey Palace (a bar where Johnson worked) in west Albany. Three witnesses, including the bus driver, identified Johnson as being on the bus (one of the witnesses who saw Johnson walk through the apartment complex boarded the same bus as he did). Two witnesses stated that their attention was drawn to Johnson because that area of Albany is predominantly African-American, and it was extremely unusual to see a Caucasian there at that time of day.. All the witnesses testified that Johnson’s clothes were soiled with dirt or a substance they had assumed to be red clay. The witnesses gave similar descriptions of his clothing; in court, two witnesses who sat near Johnson on the bus identified his jacket, boots and distinctive turquoise ring. The police determined that Ms. Size-more was murdered in a vacant lot near Sixteenth Avenue in west Albany .... The vacant lot is about two blocks from Fundamentals and about half a block from the house where Johnson lived with his mother. A friend of Johnson testified that after he called her early on March 24, she picked him up at his house at 9:30 a.m. and took him to her home, where he slept on her couch for several hours. Johnson then told her he wanted to take a bus to Tennessee and that he needed her to go to the Monkey Palace to pick up some money he was owed. At his request, she dropped him off near a church while she went to get the money. The police were waiting for Johnson to show up, and they returned with the friend and arrested Johnson. Before they told him why they were arresting him, he blurted, “I’m Marcus Ray Johnson. I’m the person you’re looking for.” DNA testing revealed the presence of the victim’s blood on Johnson’s leather jacket. Johnson had a pocketknife that was consistent with the knife wounds on the victim’s body. He had scratches on his hands, arms, and neck. In a statement, Johnson said he and the victim had sex in the vacant lot and he “kind of lost it.” According to Johnson, the victim became angry because he did not want to “snuggle” after sex and he punched her in the face. He stated he “hit her hard” and then walked away, and he does not remember anything else until he woke up after daybreak in his front yard. He said, “I didn’t kill her intentionally if I did kill her.” Id. at 225-26. The condition of Sizemore’s body evidenced Johnson’s extreme brutality during her murder. Johnson sexually assaulted Sizemore with the limb of a pecan tree, which was shoved into her vagina until it tore through the back wall of her vagina and into her rectum. Sizemore was alive during the sexual assault. Johnson also cut and stabbed Sizemore 41 times with a small, dull knife. Size-more had grip marks (round or oval bruises caused when a person is grabbed tightly) on her upper extremities, knees, thighs, ankles, and the inside of her arms. She had severe bruising, abrasions, and other evidence of blunt trauma about her body, especially her face, head, arms, ankles, and feet. Sizemore was alive during this attack. After mutilating and killing Sizemore, Johnson dragged her body from the attack area back to her car. Sizemore’s body was discovered clothed, with her shirt pulled up and tied in a knot just below the breast area. Her pants were around her legs and her bra was tied in a knot around her right thigh and protruded from the pants. Dirt and sand drag marks were found on the side of her body and grass was found attached to her face. Johnson had dragged Sizemore’s body from the attack area back to her car by using the knotted loops of her shirt and bra as handles. B. Appointment of Counsel The state trial court provided Johnson with two exceptionally well-qualified criminal defense attorneys. Four days after Johnson’s arrest, the state trial court appointed experienced criminal trial attorney Ronnie Joe Lane. Lane had practiced criminal law for almost 20 years and handled hundreds of criminal cases, including about 40 murder trials. In all four of his previous capital cases, Lane secured his clients life sentences. Lane tried two death penalty cases to life sentences and pled two other capital cases to life sentences. On August 15, 1994, the State announced its intent to seek the death penalty. Johnson did not go to trial until almost four years later, in March 1998. In June 1997, at Lane’s request, the state trial court appointed attorney Tony Jones to assist Lane. Jones had practiced criminal law for 14 years and had handled numerous felony cases, including at least two murder cases. Lane and Jones served as co-counsel at trial. C. Johnson’s Transfer to Miller County Jail Following his arrest, Johnson was housed in the overcrowded Dougherty County jail in Albany, Georgia. On June 5, 1994, Johnson was taken to a hospital for treatment after other inmates beat him. Lane knew that Johnson received other beatings from jail inmates. Lane saw Johnson had suffered injuries, but they were “mainly bruises and lacerations, .not anything that would have required him to be hospitalized.” Johnson gave Lane handwritten threatening notes that Johnson received in the Dougherty County jail. Lane “knew it wasn’t a healthy situation for [Johnson] to be there.” Attorney Lane met with Johnson at the jail on June 6, 1994, to discuss the jail conditions and his beating. Lane later met with the sheriffs of Dougherty County and nearby Miller County to discuss transferring Johnson to the Miller County jail. Lane told the Dougherty County sheriff about Johnson’s abuse in the Dougherty County jail. Lane also preferred that Johnson be housed in the Miller County jail because it was closer to Lane’s office in Donalsonville, Georgia. After four months in the Dougherty County jail and because of Lane’s request, Johnson was transferred to the Miller County jail in August 1994. D. Johnson’s Escape The Miller County jail was a small facility, and on the evening of October 2, 1994, the only deputy on duty was 76-year-old Brooks Sheffield. That evening, Johnson asked Deputy Sheffield if he could use the jail telephone. When Sheffield brought Johnson to the telephone, Johnson grabbed Sheffield’s gun, struck Sheffield in the head with the butt of the gun, and escaped the jail. The next night, Johnson was found and taken back into custody. Sheffield’s head injury required 21 staples to close, plus follow-up care. X-rays showed no skull fracture or intracranial bleeding. There were no brain contusions. The CT scan “was deemed normal for a patient in Mr. Sheffield’s age range.” About seven months later, on April 27, 1995, Sheffield suffered a stroke. He died in June 1995. Upon Johnson’s recapture, he was returned to the Miller County jail, where he remained until mid-November 1994. Johnson was then transferred back to a jail annex in Dougherty County, which was a separate, renovated building across the street from the old jail’s cell blocks where Johnson was before. In January 1995, the new Dougherty County jail opened and Johnson was moved there. Johnson remained in the new Dougherty County jail until his trial ended. According to Lane’s billing records, on October 24, 1994 he met with