Lozano v. State (359 S.W.3d 790, 2012)

OPINION

ANNE GARDNER, Justice.

I. Introduction

A jury found Appellant Robert Cruz Lo-zano guilty of the murder of his wife, Virginia Lozano, and sentenced him to forty-five years in prison. The trial court entered judgment accordingly. Appellant raises seven issues challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, several of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings, and a portion of the trial court’s jury instructions.

II. Factual Background

On July 6, 2002, Appellant’s wife, Virginia (Viki) Lozano, died of a multiple-trauma gunshot wound in the bedroom of their Denton residence, where they lived with their eleven-month-old son, Monty, and Viki’s mother. At that time, Appellant was a detective with the Denton Police Department.

A. Appellant’s Written Statements

In a voluntary statement given two days after his wife’s death, Appellant gave a lengthy, detailed description of the activities leading up to the shooting. He explained that he and his wife had gone out the evening before to celebrate their sixteenth wedding anniversary, had come home, played with Monty, and gone to bed. The next afternoon, he, Viki, and Monty went to Target and arrived back home around 4:30 p.m. According to Appellant, Monty went to bed around 7:00 p.m. Appellant then,

decided to play a computer game called either Mo-Huang or Ma-Huang [sic]. It is a game of puzzle pieces which require that they all be removed in order to win. Viki chose to lie in bed and watch t.v. She had not felt well for the last week.... I played the computer game for nearly an hour when I decided that I would take a moment to clean my service weapon. I currently possess a Glock 9mm handgun. Viki and I had made plans to shoot my gun at the Denton P.D. firing range the following day....

I went into the kitchen and I grabbed a section of the day’s newspaper.... I returned to the bedroom and I unfolded the paper and laid it on the bed opposite where Viki was lying.... I placed my gun cleaning box on the paper and then I removed my gun from my duty shoulder holster. I removed the fully loaded magazine from the gun and I placed it atop the paper. I then also removed the live round from the gun’s chamber. I left the gun with its slide locked open. I asked Viki if she didn’t mind that after I cleaned the gun if I could go to tan. She offered to clean my gun while I went to tan so that we would have a little more time together when I returned. I told her not to worry about it since it would take only a few moments to clean the gun. As I started to take the rags from the cleaning box, I changed my mind and decided to go and tan first and then return to clean the gun. I didn’t want to have the residue of the cleaning fluids on my hands when I went to tan. She again offered to do it for me and [I] told her to relax and watch whatever it was she was watching. ... I believe that it was nearing 8:30 p.m. when I left the house. I tanned for a twenty-minute session and as I was leaving, I asked the kid at the front desk how his Fourth of July celebration had gone for him. He told me that he had spent it with some friends and had a good time....

When I returned home which was approximately 9:00 p.m., I noticed that Viki was lying somewhat awkwardly on the bed. She was facedown and slightly to the left of her left hip. I asked her if she was feeling ill and I received no response. As I continued to walk around to her side[ ] of the bed, I again asked her if she was okay. I then noticed that the newspaper and the cleaning box had been moved from where I had left it. I think I may have again asked if she was okay but this time it was much more frantically. I raised her up and as if it were in slow motion, her listless body fell backward onto the pillow nearest the metal headboard. I saw her tongue hanging from her mouth and the color of her face was extremely pale. I looked down where she had laid and I noticed a lot of blood on the sheets. I grabbed her by her shoulder and I screamed for her to respond. She remained completely lifeless as I repeatedly shook her to have her regain consciousness. When I saw the hole in the middle chest portion of her nightgown, I knew that she had been shot. I then thought only to run to the bedroom telephone to call 9-1-1.... I begged that she have ambulance personnel come quickly. My thought then suddenly turned toward my son.... I ran to his bedroom which is located across the house and I opened his door. I immediately picked him [up] and it was apparent that I had scared him since he began to cry. He was actually sound asleep. I ran back to the telephone in the bedroom and I again spoke with the dispatcher. I recall her asking whether she was still breathing and I think I replied that I didn’t know. She asked that I begin CPR until the paramedics arrived. I think that I placed Monty down on the floor near the telephone as I ran back to Viki’s side of the bed. I started to cross my left leg over her body for better leverage when massaging her chest and then blowing in her mouth. I then noticed the gun which I picked up and tossed to one side. Although I did not straddle her body, I did begin CPR procedures from her side of the bed. I know that I was failing to do it properly because I was overcome with emotion. I begged her not to die and not to leave us alone. Moments later, I think I ran back to the phone to tell the dispatcher that she was either not breathing or that she was unconscious (perhaps neither or both).... I left the front door wide open to help the paramedic’s entry into the house and I believe that I turned on several outside lights. I’m not sure what happened after this....

I believe that Viki’s untimely death was purely accidental. She had been so happy and had found great joy in the life of our newborn child.... Viki was not suicidal. She had no reason to be so....

I was asked whether Viki ever suffered from depression. My answer is “yes”. When her father ha[d] passed away several years ago, I hadn’t actually realized how close they had been. She was tormented by his death from cancer and often cried for his absence from our lives.... Viki, herself, was ill for much of the last several years of our marriage. She suffered from a condition which involved long moments (days) of fatigue, listlessness, and an arthritic condition. She was also medically deemed a “free-bleeder”.... This was our major concern after we decided to have our child. We knew that the possibility existed that she would not survive childbirth. Incredibly, Monty’s birth went extremely well. However, the doctor discovered that she was torn from the inside as he passed through her vaginal canal. Her vaginal canal suffered a four to six inch tear which required stitching.... On the follow-up visit soon after Monty’s birth, the gynecologist (Dr. Popov) discovered that the stitche[s] had torn and were no longer holding the vaginal wall intact. She did not order a second surgery fearing that Viki was too weak to survive it. It was requested that she be bedridden for almost two months and that failure to follow these instructions exactly would result in continued free bleeding from her vaginal tear. As it occurred, Viki heeded this advice as I was left to attend to Monty’s every need.... Other than these two matters (her father’s death and her inability to care for Monty during his early childhood), Viki never appeared overly depressed. She had everything to live for as she voluntarily took one year’s leave of absence from school to be at home with Monty....

