Full opinion text
MEMORANDUM OPINION KETANJI BROWN JACKSON, United States District Judge Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, 15 U.S.C. § 637(a) (2012), establishes a business development program for “socially and economically disadvantaged small business concerns[.]” Id. § 637(a)(1)(B). Plaintiff Rothe Development, Inc. (“Rothe” or “Plaintiff’) is a small business based in San Antonio, Texas that has filed the instant action against the Department of Defense (“DOD”) and‘the Small Business Administratiqn (collectively, “Defendants”) to challenge the constitutionality ,of the Section 8(a) program on its face. (See Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶ 1.) Rothe argues that the statute’s definition of “socially disadvantaged” small business owners, 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(5), is a racial classification that violates Rothe’s right to equal protection under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. (See Compl. ¶¶ 1-2.) Rothe also claims that- Section 8(a) violates the nondelegation doctrine. (See id.; see also id. ¶ 30.) The constitutional challenge that Rothe brings in the instant case is nearly identical- to the challenge brought in the case of DynaLantic Corp. v. United States Department of Defense, 885 F.Supp.2d 237 (D.D.C.2012). The plaintiff in DynaLantic sued the DOD, the Small Business Administration, and the Department of the Navy alleging, inter alia, that Section 8(a) was unconstitutional both on its face and as applied to the military simulation and training' industry. See DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 242. The DynaLantic court disagreed with the plaintiffs facial attack; it explained in a lengthy opinion the reasoning behind the Court’s conclusion that the Section 8(a) program is facially constitutional. See id. at 248-80, 283-91. Here, Rothe relies on substantially the same record evidence and nearly identical legal arguments, and it urges this Court to strike down the race-conscious provisions of Section 8(a) on their face and thus to depart from DynaLantic’s holding in the context of the instant case. (See, e.g., Mot. Hr’g Tr., Oct. 20, 2014, at 27:21 (Plaintiffs counsel asserting that the DynaLantic court “was just wrong”).) Before this Court at present are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, as well as the parties’ motions to limit or exclude the proffered testimony of each other’s expert witnesses — commonly referred to as “Dauberb motions” based on the Supreme Court’s seminal ruling on the admissibility of expert testimony in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). As explained fully below, this Court concludes that Defendants’ experts meet the relevant qualification standards under Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and offer what appear to be reliable and relevant opinions; therefore, Plaintiffs Dauberb motion to exclude Defendants’ proffered expert testimony will be DENIED. By contrast, this Court finds sufficient reason to doubt the qualifications of one of Plaintiffs experts and to question the reliability of the testimony of the other; consequently, Defendants’ Dauberb motions to exclude Plaintiffs expert testimony will be GRANTED. With respect to the cross-motions for summary judgment, this Court agrees with the DynaLantic court’s reasoning, and thus this Court, too, concludes that Section 8(a) is constitutional on its face. Accordingly, Plaintiffs motion for summary judgment will be DENIED, Defendants’ cross-motion for summary judgment will be GRANTED, and judgment will be entered in Defendants’ favor. A separate order consistent with this memorandum opinion will follow. I. BACKGROUND A. The Section 8(a) Program Congress enacted the Small Business Act of 1953 (“the Act”), 15 U.S.C. §§ 631-57s, in order to encourage and develop the “capacity of small business” in America, and thereby to promote national “economic well-being” and “security!.]” 