People v. Morgan (142 Ill. 2d 410, 1991)

JUSTICE MORAN

delivered the opinion of the court:

The defendant, Derrick Morgan, was indicted along with Milbon Lockridge (a.k.a. Poncho) and Sam Green (a.k.a. B-Bop) by a Cook County grand jury on two counts of murder and one count of armed violence for the shooting death of David “Swift” Smith (Smith). The armed violence charge against the defendant was later dismissed. After a jury trial, defendant was found guilty of murder. The jury subsequently found him eligible for the death penalty and sentenced him to death. Defendant appeals directly to this court (107 Ill. 2d R. 603).

Concerning pretrial proceedings, the defendant raises as issues whether: (1) a Batson violation occurred; and (2) the trial court erred by excusing potential jurors who expressed reservations about the death penalty and by refusing defendant’s request to further question a juror about whether his attackers in a beating had been African-American.

Pertaining to the guilt phase of his trial, the defendant raises as issues whether: (1) he was proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the trial court erred by granting the State’s motion in limine so that he could not present evidence that another person had committed the crime; (3) the trial court erred by allowing two defense witnesses to refuse to testify on the grounds of the fifth amendment; (4) the trial court properly informed two defense witnesses of the consequences of testifying on his behalf; (5) the trial court erred in advising some witnesses of the consequences of perjury, and in not advising others; (6) actions and comments by the trial judge denied him a fair trial; (7) he was denied his sixth amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses when the State elicited hearsay testimony that Smith told his girlfriend that if anything happened to him, he would be with the defendant; (8) his rights of confrontation were violated when a police officer testified that he spoke with Milbon Lockridge, a convicted accomplice who did not testify about the murder, which led to the officer’s investigation of him; (9) he was denied the opportunity to present a defense when his alibi witness was stricken because she was allegedly not disclosed as an “alibi witness”; (10) the trial court erred when it struck all of his alibi witness’ testimony and, if it did, whether it erred in striking all of it when some of it did not pertain to the alibi; (11) reversible error was committed in the State’s closing argument; (12) the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to call a police officer as a witness for the purpose of impeaching the officer with his own police report; (13) the trial court erred in refusing to grant a hearing on his oral motion to suppress an in-court identification; and (14) the trial court further made errors in admitting certain evidence and not admitting other evidence, and by sustaining objections to his closing argument.

The defendant also raises as issues pertaining to his sentencing hearing whether: (1) he was eligible for the death penalty; (2) his eighth amendment right to a fair sentencing hearing was denied when Smith’s girlfriend was allowed to state that she was pregnant when he was killed, and when a photo of Smith and his child were admitted into evidence; (3) the State misstated the law and the evidence at the first stage of sentencing, thus denying defendant a fair sentencing hearing; (4) he was denied a fair sentencing hearing at the second stage when he was not allowed to show that a third party had recently threatened Smith, and that the third party had the opportunity to convince key witnesses to falsely implicate the defendant; (5) the trial judge denied him a fair sentencing when he made several statements during voir dire that the jurors were not responsible for imposing the death penalty; (6) he had a right of allocution; (7) he was denied a fair sentencing when the State was not limited to one closing argument at sentencing; (8) he was denied an impartial jury when the judge refused to ask jurors whether, if they found him guilty, they would automatically impose the death penalty; (9) he was denied a fair sentencing when the jury was told to disregard sympathy; and (10) he was denied a fair sentencing when evidence of charged, but unconvicted, crimes was admitted.

The defendant also raises issues as to the constitutionality of the death penalty statute, as well as to whether the trial court erred in denying his pro se, post-trial motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel.

On December 17, 1985, at about 9:15 p.m., police officers responded to a radio dispatch regarding a shooting. Chicago police officer Thomas Kampenga testified as follows: that he and his partner, Officer Robert Skahill, found the victim, David Smith, lying in a pool of blood; that he noticed several gunshot wounds to Smith’s head; and that he saw a clear plastic bag containing a white powder lying next to the body. Both Officers Kampenga and Skahill testified that they had earlier seen the defendant and Smith exit the building where Smith lived, enter a grocery store across the street, and leave the store a short time later. Officer Skahill said that, as he was interviewing people around the building where Smith lived, he only noticed Smith leave the building, with the defendant following him. Officer Kampenga further stated that since he knew where Smith lived, he and his partner went to his apartment and informed his live-in girlfriend that he had been killed; she told them that Smith may have been with the defendant; and their subsequent search for the defendant was not successful.

Lashone Joyner testified as follows: that she was Smith’s girlfriend and they lived together; that on December 17, 1985, at 4 p.m., she was home alone cooking when two men whom she knew only as “B-Bop” and “Poncho” visited; that she had known the men since 1975 from visiting their disco at the El Rukn Temple; that the men asked if Smith was home, and she told them he was not; that later that evening Smith came home, and then went out again; that at about 8 or 8:30 Smith came home alone, but then let the defendant (whom she knew only as “Tate”) in; that she had known defendant for seven or eight years, and that he and Smith were friends; that she overheard defendant tell Smith that he had something for them to do; and that, as he left the apartment, Smith told her that “if anything happen [sic] to him, he would be with [defendant].”

Dr. Eupil Choi, an assistant Cook County medical examiner, testified that Smith was killed from multiple gunshot wounds to the head, and that he found six bullets in Smith’s head.

Peter Poole, a forensic chemist then employed by the Chicago police department, testified as follows: that he performed a series of tests on the bag of white powder found next to Smith’s body; that based on those tests, he determined that the powder did not contain any controlled substance or common adulterants; and that the substance appeared to have the color and consistency of flour.

