Turner v. City & County of San Francisco (892 F. Supp. 2d 1188, 2012)

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS (Docket No. 42)

EDWARD M. CHEN, District Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

On December 22, 2010, Plaintiff Peter Turner filed suit against the City and County of San Francisco (“CCSF”), the San Francisco Department of Public Works (“DPW” or “SFDPW”), Director of Public Works Ed Reiskin, SFDPW Manager Bruce Storrs, DPW Manager Barbara Moy, and DPW Human Resources Representatives Tammy Wong and Doris Urbina, arising from his employment with DPW. Docket No. 1. On March 24, 2011, Defendants removed to federal court. The operative Fourth Amended Complaint (“FAC”) alleges, inter alia, retaliation and deprivation of due process, and raises claims under Cal. Code Civ. P. § 526a; Cal. Labor Code §§ 98.6, 1102.5; Cal. Govt. Code § 12653; Cal. Govt. Code § 8547; and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. FAC, Docket No. 40. Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs FAC. Docket No. 42. Having considered the parties’ briefs and oral argument, and for the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART the motion to dismiss.

II. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs FAC alleges as follows. Plaintiff began applying for a position with DPW in 2003. FAC ¶ 8. He applied for three positions with the City and County of San Francisco: (1) survey assistant or “5310,” (2) survey assistant 2 or “5312”; and (3) survey associate or “5314.” Id. Plaintiff alleges he was qualified for each position but never hired. He then applied for a survey assistant 2 position with the Millbrae office of SFPUC in 2005, for which he was also qualified but not hired. FAC ¶ 9. He again applied for two 5310 positions in 2006 with DPW, for which he was not hired. FAC ¶¶ 10-11. Instead, less qualified people favored by Defendant Storrs received the position. Id.

Another 5310 position opened up in early 2007, for which Plaintiff again applied. FAC ¶ 13. Plaintiff interviewed for the position, and then took the civil service exams for all three survey positions. FAC ¶¶ 13-14. Plaintiff received the highest score on all three exams. FAC ¶¶ 14, 35-38. Plaintiff was hired for a survey assistant position. FAC ¶ 15.

On June 19, 2007, Plaintiff began work as a survey assistant. FAC ¶ 16. However, he alleges he was not informed that he had been hired as a temporary exempt employee, rather than in a permanent civil service position, until the day he started work. FAC ¶ 17. He had interviewed and tested for a permanent position. FAC ¶ 17. Five others were also hired as temporary exempts. FAC ¶ 18. Plaintiff alleges it was illegal to hire him and others as temporary exempts because Article Ten of the City Charter requires such employees to work on only one capital improvement project; in contrast, Plaintiff worked on numerous tasks throughout the department. FAC ¶ 19. He further alleges that he worked out of class from the first day of his employment and given extra responsibility not commensurate with his low pay and temporary status. FAC ¶¶ 22-24. Plaintiffs high level of responsibility did not comport with Defendant Storrs’s public acknowledgment of Plaintiffs role, and Mr. Storrs refused to officially promote him. FAC ¶¶ 24-25. Mr. Storrs and Mr. Hanley (the Chief Surveyor) also attempted to force Plaintiff to sign off on maps and surveys he had not seen, and Mr. Hanley falsely signed maps based on surveys Plaintiff had done. FAC ¶ 26.

Plaintiff continued to attempt to obtain a promotion and/or permanent status. Later in 2007, three survey associate positions opened up, but Plaintiff was told not to apply for them because Mr. Storrs had already selected people for them. FAC ¶ 21. All three new hires were for permanent positions, although two people were less qualified than Plaintiff and a third tested lower than Plaintiff. Id.

DPW’s use of temporary exempt employees, and failure to use objective criteria to hire permanent employees, resulted in negligent surveying work. FAC ¶¶ 28-29. Plaintiff alleges that the temporary exempt hiring practices were part of a larger scheme, through which DPW underbid on survey work in order to “corner the market,” and made up the money by overcharging the public for “mapping fund fees.” FAC ¶¶ 30-32. Mr. Storrs acknowledged that this set-up “made the department money.” FAC ¶32. Plaintiff alleges it was illegal to use mapping fund fees to offset the cost of low survey bids. FAC ¶ 31.

Plaintiff “began speaking out against” Defendants’ practices, including “at staff meetings; at union meetings; and in face-to-face meetings with Mr. Storrs and DPW and Human Resources officials. Plaintiff also repeatedly raised the fact that he and other temporary exempts were working out of class on a regular basis.” FAC ¶ 32. Mr. Storrs and other DPW officials knew of Plaintiffs concerns. FAC ¶ 33. At some point, “Plaintiff was assigned to map checking, a position Storrs openly acknowledged he used to punish individuals who did not ‘follow instructions.’ ” FAC ¶ 40.

Plaintiff alleges further that in 2009, the Human Resources Department sabotaged Plaintiffs efforts to apply for survey work at the airport. FAC ¶41. In response, “he wrote to the Human Resources agent handling the position and told her that he planned to expose these policies and report them to whatever authority would hold them responsible.” FAC ¶ 42. In the aftermath of this letter, Plaintiff was summoned to a meeting with Defendants Wong, Moy, and Storrs, in which he was “asked hostile and intimidating questions by Storrs.” FAC ¶43. Plaintiff again voiced his concerns about Defendants’ unlawful practices in the meeting. FAC ¶ 44. Immediately thereafter, Mr. Storrs informed Plaintiff he would be fired. FAC ¶ 45. DPW Director Reiskin sent Plaintiff a letter the next day confirming his termination. Id. After he was fired, DPW refused to provide Plaintiff with information about continuing health insurance and available coverage. FAC ¶ 46.

After his termination, Plaintiff continued to seek opportunities to apply for posted survey positions with the City, but Storrs was permitted to select his choices “without regard to objective standards.” FAC ¶¶ 47-50. Defendant Urbina “ignored” his application, and informed him that his application had been rejected. FAC ¶ 49.

Plaintiff further alleges that as of June 2010, the five temporary exempts working for DPW were rendered permanent employees when their employment continued after their exempt tenure expired. FAC ¶ 51. Plaintiff alleges this practice violated Rule 18 of Article 10 of the City Charter. Id. They were hired as temporary exempts “to allow for vetting and subjective selection of employees in violation of the City Charter.” Id.

Plaintiff filed a timely charge of discrimination with the Department of Fair Housing and Employment (“DFHE”), and received a right to sue letter on February 22, 2011. FAC ¶ 53.