Johnson at the Miller County jail and “discussed case, reviewed impact of escape and need for no further violations.” This meeting, together with thirty miles’ travel, took 3.2 hours. Lane later discussed the escape with an assistant district attorney. It is undisputed that Johnson never told Lane he escaped because he feared going back to the old Dougherty County jail. E. Trial Counsel’s Penalty-Phase Preparation Lane first met with Johnson on the day Lane was appointed, March 28, 1994. Lane had good contact with Johnson and “visited him fairly regularly in jail.” Johnson called Lane at Lane’s home on average once a week throughout the four-year representation. During the first approximately three years after his appointment, Lane chose to focus his efforts on: (1) challenging Johnson’s tape-recorded statement to police, which Johnson claimed, and Lane believed, was edited by police officers to erase Johnson’s request for an attorney; (2) trying to suppress eyewitness identifications of Johnson and certain items of physical evidence; (3) “interacting] with various experts who were assisting [Lane] with these matters” and other experts who assisted Lane “on forensic matters related to Ms. Sizemore’s death and the crime scenes”; and (4) “preparing and litigating numerous pre-trial motions.” Johnson “maintained his innocence throughout” the case. Lane felt Johnson had a chance to be acquitted because of “the circumstantial nature of the evidence against Mr. Johnson and the lack of conclusive physical evidence tying him to a homicide.” Lane testified: Compared to other death penalty cases where the evidence is just overwhelming that the person did it, this was not such a case. You would try that case totally differently. You’d forget about did he do it. And you start trying it about, well, why did he do it. This case was not like that. As part of his pretrial preparation, Lane consulted with other criminal defense lawyers and with experienced capital attorneys at the Southern Center for Human Rights and the Multicounty Public Defender’s Office, spoke with a mitigation specialist, and attended several death penalty seminars that stressed the importance of mitigation and the defendant’s social history. Lane began his penalty-phase investigation in earnest in 1997, about a year before trial, although he may have had discussions with Johnson in 1994 or 1995 about “what had happened to [Johnson] in his life.” As detailed later, Lane discussed Johnson’s background and marital, social, employment, and medical history not only with Johnson but also with his parents, brother, former girlfriend, and others. Two investigators were assigned to assist Lane. Lane knew the State would use evidence of Johnson’s escape in sentencing. Lane believed that “the escape incident could prove to be devastating to Mr. Johnson’s case if [he] proceeded to a sentencing phase” because, in Lane’s experience, “future dangerousness is of great concern to juries in capital cases, and an escape clearly raises the specter of future dangerous behavior in the jury’s eyes.” Lane felt the evidence of Johnson’s escape “would be some of the most damaging evidence presented.” As noted earlier, Lane discussed the escape with Johnson for almost three hours. Although Johnson now alleges he escaped due to fear of going back to the old Dougherty County jail, Johnson never told Lane this. Lane acknowledged that he never asked Johnson specifically what made him escape. Nonetheless, it is undisputed that Johnson never told Lane that he escaped because of his fear of going back to the old Dougherty County jail. In fact, even after the escape, Johnson was taken back to the Miller County jail. II. TRIAL: STATE’S WITNESSES AT PENALTY PHASE From March 23 to April 7, 1998, Johnson was tried on charges of malice murder, felony murder, aggravated assault, aggravated battery, and rape. The jury found Johnson guilty of all charges. At the penalty phase, the State called eleven witnesses. Lynwood Houston, a sheriffs deputy in Miller County, investigated Johnson’s escape and testified about it. The jailer on duty, Sheffield, allowed Johnson to come into the control room to use the telephone. Once there, Johnson snatched the pistol out of Sheffield’s holster and hit Sheffield in the head with it. Johnson fled the jail, taking Sheffield’s pistol with him. On cross-examination, Deputy Houston admitted that Johnson committed no crimes after his escape that Houston knew of, and that Johnson did not try to run or resist arrest when he was recaptured. Deputy Houston did not know how long Brooks Sheffield was in the hospital after Johnson hit him with the gun, but Sheffield did return to work for the county after the assault. Deputy Houston knew that after his injury, Sheffield did some work for the city too, and may have directed the public works efforts around the courthouse square. Dr. Peggy Rummel, the emergency room physician who treated Sheffield, testified that Sheffield “came to the emergency room with his head bleeding, and he stated at the time that he had been struck on his head with a gun butt during an assault by an escaping prisoner.” Sheffield was 76 years old but was in good health except for his head injury. Dr. Rummel examined Sheffield, closed the wound, and sent Sheffield to get a CT scan “to make sure that no brain damage had resulted from the blow to his head.” The injury came from a “pretty significant blow” that “caught the skin and had just literally scalped and peeled it down to where he had exposed bone and this was bleeding very heavily.” It required 21 staples to close. Dr. Rummel opined that the injury resulted from a glancing blow and, with the amount of force that was used, a direct blow “would have crushed [Sheffield’s] skull.” Dr. Rummel, who knew Sheffield personally, testified that after this incident, Sheffield “was just not the same man any more.” Sheffield was “a very unhappy man afterwards” and “stayed home and stayed to himself.” Seven months after Johnson’s escape, Sheffield “suffered a stroke on that side and it was a bleed of one of the major arteries in that area and it had disastrous consequences for him.” Sheffield died several weeks later. Dr. Rummel testified, though, that she “[could] not in all honesty tell you that there was a one hundred percent no doubt about it direct relationship” between the head injury and Sheffield’s stroke seven months later. On cross-examination, Dr. Rummel admitted that Sheffield drove himself to the hospital after receiving the head injury and that the CT scan taken after the assault revealed no internal bleeding in Sheffield’s brain. The State called Johnson’s former probation officers, who testified Johnson received probation in September 1984 after pleading guilty to financial transaction card fraud, four counts of financial transaction card theft, and theft by receiving stolen property. One officer testified that of the thousand persons he had supervised as a parole officer, Johnson’s attitude was one of the ten worst. Johnson was “[v]ery resistant to supervision” and was rated a “maximum