At the time of Viki’s death, Appellant was dating fellow detective Cynthia Waters. When Waters learned that Appellant’s wife had died, she approached her supervisors, revealed her relationship with Appellant, and provided several statements. After learning of this, Appellant provided officials with a supplemental statement, explaining that his prior statement — that he and Viki had played with their son and then gone to bed after their anniversary dinner — was “incorrect.” He explained that he actually left home that night (telling Viki he needed to go to the office), went to Waters’s home for two hours, and then returned home.

B. First Responders and Initial Investigation

Captain Luke Scholl

At 9:05 p.m. on July 6, 2002, paramedic and firefighter Captain Luke Scholl was dispatched to an emergency at 3800 La-Mancha in the city and county of Denton, Texas. The dispatcher alerted all the responders to a gunshot wound and advised more than once that CPR had been started by the 911 caller. Captain Scholl arrived at 9:09 p.m. He testified that the victim’s chest wound was directly where the palm of the hand would be placed to start CPR and that performing CPR for five minutes would cause a person to be out of breath. When Captain Scholl arrived, however, he saw a calm adult male (hereinafter Appellant) with no apparent blood on his hands or clothes standing on the front porch holding a child.

Captain Scholl testified that he entered a bedroom and found a female (hereinafter Viki) in her mid-thirties lying on her back on a bed, blood in the middle of her chest, with her right leg hanging off the side. She was not conscious or breathing. She was very cold to the touch and very waxy, which indicated that she had been dead “for quite some time.” She was pale and had lividity in her right foot around the ankle area. Captain Scholl explained that lividity is the pooling of the blood that starts thirty to forty-five minutes after death, gives the body a mottling or blanched look, and begins in the lowest part of the body. “[L]ividity is an indication that [the person has been] deceased long enough that they are not salvageable, that their body has begun the process of breaking down.” The first responders did not try any life-support techniques because the victim had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, the body had observable lividity and was very cold to the touch, and the skin was waxy and clammy. Captain Scholl agreed on cross-examination that lividity can set in as early as twenty minutes after death but added that in his experience “that body had been there a lot longer than an hour.”

Firefight&r and Paramedic Brandon Galbraith

Firefighter and paramedic Brandon Galbraith also responded to the scene. When Galbraith asked Appellant if he had performed CPR, Appellant responded, “She’s in there.” Galbraith ultimately concluded that CPR had not been performed. Galbraith noticed that Viki had been shot and showed no signs of life; her hand was cold to the touch, her skin looked pale white, and she had lividity in her right foot. Galbraith lifted Viki’s right shoulder to check for lividity, which he saw in her lower right back. On cross-examination, Galbraith disagreed with a description in the official EMS patient form that he had rolled Viki’s body to check for lividity. Based on lividity and Viki’s skin temperature and appearance, Galbraith determined that she had been dead longer than an hour.

Police Social Worker Richard Godoy

Richard Godoy, a certified police officer and social worker with the Denton Police Department, testified that he and Appellant were colleagues and friends. Officer Godoy described Lozano as “Mr. GQ,” very polished, and obsessed with neatness and looking good. At the scene, Appellant looked “real polished” and “like he had just got out of the shower, ready to go take some pictures.” Appellant told Officer Godoy that he had left his gun on the bed and had gone to the tanning salon; he stated, “[Y]ou know how Viki likes to tinker with things and she’s always doing things for me, and maybe she wanted to clean my gun for me while I was gone.” In Officer Godoy’s opinion, Appellant’s statements that he had tried to revive Viki with CPR seemed inconsistent with his clean appearance. Officer Godoy testified that Appellant’s facial expression was a forced grimace that looked like he was trying to imitate crying. On cross-examination, Officer Godoy acknowledged that people grieve differently and that police officers are trained to control their emotions.

Chief Deputy Sheriff Lee Howell

Lee Howell testified that he was presently the Chief Deputy Sheriff of Denton County but that in 2002 he had been a lieutenant in the Denton Police Department and supervised Appellant. After arriving at the scene, Chief Deputy Howell contacted the Texas Rangers to help conduct the investigation due to Appellant’s position. The chief deputy testified that Appellant appeared to be more nervous than upset; appeared to be worried about what law enforcement was doing; and never made eye contact with, or spoke to, him.

Chief Deputy Howell used photographs to describe the crime scene — the deceased lying face up on the bed, a gunshot wound in her chest, her right leg hanging off the bed, and a considerable amount of lividity in her lower right leg and foot. Also on the bed was a single sheet of newspaper, a Glock pistol, a brown box that contained gun-cleaning supplies and tools, a dishtowel and a pair of white athletic-type socks. The chief deputy testified that, due to the location of this newspaper sitting on top of the folded-back bedspread and the location of the other items on the bed, the scene appeared to be staged. It is unusual for someone to clean a gun on a bed, but even more than that, it did not look as if someone had actually cleaned the gun on the bed; instead it appeared that “someone had come in afterwards and put the items in place.”

Chief Deputy Howell also testified that he had cleaned firearms many times before and that he did not know anyone who would soak a gun in as much oil as this one had been. It appeared that someone “had just taken the spray can and held the gun and just sprayed it down, you know, all over, which would be an odd way for me to do it, and I don’t know of any other people that clean guns that way.” He testified that the pair of dirty socks on the bed did not appear to have any oil or gun residue on them and appeared out of place. They did not look like they had been used in the cleaning process. Chief Deputy Howell testified that Viki’s hands did not look like she had cleaned a gun or even sprayed it down with oil; her hands did not appear to have any oil or gun residue on them. He further testified that the only way to keep gun residue off one’s hands during gun cleaning would be to wear gloves and that no gloves were found in the bedroom. He testified that he had personally observed the onset of lividity in at least six deceased individuals and that, in his experience, liv-idity usually did not become visible in less than an hour and a half. He later acknowledged having heard in training that it could set in after thirty minutes.