On March 24, 2011, Plaintiff filed suit in the instant case. Docket No. 1. His FAC raises claims for illegal and wasteful expenditure of funds in violation of California Code of Civil Procedure § 526a, retaliation under §§ 98.6 and 1102.5 of the California Labor Code, retaliation under the California False Claims Act, California Government Code § 12653, retaliation under California Government Code § 8547, denial of due process in violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and retaliation in violation of the First Amendment. Plaintiff seeks, inter alia, damages, back pay, reinstatement, statutory penalties, and injunctive and declaratory relief.

Although the operative complaint is Plaintiffs Fourth Amended Complaint, this is Defendants’ first motion to dismiss to be heard by the Court. Defendants seek dismissal of all claims.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standard

Under Rule 12(b)(6), a party may move to dismiss based on the failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). A motion to dismiss based on Rule 12(b)(6) challenges the legal sufficiency of the claims alleged. See Parks Sch. of Bus. v. Symington, 51 F.3d 1480, 1484 (9th Cir.1995). In considering such a motion, a court must take all allegations of material fact as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, although “eonelusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are insufficient to avoid a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal.” Cousins v. Lockyer, 568 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir.2009). While “a complaint need not contain detailed factual allegations ... it must plead ‘enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Id. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); see also Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than sheer possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S.Ct. 1955).

B. Cal. Code Civ. P. § 526a

Defendants first challenge Plaintiffs cause of action under California Code of Civil Procedure § 526a, which authorizes taxpayer actions “restraining and preventing any illegal expenditure of, waste of, or injury to, the estate, funds, or other property of a county ... against any officer thereof.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 526a. Although the statute is subject to permissive standing requirements in state court, in federal court a plaintiff must satisfy Article III standing. Cantrell v. City of Long Beach, 241 F.3d 674, 683 (9th Cir.2001) (“California’s lenient taxpayer standing requirements [under § 526a] do not relieve the birdwatchers of the obligation to establish a direct injury under the more stringent federal requirements for state and municipal taxpayer standing.”).

In the instant case, Plaintiff lacks standing under Article III to raise a claim under § 526a because he has failed to allege any taxpayer injury. “To establish standing in a state or municipal taxpayer suit under Article III, a plaintiff must allege a direct injury caused by the expenditure of tax dollars; the pleadings of a valid taxpayer suit must set forth the relationship between taxpayer, tax dollars, and the allegedly illegal government activity.” Cantrell, 241 F.3d at 683 (emphasis added) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff fails to satisfy the standing requirements imposed by Cantrell because he “has failed to allege that the government spent specific amounts of tax dollars on the challenged conduct.” 241 F.3d at 683 (emphasis added).

First, to the extent Plaintiffs complaint could be construed to attempt to allege taxpayer injury on the basis of DPW’s employment practices, see FAC ¶¶ 19-20, 22 (alleging that Defendants underpaid employees and unlawfully treated them as temporary exempts rather than permanent civil service employees), Plaintiffs allegations appear to suggest monetary savings to the taxpayer, or at least a net neutral cost, as a result of Defendants’ employment practices. Indeed, he would appear to be challenging a failure to expend funds, rather than a misuse of funds. Cf. Cammack, 932 F.2d at 771 (finding standing where “[t]he complaint asserts that [the challenged statute] proclaims a state holiday in violation of the federal and state constitutions, and that state and municipal tax revenues fund the paid holiday for government employees”). See Barnes-Wallace v. City of San Diego, 530 F.3d 776, 786 (9th Cir.2008), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 130 S.Ct. 2401, 176 L.Ed.2d 922 (2010) (“[T]his court has held that municipal taxpayers must show an expenditure of public funds to have standing. [Citations]. The plaintiffs’ injury is not actual or imminent because it is unclear whether San Diego loses money by charging nominal rent but requiring lessees to maintain and improve the leased property.”) (citing Cammack v. Waihee, 932 F.2d 765, 770 (9th Cir.1991); Doe v. Madison Sch. Dist. No. 321, 177 F.3d 789, 794 (9th Cir.1999) (en banc) (rejecting allegations “that defendants spent tax dollars on renting a hall, printing graduation programs, buying decorations, and hiring security guards” because “those are ordinary costs of graduation that the school would pay whether or not the ceremony included a prayer”). In addition, Plaintiff fails to allege that the funds used for paying employees come from tax revenues.

Second, to the extent Plaintiffs complaint could be construed to attempt to allege taxpayer injury on the basis of Defendants’ alleged mapping fund fee scheme, see FAC ¶¶ 31-32 (alleging that Defendants underbid for survey work and then make up the difference by overcharging “the public” for “mapping fund” fees), Plaintiff does not directly challenge the disbursement of public taxpayer funds. Instead, Plaintiff appears to challenge a method of raising revenue, rather than an expenditure thereof. Moreover, it is not clear from the FAC whether its reference to “the public” alleges that Defendants charged the government for mapping fund fees, or whether such fees were paid by private citizens; nor is it clear whether the scheme derives from or results in an expenditure of taxpayer funds separate from expenditures accounted for by other, legitimate activity. Cf. PLANS, Inc. v. Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist., 319 F.3d 504, 508 (9th Cir.2003) (“Because PLANS challenges the Waldorf school curriculum as a whole, and because it has shown that a measurable amount of public funds support the Waldorf schools, PLANS has taxpayer standing to pursue this suit.”).

Plaintiff appears to argue in opposition that he has been injured by Defendants’ use of taxpayer dollars “on their illegal scheme of underbidding on agency work” because he has been “underpaid and denied the protections that should have been afforded him as a permanent employee.” Opp. at 7. However, such an injury is not a taxpayer injury; it is an injury in Plaintiffs capacity as an employee.

Plaintiff also argues that even if he has not demonstrated standing, the Court retains supplemental jurisdiction over his § 526a claim on the basis of his other viable claims. However, whatever the scope of this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction, Article III standing must be established for each claim, including those over which there is supplemental jurisdiction. See DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 352, 126 S.Ct. 1854, 164 L.Ed.2d 589 (2006) (“[A] plaintiff must demonstrate standing for each claim he seeks to press.”). See generally Hangarter v. Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 373 F.3d 998, 1022 (9th Cir.2004) (“‘[A] plaintiff whose cause of action ... is perfectly viable in state court under state law may nonetheless be foreclosed from litigating the same cause of action in federal court, if he cannot demonstrate the requisite injury’ to establish Article III standing.”) (quoting Lee v. Am. Nat’l Ins. Co., 260 F.3d 997, 1001-02 (9th Cir.2001)).