risk individual.” Another officer confirmed Johnson had a negative attitude and failed to comply with the terms of his probation. The State closed its penalty-phase case with powerful victim impact testimony from five witnesses: Sizemore’s then-eight-year-old daughter, mother, two sisters, and stepfather. The State also showed the jury a video of the scene where Sizemore’s body was found. Sizemore’s daughter described getting out of bed one morning when she was four years old and realizing her mother wasn’t there and would never come back. She testified she still cried in school, and she wanted the man who killed her mother punished for taking her mother away from her. Sizemore’s mother and stepfather described Sizemore’s kindness, generosity, adventurous spirit, and passion for being a mother. Sizemore’s mother testified that Sizemore’s death “left a hole in our hearts that time won’t heal.” She described her emotional struggle in raising her eight-year-old granddaughter while wondering if she will “learn to hate because of this” or “be distrusting or holding emotions of this trauma inside to the point that it destroys her ability to be a loving person.” Sizemore’s sisters testified that Size-more was their role model and best friend. Sizemore was fearless and passionate and the most dedicated mother they knew. Sizemore was full of life and did not want to die. One sister testified about how heartbreaking it was to see the wistful look on Sizemore’s daughter’s face when she looked at other families. This sister wished it was she who had died instead of her sister because “it would have been easier than the daily hell I go through thinking about the last hours of my sister’s life.” III. TRIAL: DEFENSE’S WITNESSES AND CLOSING ARGUMENT AT PENALTY PHASE The defense called four witnesses. The defense’s plan was primarily to argue residual doubt (also called lingering doubt). Given there were no direct eyewitnesses to the murder, Lane believed lingering doubt would be paramount in the penalty phase. He stated, “Lingering doubt was the whole thing in this case. Without it, I didn’t see any hope.” Reverend Bobby Moye was the pastor of Johnson’s church and a friend of Johnson’s family. Rev. Moye testified that he had known Johnson since childhood and had baptized Johnson, and that Johnson was a “fine boy” who was “very kind” and “very involved in church.” On cross-examination, Rev. Moye stated that Johnson came to church as an adult, but Rev. Moye “could not accurately say how faithful he was or how dependable.” Reverend Jimmy 0. Hall, Jr., Johnson’s middle-school physical education teacher, testified that Johnson was “one of the students that stood out” and was “very dutiful” and “a very good student as far as participation.” Johnson was “a pretty good student,” was “always cooperative,” and did not cause trouble. Johnson “would always worry ... about could I take the equipment out and that kind of thing. May I lead exercise, things of that nature, may I be captain of the team, things of that nature.” Rev. Hall sought out defense counsel and offered to testify on Johnson’s behalf “[b]ecause I knew Ray Johnson ... because I feel he’s a good person.” Rev. Hall admitted he did not know Johnson as an adult. Brian Sherman, a friend of Johnson’s, testified about his common interests with Johnson: (1) Johnson was a cabinetmaker and Sherman appreciated Johnson’s artistry; and (2) Johnson and Sherman both enjoyed dancing. Sherman asked the jury not to sentence Johnson to death. Johnson’s mother, Rosemary Johnson, begged the jury “not [to] put [her] son to death.” Rosemary Johnson testified that her son’s arrest and trial had “destroyed [her] whole life .... I’ve had to carry the burden right by myself ... and I have been right here with my child, and I will be with my child until my dying day .... Or to his dying day.” Lane spent most of his penalty-phase closing argument in an attempt to create lingering doubt. He told the jurors that although they decided Johnson was guilty, they “should not vote to kill Ray Johnson ... because this is a circumstantial evidence death penalty murder case only.” Lane argued the jurors “should have some doubt, some doubt, whatever, ever so slight, whatever doubt, some doubt.” Lane posed a number of hypothetical questions he argued that the State had not satisfactorily answered, and asked the jurors whether they were sure enough in their verdict, “so sure, sure enough based on this circumstantial evidence, to vote to take a human being’s life?” Lane emphasized that the death penalty is irreversible. Afterward, Lane argued that the State “would have you believe that [Sheffield] died as a result of this wound that he got on his head” but “[t]hey have no proof of that.” Lane pointed out that Sheffield had returned to work for the city and the county after the attack. Lane argued none of the State’s other penalty-phase evidence was sufficient to justify a death sentence. In Jones’s portion of the closing argument, he discussed Johnson’s life, emphasizing Johnson’s helpfulness as a child and-his church attendance. Jones also argued that Dr. Rummel would not have seen Sheffield much after he received his head injury because Sheffield was working at the hospital through his capacity as a Miller County deputy, and he was “no longer in that capacity with the county” after Johnson’s escape. Johnson argued that the State’s suggestion that Johnson killed Sheffield was “a most tragic play on the facts” and “unfair.” Jones also plied a residual-doubt argument, telling the jury that the State’s case was circumstantial and that although the jury found Johnson guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, “I’m begging you, before we execute this man, let us take that to a little higher level.” Jones asked the jury to consider the “unanswered questions during the course of the trial.” IV. SENTENCE AND DIRECT APPEAL The jury returned a unanimous verdict fixing Johnson’s sentence at death. The jury found beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of four statutory aggravating circumstances: (1) Johnson murdered Size-more while he was engaged in the commission of another capital felony (i.e., rape); (2) Johnson murdered Sizemore while he was engaged in the commission of aggravated battery; (3) Johnson’s murder of Sizemore was outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible, and inhumane in that it involved torture and depravity of mind; and (4) Johnson’s murder of Sizemore was outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible, and inhumane in that it involved an aggravated battery. The state trial court sentenced Johnson to death on the malice murder conviction in accordance with the jury’s recommendation. The state trial court sentenced Johnson to life imprisonment for the rape and to 20 years’ imprisonment for the aggravated battery. The Georgia Supreme Court affirmed Johnson’s convictions and sentences. Johnson, 519 S.E.2d at 225. The United States Supreme Court denied Johnson’s petition for certiorari. Johnson v. Georgia, 528 U.S. 1172, 120 S.Ct. 