Full opinion text
RAMSEY, J. This case presents a question at once novel, difficult, and important. That it may be understood, we make the following liberal quotation from the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals, which both outlines the contentions and claims of the respective parties, and also gives in some detail and particularity the facts on which a recovery was by that court upheld: “Appellant operated a cotton seed oil mill. Its seedhouse was situated about 50 feet from its main building, and was 60 feet wide north and south by 200 feet long east and west. Near the center of the seedhouse, along the floor thereof for a distance of about 100 feet from its west end, appellant had constructed a box about 12 inches in height and about 10 inches in width. In this box was a spiral or screw-shaped piece of iron or steel about nine inches in diameter, which, revolving, conveyed seed placed in the box to the cleaning machine, and then’ to the mill in the main building. The covering for the box was in sections — each five feet in length, it seems — and was so arranged that desired openings through which to feed the iron conveyer inside the box could be made, leaving other portions of the box covered. Besides the conveyer just referred to and others, there was in the seedroom a sand screen and shaker and fan, three elevators, and shafting, belting, and pulleys, located near the floor and unincased. There also was in the room a quantity of cotton seed. March 8, 1907, appellee Gracie Po-teet, then about 4% years old, stepped into the box described above, while the iron conveyer referred to was revolving therein, and as a result her left foot was cut off, and her left leg was so torn, crushed, and injured as to make it necessary to amputate same about midway between her knee and hip. In her petition appellee, who sued by her next friend, after alleging that the seedroom, because of the machinery and cotton seed therein, was an attractive place to children of her age, and that she had been invited and permitted by appellant’s employé in charge of the room to go into same, further alleged: That ‘she was a small child, about 4% years of age, too young and inexperienced to understand or appreciate the dangers to her of being injured while in defendant’s aforesaid seedroom, and about its machinery# therein. On that day plaintiff was carried by her mother, the wife of the aforesaid B. F. Poteet, to defendant’s said oil mill plant and into the seedroom where her father was at work in charge and control of said seed-room in defendant’s employ. That the purpose of her visit, on that occasion, as it had been on many days prior thereto, was to carry her father’s dinner for him to eat, and that her mother might perform his work while he was eating the same. While there plaintiff was permitted to wander about and over said seedroom among defendant’s machinery, and on this occasion had passed to the opposite side of the seed conveyer from where her mother was shoveling seed into the conveyer and performing the work of B. E. Poteet, an employé of defendant, and said B. E. Poteet knew where she was, and what she was doing. That the cotton seed were piled high where plaintiff’s mother was shoveling them into the conveyer, and suddenly they caved in on her up to her waist, and she called aloud to her husband to run to her assistance and to help her prevent the conveyer from choking up, and plaintiff hearing her and seeing_ her father run to her mother, and not appreciating the danger to herself in doing so, ran after her father, and attempted to pass over the seed conveyer, and stepped upon what appeared to he a solid foundation, over the same, made by a plank placed on the top of said conveyer, when suddenly her foot passed through an opening in said plank which had been obscured by an accumulation of cotton seed, and was caught by the large spiral-shaped steel piece of machinery, or screw, in said conveyer, and was injured’ as complained of. She further alleged that at the time when she ‘ran after her father to her mother' and towards said hole in said seed conveyer said B. E. Poteet knew of the dangerous condition of the same, and that said hole was in said conveyer, and that it was deceptively covered with seed, and also knew that plaintiff was following him towards said hole, and could by the use of proper care have prevented her from stepping into said hole, but negligently failed to use proper care to prevent her from stepping into it.’ Appellee further alleged that the injury suffered by her was the result of appellant’s negligence in failing to properly guard and cover the conveyer, in failing to keep cotton seed removed from it so as to expose the opening she stepped into, in permitting her to be and remain in the seedroom and in failing while she was there to use proper care to prevent injury to her. In its answer, after excepting to the petition and denying generally the allegations therein, appellant specially denied that appellee was in its seedroom by its invitation or consent, or by the invitation or consent of any of its employés authorized to give same; denied that Poteet at the time was in charge of the seedroom in the sense that he had authority to invite appellee to enter the seedroom, or permit her to remain there; denied that its machinery, etc., was attractive to children, or that its attractiveness caused appellee to be in its seedroom, and denied that it had been negligent in any particular in the construction of the seed conveyer, etc.; and averred that said seed conveyer had been constructed and maintained with due care and skill, and was