15 U.S.C. § 631(a) (1958). Section 8(a) of the Act grants the Small Business Administration the authority to acquire procurement contracts from other government agencies and to award or otherwise arrange for performance of those contracts by small businesses “whenever [the agency] determines such action is necessary!.]” Id. § 637(a). This authority remained “dormant for a decade” after the Act’s passage, DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 253, but over the course of many years and after a series of executive orders and legislative amendments, see id. at 253-57, the current Section 8(a) program emerged with the express purpose of helping socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who own small businesses “compete on an equal basis in the American economy!,]” 15 U.S.C. § 631(f)(2)(A) (2012). The Section 8(a) program provides small businesses that socially and economically disadvantaged individuals own — the Small Business Administration refers to such businesses as “small disadvantaged businesses” or “SDBs,” see Small Disadvantaged Business Program, 73 Fed.Reg. 57,490 (Oct. 3, 2008) — with valuable “technological, financial, and practical assistance, as well as support through preferential awards of government contracts!,]” DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 243; see also 15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(10)(A); 13 C.F.R. § 124.404. SDBs can receive myriad types of assistance and support under the Section 8(a) program, including help “develop[ing] and maintain[ing] comprehensive business plans!,]” 15 U.S.C. § 636(j)(10)(A)(i); “nonfinancial services” such as “loan packaging, [ ] financial counseling, [ ] accounting and bookkeeping assistance, [] marketing assistance, and [] management assistance!,]” id. § 636(j)(10)(A)(ii); assistance “obtaining] equity and debt financing!,]” id. § 636(j)(10)(A)(iii); and the opportunity to compete for certain government contracts that are limited to Section 8(a) program participants, see id. § 637(a)(1)(D). Moreover, once admitted into the Section 8(a) program, participating SDBs may stay in the program for up to nine years, provided that they continue to meet the eligibility criteria for qualifying for — and remaining in — the program. See id. § 636(j)(10)(C); 13 C.F.R. § 124.2. Specifically, at all times applicants and participants must: (1) be a “small” business, as that term is defined in 13 C.F.R. § 121, see 13 C.F.R. §§ 124.101, 124.102; (2) demonstrate them business’s potential to succeed, see id. § 124.101; and (3) have a majority owner or owners who are current U.S. residents and citizens of good character, and who are also “socially and economically disadvantaged” as the statute defines those terms, id. The dispute in the instant case centers on the statutory definition of “socially disadvantaged individuals.” Section 637 of Title 15 of the U.S.Code defines “Modally disadvantaged individuals” as “those who have been subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias because of their identity as a member of a group without regard to their individual qualities.” 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(5); see also id. § 631(f)(1)(B) (individuals may be “socially disadvantaged because of their identification as members of certain groups that have suffered the effects of discriminatory practices or similar invidious circumstances over which they have no control”). Pursuant to the statute, “such groups include, but are not limited to, Black Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Indian tribes, Asian Pacific Americans, Native Hawaiian Organizations, and other minorities!.]” Id. § 631(f)(1)(C). Thus, the statute establishes “a rebuttable presumption” that members of these particular groups, and certain other groups, are “socially disadvantaged!,]” 13 C.F.R. § 124.103(b)(1), and if an individual business owner is not a member of a presumptively socially disadvantaged group, then he or she “must establish individual social disadvantage by a preponderance of the evidence!,]” id. § 124.103(c)(1). See also id. § 124.103(c)(2) (explaining that sufficient “[e]vidence of individual social disadvantage” has several “elements!,]” including “[a]t least one objective distinguishing feature that has contributed to social disadvantage” and “[p]ersonal experiences of substantial and chronic social disadvantage in American society”). In addition to defining “socially disadvantaged individuals!,]” the statute also defines “[e]conomieally disadvantaged individuals!.]” 