Accordingly, Plaintiff lacks standing to pursue his § 526a claim in federal court. Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED as to this claim, with leave to amend.

C. Cal. Labor Code §§ 1102.5 and 98.6

Defendants next challenge Plaintiffs causes of action for retaliation in violation of California Labor Code §§ 1102.5 and 98.6. Section 1102.5 provides, in relevant part:

(a) An employer may not make, adopt, or enforce any rule, regulation, or policy preventing an employee from disclosing information to a government or law enforcement agency, where the employee has reasonable cause to believe that the information discloses a violation of state or federal statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal rule or regulation.

(b) An employer may not retaliate against an employee for disclosing information to a government or law enforcement agency, where the employee has reasonable cause to believe that the information discloses a violation of state or federal statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal rule or regulation.

(c) An employer may not retaliate against an employee for refusing to participate in an activity that would result in a violation of state or federal statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal rule or regulation.

(d) An employer may not retaliate against an employee for having exercised his or her rights under subdivision (a), (b), or (c) in any former employment.

(e) A report made by an employee of a government agency to his or her employer is a disclosure of information to a government or law enforcement agency pursuant to subdivisions (a) and (b).

Cal. Labor Code §§ 1102.5(a)-(e). Section 98.6 provides, in relevant part,

No person shall discharge an employee or in any manner discriminate against any employee ... because the employee ... engaged in any conduct delineated in this chapter, including the conduct described in Chapter 5 (commencing with Section 1101) of Part 3 of Division 2, or because the employee ... has filed a bona fide complaint or claim or instituted or caused to be instituted any proceeding under or relating to his or her rights, which are under the jurisdiction of the Labor Commissioner, or has testified or is about to testify in any such proceeding or because of the exercise by the employee ... of any rights afforded him or her.

Cal. Labor Code § 98.6(a). In other words, “[u]nder § 98.6, employers may not discharge or discriminate against an employee for political activities; for whistle-blowing; for assigning wage claims to the Labor Commissioner resulting from demotion, suspension, or discharge for lawful conduct occurring during nonworking hours away from employer’s premises; for filing a complaint with the Labor Commissioner or testifying in such proceedings; for initiating proceedings against the employer to collect civil penalties under the ‘Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act;’ and for exercising ‘any rights afforded him or her.’ ” Hollie v. Concentra Health Services, Inc., C 10-5197 PJH, 2012 WL 993522, at *6 (N.D.Cal. Mar. 23, 2012) (citing Lab. Code § 98.6(a); Ming W. Chin, et al., California Practice Guide: Employment Litigation (2011) §§ 7:1476, et seq.).

[6-8] To establish a prima facie case of retaliation under § 1102.5[], a plaintiff must show: (1) he engaged in protected activity; (2) his employer thereafter subjected him to an adverse employment action; and (3) a causal link between the two.” Jadwin v. County of Kern, 610 F.Supp.2d 1129, 1152 (E.D.Cal.2009) (citing Mokler v. County of Orange, 157 Cal.App.4th 121, 138, 68 Cal.Rptr.3d 568 (2007); Patten v. Grant Joint Union High Sch. Dist., 134 Cal.App.4th 1378, 1384, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 113 (2005)). As Jadwin explained,

An employee engages in protected activity under § 1102.5(b) when he “discloses to a governmental agency reasonably based suspicions of illegal activity.” Mokler, 157 Cal.App.4th at 138, 68 Cal.Rptr.3d 568 ... (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted). The employee must “reasonably believe []he was disclosing a violation of state or federal law.” [Patten v. Grant Joint Union High Sch. Dist., 134 Cal.App.4th 1378, 1386, 37 Cal.Rptr.3d 113 (2005)]. To have a reasonably based suspicion of illegal activity, the employee must be able to point to some legal foundation for his suspicion — some statute, rule or regulation which may have been violated by the conduct he disclosed. Love v. Motion Indus., Inc., 309 F.Supp.2d 1128, 1135 (N.D.Cal.2004) (concluding that without citing to “any statute, rule or regulation that may have been violated by the disclosed conduct,” plaintiff lacked “any foundation for the reasonableness of his belief’).

Jadwin, 610 F.Supp.2d at 1154.

Defendants argue that Plaintiffs claims are barred under both statutory provisions because he has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies and because he has failed to state a claim.

1. Exhaustion

a. Section 98.7

Plaintiff alleges in his FAC that he exhausted his administrative remedies by filing a charge with the DFHE and receiving a right to sue letter. FAC ¶ 53. However, Defendants argue Plaintiff was required to further exhaust his remedies as to any Labor Code claims by filing a charge with the Labor Commissioner under California Labor Code § 98.7. California Labor Code § 98.7(a) provides, in relevant part, that “[a]ny person who believes that he or she has been discharged or otherwise discriminated against in violation of any law under the jurisdiction of the Labor Commissioner may file a complaint with the division within six months after the occurrence of the violation.” The statute further provides that “[t]he rights and remedies provided by this section do not preclude an employee from pursuing any other rights and remedies under any other law.” § 98.7(f).

There is a dispute among courts as to whether exhaustion under § 98.7 is required before a plaintiff may bring a cause of action under the Labor Code. Defendant cites to Campbell v. Regents of Univ. of California, 35 Cal.4th 311, 333-34, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 320, 106 P.3d 976 (2005), in support of its argument that exhaustion is required in this case. Campbell recites the general rule under California law that “where an administrative remedy is provided by statute, relief must be sought from the administrative body and this remedy exhausted before the courts will act.” Campbell, 35 Cal.4th at 321, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 320, 106 P.3d 976. Such a rule applies even when the substantive statute under which one sues (in Campbell, Labor Code § 1102.5) is silent as to whether exhaustion is required. See, e.g., id. at 327, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 320, 106 P.3d 976 (“[T]he express mention in one statute of a fundamental precondition of filing suit against an administrative agency does not abrogate that requirement in every statute that is silent on the matter.”) (internal citations omitted).