1199, 145 L.Ed.2d 1102 (2000). V. STATE HABEAS PROCEEDINGS After his direct appeal ended, Johnson obtained new counsel (who still represents Johnson) and filed a state habeas petition. Johnson’s state petition claimed, among other things, that he received ineffective trial counsel because counsel did not adequately investigate and present: (1) evidence of the circumstances surrounding Johnson’s escape from the Miller County jail; (2) the cause of Deputy Sheffield’s death; (8) expert testimony and statistical evidence on Johnson’s likelihood of future dangerousness; and (4) mitigating evidence from Johnson’s life history. The state habeas court held a three-day evidentiary hearing on June 24-26, 2002. Johnson’s new counsel presented testimony from five witnesses, affidavits from thirty-four additional witnesses, and documentary exhibits. The State called six witnesses and also introduced documents. The state habeas court issued a detailed 36-page order denying all of Johnson’s claims. The state habeas court stated, “The court finds that the petitioner has failed to establish deficiency and resulting prejudice as to any of his ineffective assistance of counsel claims.” We discuss the relevant findings of the state habeas court in our later analysis of Johnson’s claims in this appeal. The Georgia Supreme Court denied Johnson’s application for a certificate of probable cause to appeal the denial of his state habeas petition. The United States Supreme Court denied Johnson’s certiorari petition. Johnson v. Terry, 547 U.S. 1059, 126 S.Ct. 1661, 164 L.Ed.2d 403, reh’g denied, 547 U.S. 1176, 126 S.Ct. 2349, 164 L.Ed.2d 862 (2006). VI. FEDERAL HABEAS PROCEEDINGS On June 7, 2006, Johnson filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition in federal district court. On September 30, 2009, the district court denied Johnson’s petition. The district court granted Johnson a COA on three ineffective trial counsel claims as to the penalty phase: (1) whether “counsel was ineffective for failing to mitigate the circumstances around [Johnson’s] escape from the Miller County Jail”; (2) whether “counsel was ineffective for failing to rebut or preclude testimony regarding the death of jailer Brooks Sheffield”; and (3) whether “counsel was ineffective in failing to rebut the state’s future dangerous[ness] argument by using statistical and expert testimony.” This Court expanded the COA to include a fourth claim: “[w]hether [Johnson’s] trial counsel was ineffective in failing to investigate or present ‘life history mitigation testimony’ in the penalty phase.” VII. STANDARD OF REVIEW Section 2254, as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), “constrains our review of legal questions decided on the merits in state court.” Mason v. Allen, 605 F.3d 1114, 1119 (11th Cir.2010). Under AEDPA, a federal court may not grant a habeas corpus application “with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), unless the state court’s decision “was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” § 2254(d)(1), or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,” § 2254(d)(2). Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 2250, 2259, — L.Ed.2d (2010). The Supreme Court has described this standard as “a highly deferential” one that “demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.” Renico v. Lett, 559 U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 1855, 1862, 176 L.Ed.2d 678 (2010). However, where the petitioner makes the required § 2254(d) showing as to a state court decision, we owe no AEDPA deference to that decision and instead review the claim de novo. Jones v. Walker, 540 F.3d 1277, 1288 & n. 5 (11th Cir.2008) (en banc), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 129 S.Ct. 1670, 173 L.Ed.2d 1039 (2009); McGahee v. Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 560 F.3d 1252, 1266 & n. 20 (11th Cir.2009). “We review de novo the district court’s decision about whether the state court acted contrary to clearly established federal law, unreasonably applied federal law, or made an unreasonable determination of fact.” Reed v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Can., 593 F.3d 1217, 1239 (11th Cir.2010), petition for cert. filed (U.S. Jun. 7, 2010) (No. 09-11314). Because Johnson raised the ineffective trial counsel claims at issue here in his state habeas petition, and the Georgia Supreme Court denied Johnson’s application for a certificate of probable cause to appeal the denial of that petition, the relevant state court merits decision in this case is the state habeas court’s order. See Thompkins, 130 S.Ct. at 2259 (stating, where state supreme court denied discretionary review, that “[t]he relevant state-court decision here is the Michigan Court of Appeals’ decision ... rejecting [Petitioner’s] Miranda and ineffective-assistanee-of-counsel claims on the merits”). VIII. ANALYSIS All of Johnson’s claims on appeal assert ineffective assistance of his trial counsel. Ineffective counsel claims are governed by the two-pronged test enunciated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984): A convicted defendant’s claim that counsel’s assistance was so defective as to require reversal of a conviction or death sentence has two components. First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient .... Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense .... Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable. Id. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064. For the performance prong, the governing standard is objectively reasonable attorney conduct under prevailing professional norms: As to counsel’s performance, “the Federal Constitution imposes one general requirement: that counsel make objectively reasonable choices.” Bobby v. Van Hook, 558 U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 13, 17, 175 L.Ed.2d 255 (2009) (quotation marks omitted). Thus, to establish deficient performance, a defendant must show that his counsel’s conduct fell “ ‘below an objective standard of reasonableness’ in light of ‘prevailing professional norms’ ” at the time the representation took place. Id. at 16, 130 S.Ct. 13 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S.Ct. at 2064-65). In assessing the reasonableness of counsel’s performance, courts must “indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065 (quotation marks omitted). “[Strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation.” Id. at 690-91, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. Reed, 593 F.3d at 1240. For the prejudice prong, the test is whether “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. “To assess that probability, we consider the totality of the available mitigation evidence — both that adduced at trial, and the evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding — and reweigh it against the evidence in aggravation.” Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 447, 453-54, 175 L.Ed.2d 398 (2009) (quotation marks and brackets omitted); see Sears v. Upton, — U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 3259, 3267, 177 L.Ed.2d 1025 (2010) (“A proper analysis of prejudice under Strickland would have taken into account the newly uncovered evidence ..., along with the mitigation evidence introduced during Sears’ penalty phase trial, to assess whether there is a reasonable probability that Sears would have received a different sentence after a constitutionally sufficient mitigation investigation.”). A. Trial Counsel Performance: Evidence of Johnson’s Escape Johnson claims Lane unreasonably failed to investigate the circumstances of, and reasons for, Johnson’s escape from the Miller County jail. Johnson contends a reasonable investigation would have revealed extenuating circumstances (Johnson feared a return to the Dougherty County jail, where he was repeatedly beaten and abused) that Lane should have presented to rebut the State’s argument that the escape and attack on Sheffield showed Johnson would be a danger in prison. The state habeas court concluded that counsel’s performance was not deficient. The state habeas court expressly found that Johnson did not tell Lane about this now-alleged motivation to escape, so Lane had no reason to investigate further: The Petitioner contends that counsel failed to mitigate the damage that petitioner’s escape prior to trial [caused] by putting forward the claim that petitioner was in some way justified in this escape because of his fear of the Dougherty County Jail. During the hearing, counsel for the respondent asked Mr. Lane (now Judge Lane), “Did he ever tell you he escaped from the jail because he was afraid he was going to have to go back to the Dougherty County Jail?” The answer given was, “No, I never asked him.” The court also finds that the evidence in this case shows that prior to trial, Petitioner never told trial counsel that he assaulted the guard and escaped because of his alleged fear of being returned to the “old” Dougherty County Jail .... An attorney does not render ineffective assistance by not discovering mitigating evidence that his client did not mention to him. This decision is not contrary to, or based on an unreasonable application of, clearly established Supreme Court precedent. Nor is it based on an unreasonable determination of fact. In Strickland, the Supreme Court explained that “[t]he reasonableness of counsel’s actions may be determined or substantially influenced by the defendant’s own statements or actions” because “[c]ounsel’s actions are usually based, quite properly on ... information supplied by the defendant.” 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. Thus, “inquiry into counsel’s conversations with the defendant may be critical to a proper assessment of counsel’s investigation decisions.” Id.; see Pe terka v. McNeil, 532 F.3d 1199, 1208-09 (11th Cir.2008) (concluding counsel’s performance was not deficient for not learning of evidence that petitioner declined an opportunity to escape with his cellmates between penalty phase and trial court’s sentencing because, even if counsel had duty to explore further mitigation at this point, petitioner should have known this was evidence that counsel would be interested in as mitigation but petitioner did not tell counsel about it). Here, it is undisputed that after Johnson’s escape and recapture, Lane met with Johnson in person for approximately three hours, at which time Lane “reviewed [the] impact of [Johnson’s] escape and [the] need for no further violations.” It is also undisputed that Johnson did not — either at this three-hour meeting or at any other time during the four years before trial— tell Lane that he escaped from the Miller County jail because he feared being returned to the Dougherty County jail. Thus, Johnson did not tell Lane the now-purported reason for his escape despite having an extensive discussion about the impact that the escape would have at trial. Given the charges against him, Johnson was facing a potential death sentence and, at a minimum, life imprisonment. It is not objectively unreasonable for an attorney to assume that if there were some powerful reason for his client’s escape from pretrial detention other than the usual reason for escapes (not wanting to be convicted and in jail), the client would have told him that reason when they discussed the impact the escape evidence would have at trial. Nor did Lane have any reasonable basis for believing further investigation into the unrevealed reason for Johnson’s escape would be likely to yield fruitful information. Although Lane knew that Johnson had been beaten by other inmates at the Dougherty County jail, Johnson escaped from the Miller County jail, where he was treated well. And there was no actual transfer of Johnson in the offing that Lane would have or could have known about. Moreover, after his escape Johnson was taken back to the Miller County jail. Lane cannot be deficient for failing to investigate whether Johnson escaped because he was afraid of a non-existent jail transfer when “there is no indication that [Johnson] ... gave [Lane] reason to believe that such evidence might exist.” Lambrix v. Singletary, 72 F.3d 1500, 1505 (11th Cir.1996). Johnson argues the state habeas court’s conclusion that Lane did not perform unreasonably is contrary to Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005), in which the Supreme Court concluded petitioner’s trial counsel were deficient in failing to review the court file on his prior conviction that counsel knew the State intended to use at trial. Id. at 383-84, 125 S.Ct. at 2464. But Rompilla is materially different because it concerned trial counsel’s failure to review a readily available public document that the State announced at least twice that it would rely upon at trial (i.e., the court file on the defendant’s prior conviction, which included (1) psychological test results pointing to schizophrenia and other disorders, (2) test scores showing defendant’s third-grade cognition level, and (3) a corrections officer’s evaluation indicating defendant was reared in a slum, came early to the attention of juvenile authorities, quit school at 16, and abused alcohol). Id. at 383-87, 390-91, 125 S.Ct. at 2464-68. And Rompilla involves the failure of a lawyer to make any inquiry as to a specific, known, and available piece of evidence, not the failure to make a more open-ended inquiry about a prior event. See id. at 389, 125 S.Ct. at 2467 (“Questioning a few more family members' and searching for old records can promise less than looking for a needle in a haystack, when a lawyer truly has reason to doubt there is any needle there.”). Here, Lane spoke to Miller County officials, an assistant district attorney, and Johnson himself about the escape and attack. Johnson’s claim, though, is that Lane unreasonably failed to investigate and present evidence of Johnson’s motivation for the escape and attack. Johnson first alleged this personal motivation in the state collateral proceedings. His alleged motivation was not evidence in the possession of the State, nor was it in any public document. It was something within Johnson’s unique