15 U.S.C. § 637(a)(6)(A). These are “socially disadvantaged individuals whose ability to compete in the free enterprise system has been impaired due to diminished capital and credit opportunities as compared to others in the same business area who are not socially disadvantaged.” Id. Factors that determine economically disadvantaged status include “income for the past three years[,] ... personal net worth, and the fair market value of all assets,, whether encumbered or not.” 13 C.F.R. § 124.104(c). As explained, .a small business that can demonstrate its ability to succeed and that is owned by. an individual citizen of good character who is considered socially and economically disadvantaged within . the statutory definitions is eligible to participate in the Section 8(a) program. See id. § 124.101. The Section 8(a) program is but “one of a number of government-wide programs [that are] designed to encourage the issuance of procurement contracts to” certain small businesses, DynaLantic, , 885 F.Supp.2d at 244 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 644), including businesses that are owned by women, businesses that are owned by service7disabled veterans, and businesses that are located in historically underutilized business zones, known as “HUBZones.” See 15 U.S.C. § 637(m) (establishing procurement program for woman-owned small businesses); id. § 657f (establishing procurement program for small businesses owned by service-disabled veterans); id. § 657a (establishing contracting assistance and procurement program for HUBZone small businesses). As part of the legislative scheme that governs the Section 8(a) business development program and similar programs directed toward developing opportunities for small businesses in America, Congress has specifically directed the President to “establish [annual] Government-wide goals for procurement contracts awarded to [various] small business concems[.]” Id. § 644(g)(1)(A). With respect to SDBs in particular, Congress has specified that the goal for participation “shall be established at not less than 5 percent of the total value of all prime' contract and subcontract awards for each fiscal year.” Id. ’§-644(g)(l)(A)(iv). The participation goals with respect to other small business programs are similar — see, e.g., id. § 644(g)(l)(A)(v) (“not less than 5 percent” for woman-owned small businesses); id. § 644(g)(l)(A)(ii) (“not less than 3 percent” for small businesses owned by service-disabled veterans); id. § 644(g)(l)(A)(iii) (“not less than 3 percent” for HUBZone small-businesses) — and all of the statutory targets are “aspirational” and not mandatory, DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 244 (quotation marks omitted). B. Rothe’s Claim Rothe is’ a Texas corporation that operates in the computer services industry and bids on and performs government procurement contracts oh a nationwide basis. (See Affidavit of Dale Patenaude (“Patenaude Aff.”), Ex. 1 to PL’s CompL, ECF No. 1-1, at 3; see also Defs.’ Statement of Material Facts & Resp. to PL’s SOF (“Defs.’ SOF”), ECF No. 64-2, ¶ 11.23; PL’s Resp. to Defs.’ Statement of Material Facts (“PL’s SOF Resp.”), ECF No. 68-1, ¶ LI.) Rothe employs approximately 120 individuals (see Patenaude Aff. at 3), and it allegedly qualifies as a woman-owned small business under the Act and 'its accompanying regulations (see id.; PL’s SOF Resp. ¶ 1.1). 'According to Plaintiff, Rothe derives “[approximately 85-90%” of its annual gross income from government contracts. (Patenaude Aff. at 4; see also Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts (“PL’s SOF”), EOF No. 55-1, ¶24.) Specifically, Rothe bids on and performs DOD and military contracts that, for the most part, fit into one of the following five North American Industry Classification System (“NAICS”) codes: Custom Computer Programming Services (541511); Computer Systems Design Services (541512); Computer Facilities Management Services (541513); Other Computer Related Services (541519); and Facilities Support Services (561210). (Patenaude Aff. at 3-4.) Rothe does not participate in the Section 8(a) program and does not- allege that it has ever applied to the program or otherwise sought certification as an SDR. (See Patenaude Aff. at 2; PL’s SOF ¶ 18; see also Defs.’ SOF ¶ 11.18.) Rothe filed the instant action against the DOD and the Small Business Administration on May 9, 2012. (See Compl.) The gravamen of Rothe’s complaint is that the Section 8(a) program “prevents Rothe from bidding on [DOD] contracts” on the basis of race in violation of Rothe’s rights under the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment (id. ¶ 2), and that the program is an unconstitutional delegation of authority to the Small Business Administration “to make or enact racial classifications” (id. ¶ 30). Accordingly, Rothe seeks (1) a declaratory judgment that the definition of “socially disadyantaged individuals” as set forth in the statutes pertaining to the Section 8(a) program is unconstitutional on its face (see id. ¶¶ 52-54); (2) a permanent injunction that prevents Defendants from using the “socially disadvantaged individuals” definition to exclude Rothe from bidding on contracts reserved for Section 8(a) participants (see id. ¶¶. 