Although Campbell suggests as a general matter that exhaustion should be required before pursuing a Labor Code claim in court, Campbell did not explicitly address exhaustion before the Labor Commissioner under § 98.7 or the proper construction of that provision. Rather, it merely considered exhaustion of internal administrative procedures (in that case, the University of California’s internal procedures). In addition, Campbell did not hold that the legislature, in creating a right of action, cannot prescribe the proper procedure for filing suit; the legislature is not disabled from e.g., specifying that exhaustion of a particular administrative remedy is not required before bringing a lawsuit. Campbell simply states a general principle of California jurisprudence which applies absent legislative directive to the contrary. Campbell did not construe Cal. Lab. Code § 98.7. Id. at 321, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 320, 106 P.3d 976.

Courts have differed in how they apply Campbell to Labor Code § 98.7. For example, the bulk of federal district courts hold that exhaustion before the Labor Commissioner is required in order to pursue statutory claims under the Labor Code, regardless of whether a plaintiff has pursued other alternative administrative remedies. See, e.g., Ferretti v. Pfizer Inc., 855 F.Supp.2d 1017, 1024 (N.D.Cal.2012) (“[S]ince Campbell was decided in 2005, courts in this district have uniformly held that claims under section 1102.5 must first be presented to the Labor Commissioner [under § 98.7] before a court can consider them”) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted) (collecting cases). However, some courts have held that some form of exhaustion is required, but do not resolve the question of whether exhaustion under § 98.7 is necessary apart from (and in addition to) any other administrative avenues. See, e.g., Dolis v. Bleum USA, Inc., No. C11-2713 TEH, 2011 WL 4501979, at *2 & n. 2 (N.D.Cal. Sept. 28, 2011) (dismissing Section 1102.5 claim because the plaintiff “had at least one administrative remedy available [under § 98.7], and he failed to exhaust it,” but declining to reach the question of whether one could exhaust through other administrative routes besides § 98.7). Still others have expressly found that exhaustion under § 98.7 is unnecessary if the plaintiff has pursued alternative administrative remedies, such as a DFHE claim (as Plaintiff did in this case). See, e.g., Steffens v. Regus Group, PLC, No. 08-cv-21494 LAB (BLM), 2009 WL 1139543, at *2-6 (S.D.Cal. Apr. 28, 2009) (rejecting argument that § 98.7 exhaustion is required and finding that DFHE complaint is sufficient).

Finally, some courts continue to apply pre-Campbell decisions holding that § 98.7 exhaustion is not mandatory. See, e.g., Lloyd v. County of Los Angeles, 172 Cal.App.4th 320, 331-32, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d 872 (2009) (citing Daly v. Exxon Corp., 55 Cal.App.4th 39, 46, 63 Cal.Rptr.2d 727 (1997) (“There is no requirement that Daly exhaust her administrative remedies with the Labor Commissioner.”) (citations omitted); Murray v. Oceanside Unified Sch. Dist., 79 Cal.App.4th 1338, 1359, 95 Cal.Rptr.2d 28 (2000) (finding exhaustion under § 98.7 not required because the statute used permissive, rather than mandatory, language regarding the administrative remedy, and because the substantive statutory provisions were silent as to administrative remedies)); see also Hentzel v. Singer Co., 138 Cal.App.3d 290, 303-304, 188 Cal.Rptr. 159 (1982) (finding no exhaustion required based largely on the statute’s silence as to an exhaustion requirement).

While a number of federal district courts have extended Campbell to require exhaustion under § 98.7, this Court is unaware of any California state court decision that has so held. In holding that there is no requirement that parties exhaust their claims before the Labor Commissioner under § 98.7, one federal court observed, “No California decision requires as a prerequisite to suit for statutory violation of the Labor Code exhaustion of administrative remedies before the Labor Commissioner.” See Creighton v. City of Livingston (“Creighton II”), CV-F-08-1507 OWW/SMS, 2009 WL 3246825, at *12 (E.D.Cal. Oct. 7, 2009). As discussed above, such an interpretation of § 98.7 is consistent with pre-Campbell state court decisions. In addition, as Creighton noted, after Campbell, there is at least one published and one unpublished state court case supporting this view that exhaustion before the Labor Commissioner is not required. In Lloyd v. County of Los Angeles, 172 Cal.App.4th 320, 331-32, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d 872 (2009), the Court of Appeal found no reason “to impose an administrative exhaustion requirement on plaintiffs seeking to sue for Labor Code violations” based in part on the Private Attorneys General Act, which “was adopted to augment the enforcement abilities of the Labor Commissioner with a private attorney general system for labor law enforcement.” In an unpublished opinion, the Court of Appeal in Cates v. Div. of Gambling & Control, D046874, 2007 WL 702229 (Cal.Ct.App. Mar. 8, 2007) (unpublished) distinguished Campbell because it addressed internal administrative remedies rather than § 98.7 exhaustion, and continued to apply pre-Campbell decisions.

The Court finds that exhaustion under § 98.7 is not required before bringing a civil action under §§ 98.6 and 1102.5. In so holding, the Court finds Creighton persuasive and adopts its reasoning. Particularly, the Court agrees that the Private Attorneys General Act (“PAG Act” or “PAGA”), which covers the statutory claims at issue here, see Cal. Labor Code § 2699.5, indicates a legislative emphasis on private enforcement of the Labor Code that would be undercut by a mandatory exhaustion requirement before the Labor Commissioner. The PAG Act “ ‘empowers or deputizes an aggrieved employee to sue for civil penalties ... as an alternative to enforcement by the State.’ ” McKenzie v. Fed. Exp. Corp., 765 F.Supp.2d 1222, 1231 (C.D.Cal.2011) (quoting Villacres v. ABM Indus., Inc., 189 Cal.App.4th 562, 592, 117 Cal.Rptr.3d 398 (2010) (internal quotation, citation, and alterations omitted)). The Act allows private citizens to sue on behalf of themselves “and other current or former employees” for violations of the Labor Code, and permits said citizens to recover civil penalties otherwise recoverable only by the government. See § 2699(a). The citizen need only give notice to the government and follow certain procedures in § 2699.3 before initiating such an action. Thus, “[w]hen a employee sues under PAGA, he acts ‘as the proxy or agent of the state’s labor law enforcement agencies’ to ‘supplement enforcement actions by public agencies, which lack adequate resources to bring all such actions themselves.’ ” Quevedo v. Macy’s, Inc., 798 F.Supp.2d 1122, 1140 (C.D.Cal.2011) (quoting Arias v. Superior Court, 46 Cal.4th 969, 986, 95 Cal.Rptr.3d 588, 209 P.3d 923 (2009)). Given this statutory backdrop, the Creighton court reasoned,