not dangerous to those whose duties required them to be in the seed-room, that appellee had been repeatedly warned not to enter said seedroom, and that her mother and father had been repeatedly instructed not to bring or permit her to be in said room, and that the injury she suffered was an accident for which it was not responsible, and was caused solely by the negligence of appellee’s father and mother in bringing her to and permitting her to remain in the seedroom, and failing while she was there to properly look after and care for her. “Prom the uncontradicted testimony it appeared that B. P. Poteet, appellee’s father, was an employé of appellant, charged with the duty to feed the conveyer in the seed-room ; that at about 12 o’clock on the day she was injured appellee accompanied her mother, who went to the seedroom to carry to her husband his dinner, and, while he was eating same, to take his place in feeding the conveyer; that while Poteet was engaged in eating his dinner, and Mrs. Poteet was engaged in shoveling cotton seed from a mass of seed piled high on the floor, the seed began to slide down and to cover her, and choke the conveyer she was feeding; that thereupon she called to her husband to come and assist her; that at that time-Poteet and appellee were sitting down, eating, about 20 feet from the conveyer, near or against the north wall of the building; that Poteet went hurriedly to his wife, crossing over the conveyer, and was followed by appellee, and that appellee, in attempting to cross over the box containing the conveyer, stepped into same through an opening therein, and was injured as alleged. It further appeared that at once after appellee got into the seedroom, and until her father began to eat his dinner, she played around in the room on or -with the cotton seed. As to the circumstances immediately surrounding the accident, Poteet testified as follows: T took my dinner and went over next to the north wall and sat down, and Grade got up, and said, “Daddy, I believe I will eat dinner with you.” And she set down, taken out some meat and bread, and went to eating, and the seed where my wife was feeding was piled up as high as this ceiling [indicating ceiling in courtroom], and she had dug out through the seed, she had dug out until the seed slid down around her waist, and she hallowed to me, for me to help her; and, when I started, Grade started and said, “Daddy, I am coming too.” I never thought about the child getting hurt, and run to my wife. I was thinking about my wife and the seed sliding in on her, and the next thing I knew I got on top of the conveyer, and the next thing I knew Grade was at my heels; and the next thing Grade hallowed, “Mamma! Mamma!” and I turned around and seen she was fastened, and it scared me until I didn’t know what to do, but all I thought of was running and throwing the belt, and run something like 100 feet, kicked the belt off, and stopped the machinery.’ ” It reasonably appears from this statement, and is rendered more certain by the evidence, that the child Gracie was not at the mill at the time she received her injuries because allured and attracted there by reason of the fact that it appealed to her childish curiosity and interest, but that, wholly aside from any attractive quality of the place, she was carried there by her mother without invitation, express or implied, wholly as a matter of convenience or voluntary choice on her part. We may therefore at once dismiss the view of the attractiveness of the place as having no proper place in the case, and as furnishing of itself no basis of recovery. There is some evidence that, after her arrival at the mill, Grade played for a short time around in it, but again the testimony of her father renders it clear that, just before she was hurt, she was quite a distance from any machinery, and in a position of safety. We think, therefore, the fact that she had at any time prior to assuming a position of safety been playing about or around in the mill becomes a fact of absolutely no consequence. It is not contended, nor do the facts even tend-to show, that she was injured by the act or negligence of any servant, agent, or employé of the oil mill. The most that can be claimed is, that her father, a servant of the mill, neglected the duty which it is claimed the law imposed on ■ him of using reasonable care to prevent the injury. Nor can it be successfully claimed that the machinery of the mill was as to her defective or that the company as to her was liable by reason of the condition of such machinery and appliances. In the case of City of Greenville v. Pitts, 102 Tex. 1, 107 S. W. 50, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 979, 132 Am. St. Rep. 843, it was held that, while the proprietor of an electric light system owed the duty to properly insulate its wires placed on the roof of a private building for the protection of such persons as had a right to go on same, such duty did not extend to trespassers or mere licensees upon the premises, and that they could not recover for injuries due to such defective insulation. Here Gracie was, at best, a mere licensee, and could not recover merely because of the condition of the machinery. Therefore the question comes to this, as submitted by plaintiff in error and copied into the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals on motion for rehearing (124 S. W. 244): “Under the evidence exhibited by the record, is it possible that the court can hold that the mother, over the protest of the mill management, can bring her child into the mill where the father is employed as a day laborer, and who also has been