Chicago police detective John Robertson testified as follows: that four months after Smith’s murder, he was working on an unrelated case and he had become quite familiar with the El Rukn street gang; that as part of that investigation he spoke with Milbon Lockridge (nicknamed “Poncho”); that Lockridge told an assistant State’s Attorney (as well as a grand jury), in his presence, about defendant’s involvement in Smith’s murder; that he then secured a warrant for defendant’s arrest; that he later learned that defendant was in custody in LaPorte County, Indiana; and that he visited defendant in the LaPorte County jail, where he was being held under the alias “Larry Tate” and informed him of the arrest warrant. Officer Robertson also stated that he later learned that the defendant had confessed to an inmate, Stephen William Benjamin (Benjamin), at the LaPorte County jail. Robertson further testified that he went to the prison with a photo array, and Benjamin identified the defendant as the person who confessed to the murder.

Benjamin testified that he was in the LaPorte County jail in May 1986, serving a 115-day sentence for driving while intoxicated. He said that on a Saturday evening in mid-May, he had a conversation with the defendant, whom he then knew as “Larry Tate.” According to Benjamin, the defendant told him: that there was a “hold” on him from Chicago for a murder that he and two other El Rukn gang members, B-Bop and Poncho, had committed; that he had been paid by “a big dope dealer” $2,000 before and $2,000 after he murdered a man that defendant called “Swift”; that on the night of the murder, he had placed a bag of flour in an abandoned apartment, and then went to Swift’s house to pick him up; that he wanted Swift to believe that the bag contained cocaine; that when he picked Swift up, he told him that he had some cocaine for them to pick up; that he and Swift then walked to the abandoned apártment; that in the meantime, B-Bop was at the apartment to make sure that “the hit went down,” and either B-Bop or Poncho was in the the getaway car; and that as Swift finished tasting the flour, defendant pulled out a .357 and shot Swift five or six times in the head.

Benjamin also testified that the defendant told him that he was going to attempt to escape from the LaPorte County jail during a trip to the dentist office by killing the guards. He said that defendant told him that B-Bop would meet him and that they would go back to Chicago to “take care of all of the witnesses.” Shortly after Benjamin had this conversation, he told a jail guard the substance of his conversation with the defendant, and was transferred to another cell block in the prison. He further testified that he was not promised anything in exchange for his testimony, as he was scheduled to get out of the LaPorte County jail in June 1986 anyway.

Constance Smith, the victim’s sister, testified to the following: that she was at the victim’s apartment at 7:50 p.m. on the night that he was murdered; that she stayed at the apartment for approximately 20 minutes; and that she knew the defendant and did not see him at the apartment during that timé period. Defendant’s girlfriend, Barbara Baker, testified that defendant was at her house on the night of the murder.

Sergeant Clayton Jordan of LaPorte County testified that according to his records, Benjamin was housed in Cell Block 5 South of the county jail, while, at the same time, defendant was housed in Cell Block 5 South Central. He also said that inmates were not allowed to mingle with inmates from other cell blocks.

Following closing arguments, and a short deliberation, the jury found defendant guilty of murder. At the first phase of defendant’s sentencing hearing, the only evidence presented was a certified copy of defendant’s birth certificate, establishing that he was at least 18 years of age at the time the crime was committed. The State argued that the only issue at this phase of sentencing was the defendant’s age, as the jury, by the nature of its verdict, had already determined that it was a “contract murder.” Following deliberations, the jury found the defendant eligible for death penalty. At the second stage of the sentencing hearing, after the State presented evidence of defendant’s prior convictions, and defendant presented mitigating evidence (including the testimony of a psychologist who said defendant had rehabilitative potential but an antisocial personality), the jury sentenced defendant to death.

PRETRIAL ISSUES

The first issue that defendant raises is whether or not a Batson violation occurred. During voir dire, the defense moved for a mistrial because the State had used peremptory challenges to excuse two cf three potential African-American jurors who had been questioned. The trial court ruled that the defendant had established a prima facie case of racial discrimination under Batson v. Kentucky (1986), 476 U.S. 79, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 106 S. Ct. 1712.

The prosecutor explained that he excused potential juror Pearline McGee because of a “hunch” he had about her. He said that he guessed from the way that she answered the court’s questions about her previous jury service that she had reached a verdict of “not guilty” in that trial. He also stated that McGee worked at the post office, and that he “had bad luck with post office employees being on juries.”

Regarding potential juror Peter Reeves, the prosecutor stated that he excluded him because he was unemployed, and had been a resident at his current address for only five years, thus not having sufficient ties to the community. The prosecutor also said that Reeves failed to fill out his juror card completely. After hearing these explanations, the trial court held that the prosecutor did not arbitrarily exclude African-American potential jurors.

The question has been properly placed before this court, as the defendant objected to the potential jurors’ exclusion at trial and in his post-trial motion for a new trial. The State argues that the trial court improperly concluded that defendant had established a prima facie case of discrimination. This court has held that “the initial determination of whether a prima facie case has been established is left to the judgment of the trial judge, who is in a superior position to determine whether the prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory challenges was motivated by group bias.” (People v. Evans (1988), 125 Ill. 2d 50, 66-67.) Based on this court’s extensive review of the record, no reason can be found not to defer to the trial court’s judgment that a prima facie case had been established.

The issue then narrows down to whether or not the trial court erred in accepting the prosecutor’s explanations for the peremptory challenges. The explanations the State gives must be “clear, reasonably specific, legitimate, and nonracial in order to dispel the presumption created by the prima facie case,” and this court will usually give great deference to the trial court’s findings. (People v. Hope (1990), 137 Ill. 2d 430, 467.) The trial court was clearly correct in determining that the prosecutor dismissed potential jurors McGee and Reeves for legitimate, nonracial reasons.

The prosecutor’s explanation that he dismissed prospective juror McGee on the basis of her demeanor is sufficient. (See People v. Young (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 1, 20-21 (where the court found that a prosecutor’s explanation, that he challenged a prospective juror because of his demeanor, was sufficient to rebut a prima facie violation of Batson).) The prosecutor’s main problem with McGee was her demeanor in discussing a prior time when she served on a jury. Additionally, a close reading of the record shows that the prosecutor’s remarks concerning McGee’s employment were meant as an afterthought and, thus, are of no consequence.