knowledge, and it was something an attorney could reasonably assume would be shared with him, if important, during an hours-long discussion of the impact of the escape. Consequently, the state habeas court’s decision that Lane’s investigation of Johnson’s escape and failure to present evidence of the abuse Johnson received at the Dougherty County jail were not objectively unreasonable is not contrary to or an unreasonable application of the facts or clearly established federal law. B. Trial Counsel Performance: Evidence of Sheffield’s Death Johnson next claims his trial counsel performed deficiently by inadequately rebutting the State’s suggestion that Sheffield’s head injury caused Sheffield’s death eight months later. The state habeas court denied this claim. The State sent Lane copies of Sheffield’s medical records about his October 1994 head injury and Sheffield’s June 1995 death certificate, which did not mention the head injury. Rather, the death certificate listed the cause of death as congestive heart failure and a stroke. Lane was in Miller County frequently after the escape, and he saw Sheffield at work supervising community service workers. Lane reviewed the medical records on Sheffield’s head injury and used them to cross-examine the State’s witnesses in the penalty phase. In concluding there was no deficient performance, the state habeas court pointed out that Johnson’s trial counsel showed: (1) Sheffield drove himself to the hospital; (2) Sheffield continued to work after the injury; and (8) Dr. Rummel admitted she could not say whether there was a causal connection between Sheffield’s head injury and his death. Lane forced Dr. Rummel to admit that she ordered a CT scan for Sheffield, which “showed no bleeding” in Sheffield’s brain. Dr. Rummel also admitted she was “[o]nly indirectly” aware of the CT scan results — i.e., she knew it showed no bleeding but presumably had not viewed the scan herself. And Lane elicited testimony from Deputy Houston that after the head injury Sheffield returned to work for the county and the city and may have directed the public works efforts around the courthouse square. Johnson contends Lane’s performance was deficient because he did not (1) obtain the April 1995 medical records relating to Sheffield’s stroke, and (2) retain a medical expert to testify there was no causal connection between the head injury and the stroke. We conclude the state habeas court’s decision that Lane’s performance was not deficient did not involve an unreasonable determination of the facts or unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. First, there was no prior notice that Dr. Rummel would testify as she did. Lane said he was surprised. Second, Lane did take meaningful steps to rebut Dr. Rummel’s suggestion that Johnson’s attack on Sheffield contributed to his stroke, by eliciting testimony that Sheffield drove himself to the hospital and returned to work after the injury and that the CT scan taken after the injury revealed no bleeding. This was effective rebuttal, particularly given that the majority of Dr. Rummel’s testimony concerned her opinion that Johnson’s attack on Sheffield was brutal and his injury serious, not her opinion (which she, and the district attorney, admitted was not certain) that the injury may have caused Sheffield’s stroke the next year. Lane could not deny that Johnson caused Sheffield’s head injury, and evidence of the attack and escape was highly aggravating. A reasonable attorney in Lane’s position could have concluded that to focus too much time and attention on the long-term effect of Sheffield’s injury would be counterproductive. Third, Sheffield’s death certificate would not put a reasonably competent attorney on notice of a need to do more discovery or to obtain testimony from a medical expert. The medical records and CT scan on the head injury, which Lane had, showed a five- to six-inch laceration on Sheffield’s head but no skull fracture or intracranial bleeding. The death certificate, which was signed by a doctor other than Dr. Rummel, indicated Sheffield died of “congestive heart failure” and a “hemorrhagic stroke— Right brain.” There was no mention of the head injury, plus Sheffield was 77 years old (which the death certificate indicated). Moreover, the death certificate showed Sheffield died eight months after the head injury, which was a significant passage of time from the injury. In addition, Lane knew Sheffield had returned to work for the county and city during that time period. The mere inclusion of this document in the State’s production was not enough to require any reasonably competent attorney in Lane’s position to divert time and resources from his effort to create lingering doubt to obtain expert testimony on the cause of Sheffield’s 1995 stroke. Under the circumstances, we conclude that the state habeas court did not unreasonably determine the facts or unreasonably apply clearly established federal law when it decided that Lane’s penalty phase preparation and performance as to Sheffield’s death was not objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms. C. Trial Counsel Performance: Life History Mitigation Evidence Johnson claims his trial counsel were ineffective for failing to adequately investigate and present mitigating evidence from Johnson’s life history. In the state habeas proceedings, Johnson proffered testimony from friends and family that he was capable of love, care, and support; showed particular respect and deference to the older adults in his family; and supported those with whom he lived. Johnson also would have had his attorneys focus on his abandonment by his father at age 15, even though he rejoined his father in California two years later. The state habeas court denied Johnson’s claim, finding trial counsel’s performance was reasonable: Petitioner also alleges that counsel were deficient and that he was prejudiced by counsel not presenting more mitigation evidence at trial. Prior to trial, counsel talked extensively with Petitioner, spoke with Petitioner’s family members on numerous occasions, and investigated Petitioner’s childhood. Counsel obtained Petitioner’s social history, criminal history and medical history. At the sentencing phase of trial, counsel introduced the testimony of Petitioner’s mother, a friend of Petitioner’s and two pastors to testify to Petitioner’s good qualities and characteristics. In addition to the heinous facts of the crime and the separate attack on Deputy Sheffield, the State introduced evidence that Petitioner had previously been convicted of theft by receiving and financial transaction card fraud for which he was put on probation; that, while on probation, Petitioner had to be told a number of times to quit acting out verbally when he reported to his probation officers; his probation officers testified that Petitioner had a horrible attitude about probation and that Petitioner was in the top ten of attitude problems among the thousands of probationers; Petitioner reported daily drug use while on probation and failed drug tests; Petitioner refused