[Construing Labor Code section 98.7 to obligate a plaintiff to seek relief from the Labor Commissioner prior to filing suit for Labor Code violations flies in the face of the concerns underlying the Labor Code Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAG Act) (Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.). As we stated in Dunlap v. Superior Court[, 142 Cal.App.4th 330, 337, 47 Cal.Rptr.3d 614 (2006)], the PAG Act was adopted to augment the enforcement abilities of the Labor Commissioner with a private attorney general system for labor law enforcement. “The Legislature declared its intent as follows: ‘(c) Staffing levels for state labor law enforcement agencies have, in general, declined over the last decade and are likely to fail to keep up with the growth of the labor market in the future. [¶] (d) It is therefore in the public interest to provide that civil penalties for violations of the Labor Code may also be assessed and collected by aggrieved employees acting as private attorneys general, while also ensuring that state labor law enforcement agencies’ enforcement actions have primacy over any private enforcement efforts undertaken pursuant to this act.’ ” ... The PAG Act’s approach, enlisting aggrieved ■ employees to augment the Labor Commissioner’s enforcement of state labor laws, undermines the notion that Labor Code section 98.7 compels exhaustion of administrative remedies with the Labor Commissioner.

Creighton, 2009 WL 3246825 at *11 (quoting Lloyd, 172 Cal.App.4th at 332, 90 Cal.Rptr.3d 872).

In addition, the statutory language of § 98.7 indicates that exhaustion is permissive. Significantly, § 98.7(f) provides: “the rights and remedies provided under this section do not preclude an employee [from] pursuing any other rights and remedies under any other law.” Regardless of the outcome of the administrative proceeding, “the employee is free to pursue his or her claims in court.” Creighton, 2009 WL 3246825 at *5. Section 98.7, which sets forth the procedure for filing and handling of an administrative claim, is the “section” as described in § 98.7(f); therefore, the plain language of § 98.7(f) provides that the administrative remedies provided in § 98.7 are not exclusive and do not preclude remedies provided elsewhere in the Code. Such remedies include the rights available under §§ 98.6 and 1102.5.

At oral argument, Defense counsel argued that exhaustion was required because only §§ 98.7 and 2699 supplied the necessary authorizing statutes through which Plaintiff could bring his statutory claims in court. However, § 98.6 itself provides authorizing language for suit. See Cal. Lab. Code § 98.6(b) (“Any employee who is discharged, threatened with discharge, demoted, suspended, or in any other manner discriminated against in the terms and conditions of his or her employment because the employee engaged in any conduct delineated in this chapter, ... shall be entitled to reinstatement and reimbursement for lost wages and work benefits caused by those acts of the employer.”); id. § 98.6(c)(1) (“Any applicant for employment who is refused employment, who is not selected for a training program leading to employment, or who in any other manner is discriminated against in the terms and conditions of any offer of employment because the applicant engaged in any conduct delineated in this chapter, ... shall be entitled to employment and reimbursement for lost wages and work benefits caused by the acts of the prospective employer.”). In addition, Campbell itself acknowledges a right to seek damages exists under § 1102.5, a statute it describes as “creating] a right that did not exist at common law.” Campbell, 35 Cal.4th at 328, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 320, 106 P.3d 976; see Cal. Lab. Code § 1105 (“Nothing in this chapter shall prevent the injured employee from recovering damages from his employer for injury suffered through a violation of this chapter.”); see also Cal. Lab. Code § 1102.6 (allocating burdens of proof in “a civil action or administrative proceeding”).

Moreover, the Court notes that the Division of Labor Standards and Enforcement (“DLSE”) itself considers exhaustion under § 98.7 to be optional, not mandatory. See Creighton, 2009 WL 3246825 at *4, *5 (“Plaintiff requests the Court take judicial notice of a letter dated October 12, 2007 from [the] attorney for the California Labor Commissioner, ... in which it is stated: ... The DLSE’s position is that the wiser course is not to require exhaustion of Labor Code section 98.7 procedures prior to raising a statutory claim in a civil action.”); see also id. at *6 (August 12, 2009 letter stating, “[b]ased upon our analysis of the law, the Division’s position is that exhaustion of remedies under Labor Code Section 98.7 is not required prior to filing a civil action in superior court”). Although, as Creighton noted, the DLSE’s position is not entitled to substantial Chevron deference, id. at *7-8, it is entitled to some consideration. The Court finds it persuasive, along with the Creighton and Lloyd courts’ reasoning.

In short, the Court agrees that where there is no convincing evidence that the state supreme court would decide differently, a federal court must follow the decisions of the state’s intermediate appellate courts. Here, two decisions, albeit one unpublished, have ruled after Campbell, that for statutory labor law claims, exhaustion of administrative remedies before the Labor Commissioner is not required. Counsel for the Labor Commissioner has opined in another matter that exhaustion of administrative remedies before the Labor Commissioner is not a prerequisite to suit for statutory violations of the Labor Code. [¶] Exhaustion of administrative remedies before the Labor Commissioner before filing suit for statutory violations of the Labor Code is not required under California law.

Creighton, 2009 WL 3246825 at *12 (internal citations omitted). Campbell did not overturn earlier California appellate decisions holding § 98.7 does not require exhaustion.

Campbell has cautioned that “absent a clear indication of legislative intent, we should refrain from inferring a statutory exemption from our settled rule requiring exhaustion of administrative remedies.” Campbell, 35 Cal.4th at 333, 25 Cal.Rptr.3d 320, 106 P.3d 976. The permissive language and express reservation of rights within the exhaustion provision itself, as well as the legislature policy underpinning PAGA, convinces the Court that such clear legislative intent is present with respect to § 98.7.

Accordingly, Defendants’ motion to dismiss on the basis of failure to exhaust remedies under § 98.7 is DENIED.

b. Section 2699

Defendants argue separately that Plaintiff was required to comply with Cal. Labor Code § 2699.3, which requires plaintiffs to give notice to the Labor and Workforce Development Agency before commencing any civil action seeking civil penalties under the Labor Code. See Cal. Labor Code § 2699.3(a) (requiring plaintiff to “give written notice by certified mail to the Labor and Workforce Development Agency and the employer of the specific provisions of this code alleged to have been violated, including the facts and theories to support the alleged violation” before seeking civil penalties). Plaintiff does not allege that he complied with this provision, nor does he respond to Defendants’ argument in his opposition. See § 2699(a) (“[A]ny provision of this code that provides for a civil penalty to be assessed and collected by the Labor and Workforce Development Agency ... for a violation of this code, may, as an alternative, be recovered through a civil action brought by an aggrieved employee on behalf of himself or herself and other current or former employees pursuant to the procedures specified in Section 2699.3.”) (emphasis added). Accordingly, Plaintiff may not seek civil penalties under the Labor Code absent an allegation of compliance with § 2699.3.