As to potential juror Reeves, the prosecutor’s remarks, that he was concerned with his lack of ties to the community, is sufficient to rebut defendant’s prima facie showing of a Batson violation. Unless the decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the question of whether or not the prosecutor was credible in offering his reasons is a question best left to the trial judge, who is in the best position to determine credibility. (Hope, 137 Ill. 2d at 467.) After reviewing the record, we find that the defendant did not meet his burden of showing that the trial court abused its discretion.

The defendant also argues that the trial court erred by excusing potential jurors who expressed reservations about capital punishment, and by refusing to further question a juror as to whether his attackers in a beating had been African-American. With the entire venire seated in the courtroom, the trial court asked that potential jurors who had reservations about the death penalty raise their hands. The trial judge then specifically questioned each of these potential jurors regarding their views and decided whether to dismiss them.

One of the potential jurors stated that he did not believe in capital punishment and would have great difficulty in voting for the death penalty. Then, the following colloquy between the trial judge and the potential juror took place:

“PROSPECTIVE JUROR: Five years ago, I was a juror, and the same question [sic]. When I was examined whether I would be a proper juror, I was dismissed because the attorney felt I would not be qualified.

THE COURT: Under the circumstances you feel you could not be fair and impartial because the death penalty may be imposed?

PROSPECTIVE JUROR: I don’t think I would be fair.”

Over defense counsel objections, the trial judge excused this prospective juror.

A second potential juror stated that she did not believe that she could vote for the death penalty. When the trial judge asked her if she would automatically vote against the death penalty, she stated that she would, as a moral statement. Over defense counsel’s objections, this potential juror was also excused.

“Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968), 391 U.S. 510, 20 L. Ed. 2d 776, 88 S. Ct. 1770, prohibits the exclusion for cause of prospective jurors who express only general objections to the death penalty. In Wainwright v. Witt (1985), 469 U.S. 412, 424, 83 L. Ed. 2d 841, 851-52, 105 S. Ct. 844, 852, the Court held that a juror may not be excused unless' his or her views ‘ “prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.” ’ ” (People v. Gacho (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 221, 239.)

The trial court is in the best position to determine whether a prospective juror will be fair. As such, “deference must be paid to the trial judge who sees and hears the juror.” Wainwright v. Witt (1985), 469 U.S. 412, 426, 83 L. Ed. 2d 841, 853, 105 S. Ct. 844, 853.

In the case of the first prospective juror, the trial court had ample reason to conclude that he would not fairly weigh the evidence as a consequence of his views of the death penalty. His response is similar to that of prospective jurors in other cases who have been found to have been properly dismissed. See, e.g., People v. Gacho, 122 Ill. 2d at 238-40 (when asked whether he would consider imposition of the death penalty, the prospective juror replied: “No, I would rather not”); People v. Del Vecchio (1985), 105 Ill. 2d 414, 431 (when asked whether he could impose the death penalty, the prospective juror stated: “I don’t think I have a right to do that”).

As to whether the trial court should have further questioned the second potential juror, prior to dismissing her, the issue has been waived, as defendant failed to raise it in his post-trial motion for a new trial. “Both a trial objection and a written post-trial motion raising the issue are required for alleged errors that could have been raised during trial.” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Enoch (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186.

Defendant also raises issues regarding the voir dire of juror Mark Armgardt. Armgardt said that he had been the victim of a beating five years earlier. The trial court refused defendant’s request to ask him whether or not his assailant had been African-American. Defendant argued that because Armgardt may have been the victim of an interracial crime, he may be inclined to impose the death penalty against an AfricanTAmerican defendant. Defendant raised his objection at trial, but failed to raise it- in his post-trial motion for a new trial. Thus, on appellate review, as the issue does not rise to the level of plain error (107 Ill. 2d R 615(a)), it is waived. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186.

TRIAL

As to errors committed during the trial, the defendant initially argues that the State failed to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In support of this contention he argues that because there is no physical evidence linking him to the crime, and because his alleged confession to Benjamin never took place, there was not enough evidence to convict him beyond a reasonable doubt.

“A criminal conviction will not be set aside on review unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that there remains a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. [Citations.] It is not our function to retry a defendant when considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence of his guilt. [Citations.] Rather, determinations of the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given to their testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence are responsibilities of the trier of fact.” (People v. Jimerson (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 12, 43.)

Upon review, once a defendant is found guilty of a crime, all of the evidence is to be considered in a light most favorable to the prosecution. People v. Collins (1985), 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261, citing Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443 U.S. 307, 319, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789.

Applying the aforementioned principles to the instant case, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict. Here, the essential issue is the credibility of Benjamin’s testimony concerning defendant’s admissions.. Defendant argues: that it is unlikely that he (a member of Chicago’s El Rukn street gang) would have confessed to Benjamin (an Indiana native who was serving a short sentence for driving while intoxicated); that the physical evidence shows that the bullets remained in the victim’s head, and if defendant had used a .357-caliber gun (as Benjamin testified that he did), then the bullets would have gone through Smith’s head; that there was no evidence, other than Benjamin’s testimony,, of a contract; and that there were other inconsistencies in Benjamin’s testimony.

The jury was exposed to all of the potential infirmities in Benjamin’s testimony that defendant presents. The determination of credibility of witnesses and evidence is exclusively within the province of the jury, and the jury will resolve any conflicts. (Collins, 106 Ill. 2d at 261-62.) As the jury was made fully aware of the infirmities of Benjamin’s testimony and other circumstantial evidence pointing towards the defendant’s guilt, we cannot say that its conclusions were unreasonable. Therefore, he was properly found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

The defendant next argues that he was denied a fair trial when the trial court granted the State’s motion in limine which excluded any evidence that Elbert Dunnigan (a third party) had threatened Smith prior to the murder, and that he had the opportunity to convince Benjamin to lie and implicate the defendant in the murder. As an offer of proof, the defendant stated that Elbert Dunnigan had threatened Smith with a handgun one week prior to the murder, and that he, having been housed in the LaPorte County jail at the same time as Benjamin, had persuaded Benjamin to falsely implicate the defendant. The trial court then granted the State’s motion in limine.