56-59); and (3) an award of reasonable, attorneys’ fees, costs, and expenses (see id. . ¶¶ 61-64). Notably, as mentioned earlier, the legal claims in Rothe’s complaint are nearly identical to the facial constitutional claim in the second amended complaint that was filed in DynaLantic Corp. v. Department of Defense, a case that was pending in this district when Rothe’s complaint was filed. See Second Am. Compl., DynaLantic v. Dep’t of Defense, 885 F.Supp.2d 237 (D.D.C.2012) (No.- 95-cv-2301) (“DynaLantic’s Second Am. Compl.”). Given the similarity of the two cases — and also the fact that the DynaLantic court considered and reached the merits of the constitutional claim--a brief description of the facts, circumstances, and holding of DynaLantic is warranted. C. DynaLantic Corp. v. Department of Defense In DynaLantic, a small business that bid on and performed contracts and subcontracts in the military simulation and training industry — but that did not participate in the Section 8(a) program and was not an SDB — sued the DOD, the Small Business Administration, and the Department of the Navy alleging, inter alia, that the statutory provisions of Section 8(a) limiting certain contract awards to “small business concerns owned and controlled by ‘socially and economically disadvantaged individuals’ ” were unconstitutional on their face and also as applied to the industry in which the plaintiff operated. Dyna-Lantic’s Second Am. Compl. ¶ 9; see also DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 246-47. Specifically, DynaLantic argued that the challenged provisions prevented it and other small businesses “from competing for federal procurements ... on the basis of race, thereby ‘violat[ing] DynaLantic’s rights under ... the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.’ ” DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 247 (second alteration in original) (quoting DynaLantic’s Second Am. Compl. ¶ 23). After extensive discovery, briefing, and submissions by amici, the Court (Sullivan, J.) granted summary judgment on the facial constitutional claim in favor of the government, and granted summary judgment on the as-applied claim to DynaLantic. See id. at 248-83. With respect to the applicable legal standards, the Court explained that to prevail on its facial constitutional claim Dyna-Lantic would have to “ ‘establish that no set of circumstances exist[ed] under which the [challenged provisions] would be valid.’ ” Id. at 249 (quoting United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987)). Moreover, because constitutional validity in a particular circumstance turned on the application of strict scrutiny to the admittedly race-conscious provisions at issue, the government would have to show both the existence of a compelling governmental interest underlying the challenged provisions (supported by a strong basis in evidence that race-based remedial action was required to further such interest) and that the challenged provisions were narrowly tailored to achieve the articulated compelling interest. See id. at 250-51. The Court then engaged in a detailed examination of the challenged statutory provisions, the arguments of the parties and their amici, relevant precedent, and the extensive record evidence, including disparity studies on racial discrimination in federal contracting across various industries. See id. at 251-80, 283-91. Ultimately, the Court concluded “that Congress Ha[d] a compelling interest in eliminating the roots of racial discrimination in federal contracting, funded by federal money[,]” and also that the government “ha[d] established a strong basis in evidence to support its conclusion that remedial action was necessary to remedy that discrimination” insofar as it provided “extensive evidence of discriminatory barriers to minority business formation ... [and] minority business development,” as well as “significant evidence that, even when minority businesses are qualified and eligible to perform contracts in both the public and private sectors, they are awarded these contracts far less often than their similarly situated non-minority counterparts.” Id. at 279. The Court also found that DynaLantic had failed “to present credible, particularized evidence that undermined the government’s compelling interest [or that] demonstrated that the government’s evidence ‘did not support an inference of prior discrimination and thus a remedial purpose.’” Id. (quoting Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ., 