2. Failure to State a Claim

In addition to the exhaustion arguments, Defendants also make a blanket argument that Plaintiff has failed to allege plausible claims against the Individual Defendants as to all causes of action, although they make no specific argument related to these particular statutory claims. Plaintiffs FAC makes only conclusory allegations against Individual Defendants Wong and Moy, merely alleging that they attended the meeting at which Storrs questioned him about his email. FAC ¶¶ 42-44. It alleges no conduct or statements by these Defendants, and therefore fails to raise any plausible factual basis for a retaliation claim against them. Similarly, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Urbina rejected his applications for new jobs after he was terminated, but fails to draw any plausible connection between her rejection of his application and his pre-termination conduct that forms the basis of the alleged retaliation. FAC ¶¶ 48-49. Thus, Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to state any claim against Wong, Moy, or Urbina.

As against Defendants Reiskin and Storrs, on the other hand, Plaintiff has stated a plausible claim based on their participation in the events directly relating to his termination. Defendant Reiskin, the DPW Director, wrote the letter firing Plaintiff the day after Storrs questioned him about his complaints. FAC ¶ 45. Plaintiff also alleges that “DPW officials” knew of his concerns about illegal practices. FAC ¶34. Although the termination letter is the only allegation Plaintiff states directly against Defendant Reiskin, given the temporal proximity between his termination and his complaints, such allegations plausibly suggest his complaints caused the termination. With respect to Defendant Storrs, Plaintiff alleges Storrs questioned him about his complaints in a hostile manner, and immediately thereafter informed him he would be fired. FAC ¶¶ 43-45. Plaintiff also alleges Storrs retaliated against him prior to his termination by assigning him map checking as punishment. FAC ¶ 43. Although these allegations are thin, they are sufficient to satisfy Rule 8 and provide Defendants Storrs and Reiskin with sufficient notice of the claims against them.

With respect to the institutional Defendants, Defendants make no argument as to the viability of Plaintiffs claims beyond the exhaustion requirement. Thus, the Court does not consider the sufficiency of Plaintiffs claims as against CCSF and DPW, and those claims remain.

Accordingly, the Court DENIES the motion to dismiss on the grounds of exhaustion, DENIES the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim as against Defendants Storrs and Reiskin, GRANTS the motion as to civil penalties under § 2699 with leave to amend, and GRANTS the motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim as against Defendants Urbina, Wong, and Moy with leave to amend.

D. California False Claims Act-CaL Govt. Code §§ 12653(b) and (d)

Plaintiffs next cause of action alleges violations of the False Claims Act, California Government Code § 12653, which provides, in relevant part:

(b) No employer shall discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, deny promotion to, or in any other manner discriminate against, an employee in the terms and conditions of employment because of lawful acts done by the employee on behalf of the employee or others in disclosing information to a government or law enforcement agency or in furthering a false claims action, including investigation for, initiation of, testimony for, or assistance in, an action filed or to be filed under Section 12652.

(c) An employer who violates subdivision (b) shall be liable for all relief necessary to make the employee whole, including reinstatement with the same seniority status that the employee would have had but for the discrimination, two times the amount of back pay, interest on the back pay, compensation for any special damage sustained as a result of the discrimination, and, where appropriate, punitive damages. In addition, the defendant shall bé required to pay litigation costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees. An employee may bring an action in the appropriate superior court of the state for the relief provided in this subdivision.

(d) An employee who is discharged, demoted, suspended, harassed, denied promotion, or in any other manner discriminated against in the terms and conditions of employment by his or her employer because of participation in conduct which directly or indirectly resulted in a false claim being submitted to the state or a political subdivision shall be entitled to the remedies under subdivision (c) if, and only if, both of the following occur:

(1) The employee voluntarily disclosed information to a government or law enforcement agency or acted in furtherance of a false claims action, including investigation for, initiation of, testimony for, or assistance in an action filed or to be filed.

(2) The employee had been harassed, threatened with termination or demotion, or otherwise coerced by the employer or its management into engaging in the fraudulent activity in the first place.

A plaintiff alleging a False Claims Act retaliation claim must allege three elements: (1) that he or she engaged in activity protected under the statute; (2) that the employer knew the plaintiff engaged in protected activity; and (3) that the employer discriminated against the plaintiff because he or she engaged in protected activity. Mendiondo v. Centinela Hosp. Medical Center, 521 F.3d 1097, 1103 (9th Cir.2008); Moore v. Cal. Inst. of Tech. Jet Propulsion Lab., 275 F.3d 838, 845 (9th Cir.2002); United States ex rel. Hopper v. Anton, 91 F.3d 1261, 1269 (9th Cir.1996).

Defendants argue that Plaintiff fails to state a claim because he has failed to satisfy the first element, as he has not identified any false claim. Plaintiff argues in response that he has satisfied the first element because he “engaged in protected activity if he reasonably believed that DPW was possibly committing fraud against the government, and he investigated the possible fraud.” Opp. at 10 (citing Moore, 275 F.3d at 845; Hopper, 91 F.3d at 1269). Under the False Claims Act,

(1) “Claim” means any request or demand, whether under a contract or otherwise, for money, property, or services, and whether or not the state or a political subdivision has title to the money, property, or services that meets either of the following conditions:

(A) Is presented to an officer, employee, or agent of the state or of a political subdivision.

(B) Is made to a contractor, grantee, or other recipient, if the money, property, or service is to be spent or used on a state or any political subdivision program or interest, and if the state or political subdivision meets either of the following conditions:

(i) Provides or has provided any portion of the money, property, or service requested or demanded.

(ii) Reimburses the contractor, grantee, or other recipient for any portion of the money, property, or service that is requested or demanded.

Cal. Govt. Code § 12650(b)(1).