The trial court sustained the State’s relevance objections when defendant asked Sergeant Clayton Jordan, head of security for the LaPorte County jail, whether Benjamin and Dunnigan had been housed together in (or were even in the same cell block of) the jail. The trial judge also did not allow the testimony of Frank Brown. In an offer of proof, the defendant told the court: that Mr. Brown had known the defendant, Smith, and Dunnigan for a number of years; that Brown had seen Dunnigan threaten Smith in the past; and that while Brown was in the LaPorte County jail, Dunnigan had twice asked him to claim that the defendant had admitted to committing Smith’s murder. The trial court also did not allow the defendant to call two witnesses who claimed to have seen Dunnigan threaten Smith.

The defendant’s reliance on Brown’s proffered testimony is misplaced because none of it was ever going to be introduced at trial because Brown invoked his fifth amendment right to refuse to testify based on the possibility of self-incrimination. Thus, the defendant’s theory that Dunnigan had committed the murder is based solely on the testimony of one witness who would testify that she saw Dunnigan threaten Smith one week prior to the murder. The only other evidence implicating Dunnigan in Smith’s murder would have been the testimony of a jail guard as to the location of Dunnigan’s cell at the LaPorte County jail.

“An accused *** may attempt to prove that someone else committed the crime with which he is charged [citation], but this right is not without limitations.” (People v. Ward (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 443, 455.) This court has long observed:

“One accused of crime may prove any fact or circumstance tending to show that the crime was committed by another person than himself. [Citations.] It is, of course, difficult, in dealing with evidence of this character, to define the precise limits which must control its admission. If it is too remote in time to throw light on the fact to be found it should be excluded.” (People v. Nitti (1924), 312 Ill. 73, 90.)

This court has also found that evidence should be excluded if it is too speculative. People v. Dukett (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 432, 450.

Defendant argues that under Nitti, evidence that Dunnigan had threatened Smith one week prior to the murder is highly relevant. The excluded evidence in Nitti showed that two weeks before his death, the victim had an argument with his son, when the victim refused to give him $500. The son had kicked and beat the victim until he was nearly unconscious. The evidence showed that the son then disappeared and did not reappear until a week later. The court found that this evidence was not too remote to be relevant. Nitti, 312 Ill. at 90.

However, in the instant case, there is far less evidence that links Dunnigan to the murder. The evidence that Dunnigan had threatened Smith shows a remotely speculative relationship, at best.

The testimony of Sergeant Jordan as to which cell block Dunnigan was in at the LaPorte County jail was also properly excluded. The fact that Dunnigan may have been incarcerated in the same cell block as Benjamin does not show that he persuaded (or even talked to) him about falsely implicating the defendant in Smith’s murder. No other evidence linking Benjamin and Dunnigan had been offered. As earlier stated, speculative evidence may be properly excluded at the discretion of the trial judge, and this evidence was speculative at best.

The defendant next contends that the trial court erred when it allowed two defense witnesses to refuse to testify for fear of self-incrimination, without determining whether the witnesses could have provided certain limited testimony without incriminating themselves.

Prior to trial, the State made a motion in limine to preclude Henry Evans from testifying. The trial court reserved judgment on the matter. At trial, the defendant informed the court that Evans had criminal charges pending against him in Cook County and that, according to him, an unknown representative of the State’s Attorney’s office had threatened him regarding his charges if he testified on behalf of the defendant. The defendant did not make an offer of proof as to what Evans would testify to, but he alluded that it would be to the aforementioned threats. The trial judge then called in Evans and his attorney. The judge examined Evans, and he then invoked his fifth amendment right not to testify based on the possibility of self-incrimination.

Defendant then attempted to call Frank Brown. After finding out that there were criminal charges pending against Brown in Cook County, and a warrant had been lodged against him in Indiana, the trial judge asked Brown if he wished to talk with separate counsel. After a meeting with appointed counsel and a second examination by the judge, Brown invoked his fifth amendment right not to testify based on the possibility of self-incrimination. The defendant then made an offer of proof that Brown would testify: that he has known defendant, Smith, and Dunnigan for a number of years; that Dunnigan and Benjamin were housed in the same cell block at the LaPorte County jail; that he had knowledge that Dunnigan had threatened Smith; and that, on two occasions, Dunnigan asked him to falsely say that the defendant had committed the murder, in exchange for help in his Indiana armed robbery case.

We do not need to address this issue, as it was waived by the defendant. As to both Evans and Brown, the defendant failed to properly object at trial and to raise the issue in his post-trial motion. Therefore, the issue is waived on review. (People v. Enoch (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186.) The issue is also not plain error, as we have already determined that the evidence was not closely balanced, and any error was not of a magnitude to deny defendant a fair trial. People v. Young (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 1, 47.

Defendant next argues that he was deprived of his right to present a defense when the trial court informed Brown and Evans about the consequences to their pending cases if they testified on the defendant’s behalf. As earlier noted, both Evans and Brown had cases pending against them in the circuit court of Cook County when they were called to testify for defendant. The trial court advised each of them of the consequences of testifying (as related to their own cases) and had each of them consult with an attorney. Both Brown and Evans then asserted their fifth amendment rights and refused to testify on behalf of the defendant.

The defendant has waived this issue due to his failure to timely object at trial as well as raise the issue with specificity in his post-trial motion. (Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 190.) Furthermore, the issue does not rise to the level of plain error, as we have already determined that the evidence was not closely balanced, and any error was not of such magnitude as to deny defendant a fair trial. Young, 128 Ill. 2d at 47.

The defendant also contends that the trial judge deprived him of his right to present a defense by admonishing two defense witnesses, Constance Smith and Harry Evans, as to the consequences of committing perjury, while the court did not similarly admonish any of the State’s witnesses. The defendant argues that the trial judge’s admonitions show that that court' was biased against defense witnesses.