to keep probation appointments; Petitioner left the State against probation rules; Petitioner cursed detention officers while incarcerated; and Petitioner had verbal altercations with other inmates while incarcerated. Further, in rebuttal to the additional evidence presented by Petitioner in this habeas proceeding if the same evidence had been submitted at Petitioner’s trial, the State could have introduced evidence that Petitioner had a history of physically abusing women, including Melissa Windows and his ex-wife, Cindy Smith; that Ms. Smith stated Petitioner had a temper; that Petitioner had been in previous fights in bars; that Petitioner was noted by the Central State Hospital Staff as angry, loud and abusive; and that Petitioner was noted by the jail personnel to be sneaky and quick to anger when he did not get his way. The court finds that the adequacy of a trial attorney’s investigation into a defendant’s background is judged by a standard of reasonableness. Counsel were not deficient because trial counsels’ mitigation strategy was reasonable and supported by adequate investigation and because Petitioner cannot show actual prejudice. The failure of trial counsel to uncover every possible favorable witness does not render their performance deficient. The Court recognizes that post-conviction counsel will almost always be able to identify a potential mitigation witness that trial counsel did not interview or a record that trial counsel did not obtain. After reviewing the evidence, we conclude that the state habeas court’s conclusion that trial counsel’s performance in investigating and presenting mitigating evidence from Johnson’s background was not deficient is not based on an unreasonable determination of the facts or unreasonable application of clearly established federal law. First, the record is clear that trial counsel did investigate Johnson’s background for mitigating evidence. Although during the first years of the case Lane focused his efforts on guilt-phase issues and pretrial motions, Lane began his mitigation investigation in early 1997, more than a year before trial. Lane talked with Johnson and several of his family members about Johnson’s background. On February 15, 1997, Lane met with Johnson for several hours “to get some history about [Johnson].” The two discussed Johnson’s school history. Johnson told Lane about his criminal history, and Lane found “nothing in it that was very serious.” They also discussed Johnson’s marital, social, employment, and medical history. Johnson told Lane, among other things, that he: (1) was held back in third grade because of a reading problem and hyperactivity; (2) did not participate in sports or activities in Junior High; (3) quit school in tenth grade; (4) moved about six times from age 16 until the time of the murder; (5) received five years’ probation for a theft by receiving conviction; (6) had two probation violations for failing a drug test and leaving the state; (7) was married to his ex-wife Cindy Smith for two years and lived with her for two years before that; (8) had used drugs, including marijuana, powder cocaine, methamphetamine, uppers, downers, heroin (once), and angel dust (once); (9) was arrested for possession of less than an ounce of marijuana but did not go to court on the charge; (10) received injuries (including head injuries) in bicycle, motorcycle, and car accidents as a child and adult; (11) was treated at three different hospitals; (12) was “15 when [his] parents separated”; and (13) worked at a Jiffy Lube and two restaurants. Three days later, Lane met with Johnson’s mother and brother and learned of a time Johnson had defended a woman when a man tried to hurt her. Lane got along well with Johnson’s family and he spoke with them about possible mitigation issues. Lane testified specifically that he discussed Johnson’s childhood with Johnson’s mother and father. Lane also talked a lot with Connie Givens, who was a friend and former girlfriend of Johnson’s. For example, on November 22, 1994, Lane spent several hours meeting with Givens to discuss Johnson’s “mental history.” In sum, Johnson’s attorneys clearly investigated Johnson’s background for mitigation evidence. Second, Lane decided to employ a residual doubt strategy for the penalty phase. Lane felt Johnson had a chance to be acquitted because of “the circumstantial nature of the evidence against Mr. Johnson and the lack of conclusive physical evidence tying him to a homicide.” Lane testified: Compared to other death penalty cases where the evidence is just overwhelming that the person did it, this was not such a case. You would try that case totally differently. You’d forget about did he do it. And you start trying it about, well, why did he do it. This case was not like that. Lane believed that if Johnson were convicted, residual doubt would be the only way to win a life sentence. He testified, “Lingering doubt was the whole thing in this case. Without it, I didn’t see any hope.” Lane’s belief in the paramount importance of lingering doubt, and his consequent decision to focus on guilt-phase (and doubt-creating) issues for most of the pretrial period, was not objectively unreasonable. As the state habeas court noted, “the state had no eyewitness to the crime itself and was forced to present a circumstantial evidence case” and Lane’s chance to provide sufficient mitigating evidence at the penalty phase “was made incredibly more difficult” by Johnson’s escape from the Miller County jail and attack on Sheffield. Johnson argues that the scope of trial counsel’s investigation into mitigating evidence from Johnson’s life history was objectively unreasonable. However, as the Supreme Court stated in Van Hook while rejecting a similar argument: This is not a case in which the defendant’s attorneys failed to act while potentially powerful mitigating evidence stared them in the face, cf. Wiggins, 539 U.S., at 525, 123 S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471, or would have been apparent from documents any reasonable attorney would have obtained, cf. Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 389-393, 125 S.Ct. 2456, 162 L.Ed.2d 360 (2005). It is instead a case, like Strickland itself, in which defense counsel’s “decision not to seek more” mitigating evidence from the defendant’s background “than was already in hand” fell “well within the range of professionally reasonable judgments.” Van Hook, 130 S.Ct. at 19. Here, trial counsel investigated Johnson’s background, in particular his social, education, criminal, and medical history, but found no “potentially powerful mitigating evidence.” Under the circumstances, reasonable attorneys could have chosen, as trial counsel did here, to focus most of their time and effort on investigations supporting residual doubt. As to presentation, trial counsel called four witnesses in the penalty phase: a minister and teacher who each spoke about Johnson’s good character; a friend of Johnson’s who testified about Johnson’s love of cabinetmaking and dance; and Johnson’s mother, who pled for mercy on her son’s behalf. This testimony served to humanize Johnson to the jury. Moreover, had Johnson’s trial counsel emphasized Johnson’s good character, as Johnson now contends they should have, the State would have had greater incentive to introduce rebuttal evidence (which it did not introduce at trial) that not only would have undercut the good-character evidence, but also would have dealt a powerful blow to the defense’s core penalty-phase strategy of creating lingering doubt. In particular, the State could have introduced evidence that Johnson had a temper and physically abused his ex-wife Cynthia Smith, his ex-girlfriend Melissa Windows, and, on one occasion, one of Smith’s daughters. Given this potential rebuttal evidence, and the aggravating evidence of (1) the circumstances of Sizemore’s murder, rape, and mutilation, and (2) Johnson’s escape and attack on Sheffield, it was reasonable for counsel to present evidence of Johnson’s childhood, hobbies, and a mercy plea from Johnson’s mother in lieu of a full-bore good-character strategy. The new mitigation evidence would have risked the State presenting specific rebuttal evidence that would have damaged Johnson’s character. See Wood v. Allen, 542 F.3d 1281, 1313 (11th Cir.2008) (“[W]e have rejected prejudice arguments where mitigation evidence ... would have opened the door to damaging evidence.”), aff'd, — U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 841, — L.Ed.2d — (2010). D. Trial Counsel Performance: Expert Future-Dangerousness Testimony Johnson also claims trial counsel were deficient in the penalty phase by not presenting expert testimony and statistics on the issue of Johnson’s future dangerousness. In the state habeas proceedings, Johnson introduced expert and statistical evidence about prison trends and future dangerousness of lifers in prison. For example, forensic psychologist Dr. Thomas Reidy testified about studies showing that (1) the offense of conviction, prior convictions, and escape history are only weakly correlated with prison violence, (2) prisoners are less likely to misbehave as they age, and (3) prisoners with long-term sentences are more likely to successfully adjust to prison. Dr. Reidy opined that Georgia would classify Johnson as a “maximum security” or “hi-max” prisoner and has safeguards to minimize the risk posed by such potentially dangerous prisoners, and thus Johnson was less likely to be violent in prison. Former corrections commissioner and warden James Aiken testified that Georgia prisoners are effectively inhibited from committing violent infractions by the structure and security measures of the prison environment. Aiken testified that Johnson would receive a “maximum” or “hi-max” security classification, “meaning that he would be subjected to the most stringent security measures available, including highly restrictive confinement and close supervision.” If Johnson were “deemed a problem inmate inclined toward misconduct, adequate measures would be taken to segregate him from the general prison population and restrict his movement, thereby negating the opportunity and ability to commit misconduct.” Aiken and Dr. Reidy listed some of the high-level security and prophylactic measures employed in state prisons: housing in high-security facilities equipped with electronic perimeter detection systems, closed circuit television cameras, and listening devices; single cell placement; and administrative segregation. Sociologist Dr. Michael Radelet testified that most prisoners convicted of capital murder but sentenced to long-term imprisonment adjust satisfactorily to prison. Dr. Radelet agreed with Dr. Reidy’s and Aiken’s conclusions and opined that Johnson’s probability for a satisfactory adjustment to prison would be greater than most because he was older than most offenders and had no prior convictions for violent crimes. Dr. Tim Carr, a Georgia corrections department statistician, compiled statistics regarding infraction rates between long-term inmates and the general inmate population. Dr. Carr testified that long-term inmates generally have lower rates of infractions because they are housed in more secure conditions. But Dr. Carr testified that the statistics showed only minor variations and were not conclusive, as follows: Q Putting what you said about very little difference between the numbers aside, or in your opinion, could I go through and basically pick and choose things to support whatever position I wanted? A Yes. If you wanted to say, for instance, that the general population inmates were better than, for example, lifers, you could pick out many examples from the reams of statistics that I produced, or you could make exactly the opposite case and pull out numerous examples in the opposite direction. [I]f you were to go carefully through those printouts and put a poker chip over here in this pile every time you found where lifers were better than average inmates, put it in this pile, when you find the opposite, you put it in this pile, by the time you had finished you would have, roughly, equal piles of poker chips. Q Okay. So again, I can make these numbers say just about anything I want them to? A That’s correct[] As to the expert future dangerousness testimony, the state habeas court noted that: (1) “Petitioner’s habeas experts testified that the prison system would find that Petitioner was a high risk and dangerous and therefore place him in maximum security which would ‘control’ his dangerousness”; (2) “[e]xperts conceded that Petitioner would be classified as ‘maximum’ or ‘hi-max’ security level because of his crime and past escape”; and (3) “[t]he statistician for the Georgia Department of Corrections who compiled the statistics used by Petitioner’s experts in this case testified that the data, over all, showed minor variances, was easily manipulated and could be used to support almost any conclusion.” Before Johnson’s trial, Lane actually had used Dr. Radelet as a witness on future dangerousness in another capital case. Thus, Lane knew about the availability of experts who would testify that a convicted murderer serving a long sentence will be classified as maximum security and thus will be in a highly restricted confinement under close supervision, will age and adjust to prison life, and will not present a danger in prison. Even though Lane contacted Dr. Radelet about Johnson’s case and got funds to hire him, Lane never called Dr. Radelet as a witness. The state habeas court found that Lane made a strategic decision not to call Dr. Radelet in Johnson’s case, but that fact finding is not supported by the record. Although Lane obtained the funds to pay for Dr. Radelet’s 15 hours’ preparation time approximately three weeks before he was to testify, Lane testified Dr. Radelet had a busy teaching schedule and was too busy to get ready in that time period. Thus, we examine Johnson’s future-dangerousness claim de novo on the basis of whether a reasonably competent trial counsel is deficient for not presenting this type of future dangerousness testimony that counsel knew experts would give. The State