Chief Deputy Howell testified that when he read Appellant’s voluntary, written statement, he became more convinced that Appellant was not telling the truth. The chief deputy noted several inconsistencies between Appellant’s statement and the crime scene evidence. For one, the level of lividity in Viki’s body indicated that Appellant’s time frame regarding his trip to the tanning salon “should have been a little bit longer” than the forty to forty-five minutes Appellant estimated; there had to be enough time for Viki to begin cleaning the gun, shoot herself, and then time left for lividity to set in. Further, Appellant described finding Viki upright but “face-down” (and demonstrated to Trooper Mur-phree how Viki was upright with her face hanging down), but there was no lividity in her face, and instead, her face was very pale. Moreover, Appellant’s obsession for neatness, cleanliness, and appearance were inconsistent with cleaning a gun on the bed. Also, Appellant’s statement that Viki was ill that night was inconsistent with Viki volunteering to clean the gun. Although Appellant described performing CPR, there was no blood on Appellant or his clothing. Further, Appellant was trained in CPR and should have known that Viki’s body needed to be on a flat surface like the floor to effectively implement CPR. If Appellant performed CPR, it would have been for less than a minute (based on his conversation with the 911 operator), and police officers are trained that once CPR is initiated it should not be stopped until paramedics arrive. Chief Deputy Howell also noted that Appellant’s first statement to officials omitted the relevant fact that he had a mistress, and the existence of an affair could be a very stressful situation that could show a motive for homicide.

On cross-examination, Chief Deputy Howell acknowledged that neither he nor any other officer photographed Appellant’s hands nor tested them for gunshot residue that night. When asked why Appellant’s car was not impounded and the house sealed off, the chief deputy stated that, if he had it to do over, he would do it differently. He explained that they were trying to minimize the disruption to the family and that initially they had no reason to believe that anything outside of the main bedroom suite and the immediate surrounding area had any evidentiary value.

Captain Jeffrey Allen Wawro

Jeff Wawro, a captain in the Denton County Sheriffs Office, was an investigator with the police department (and had investigated 250 to 300 cases a year for fourteen years) and assisted in the instant investigation. He testified that he did not see any evidence of blood on Appellant’s hands or clothing or on the baby’s clothing, even though performing CPR on a chest wound would have been messy.

The investigative team photographed the crime scene before touching anything, thereby freezing it in time. Captain Wawro testified that “the first thing that jumped out” was that there was a gun-cleaning kit and newspaper on top of the bed. He explained that “[i]t’s pretty uncommon for us” to clean a gun in the house, much less on a bed. He also found it unusual that Appellant was preparing to clean his gun before — rather than after— going to the gun range; afterward it would be dirty from being fired. He also found the excessive amount of oil on the gun to be unusual. Captain Wawro was the first to pick up the gun, and it was “dripping with oil.” He explained that a Glock has a plastic finish, that there are only a few metal parts, and that only a couple of drops of oil are needed to keep it clean because “[o]il collects dirt and dust, and then the weapon will not clear and function.” Captain Wawro testified that he photographed Viki’s hands and that some specks of blood and residue — but no dripping oil — can be seen on her right hand. “It would be impossible, I would believe, to be able to hold this weapon, as dripping with oil as it was, without having gun oil on your hand.” Viki’s left hand had no signs of oil and less blood than the right hand. Referring to crime-scene photographs, Captain Wawro described how he concluded (based in large part on the blood evidence) that the comforter on the bed had to have been moved after Viki had been shot and that the newspaper, gun, and Viki’s arm had to have been placed on top of the comforter.

Captain Wawro testified that Viki had to be lying on her left side when shot. As the medical examiner concluded, the spent bullet passed through her heart and, as it exited her left side, pushed the skin against a firm surface (in this case the mattress), causing the bullet to remain inside her pajama top. The captain and the prosecutor then demonstrated how Viki’s body and the gun had to be positioned in light of the wound, the track of the bullet, and the firing distance of three to six inches. Captain Wawro testified that he had never “pointed a gun [lying] down on [his] side holding it like this,” that this would be “[p]retty hard to maneuver,” and that a person would probably not load the weapon before cleaning it.

The captain testified that if Appellant’s statements were true — that he found Viki “facedown and slightly to the left of her left hip” — there should have been some lividity in her face and none in her back. Viki had no lividity in her face, but clear lividity in her foot and back. Although he had seen many bodies with lividity, he had never seen lividity appear as early as thirty to forty minutes.

The captain testified that blood transfer was found on a “Break-Free” can of oil, found between the newspaper and the gun-cleaning kit. DNA testing showed the blood to be Viki’s. A fingerprint was found within the blood, but it could not be identified (although the first responders and investigative team were excluded because they all wore gloves). Captain Wawro testified that, assuming the print was from human skin, someone moved the can after Viki was shot because “she would not be losing blood on a can unless it was after the shooting had occurred.” He further testified that, due to the nature of the wound, it was highly improbable (although not impossible) that Viki was shot, got blood on her hand, and then picked up the can and moved it.

Later testing revealed popcorn on Viki’s body and trace amounts in her mouth, stomach, and in the bed; investigators did not look for popcorn at the scene, however, because a bowl was not found on the bed, and no popcorn was found on the floor or underneath the bed. Captain Wawro testified that, if Viki had risen from bed to return the bowl, the popcorn in her loose pajamas would have fallen. He also testified that it was unrealistic to think someone would eat popcorn while cleaning a gun and that it would be inconsistent for someone to snack on popcorn and then commit suicide.