Plaintiff fails to sufficiently describe any instance of alleged fraud that would constitute a false claim within the meaning of the Act. His complaint is vague as to Defendants’ alleged unlawful conduct. For example, he alleges that DPW underpaid him because he was misclassified as a temporary exempt employee rather than a permanent civil service employee. Yet Plaintiff does not explain how this misclassification resulted in a false claim for payment by DPW. Cf. Mendiondo, 521 F.3d at 1104 (finding allegations of false claims where “[t]he complaint contains examples of practices at CHMC that Mendiondo and her co-plaintiffs suspected to be fraudulent attempts to inflate Medicare reimbursements”).

Similarly, to the extent Plaintiff alleges Defendants underbid for certain projects because their costs were lower given their labor practices, Plaintiff does not allege, e.g., that Defendants later inflated their bills or cost public entities unnecessary funds after securing contracts through underbidding. Cf., e.g., Kajima Eng’g & Const., Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, 95 Cal.App.4th 921, 929-30, 116 Cal.Rptr.2d 187 (2002) (discussing a false claim cause of action based on “intentionally underbidding] the project knowing it could not complete the work within the price submitted and later claiming] additional compensation based on false and/or inflated progress payment requests,” as well as “falsely certifying] minority and women business enterprise (MBE and WBE) participation in the job”). If anything, Plaintiff appears to allege that DPW did not seek or receive enough government money to properly pay its workers, not that DPW somehow submitted false claims for payment.

Plaintiffs FAC does allege an “illegal scheme of charging departments under market for surveying work and making up the shortfall with mapping fund fees.” Opp. at 11 (citing FAC ¶¶ 31-32). However, the FAC alleges that Defendants “overcharg[ed] the public for mapping fees.” FAC ¶ 31, see also FAC ¶ 3 (describing “mapchecking and/or monument preservation fees charged to the public”). As noted above, though not entirely clear, this suggests that Defendants did not receive mapping fees from a government entity by submitting claims, but rather received said fees from members of the general public. Plaintiff offers no argument as to how overcharging persons other than government entities could constitute a “false claim.” Plaintiffs counsel offered no satisfactory response at oral argument. However, counsel suggested Plaintiff may be able to amend to allege false claims against the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. Leave to amend will therefore be granted, and the Court offers no analysis of the viability of any such claim at this point. However, Plaintiff is cautioned to adhere to the requirements of Rule 11 in making any amended allegations.

Moreover, even assuming such fees are received from other government agencies, Plaintiffs FAC does not plausibly allege (and his opposition does not explain) how Defendants “overcharged” for said mapping fees in a way that was unlawful. The fact that said fees “ma[de] the department money” does not necessarily mean the charges were wrongfully inflated; it could just as easily mean that the rates for mapping services exceeded the department’s costs of providing those services (e.g., the department was maximizing its efficiency). Absent an allegation that the mapping fees were inflated in an unlawful manner, it is unclear how Plaintiff has alleged a false claim. In short, the FAC does not sufficiently describe any alleged scheme in such a way as to plausibly allege a false claim.

In addition, although Plaintiff listed subsection (d) in his FAC, which describes the conditions under which an employee may recover when he or she has been fired for submitting (or participating in the submission of) a false claim, this provision appears inapplicable to the instant ease. Plaintiff does not allege that he submitted a false claim, or that he was terminated for participation in false claims. Rather, he alleges he was terminated in retaliation for exposing false claims. Thus, only subsection (b) would appear to be applicable in this case. In any event, Plaintiff has not plausibly alleged a claim under subsection (d).

Moreover, Defendants are correct that Plaintiff may not state a claim against the Individual Defendants under this cause of action. LeVine v. Weis, 90 Cal.App.4th 201, 212, 108 Cal.Rptr.2d 562 (2001), disapproved of on other grounds by Wells v. One2One Learning Found., 39 Cal.4th 1164, 48 Cal.Rptr.3d 108, 141 P.3d 225 (2006) (“By its terms section 12653, subdivision (c), imposes liability only on the employer____ If the Legislature had intended to impose liability on individuals or entities other than the employer, it would have said so.”). Plaintiff concedes this point. See Opp. at 10 n. 1.

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss the individual defendants from this cause of action with prejudice. If Plaintiff can state a claim, it will only be against Defendants CCSF and DPW. The Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs § 12653 claim against Defendants CCSF and DPW with leave to amend.

E. b.2 U.S.C. § 1983

Plaintiff raises several claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which provides that

[ejvery person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.

42 U.S.C. § 1983. As reflected by the language above, “[t]o establish a § 1983 claim, a plaintiff must show that an individual acting under the color of state law deprived him of a right, privilege, or immunity protected by the United States Constitution or federal law.” See Levine v. City of Alameda, 525 F.3d 903, 905 (9th Cir.2008).

1. Due Process Under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments

Plaintiffs fourth cause of action raises a claim under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. FAC ¶¶ 67-72. Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot state a claim under the Fifth Amendment because Defendants are not federal government actors. See Bingue v. Prunchak, 512 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir.2008) (“[T]he Fifth Amendment’s due process clause only applies to the federal government.”). Plaintiff concedes this point, Opp. at 11, but seeks to amend the complaint to allege a claim against the Fourteenth Amendment instead. Indeed, Plaintiffs seventh cause of action already raises a claim under § 1983 for deprivation of property without due process of law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

With respect to the Fourteenth Amendment, Plaintiff alleges Defendants deprived him “of the notice and procedures established by the City for permanent employees.” FAC ¶80. The due process clause provides that no state “shall ... deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. Am. XIV. However, “[a] threshold requirement to a substantive or procedural due process claim is the plaintiffs showing of a liberty or property interest protected by the Constitution.” Engquist v. Oregon Dept. of Agric., 478 F.3d 985, 996 (9th Cir.2007), aff'd sub nom. Engquist v. Oregon Dept. of Agr., 553 U.S. 591, 128 S.Ct. 2146, 170 L.Ed.2d 975 (2008) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Defendants argue that Plaintiff has alleged neither a property interest nor a liberty interest.

a. Property Interest

“[Property interests are not created by the Constitution, but rather by ‘existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law.’ ” Nunez v. City of Los Angeles, 147 F.3d 867, 872 (9th Cir.1998). For example, “[i]n California, the terms and conditions of public employment are generally fixed by statute, rules or regulations creating it, not by contract (even if one is involved).” Id. See also Jenkins v. County of Riverside, 138 Cal.App.4th 593, 622, 41 Cal.Rptr.3d 686 (2006) (“[T]he constitutional power to provide for the number, compensation, tenure and appointment of county employees belongs solely to the Board of Supervisors.”) (citing Cal. Const., art. XI, § 1(b); Hicks v. Board of Supervisors, 69 Cal.App.3d 228, 138 Cal.Rptr. 101 (1977)).