The defendant failed to raise the issue at trial or in his post-trial motion for a new trial. Therefore, the issue is waived. (Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 190.) The waiver rule serves an important public policy because a timely objection will allow the circuit court to correct any errors and “a party who fails to object cannot obtain the advantage of receiving a reversal by failing tó act.” (People v. Reid (1990), 136 Ill. 2d 27, 38.) This issue does not rise to the level of plain error since we have already determined that the evidence was not closely balanced and the alleged error was not of a magnitude as to deny the defendant a fair trial. Young, 128 Ill. 2d at 47.

The defendant next argues that the trial judge’s behavior towards defense counsel had the effect of denying him a fair trial. Defendant gives numerous examples in which he alleges that the trial court acted improperly: by displaying hostility to defendant’s attorneys; by belittling defendant’s attorneys; by conducting an in-court identification of the defendant; by arguing evidentiary objections before the jury; and by questioning defense witnesses. The State argues that defense counsel was treated fairly and cites the following examples as evidence that the trial judge did not treat the defendant unfairly: sustaining defendant’s objections; admonishing the prosecutor; allowing defendant a continuance to obtain a transcript; and allowing defendant’s untimely filed pro se motion.

The defendant has waived these issues by not objecting to them at the time the improper actions took place. Furthermore, defendant’s post-trial motion contained merely vague, general allegations of error. This court has held that both a contemporaneous objection and a specific allegation in a post-trial motion are necessary to preserve an error for review. (Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 190.) We additionally find that since the evidence in this case has already been found not to be closely balanced, and the alleged errors were not of a magnitude as to deny defendant a fair trial, they are not plain error. Young, 128 Ill. 2d at 47.

The defendant next contends that Lashone Joyner’s testimony, that Smith had told her that if anything happened to him, he would be with defendant, was inadmissible hearsay.

Defendant’s arguments regarding the testimony in question, references to the testimony by the prosecution in closing argument, and the absence of a relevant limiting instruction have all been waived. (See, e.g., People v. Thomas (1990), 137 Ill. 2d 500, 524.) The defendant did not object to Joyner’s testimony at trial and did not raise the issue in a post-trial motion, thus waiving objections. (Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186.) The defendant did object following the prosecutor’s second reference to Joyner’s testimony, but he did not set forth this error with specificity in his motion for a new trial, and thus waived that objection on review. (Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 190.) The defendant also failed to tender a limiting instruction regarding Joyner’s testimony, so he cannot raise the issue on appeal. (People v. Huckstead (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 536, 543.) Finally, the issue will not be addressed as plain error because we have already found that the evidence was not closely balanced, and any error was not of a magnitude as to deny the defendant a fair trial. Young, 128 Ill. 2d at 47.

The defendant also contends that Detective Robertson’s testimony, that he had a conversation with Milbon Lockridge (“Poncho”) about defendant’s case and thus subsequently began searching for him, was erroneously admitted, violating his right of confrontation under the sixth amendment. We find that those statements were not inadmissible hearsay, and therefore were properly admitted.

At trial, Detective Robertson testified as follows: that in early April 1986, while working on an unrelated case, he spoke with Lockridge about decedent’s murder; that he then took Lockridge for an interview with an assistant State’s Attorney; that after the interview, he and the assistant State’s Attorney brought Lockridge to the grand jury; that later that same day he was assigned to the murder case; that later that month he obtained a warrant for defendant’s arrest for the murder of Smith; and that he later learned that the defendant was in the LaPorte County jail, and he lodged the warrant there.

At no time did Detective Robertson testify as to the substance of any of the statements Lockridge had made to him. Defendant, however, argues that Robertson’s testimony inferentially revealed that Lockridge had implicated the defendant in the murder.

This court resolved this issue in People v. Gacho (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 221, 248-49. In that case, this court held:

“Had the substance of the conversation that Coakley [the detective] had with Infelise [the witness] been testified to, it would have been objectionable as hearsay. The testimony of Coakley, however, was not of the conversation with Infelise, but to what he did and to investigatory procedure. (People v. Williams (1977), 52 Ill. App. 3d 81, 87-88; see also People v. Wright (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 523.) As our appellate court stated in considering similar testimony, ‘Such testimony is not hearsay because it is based on the officers’ own personal knowledge, and is admissible although the inference logically to be drawn therefrom is that the information received motivated the officers’ subsequent conduct.’ ” Gacho, 122 Ill. 2d at 248, quoting People v. Hunter (1984), 124 Ill. App. 3d 516, 529.

Defendant argues that Gacho is distinguishable from the instant case because in Gacho the police officer spoke with a victim of the crime, while in this case the officer spoke with a codefendant. We find the defendant’s argument to be lacking in persuasiveness because, in both Gacho and the instant case, the officer’s testimony did not contain hearsay, and simply showed the conduct of the officer’s investigation.

The defendant next contends that the trial court improperly precluded his alibi witness, Barbara Baker, from testifying, where the defendant’s discovery responses indicated that he would present an alibi and separately showed that Baker would testify. Baker testified that the defendant had been at her house at about 8 p.m. on the night of the murder. The prosecutor then objected when defense counsel asked her how long the defendant was with her, because defense counsel had not notified them of this alibi. According to the prosecution, the defendant had provided them with a different alibi defense, requiring the testimony of a different witness.

In response, defense counsel explained that two witnesses had told them that they would testify regarding the defendant’s alibi. The night before Baker’s testimony, one of the witnesses told defense counsel that she had been lying, whereupon they decided to use Baker as an alibi witness. Defense counsel’s excuse for not informing the prosecution that they were changing both the alibi defense and witness was that they “overlooked in [their] rush saying anything today” because they were “busy doing things in the trial this morning.”

The trial judge ruled that he would preclude Baker from testifying because there was no way for the prosecution, at that late date, to effectively assemble and present rebuttal evidence, and because he felt it was clear that the defense counsel knew of the alibi testimony in question, but deliberately withheld disclosing the information during the hearing on the State’s motion in limine prior to Baker’s testimony, choosing rather to surprise the prosecution during Baker’s direct examination.