Captain Wawro testified that, because a weapon had been fired, investigators “searched and searched” for the shell casing before moving anything but did not find it. After the body was moved, the investigators collected items off the bed “layer by layer” and finally found the casing in a bedspread wrinkle. Captain Waw-ro explained how the police later used the crime-scene photographs to determine that the casing had been lying under the gun-cleaning kit. The casing’s location indicated that someone had placed the kit on top of the casing. Captain Wawro testified that he prepared a hand-held sketch at the crime scene and then later tried to create a computer-aided drawing (CAD), but the software program he used was “archaic” and did not show all the dimensions that the photographs portrayed. As a result, the CAD drawing is incomplete and inaccurate, especially its depiction of the shell casing sitting above (instead of under) the gun-cleaning kit.

Captain Wawro summarized (based on the physical evidence) what had to have happened for Appellant’s statement to be true: Viki would have picked up the weapon, loaded it, put a round in the chamber, oiled the weapon excessively, and laid on her left side, all while eating popcorn. She then would have pulled the trigger, shot herself, and then pulled the bedding back, pulled the newspaper over the bedding, and pulled the gun kit over the casing, before dying in an upright position, with blood pooling only out of her lower wound and not out of her upper wound.

On cross-examination, Captain Wawro agreed that the unfinished CAD diagram shows the shell casing to be above the gun-cleaning kit. He also acknowledged that neither his detailed report nor any of the other reports from 2002 documented that the casing was found beneath the gun-cleaning kit. Appellant’s trial counsel then read the following statement from the report of Detective Jason Grellhesl: “The spent shell casing was located very close to where the body was found. I then picked up the gun cleaning kit.” The captain characterized this statement as inaccurate and noted that he was “familiar that a few of [Grellhesl’s] lines were out of order.”

After eliciting from Captain Wawro that the investigators had not disturbed the integrity of the environment, Appellant’s trial counsel showed two photographs of the “same scene,” and Captain Wawro agreed that there were differences in the photographs. For instance, in one photo the rag is seen on top of the newspaper and in the other, the rag is seen on the bottom corner of the newspaper. On re-redirect, Captain Wawro explained that the photographs demonstrated the process of moving, collecting, and then bagging evidence. He also explained that the camera’s angle can affect a photograph. Captain Wawro testified that, in every diagram, the casing was listed as 32.5 inches from the wall. When asked whether there were any indications that the casing was moved from “this core area,” the captain responded, “No. Obviously, we were searching around the perimeters.” He further explained that evidence was moved to see if the casing was underneath, that when the casing was discovered it was photographed, and that there are no photographs of the casing being discovered in some other location.

Detective Jason Grellhesl and Officer Craig Fitzgerald

Detective Grellhesl testified that, upon entering the crime scene, he questioned why anyone would clean a gun on a bed or use such an excessive amount of oil. The detective testified that, when they began looking for the shell casing on the bed, the newspaper, the gun case, and the gun-cleaning kit had been moved down to the foot of the bed, which had already been searched. The investigators then started trying to spread folds and creases out of the blanket. After the casing was found, Detective Grellhesl picked up the kit at the foot of the bed and handed it to another detective. He testified that the casing was under the fold of the blanket in the same spot where he had picked up the gun-cleaning kit, so the casing had to have been under the gun-cleaning kit. Detective Grellhesl testified on cross-examination that he omitted a step in his 2002 report when he stated that the bedding was examined, the casing was found, and then he picked up the gun-cleaning kit. But he explained that he actually removed the kit to the foot of the bed before the casing was found, and this was corroborated by a visual record.

Detective Grellhesl and Officer Fitzgerald searched the house and found no evidence of forced entry, no suicide note, and no additional relevant evidence other than the Target receipt from that day in one of the trash cans.

Texas Ranger Tracy Murphree

Ranger Murphree arrived at the crime scene around 11:00 p.m. He was part of the crime-scene team, and he took Appellant’s voluntary statement. Upon entering the bedroom, he saw Viki lying on the bed with a great amount of blood on her left side; he also saw a gun-cleaning kit, a newspaper, and a handgun. His initial impression was that cleaning a gun is extremely messy and that it was absurd that anyone would consider cleaning a gun in the middle of a bed. In his opinion, someone inexperienced in gun cleaning would not begin the process by herself. Someone experienced in gun cleaning would know how messy it is, would not have put that much oil on the gun, would not have put down only one thin sheet of newspaper, and would not have faced the barrel toward herself when charging the gun, i.e., getting the chamber ready to fire. He testified that there is no circumstance whereby the first step in cleaning a gun would be to load it. Further, it would take fifteen to twenty minutes to clean a gun “decently,” and it would take as much as thirty minutes to “really get it clean.” Ranger Murphree testified that he held Viki’s hand in his gloved hands and did not see any oil or residue on them. Ranger Murphree testified that the popcorn residue found in Viki’s mouth and stomach and inside her shirt and the bedding indicated that she had been eating popcorn. He testified, “You don’t eat popcorn and clean a gun. Two reasons: Cross-contamination. You don’t want to get salt in your gun, and .... [y]ou certainly don’t want [oil] in your popcorn.” Additionally, no popcorn bags were found near the body, a great deal of the popcorn residue would have fallen off if she had been walking around, and she would not have been physically able to collect any other “visible residue” after she was shot.

Ranger Murphree reiterated the medical examiner’s finding that Viki was lying on her left side when she was shot. This finding was based primarily on the fact that Viki’s left-side exit wound was “shored,” meaning that she was lying against something (like a mattress) when the bullet exited her skin, causing it to stop and remain within her pajamas. He testified that the gunpowder on Viki’s right cheek was consistent with her being on her left side in that the only part of her face being subjected to the gunpowder was the right side. Ranger Murphree testified that he could not think of any reason why someone would lie on their left side and clean a gun held out three to six inches away. He further testified that, if Appellant’s statement about Viki’s body position were true — i.e., with her nose and the front of her face down over her left side— he would expect to see lividity in her face, chest area, and probably in her shoulders. He saw no lividity in Viki’s face. He explained that, even considering Appellant’s statement that he lifted her up and she fell back on the pillow, he still would have expected to see facial lividity because it would take quite a bit of time for it to drain and go all the way to the back of her shoulder. Thus, based on the lividity in her back and foot and the shored exit wound, Ranger Murphree believed that Viki was never “upright” as described by Appellant. Ranger Murphree testified that, in his experience, the onset of lividity can occur within thirty minutes to an hour of a person’s death. In his opinion, the mid-ankle lividity noted by first responders indicated that “lividity ha[d] been existent” for an hour to an hour and a half earlier. Appellant’s timeline — estimated to have been about forty-five minutes— was inconsistent with this evidence.