Here, Plaintiffs purported property interest is based on the City’s policies with respect to permanent civil service employees. However, in order to claim a property interest in the protection offered to permanent employees, Plaintiff must demonstrate that he has “a legitimate claim of entitlement to it.” Nunez v. City of Los Angeles, 147 F.3d 867, 872 (9th Cir.1998) (internal citations omitted); see also Braswell v. Shoreline Fire Dept., 622 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir.2010) (same). “Temporary, non-civil service employees have no property interest in continued employment, according to California law.” Hyland v. Wonder, 972 F.2d 1129, 1141 (9th Cir.1992) (citing Williams v. Los Angeles City Dep’t of Water & Power, 130 Cal.App.3d 677, 181 Cal.Rptr. 868, 871 (Ct.App.1982)). Plaintiff admits that he was hired as a temporary employee, FAC ¶ 16, and the San Francisco Charter provides that such employees are “exempt from competitive civil service selection, appointment and removal procedures, and the person serving in the position shall serve at the pleasure of the appointing authority.” San Francisco Charter § 10.104, Request for Judicial Notice, Docket No. 42-1, Ex. A.

Although Plaintiff alleges he was wrongfully hired as a temporary employee and that he should have been a permanent employee, such an allegation does not vest him with a property interest in his employment. Kreutzer v. City & County of San Francisco, 166 Cal.App.4th 306, 309, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 644 (2008) (“[W]e conclude that a government employee hired into a position expressly classified as exempt from civil service is not entitled to the protections of the civil service system upon the employee’s release from the position, even if a court finds that, based on the duties of the position, it should not have been classified as exempt.”). As Kreutzer noted,

It has been the law in California, at least since 1938, that a fundamental principle of the civil service system is that employees do not become entitled to occupy positions in classifications other than the ones to which they were appointed merely by virtue of having been assigned duties that properly belong to a higher classification, and that if the rule were otherwise, “the entire fabric of the civil service system would fail.”

Id. at 314, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 644 (quoting Pinion v. State Personnel Board, 29 Cal.App.2d 314, 319, 84 P.2d 185 (1938) (where employees had completed civil service appointment process for one position, but were misclassified and had been de facto performing the work of a different classification, employees had “no legal right to contend they should be permitted to assume the classification title to such positions” because they had not completed the appointment process for said positions)).

Kreutzer explained that longstanding case law in California precluded an employee from obtaining a reclassification merely based on the “assumption and performance of the duties of [that] classification.” Id.; see also id. at 651 (“[I]t would obviously be destructive of the very principles upon which the civil service system is founded to promote [an employee] ... without an examination as to the qualifications of the candidate for the higher position.”) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Therefore, “a non-eivil service position cannot be transformed into a civil service position merely by assigning out-of-class duties to its occupant.” Id. at 321 n. 5, 82 Cal.Rptr.3d 644 (citing Haas v. City of Los Angeles, 21 Cal.2d 393, 394-95, 132 P.2d 201 (1942)).

Here, as Plaintiffs counsel confirmed at oral argument, Plaintiffs sole claim to permanent employee status is his allegation that he was misclassified because he functionally performed the duties of a permanent employee and because his duties conflicted with those permissible under temporary exempt status. See, e.g., FAC ¶¶ 19-25. Such allegations do not grant him the right to the benefits of permanent employment.

A temporary exempt employee may only claim a property interest on par with permanent employee status if he can demonstrate that he was hired in a manner that complied with the civil service requirements for the relevant civil service position, and that the City lacked authority under the applicable statute(s) to hire him as a non-civil service employee. For example, in McGillicuddy, the San Francisco Charter in place at the time provided for temporary or emergency appointments only for a period “not exceeding sixty days, and only until regular appointments, under the provisions of this Article, can be made.” McGillicuddy v. Civil Serv. Comm’n, 133 Cal.App. 782, 784, 24 P.2d 942 (1933). The Court thus concluded that temporary appointments were constrained by operation of the statute, as the Charter itself provided only limited circumstances in which such appointments could be made. Therefore, there was no authority under the Charter to employ the plaintiffs in “temporary” positions for periods of one to four years, and that the court had properly treated them as permanent employees based on the Charter. See id. at 787, 24 P.2d 942 (“[T]he commission had no power to adopt a rule whereby positions which were neither temporary in fact nor temporary by the law of their creation could be designated temporary, thereby preventing the eligibles appointed thereto from acquiring permanent tenure after serving through the probationary period.”) (emphasis added).

Subsequent cases applying McGillicuddy confirm that this exception is limited to circumstances in which and employee was mis-labeled a temporary employee based on a faulty and unlawful appointment process, not merely that he performed work outside his class. In Villain, for example, the court acknowledged that McGillicuddy had relied on an old version of the San Francisco Charter that, even by 1941, was “so altered ... as to make [it] of little value in determining the issues here presented.” Villain v. Civil Serv. Comm’n of San Francisco, 18 Cal.2d 851, 859, 117 P.2d 880 (1941). The Villain court determined that plaintiffs could not be deemed permanent employees because the Charter authorized temporary employment as defined by the Civil Service Commission, and the Commission had promulgated rules allowing for temporary employees to work for periods of five months, and to be continually re-appointed to such temporary positions after an interim period of one day between appointments. Id. at 854-56, 117 P.2d 880. Since plaintiffs had been properly appointed and re-appointed as temporary employees under these provisions, they had no claim to permanent employment. Id. at 856, 117 P.2d 880. See also Shepherd v. Jones, 136 Cal.App.3d 1049, 1057, 186 Cal.Rptr. 708 (1982) (“Whether appellant can stake a legitimate claim to his post as executive director depends upon the circumstances and agreements surrounding his appointment, specifically, paragraph 6 of the personnel policy.”) (emphasis added); Ticknor v. City of Sacramento, 80 Cal.App.2d 284, 288, 181 P.2d 893, 895 (1947) (“The case of McGillicuddy ... merely holds that McGillicuddy and others who were regularly appointed by the Civil Service Commission of the City of San Francisco from a civil service eligible list could not be prevented by the commission from acquiring permanent civil service status by erroneously designating their appointments as temporary.”); Matherly v. Allen, 86 Cal.App.2d 95, 99, 194 P.2d 18