In pertinent part, Supreme Court Rule 413 states:

“Subject to constitutional limitations and within a reasonable time after the filing of a written .motion by the State, defense counsel shall inform the State of any defenses which he intends to make at a hearing or trial and shall furnish the State with the following material and information within his possession or control:

(i) the names and last known addresses of persons he intends to call as witnesses ***

***

(iii) and if the defendant intends to prove an alibi, specific information as to the place where he maintains he was at the time of the alleged offense.” 107 Ill. 2d R. 413(d).

Additionally, Supreme Court Rule 415 provides, in part:

“(b) Continuing Duty to Disclose. If, subsequent to compliance with these rules or orders pursuant thereto, a party discovers additional material or information which is subject to disclosure, he shall promptly notify the other party or his counsel of the existence of such additional material, and if the additional material or information is discovered during trial, the court shall be notified.

* * *

(g) Sanctions.

(i) If at any time during the course of the proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with an applicable discovery rule or an order issued pursuant thereto, the court may order such party to permit the discovery of material and information not previously disclosed, grant a continuance, exclude such evidence, or enter such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.” 107 Ill. 2d R. 415.

Under Rule 413(d)(iii), the defendant had an obligation, prior to trial, to reveal to the prosecution his alibi, that he was with Baker at the time of the murder, prior to trial. He did not reveal this information in the pretrial discovery. Pursuant to Rule 415(b) the defendant had a continuing duty to promptly notify the State or trial court (if discovered during trial) as to a new alibi. The defendant clearly did not meet his obligation, thus violating Rules 413 and 415.

The only matter, with respect to this issue, left to be decided is whether the trial court abused its discretion in precluding Baker from testifying. The trial court was clearly acting within its discretion, as Rule 415(g)(i) specifically authorizes a trial court to exclude evidence as a sanction. See, e.g., People v. Partee (1987), 157 Ill. App. 3d 231, 252-53 (court found that the trial court acted within its discretion when it excluded the testimony of an alibi witness where the pro se defendant did not disclose specific information concerning the alibi, in violation of Rule 413(d)(iii)).

The defendant argues that the sanction of preclusion was too harsh, as the trial court could have applied a lesser sanction. This issue was discussed in Taylor v. Illinois (1988), 484 U.S. 400, 98 L. Ed. 2d 798, 108 S. Ct. 646. In Taylor, on the second day of trial, the defense attorney made an oral motion to amend his discovery answers to include two additional witnesses. Upon inquiry from the trial judge as to why the motion should be granted, counsel represented that he had just been informed about these witnesses. The following day, the first witness appeared for an offer of proof and revealed that he had actually met with defense counsel a week before the trial started. The trial judge then did not allow either of the witnesses to testify due to defense counsel’s blatant violation of discovery rules.

The Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s exclusionary sanction. (Taylor, 484 U.S. at 402, 98 L. Ed. 2d at 806, 108 S. Ct. at 648-49.) The Court reasoned that the sanction of preclusion serves an important purpose, noting:

“One of the purposes of the discovery rule itself is to minimize the risk that fabricated testimony will be believed. Defendants who are willing to fabricate a defense may also be willing to fabricate excuses for failing to comply with a discovery requirement. The risk of a contempt violation may seem trivial to a defendant facing the threat of imprisonment for a term of years. A dishonest client can mislead an honest attorney, and there are occasions when an attorney assumes that the duty of loyalty to the client outweighs elementary obligations to the court.” Taylor, 484 U.S. at 413-14, 98 L. Ed. 2d at 813, 108 S. Ct. at 655.

In this case, the trial court obviously felt that preclusion was the only effective sanction. That decision was clearly within its discretion, and we cannot find that the trial court abused that discretion.

In regards to Baker’s testimony, the defendant also contends that the trial court erred when it struck all of her testimony. The defendant argues that Baker’s testimony, that she saw Smith sell drugs and use cocaine, was relevant, because the bag of powder found near Smith’s body was not a controlled substance. He argues that this testimony would help to establish his theory that Smith had been murdered by a disgruntled drug buyer whom he had attempted to defraud.

The State argues that the defendant has waived this issue. However, contrary to the State’s allegations, the defendant has preserved this issue for review, pursuant to. Enoch. Immediately after striking Baker’s testimony, the trial court adjourned for the day. The next morning, the defendant objected to the striking of Baker’s testimony immediately prior to the resumption of the trial. Thus, he complied with the contemporaneous-objection requirement. Additionally, he alleged that the striking of Baker’s entire testimony was error in his post-trial motion. As his objection was actually to the striking of the entire testimony, this was as specific as defendant could get. Thus, he was able to preserve the error for review, by meeting the requirement that the error be objected to specifically in a post-trial motion. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186.

Following the State’s objection to the use of Baker as an alibi witness and in the presence of the jury, the trial court stated:

“Ladies and Gentlemen, I would like to advise you that certain testimony of the witness is to be disregarded, it is to be stricken, you are not to consider it, you are not to draw any inferences from it or speculate any further consideration of the testimony that this witness has given.”

It is patently clear, from looking at this statement in the context it was given, that the trial judge was simply instructing the jury not to consider Baker’s testimony as it related to defendant's alibi.

Furthermore, defendant invited the error and cannot now complain of it on appeal. (See, e.g., People v. Miller (1983), 120 Ill. App. 3d 495, 501 (defendant invited error by failing to request that the trial court voir dire the jury about a newspaper article discovered in the possession of one of the jurors, as that is the most frequently utilized method of avoiding an error).) Here, the day following the occurrence of the alleged error, the defendant made an oral motion for a new trial, contending that the trial judge struck all of Baker’s testimony. The trial judge denied the motion. The defendant could have then asked that the court reporter read the complained-of remarks, so that the trial court could clarify its position. He did not make this request, thus allowing the jury to continue to labor under what he perceived to be the belief that it was not to consider any of Baker’s testimony. As the defendant invited the error, his objection is waived on review.