Ranger Murphree provided several reasons why he believed the crime scene was staged. First, the gaps in the blood seen on the bedding indicated that the bedding had been in contact with blood at one point and then pulled back. He explained that, “If it’s soaking here, it doesn’t skip an area and then continue to soak here. It would be a continual soaking through the material. It can’t jump over part of the material and continue to soak up through.” Ranger Murphree testified that the newspaper was found on top of a fold in the comforter and that, because the blood was found underneath the paper (which soaked up into the newspaper), “[t]he blood’s there before the newspaper’s there.” He also testified that the unidentified fingerprint found in Viki’s blood on the Break-Free can indicated that someone contacted Viki’s blood, used the can to spray the gun with oil, and then placed the can on the bed.

Ranger Murphree explained how the crime scene was processed and photographed. He testified that when investigators discovered the shell casing, they did not immediately recognize that it had been under the gun-cleaning kit (because the kit and other items had been moved to the bottom of the bed). He explained that, by using the photographs to obtain reference points (such as the headboard and patterns on the bedding), they determined the location of the casing and the kit within a couple of inches. Investigators determined that the shell casing was underneath the cleaning kit and that the gun was fired before someone (other than the deceased) placed the cleaning kit there.

Ranger Murphree testified that the studies he had read indicated that between 97% to 99% of wounds caused by firearm suicides are contact wounds, meaning that the muzzle is up against the person’s skin. Here, the weapon was held out to the side anywhere from three to six inches. Assuming suicide, Ranger Murphree would have expected the bullet to have traveled “from midline to midline” and contact to have been “much more straight [i]n,” rather than exiting on Viki’s side. In Ranger Murphree’s opinion, it seems inconsistent to clean a gun before killing yourself. Ranger Murphree testified that “[i]f Appellant’s statement is true, based on the evidence, there’s got to be a series of improbable and impossible things take place.”

On cross-examination, Ranger Murphree agreed that a person could “quick clean” a gun in a few minutes. He acknowledged that the Glock handgun was the subject of a lot of debate in the law enforcement community because it has fewer safety features than other guns. He agreed with defense counsel’s statements that accidents can happen when cleaning a Glock and that “if you eject the round in the chamber first and then eject the magazine and then release the trigger, you’ve just fired that weapon.”

Officer Rachel Fleming

Police officer Rachel Fleming (formerly Rachel Key) testified that when she entered the bedroom at the scene, she saw Viki’s body. She also saw multiple lapdogs hanging around on the floor. She saw at least one of the dogs get on the bed; he was positioned down towards the area where Viki’s left knee was bent. She did not see the dog “do anything else” before it jumped down. Other officers confined the dogs in the master bathroom. Officer Fleming testified that the crime-scene photographs do not indicate that dogs walked on the newspaper or had been on any of the kit area. Officer Fleming testified on cross-examination that she did not remember telling prosecutors a year later that dogs were licking Viki’s body but acknowledged that she must have when presented with a prosecutor’s notation that she had stated such.

C. Additional Aspects of the Investigation

James Willingham

Certified computer forensics examiner James Willingham testified that he examined the computer located at Appellant’s residence. He found that the game Mahjong started running on July 2, 2002, that it had been played periodically through July 4, 2002, but that it had not been touched again until after Viki’s death on July 6. Willingham testified that the computer had not been used for any purpose between 6:00 and 9:00 on July 6 (the night of the shooting), and any claim that a computer game had been played between 7:00 and 8:00 that night would be false.

William Addington

William Addington testified that he worked at the tanning salon used by Appellant. Salon records showed that in the summer of 2002, Appellant tanned May 18, 20, 28; June 8; and July 5 and 6. Appellant tanned for twenty minutes on July 6.

D. Medical Evidence

Gary Sisler, D.O.

Dr. Gary Sisler, a deputy medical examiner for Tarrant, Parker, and Denton counties, conducted Viki’s autopsy the day after the shooting. Dr. Sisler testified that the cause of death was a gunshot wound to the chest; specifically, the bullet entered the chest from a distance of three to six inches and traveled front to back and downward right to left; it traveled through her heart, left lung, diaphragm, and spleen and exited on the left side of her chest. The exit wound was “shored,” meaning that the bullet pushed the skin against a surface and caused the red abrasion around the wound. Based on the shored wound, Dr. Sisler believed that Viki was lying on her left side on the mattress when the shooting occurred.

Dr. Sisler testified that the manner of death was undetermined, meaning it could have been a suicide, an accident, or a homicide. He based his conclusion on the autopsy; he made his finding before DNA testing had been conducted, before knowing all the results of the trace evidence collection, and without considering the circumstances surrounding the shooting. He explained that it was the jury’s role and not within the medical examiner’s realm to go beyond the autopsy.

Dr. Sisler testified that a significant factor in his indeterminate finding was the firearm examiner’s estimate that the muzzle-to-target distance was three to six inches, which was consistent with the powder tattooing Dr. Sisler saw on the right side of the entrance wound. Dr. Sisler explained that, at that distance, it was neither a contact nor a distance wound. Thus, it was anatomically possible either for Viki to have held the gun and shot herself or for someone else to have held the gun and shot her. Dr. Sisler did not find any oil or grease on Viki’s hands.

Dr. Sisler testified that, while the issue of lividity is very controversial, it is generally thought to begin anywhere from twenty to thirty minutes to two hours. He also testified that lividity “depends if there’s existing blood in the vessels [and][f]rom my looking at the scene, [Viki] lost a considerable amount of blood, and it may delay the onset of this lividity we’re talking about.”