told not to allow the child to enter, and thereby impose the duty on the millowner to watch over and care for her to see that she does not voluntarily injure herself.” This is, as we conceive, the issue in the case and on its proper determination must rest the rights of the parties. We think that ordinarily in reason and from consideration of humanity the rule announced by this court, that in analogy to the doctrine of discovered peril when an employé in charge of dangerous machinery sees a child of tender and immature age and discretion intruding into such place of danger it becomes the duty of such servant to take steps for the protection of such child, should be followed and affirmed. This rule, however, proceeds on the principle that such child is incapable of protecting itself, and that the owner of such building and place where such child has come cannot in indifference and unconcern permit such child, so unprotected and therefore most subject to injury, to be hurt. The fact of the unprotected condition of the child is a view of the case never to be lost sight of. But we have been' cited to no case or other authority, and we have in our own research found none, which sustains this recovery. Indeed, there is an almost utter dearth of authority on the question. There is in the case of Norman v. Bartholomew, 104 Ill. App. 667, an expression by that court which in effect supports the contention of the plaintiff in error. That was a suit by Homer Bartholomew, suing by his mother as next friend, against Norman for damages for injuries resulting in the loss of his arm. The pleadings were quite- voluminous and too lengthy to set out here, but among other things it was averred that Norman was negligent in permitting the plaintiff, who was some 8y¡¡ years old, to be and remain in and about his dangerous machinery. There was evidence that plaintiff’s mother called him into the room in or near which he was injured. There are some expressions in this opinion which we would not sanction, but the following paragraph in same seems both sound and in point: “It seems manifest to us that it would be absurd to hold that the appellant should have warned the appellee of the dangerous character of the mangle under the circumstances disclosed by this record, when the mother of the appellee under whose special care he was at the time he was injured, with full knowledge of the character of the mangle, had voluntarily required her son, in order to shield him from a quarrel with another boy, to remain near to the mangle, thus showing that she did not regard the mangle as being so dangerous, and yet inviting to the childish instinct of her son, as to require her to warn him of its danger, or to refrain from causing him to sit near to it unrestricted.” But, independent of authority, it seems to us, in legal reason, there ought not in this case to be a recovery. All efforts to impose on Poteet, the employé, a duty at variance with his duty as a father, in respect merely to a failure to take steps to secure the protection and safety of his child, and to hold his employer liable for such failure, is, to our minds, merely playing with words and a confusion of terms. Undoubtedly the law imposed on him the duty to protect his child, whether he is master or servant. To discharge this duty he was under the strongest obligations which can affect or move any man. To this legal duty was added the incentive of love and the obligations of paternity. He might cease to be an employé. He could never cease to be a father while he had life and being. If we could assume that the managing officer of plaintiff in error had seen the child in the mill with her father and at the time in a place of safety as she was, conld it not he assumed, and ought it not to be held, that the company might rely on the natural affection common to all humanity, an affection which money cannot buy nor time wither, as to dangers known to the father, to take proper and effective steps to secure such child from injury? In order to hold the oil mill liable, there must be evidence of negligence, and that its conduct in the circumstances appearing in the case was ■violative of some duty which the law imposed on it. So situated, might it not trust to the protection which both law and duty would assure? The duty to protect the child in the possession and under the immediate control of both the father and mother is both legal and moral and is continuing and affirmative, and, at least until it is known that they have abandoned the child and its danger becomes apparent, the master is not liable. To hold otherwise would, as we believe, be at variance with correct legal principles and out of harmony with all that moves and controls men in the affairs of life. On the other hand, the conclusion to which we have arrived attains what should always be the supreme and ultimate end of the law —justice, of which it may be truly said that “the merchandise of it is better than the merchandise of silver and the gain thereof than fine gold.” “Ye cannot serve two masters” is not only the declaration of Holy Writ, but as well the experience of all the ages. The father could not in the circumstances of this ease, as we believe, be held to abdicate the high duties of father to the end and with the effect of stamping his conduct as mere employé with such negligence as to render his employer liable. If these views are sound, it logically results that defendant in error is not entitled to recover, and that the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals should be reversed and judgment here rendered for plaintiff in error; and it is so ordered.