Defendant next contends that he was denied his due process right to a fair trial because the prosecutor made five allegedly improper comments during closing argument. At the outset, it should be noted that prosecutors have a great deal of latitude in making closing arguments (People v. Morgan (1986), 112 Ill. 2d Ill, 131; People v. Stock (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 461, 467), and the trial court’s determination as to the propriety, and possible prejudicial effect, of the prosecutor’s closing argument will be followed, absent a clear abuse of discretion. (People v. Smothers (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 172, 176.) In order for a remark to be deemed reversible error, the complained-of remark must have resulted in substantial prejudice to the accused, such that the verdict would have been different had it not been made. (Morgan, 112 Ill. 2d at 132.) “In reviewing allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, the closing arguments of both the State and the defendant must be examined in their entirety and the complained-of comments must be placed in the proper context.” People v. Cisewski (1987), 118 Ill. 2d 163, 175-76.

The first alleged error is that the prosecutor improperly remarked, four times, that the defendant was smiling as he sat at the defense table. The first two references in question were as follows:

“[ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY]: Detective Robertson explained to you about the El Rukns street gang, about their temple at 39th and Drexel, about General B-bop, about Poncho and about Derrick Morgan. And he can sit there and smile at you ladies and gentlemen, but don’t let that intimidate you, you sworn [sic] to take an oath—

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Objection overruled.

[ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY]: You have been sworn to take an oath, you sit here as Jurors and you have an obligation to listen to the evidence despite whatever the Defendant has a right to do here in Court.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, your Honor, the Defendant didn’t try to do anything here in Court. I object to this line of argument.

THE COURT: The objection is overruled, it will stand. The jury has an opportunity to observe and if in fact there are any statements made by either side that are not consistent with what is happening in this Courtroom they will disregard it completely. Accordingly you may continue with your statement.”

It is clear from the preceding remarks that the prosecutor was not referring to the defendant’s demeanor. These comments were not error.

Later, it was argued:

“[ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY]: Again, how would Benjamin know unless this man, this smiling man here today told him that is what happened.

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Objection sustained. Mr. Gambony [the Assistant State’s Attorney], you may comment on evidence but I ask you to refrain from any other tactics. Proceed from there. ’ ’

Because the trial court sustained the defendant’s objections in the presence of the jury, any arguable error from the prosecutor’s references to the defendant’s smiling was cured. Further, the defendant did not request that the trial judge instruct the jury or declare a mistrial. (People v. Hooper (1989), 133 Ill. 2d 469, 488.) The jury was further instructed that the closing arguments were not evidence. (Hooper, 133 Ill. 2d at 492.) Thus, any possible error that may have been brought about by the prosecution’s references to the defendant’s smiling was harmless, and thus not cause to reverse the judgment. People v. Caballero (1989), 126 Ill. 2d 248, 273.

The defendant also argues that comments by the prosecutor that the jury should support Benjamin for coming forward to testify were prejudicial. He argues that this comment appealed to the passions and prejudices of the jury by asserting that, without this jury’s support, witnesses in future cases would not come forward to testify. Although the defendant objected at trial, he failed to specifically set forth this error in his post-trial motion, thus waiving the issue on appeal. (People v. Fields (1990), 135 Ill. 2d 18, 59-60.) We will also not examine the issue as plain error, as the evidence was not closely balanced and the remarks were not so inflammatory as to deny the defendant a fair trial. Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 60.

The defendant’s third point of error in the prosecutor’s closing argument is that the prosecutor improperly commented about Benjamin’s courage in testifying. Defendant argues that this was improper because no evidence was presented that Benjamin was in any danger. This point of error has been waived, as the defendant failed to object at trial, and did not raise it in his post-trial motion. (Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 59-60.) The point of error is also not plain error, as we have already found that the evidence was not closely balanced and the remark was not so inflammatory as to deny the defendant a fair trial. Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 60.

The defendant’s next point of error is that the prosecutor prejudicially commented that no eyewitnesses to the murder came forward because he had threatened or intimidated them. There was no evidence in the record that the defendant had threatened witnesses, or that there even were eyewitnesses to the murder. This point of error is waived because it was not specifically raised in the defendant’s post-trial motion. (Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 59-60.) Further, as we have already determined that the evidence in this case was not closely balanced, and because the remarks were not so inflammatory as to deny the defendant a fair trial, the error does not rise to the level of plain error. Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 60.

Concerning the prosecutor’s closing argument, the defendant’s final point of error is that the prosecutor referred to defense counsel’s closing argument as “the mad rambling of a defense attorney,” and “ridiculous” (twice). As to the two complained-of comments that defense counsel’s argument was “ridiculous,” the error, in the first instance, is waived because the defendant failed to object to it at trial and raise it in his post-trial motion. (Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 59-60.) The second complained-of comment is also waived because defendant failed to include it in his post-trial motion. (Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 59-60.) Additionally, this alleged error does not rise to the level of plain error, as we have already determined that the evidence was not closely balanced, and the remark was not so inflammatory as to deny the defendant a fair trial. Fields, 135 Ill. 2d at 60.

As to the prosecutor’s comment that the defense counsel’s argument was “mad ramblings,” defendant’s objection was immediately sustained in front of the jury. The trial court further said:

“I ask you to refrain from using any such terminology, I heard no ramblings, he presented his case as he saw fit and I ask you refrain from making such comment.”

Thus, any error in the statement was cured by the trial court, and since we are persuaded that there was ample evidence to find the defendant guilty, the remark was not reversible error. Cisewski, 118 Ill. 2d at 178.