On cross-examination, Dr. Sisler testified that the Chief Medical Examiner at the Tarrant County Medical Examiner’s Office, Dr. Peerwani, reviewed his report and agreed with his “undetermined” finding. He also testified that the State hired Dr. Edmund Donoghue, a medical examiner from Cook County, Illinois, for a third opinion, that the two doctors spoke, and that Dr. Donoghue told him he agreed with the “undetermined” finding. Dr. Sis-ler further testified that his “undetermined” finding has not changed since 2002, even though additional testing has been done by his office, even though he had been asked to review the case again, and even though he attended a meeting of all the investigative agencies to discuss the case. On re-redirect Dr. Sisler testified that he would not change his findings based on law enforcement’s conclusions or discussions about a defendant’s statement. On re-cross, he answered affirmatively that, if evidence were presented to him that changed his mind, he would amend his report.

Monica Popov, M.D.

Monica Popov, an obstetrician and gynecologist, cared for Viki during her pregnancy. Much of Viki’s pregnancy was routine. Because Viki had indicated in her medical history that she had bled a lot in prior medical procedures, Dr. Popov referred her to a hematologist to check for a bleeding disorder, but the tests were all negative. During her delivery, Viki experienced a second-degree tear, a fairly common occurrence for a first-time mother. The tear had healed by Viki’s six-week postpartum visit. Dr. Popov never ordered Viki to be on bed rest, and there were no indications that Viki could not take care of her baby or that she was non-functioning. Dr. Popov testified that Appellant’s statements regarding Viki’s pregnancy were untrue, including that there was a possibility that she would not survive childbirth. On cross-examination, Dr. Popov acknowledged that she did not know what Viki may have told Appellant.

E. Forensic Evidence

Ronald Singer

Ronald Singer, crime lab director for the Tarrant County Medical Examiner’s Office, examined the Glock handgun, which he determined worked properly. He testified that the Glock could not fire upon being bumped, hit, dropped, or banged; instead, “in order to fire it, you must have your finger on the trigger and you must pull the trigger to the rear.... [The internal safety is] disconnected as the slide goes back. You have to release the trigger and then pull it [back] again” to fire the weapon.

Patricia Eddings

A senior trace analyst for the Tarrant County Medical Examiner’s Crime Lab, Patricia Eddings, conducted a trace examination on Viki. Eddings found a single partial grain of what she believed to be a piece of popcorn on one of Viki’s front teeth. A forensic botanist confirmed it was popcorn. Eddings noted that, even after a person dies, enzymes continue the digestion process. Eddings also found small, particulate pieces of grain on the front of Viki’s chest and also on her side toward her back that the botanist confirmed were popcorn. Eddings recovered remnants of popcorn from the contents of Viki’s stomach that were collected during the autopsy. Eddings recovered small grains (identified as popcorn) and salt grains from the blanket, sheet, and comforter.

Eddings examined the gun, which she noted had a considerable , amount of oil on it. She was unable to find any useable prints on the gun, the magazine (or its cartridges), or the spent casing, due in part to the excessive oil. She also testified that no gunshot particles were found on the clothes taken from Appellant at the crime scene.

On cross-examination, Eddings agreed that there was no way to determine how long the popcorn articles had been in the bedding. When asked if the popcorn could have been there for months, Eddings stated, “depending on when they washed the blankets and sheets last, yes, sir.” When asked if she could determine how long the popcorn had been in Viki’s stomach, Ed-dings responded “[n]ot definitely,” but explained that stomachs empty after several hours and that, while this is “quite variable .... [w]e think an average of four to six hours.” The piece of popcorn in Viki’s mouth measured one millimeter by one and one half millimeters. She testified that the photograph of the popcorn shown to the jury was magnified many, many times. She agreed that the popcorn was a “very small grain” but that it was visible to the naked eye.

F. Background Contextual Evidence

Viki’s Friends and Coivorkers

Vicki Sargent, an educator and Viki’s friend, testified that Viki had been a committed and passionate teacher for many years. When Sargent went to visit Appellant and Viki’s mother, Anna Farish, Farish specifically mentioned that Monty, Appellant, and Viki had gone to the park the day of the shooting and that, after eating popcorn, they had gone to Target.

Sargent, as well as fellow teachers Teresa Starrett and Janet White, testified that although Viki had returned to work after her maternity leave, she had been approved and was very excited to take leave the next school year to stay home with Monty. White also testified that Viki planned to teach piano during her leave the following year. Viki’s hair stylist, Cheryl Escobedo, testified that Viki had a hair appointment scheduled for late July, several weeks after the shooting.

Karen Alexander

Karen Alexander testified that she dated Appellant from mid-1998 until March 2001. While Alexander knew Appellant was married, he told her that he did not love his wife, that he was not happy, and that at a “certain time” he would leave her. He told Alexander that he and his wife were inheriting money from a trust his wife’s father had established and that he needed to stay with her until then. He also mentioned having a million-dollar life insurance policy on his wife. “Money was important to him,” she said. In 2000, Appellant told Alexander that his wife had terminal leukemia and had only six months to live. Appellant cried about his wife’s alleged condition and talked about assisting her in ending life. He explained that he wanted to end his wife’s pain and had considered poisoning her. Appellant told Alexander that when Viki died of leukemia, he would have money from her family plus the million dollars from the insurance policy. Appellant gave Alexander a promise ring, and they talked about getting married.

Detective Cynthia (Cindy) Waters

Cindy Waters began working in the Denton Police Department in 1994, and by 2001, she had become a detective. In February 2001, she and Appellant began dating, although they were both married at the time; Waters had two children, and Appellant and his wife were expecting a baby. Appellant told Waters that he did not have much of a sexual relationship with his wife, and he described their relationship as a friendship but added that they did not get along that well. Waters believed that both Appellant and his wife wanted the divorce. Appellant told Waters that he and Viki had talked about splitting up one year after the baby’s first birthday, which was in August 2002.

Throughout their relationship, Appellant and Waters wrote love letters to one another, several of which were read to the jury and introduced as evidence. Appellant often wrote about the family he and Waters would have. In December 2001, Appellant gave Waters a ring, describing it as “a temporary replacement for the one forthcoming.” In February 2002, Appellant sent Waters a card that stated, “Happy Anniversary to My Wife.”

In February 2002, unbeknownst to Waters at the time, Appellant took out a $350,000 life insurance policy on Viki (in addition to the $750,000 policy that he took out on her life in 1999). This same month, Appellant and Waters began looking for houses in the $300,000- to $500,000 range where they could live as a family. Although they could not afford a house in this range on their police salaries, Appellant told Waters that he had approximately $700,000 in Mexico that would not be involved in the divorce. Waters understood that Viki’s family had a lot of money, that her father had left her a trust fund, and that Viki would receive a large sum of money when she turned thirty-six. Waters acknowledged she was warned by colleagues that Appellant would never leave Viki because of the money.

In March or April 2002, Appellant told Waters that he and Viki had agreed to separate earlier than expected and that he would be moving out in June. He said that he and Viki would file for divorce in April and that it would be finalized in July. Appellant told Waters that he had rented an apartment to move into after the divorce. At one point, Appellant told Waters that the divorce papers had been filed but that Viki’s mother had paid to have the records sealed. Waters testified that she had since been told that Appellant had never filed for divorce, and she read a certified statement from the clerk of the Denton County district courts stating such.

In mid-June, Waters discovered that Appellant had lied to her about a trip he took, telling her he was going to visit a relative when he actually went on a trip with his wife, son, and mother-in-law. Although Waters intended to end the relationship, Appellant asked for another chance. Appellant told Waters that if he had not moved out of his house by June 30th, he would understand if she did not want to continue their relationship. On June 30, Appellant met Waters in a parking lot and told her that he could not move out, that he and Viki had been in a fight, that he had slapped Viki, and that he did not know if she would press charges. He returned all the cards Waters had given him. He told her Viki was unstable and that he thought she had been giving Monty milk even though he was allergic to it. He also thought Viki was poisoning him [Appellant]. Waters told Appellant they needed to end their relationship. She became afraid for herself and Viki. Nonetheless, Appellant and Waters remained in contact, and in the early morning hours of July 6, Appellant went to Waters’s house. Appellant insisted that he would get a divorce and that he and Waters could rebuild their relationship, but Waters believed the relationship was over.

Waters testified that the day of the offense, she and her two sons went to Lake Ray Roberts with her friend Jackie Cour-sey and Coursey’s daughter. The boys’ father picked them up between 5:00 and 6:00 p.m. at Waters’s home. Afterward, Waters took a nap and then went to Cour-sey’s house to borrow some jeans. Waters left Coursey’s house around 8:00 p.m., and Rhonda and Randy Eakman picked up Waters at her home around 8:30 or 8:45 to go dancing. Waters and the Eakmans went to a club. Waters identified her signature on an application for temporary club membership that she signed at 9:14 p.m. She also identified the Eakmans’ signatures on the application that they signed at 9:15 p.m. Waters further testified that she and the Eakmans had one drink and left the bar. Around that time, Coursey called Waters and the two met at Waters’s home. Coursey told Waters that Viki had died.

On Monday, July 8, 2002, Waters met with her supervisors. Over the course of the next week, Waters gave several statements in which she confirmed her affair with Appellant and told them Appellant was getting divorced. She eventually resigned. In the middle of the week, Waters told Appellant that she had told her supervisors about the divorce. The two met several days later, and Appellant told Waters that he had come from tanning and that he had found Viki on the bed and that she had been shot. He told her that he moved Viki to the floor and started CPR and that, other than that, it was better if she did not know details.

On cross-examination, Waters acknowledged that she and Appellant resumed their relationship sometime after Viki’s death. Waters denied that Appellant “left her,” and she did not know whether Appellant subsequently married one of Monty’s teachers.

G. Defense Witnesses

Lawrence Renner

Lawrence Renner, a certified senior crime-scene analyst, reviewed the evidence in this case. He agreed that the manner of death was undetermined. He testified that a person who is shot in the heart with a gun could still move, at a minimum, for ten to fifteen seconds, depending on the organs that are injured. Defense counsel asked, “if Ms. Lozano did not die instantly, what effect could that have on blood being on that [Break-Free] can?” Renner answered, “If she did not die instantly, then there would be the possibility for movement.”

When asked, “if a person put socks on their hand and was cleaning the gun, would you necessarily expect to find oil on their hands,” Renner responded, “it would depend on how oily the socks had become. They may protect the hands from any oil.” He also agreed that oil placed on a person’s hand could dry and be invisible to the naked eye. Renner disagreed with the State’s theory that the newspaper had to have been placed on the bed postmortem, explaining that there was no way to determine whether the blood was there first and the newspaper put down or whether the newspaper was there first and the blood ran over into it.

Renner testified that the crime-scene photographs were taken two hours after Viki’s body was discovered and that the stains shown in the photographs might not be the same as when the body was discovered, thereby making reconstruction difficult. Renner testified that the bloodstain on Viki’s left pajama sleeve and the blood on the comforter could not have occurred while Viki was in the position in which she was found and that Appellant’s statement about how he found the body could explain the stains.

When asked to outline the movement that could have caused the shell casing to change locations from the point of firing to the location where it was ultimately photographed, Renner testified that the autopsy report establishes that Viki was lying down on her left side at one point; Appellant reported finding her in a more upright position; Appellant reported moving her onto her back; items were moved when looking for the casing; dogs got on the bed; and the body was removed from the bed.

Renner agreed with defense counsel that there was no way, without having been present, to reconstruct the shooting exactly the way it happened. Renner testified that the evidence in this case is insufficient to classify Viki’s death as a homicide or to suggest that Appellant was in the room or had the gun in his hand, at the time it was fired.