Contrary to the defendant’s contention, this remark is different from the one in People v. Monroe (1977), 66 Ill. 2d 317, where this court found that a prosecutor’s comments that a defendant’s closing argument was “preposterous” and “fraudulent,” coupled with his expression of his opinion of the defense, was reversible error. (Monroe, 66 Ill. 2d at 323-24.) Rather, this case is more closely analogous to People v. Cantrell (1977), 55 Ill. App. 3d 270, where the court found that a sustained objection was enough to cure the prosecutor’s comment that some of the defense counsel’s cross-examination was “meaningless garbage talk.” (Cantrell, 55 Ill. App. 3d at 275.) As in Cantrell, the prosecutor’s comments in the instant case, coupled with the trial court’s admonishment, do not rise to the level of reversible error.

The defendant next contends that the trial court erred by not allowing him to call Detective Robertson as his own witness in order to impeach him with his police report (taken from his conversation with Benjamin at the LaPorte County jail). He argued that the police report stated that Benjamin told Robertson that he had his conversation with the defendant two or three days before Memorial Day 1986, and not in mid-May 1986, and that the police report would seriously impeach Benjamin’s testimony as to when the conversation occurred, thus impeaching his entire testimony.

The State maintains that because Benjamin admitted, on direct examination, that he may have originally told the police that his conversation with the defendant took place in late May, as opposed to mid-May, and because the discrepancy as to when the conversation occurred was a collateral matter, the trial court properly precluded the defendant from calling Robertson for the purpose of impeaching him with his report.

The trial court’s reasoning for holding that the defendant could not impeach Robertson with his own report was that a party cannot impeach his own witness. Initially, it should be noted that the trial court erred in telling defense counsel that a party in a criminal case cannot call a witness solely to impeach that witness. Under Supreme Court Rule 433, the examination of a hostile witness in a criminal case is governed by Supreme Court Rule 238. (107 Ill. 2d Rules 433, 238.) Furthermore, under Supreme Court Rule 238(a), “[t]he credibility of a witness may be attacked by any party, including the party calling him.” (107 Ill. 2d R. 238(a).) Nevertheless, as a reviewing court, we can sustain the decision of a trial court for any appropriate reason, regardless of whether the trial court relied on those grounds and regardless of whether the trial court’s reasoning was correct. See Bell v. Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. (1985), 106 Ill. 2d 135, 148.

Whether Benjamin had his conversation with the defendant in mid-May 1986, or a few days before Memorial Day 1986, is plainly collateral to the case at hand. As the appellate court has noted, Supreme Court Rule 238 “does not grant permission to try collateral issues in order to prove the unreliability or untruthfulness of the witness.” (People v. Jones (1986), 148 Ill. App. 3d 345, 351.) Thus, as the trial court could have based its exclusion on the “collateral issues” principle, the trial court’s exclusion of Robertson, solely for the purpose of impeachment, was proper.

Defendant next contends that his due process rights were violated when the trial court refused to grant his request for a hearing on his oral motion to suppress the in-court identification by Benjamin. He argued that one of .the prosecuting attorneys had brought Benjamin into the courtroom prior to his testimony, and pointed out the defense attorneys to him. In response, the prosecutor argued that Benjamin had previously identified the defendant from a photo array.

Benjamin testified that, when he originally spoke with the police about this case, he identified defendant’s photograph from a photo array, and signed that photo. At trial, he picked the same photo out of a photo array shown to him, and identified his signature.

There is no per se rule that, under the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment, a trial court must hold a hearing outside the presence of the jury on the admissibility of identification testimony. (Watkins v. Sowders (1981), 449 U.S. 341, 66 L. Ed. 2d 549, 101 S. Ct. 654.) Furthermore, “[i]t is the reliability of identification evidence that primarily determines its admissibility.” (Watkins v. Sowders, 449 U.S. at 347, 66 L. Ed. 2d at 555, 101 S. Ct. at 658.) An in-court identification need not be suppressed if the prosecution can show a sufficiently reliable, independent basis for the identification.

The trial court’s denial of defendant’s request for a hearing was proper, as the prosecutor clearly established that there was an independent basis for Benjamin’s in-court identification: Benjamin’s previous identification of the defendant from a photo array. Additionally, the defendant did not complain that the earlier photo identification was impermissible suggestive.

The case of United States v. Davies (7th Cir. 1985), 768 F.2d 893, is instructive because, in that case, the defendant complained that the in-court identification was unnecessarily suggestive. At the three tables in the courtroom, there were only three males and, according to the defendant, only hé vaguely resembled the description that the witness had earlier given. The court found that the in-court identification was properly admitted because the witness had previously picked the defendant’s picture out of a photo array. Thus, the likelihood of a misidentification in court was reduced. United States v. Davies, 768 F.2d at 903-04; see also United States v. Mills (11th Cir. 1983), 704 F.2d 1553, 1564 (court found that denial of a request for an in camera hearing was proper, when the prosecution had established a sufficient, independent basis to show that the in-court identification was correct).

The defendant next argues that the trial court erroneously excluded some evidence, and erroneously admitted other evidence. Because the defendant really raises four different claims, this court will examine each claim separately.

Initially, the defendant argues that the trial court erroneously excluded evidence that there was a large amount of drug traffic in the vicinity of the apartment where Smith’s body was found. He argues that this evidence would help to strengthen his theory that Smith, a known drug dealer, was murdered during a drug deal, by someone other than the defendant.

While a defendant in a criminal case may, certainly, attempt to prove any set of facts that tend to show that someone else committed the crime with which he is accused (Ward, 101 Ill. 2d at 455), such evidence should be excluded if it is too remote or too speculative (People v. Dukett (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 432, 450). The admission of such evidence lies “within the sound discretion of the trial court, and its ruling should not be reversed absent a clear showing of abuse of that discretion.” Ward, 101 Ill. 2d at 455-56.

Defendant’s argument, that an unknown third person may have killed Smith during a drug deal gone bad, based purely on the fact that there is a great deal of drug traffic in the area where the body was found, is incredibly speculative. Clearly the trial court’s ruling such evidence inadmissible was not an abuse of discretion.

The defendant also argues that the trial court improperly permitted Lashone Joyner (Smith’s girlfriend) to testify that she was pregnant on the night of the murder, an,’ also