On cross-examination, Renner acknowledged that, if Viki died while Appellant was gone, the evidence showed that she would have cleaned the gun (leaving it oily), deliberately loaded it, deliberately charged it, and then laid down holding it. Renner acknowledged that in a suicide to the chest, the “most likely” or natural gun position would be straight-on. A “less likely” gun position would be the one established in this case (indicated by the downward wound track). Renner agreed that the established position of the gun in this case would be a “natural” position for someone else to have been holding the gun when Viki was shot. On re-direct, Renner agreed that there was no way to create one particular scenario regarding what happened in this case.

Anna Farish

Viki’s mother, Anna Farish, testified that Viki was “very, very mechanical,” that Viki had a gun at one point, and that she had gone to the firing range with Appellant. Farish testified that she lived with Appellant and her daughter but that she had been gone from the home the day of the shooting. She testified that there had been other times, however, when she had gone back to their bedroom when Appellant was not home and had seen the gun laying on the right side of the bed on newspaper with socks and a cleaning kit. She testified that she had never seen Viki clean the gun, explaining that she would leave the room because she was not comfortable with guns.

Farish testified that Viki suffered from depression due to issues with her weight and that their family had a history of suicide. Farish testified that Viki and Appellant w.ere extremely happy to have Monty and experienced their greatest love for each other after his birth. She testified that Appellant and Viki had identical amounts of life insurance on the other and that they took out the additional insurance due to their child’s birth. Farish told Appellant, the police, and others that the dogs must have gotten on the bed and caused the gun to go off accidentally. She testified that Viki knew Appellant was having an affair because Viki had seen several phone calls to the same number on a phone bill.

When asked on cross-examination whether she thought Appellant treated her daughter well, Farish responded, “She was very happy. He saved her life.” She explained that Viki had been “a pretty lonely, miserable girl” until Appellant came into her life. Farish testified that she still lived in the LaMancha house with Appellant and his new wife.

III. Sufficiency of the Evidence

In his first and second issues, Appellant asserts that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support his conviction. Because the court of criminal appeals recently eliminated the factual sufficiency standard of review from this state’s criminal jurisprudence, Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.Crim.App.2010), we overrule Appellant’s second issue and consider only the first in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s verdict.

A. Standard of Review

In our due-process review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, we view all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); see Adames v. State, 353 S.W.3d 854, at 858-861 (Tex.Crim.App.2011). Each fact need not point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as the cumulative effect of all the incriminating facts are sufficient to support the conviction. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex.Crim.App.2007). The standard of review is the same for direct and circumstantial evidence cases; circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing an actor’s guilt and can be sufficient to establish guilt. Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim.App.2010); Clayton, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex.Crim.App.2007).

We defer to the jury’s determinations of credibility and may not substitute our judgment for that of the factfin-der. See Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex.Crim.App.2007). We “determine whether the necessary inferences are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.” Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 16-17. When the record supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the prosecution and therefore defer to that determination. Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778.

B. Applicable Law

A person is guilty of murder if he (1) intentionally or knowingly causes the death of another or (2) intends to cause serious bodily injury and commits an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1), (2) (West 2011). A person acts intentionally with respect to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to cause the result. See id. § 6.03(a) (West 2011). A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result. See id. § 6.03(b). The trial court’s guilt/innocence charge instructed the jury to find Appellant guilty of murder if it found he either (1) intentionally or knowingly caused Virginia Lozano’s death by shooting her with a firearm, or (2) intended to cause her serious bodily injury and committed an act clearly dangerous to human life by causing a firearm to discharge at or in her direction.

C. Analysis

Appellant asserts that no physical evidence or eyewitnesses prove his guilt and that the State’s theory — that he shot his wife and then staged the scene to make it appear to be an accident or suicide — has no evidentiary support and is nothing more than conjecture and speculation.

Appellant attempts to isolate and discount certain aspects of the State’s evidence; however, the court of criminal appeals has emphasized that intermediate courts must not rely on “the divide-and-conquer” approach and instead must consider the combined and cumulative force of the evidence. See Clayton, 235 S.W.3d at 778. We may not re-evaluate the weight and credibility of the evidence and substitute our judgment for that of the factfin-der. Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750. Based on the analysis set out below, we disagree with Appellant’s assertion that the State did nothing more than raise various questions, the end result of which is an exculpatory explanation.

Appellant challenges the State’s theory that the lividity seen in Viki’s body by the first responders indicated that she had to have been dead before Appellant left for the tanning salon. Appellant relies on Dr. Sisler’s testimony that lividity can begin as quickly as twenty minutes from the time of death. He also relies on his own calculation (with no citation to the record) that the trip to the tanning salon took “a minimum of forty minutes and more likely fifty to sixty minutes” and that it took another five to ten minutes before the paramedics arrived. Appellant contends that the time-line shows that he was away from home for a sufficient period of time for Viki to be fatally shot and for lividity to set in prior to the paramedics arriving, even if lividity begins at thirty or more minutes.

Appellant’s written statement provides that he left the house when “it was nearing 8:30 p.m.” and that he returned home at approximately 9:00 p.m. The evidence established that the salon was ten minutes away, that Appellant had an 8:26 tanning session that lasted twenty minutes, and that Appellant spoke to the attendant. The 911 dispatcher called responders at 9:05 p.m. Throughout trial, the State assumed that Appellant was away from home for forty to forty-five minutes. As the State points out, there is no evidentiary support for Appellant’s suggestion on appeal that he was “more likely” gone fifty to sixty minutes and that the paramedics did not arrive for ten minutes after that.

Further, the State’s evidence regarding the timing of Viki’s death was not based solely on lividity. Captain Scholl testified that the body was clammy, “very cold to the touch and very waxy, which is kind of an indication that she had been dead for quite some time.” He testified that her temperature and appearance matched the lividity and made him believe she had been dead for at least an hour if not longer. While he agreed on cross-examination that lividity can set in as early as twenty minutes after death, he added that, based on his experience, “that body had been there a lot longer than an hour.” Paramedic Galbraith testified that Viki was cold to the touch, her skin looked pale white, and she had lividity in her right foot. Considering th