476 U.S. 267, 293, 106 S.Ct. 1842, 90 L.Ed.2d 260 (1986) (O’Connor, J., concurring)). With respect to narrow tailoring, the DynaLantic court considered several factors, including: “(1) the efficacy of alternative, race-neutral remedies, (2) flexibility, (8) over- or under-inclusiveness of the program, (4) duration, (5) the relationship between numerical goals and the relevant labor market, and (6) the impact of the remedy on third parties.” Id. at 283 (citing United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149, 171, 107 S.Ct. 1053, 94 L.Ed.2d 203 (1987) (plurality and concurring opinions)). Upon consideration of all of these factors, see id. at 283-91, the Court concluded that “the Section 8(a) program is narrowly tailored on its faee[,]” id. at 291. Consequently, because the government had demonstrated that Section 8(a)’s race-conscious provisions were narrowly tailored to further a compelling state interest, the Court held that strict scrutiny was satisfied in the context of “the construction industry ... [and] in other industries such as architecture and engineering, and professional services as well[,]” id. at 279-80, and because DynaLantic had thus failed to meet its burden to show that the challenged provisions were unconstitutional in all circumstances, the Court held that Section 8(a) was constitutional on its face and entered summary judgment on the facial constitutional claim in the government’s favor, see id. at 293. The parties in DynaLantic cross-appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in October of 2012. See Defs.’ Notice of Appeal, DynaLantic v. Dep’t of Defense, 885 F.Supp.2d 237 (D.D.C.2012) (No. 95-cv-2301), ECF No. 252; Pl.’s Notice of Cross-Appeal, DynaLantic v. Dep’t of Defense, 885 F.Supp.2d 237 (D.D.C.2012) (No. 95-ev-2301), ECF No. 254. On January 31, 2014, this Court stayed proceedings in the instant case pending resolution of the DynaLantic appeal. (See Order, Dec. 23, 2013, ECF No. 43, at 1.) However, on February 11, 2014, the parties in this matter notified this Court that the D.C. Circuit had dismissed DynaLantic after the parties in that case reached a settlement and withdrew their appeal. (See Joint Notice of Dismissal of DynaLantic & Status Report, ECF No. 47, at 1-2.) D. Procedural History As noted, Rothe filed its action challenging the facial constitutionality of the Section 8(a) program on May 9, 2012, while the DynaLantic case was still pending in the district court — both actions were treated as related cases and assigned to the same district judge. That judge permitted discovery to proceed in the instant matter at the parties’ urging (see Scheduling Order, Sept. 18, 2012, ECF No. 23, at 2; see also Pl.’s Suppl. Resp. to the Court’s Minute Orders & Scheduling Recommendations, ECF No. 21, at 4; Defs.’ Suppl. Resp. to the Court’s Minute Orders & Scheduling Recommendations, ECF No. 22, at 5), and discovery continued even after the DynaLantic opinion upholding the facial constitutionality of the Section 8(a) program issued. The instant action was transferred to the undersigned on April 5, 2013, while discovery was still underway. (See Minute Entry, Apr. 5, 2013; see also Am. Scheduling Order, ECF No. 24, at 2; Minute Order, Dec. 18, 2012 (extending discovery period); Minute Order, Mar. 25, 2013 (same).) During the discovery period, the parties prepared and exchanged expert reports regarding evidence of discrimination in government contracting. Defendants retained two experts, who testified, broadly speaking, that socially disadvantaged and minority-owned small businesses are significantly less likely, statistically, to win government contracts than their non-minority and non-SDB counterparts (see Report of Defs.’ Expert Robert N. Rubinovitz (“Rubinovitz Report”), ECF No. 44-3, at 12; Additional Analysis by Dr. Robert Rubinovitz .(“Rubinovitz Suppl. Report”), ECF No. 44-4, at 2), and that minority-owned businesses across the country are substantially underutilized in government contracting — a phenomenon that, according to these experts, cannot be explained by nondiseriminatory factors (see Report of Defs.’ Expert Jon Wainwright (‘Wainwright Report”), ECF No. 46-3, at 27, 97). Plaintiff also engaged two experts, and Plaintiffs experts maintained that Defendants’ experts’ conclusions were incorrect largely because their data and methods were flawed. (See, e.g., Report of Pl.’s Expert Dale Patenaude (“Patenaude, Report”), ECF No. 49-2, at 2; Report of PL’s Expert John Charles' Sullivan (“Sullivan Report”), ECF No. 49-4, at 11-12, 23-37.) A series of Daubert motions followed: specifically, Rothe filed a single motion to exclude or limit the testimony of Defendants’ experts Robert Rubinovitz and Jon Wainwright (see PL’s Mot. to Exclude or Limit Test, of Defs.’ Experts & Mem. in Supp. (“PL’s Daubert Br.”), ECF No. 45) on the grounds that their testimony is both unreliable and irrelevant to the factual matters at hand. Defendants filed two separate motions to exclude the reports and testimony of Plaintiffs experts Dale Patenaude and John Charles Sullivan. (See Defs.’ Mot. in Limine to Exclude the Expert Reports & Test, of PL’s Expert Dale Patenaude (“Defs.’ Patenaude Daubert Mot.”), ECF No. 44; Defs.’ Mot. in Limine to Exclude the Testimony and Ops. of PL’s Expert John Charles Sullivan, Esq. (“Defs.’ Sullivan Daubert Mot.”), ECF No. 46.) In essence, Defendants contend that Plaintiffs experts are not qualified to testify as experts and that their proffered testimony is unreliable. (See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Defs.’" Patenaude Daubert Mot. (“Defs.’ Patenaude Daubert Br.”), ECF No. 44-1, at 9 — 19; Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Defs.’ Sullivan Daubert. Mot. (“Defs.’ Sullivan Daubert Br.”), ECF No. 46-1, at 9-20.) Rothe then filed a motion for summary judgment with respect to its claim that the definition of “socially disadvantaged individual” as it appears in the Act and is used in the context of administering the Section 8(a) program is unconstitutional on its face. (See PL’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 55.) Rothe’s motion argues, first, that Section 8(a)’s definition' of socially disadvantaged individuals “is unconstitutional racial balancing, for which there is no compelling interest, and for which narrow tailoring is impossible’?; and second, that the definition violates the nondelegation doctrine insofar as it “lack[s] any intelligible principle to limit the Executive’s discretion in deciding whether racial, ethnic or cultural bias has occurred or even what constitutes a racial, ethnic, or cultural group.” (PL’s Mem. in Supp. of PL’s Mot. for Summ. J.' (“PL’s MSJ Br.”), ECF No. 56, at 7.) Defendants responded by filing a cross-motion for summary judgment (Defs.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 64), in which Defendants maintain that “Rothe’s facial challenge is identical to that brought and rejected in DynaLantic ... and fails for the same reasons” (Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Defs.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. & Resp. to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Defs.’ MSJ Br. & Resp.”), ECF No. 64-1, at 13). Specifically, Defendants assert that (1) the government has a compelling “interest in ‘breaking down barriers to minority business development created by discrimination and its lingering effects’ ” (id. (quoting DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 251)); (2) there is “a ‘strong basis in evidence to support [the government’s] conclusion that remedial action was necessary5 ” to-further that interest (id (quoting DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 279)); and (3) the statute is narrowly tailored and “designed- to minimize the burden on non-minority firms” (id. at 14 (citing DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 290)). Defendants also argue that the Section 8(a) program conforms to the nondelegation doctrine because the statute defines “socially disadvantaged individuals” and sets forth Congress’ relevant findings, and it also articulates the policies underlying the program — all of which serve to guide the Small Business Administration in implementing the program. (See id at 90.) This Court held a hearing .on the parties’ Daubert and cross summary judgment motions on October 20, 2014, II. DAUBERT MOTIONS This Court will address the parties’ Daubert arguments first, because “[i]f the Court finds [an expert’s] opinions-to be clearly unreliable, it may disregard his reports in deciding whether plaintiffs have created a genuine issue of material fact.” McReynolds v. Sodexho Marriott Servs., Inc., 349 F.Supp.2d 30, 35 (D.D.C.2004) (citing Munoz v. Orr, 200 F.3d 291, 301 (5th Cir.2000)); see also Lewis v. Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Inc., 150 F.Supp.2d 81, 84 (D.D.C.2001) (addressing evidentiary motions first, “[s]ince a motion for summary judgment requires an examination of the entire record, including all pleadings and all admissible evidence”). As concerns Defendants’ experts, Rothe contends that Rubinovitz’s and Wainwright’s testimony is irrelevant because it has not been submitted to Congress (see PL’s Daubert Br. at 4), and that it contains both inadmissible legal conclusions — such as whether the strong basis in evidence requirement has been- met (see id at 10, 12) — and unreliable opinions regarding statistical facts (see id at 16-17 (arguing that Defendants’ experts have analyzed contracting data using fewer than all six-digits of only some NAICS codes such that not every industry and subsector is captured)). For their part, Defendants contend that neither Patenaude nor Sullivan qualifies as an expert in any field of scientific knowledge that is pertinent to the instant case (see Defs.’ Patenaude Daubert Br. at 9-12; Defs.’ Sullivan Daubert Br at 9-14), and that Patenaude’s and Sullivan’s testimony is unreliable because both experts rely on inaccurate data and employ methods in their critiques - of Rubinovitz and Wainwright that are speculative and scientifically unproven (see Defs/ Patenaude Daubert Br. at 12-19; Defs.’ Sullivan Daubert Br. at 14-20). Defendants further contend that Sullivan’s testifnony contains impermissible legal opinions, such as whether the disparity studies at issue are legally sufficient to justify the Section 8(a) .program. (See Defs.’ Sullivan Daubert Br. at 20.) '■For the reasons that follow, this Court finds that Rubinovitz’s and Wainwright’s expert reports are reliable and potentially helpful to the trier of fact, and thus properly admitted, while Patenaude’s and Sullivan’s testimony fails to conform with the applicable legal standards related to expert qualifications and reliability, and therefore must be excluded. A. Legal Standard For Admitting Expert Evidence Federal Rule of Evidence 702 governs the admissibility of expert evidence. It provides that: A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case. Fed. R. Evid. 702. Rule 702 “imposes a special obligation on a trial judge to ‘ensure that any and all scientific testimony ... is not only relevant, but reliable.’ ” Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 147, 119 S.Ct. 1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999) (alteration in original) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 589, 113 S.Ct. 2786). Thus, federal courts have a “basic gatekeeping obligation” with respect to expert testimony. Id. Rule 702 requires that an expert be qualified to testify on the basis of “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education[,]” and thus encompasses “not only experts in the strictest sense of the word, e.g., physicians, physicists, and architects, but also the large group sometimes called ‘skilled’ witnesses, such as bankers or landowners testifying to land values.” Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note (1972) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). While “a person who holds a graduate degree typically qualifies as an expert in his or her field[,]” Khairkhwa v. Obama, 793 F.Supp.2d 1, 11 (D.D.C.2011), such formal education is not required and “an expert may still be qualified on the basis of his or her practical experience or training[,]” Robinson v. District of Columbia, No. 09-cv-2294, 75 F.Supp.3d 190, 197, 2014 WL 6778330, at *4 (D.D.C. Dec. 2, 2014). However, “[i]f the witness is relying solely or primarily on experience, then the witness must explain how that experience leads to the conclusion reached, why that experience is a sufficient basis for the opinion, and how that experience is reliably applied to the facts.” Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note (2000). Regardless of the basis on which a witness purports to qualify as an expert, as part of its gatekeeping function the court must assess whether a proposed expert possesses “a rehable basis in the knowledge and experience of [the relevant] discipline.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592, 113 S.Ct. 2786. Once the court is satisfied that the witness is an expert within the meaning of Rule 702, “[u]nder Daubert the district court is required to address two questions, first whether the expert’s testimony is based on ‘scientific knowledge,’ and second, whether the testimony ‘will assist the trier of fact to understand or determine a fact in issue.’” Meister v. Med. Eng’g Corp., 267 F.3d 1123, 1126 (D.C.Cir.2001) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592, 113 S.Ct. 2786). With respect to the first prong, “the district court’s focus is on the methodology or reasoning employed.” Ambrosini v. Labarraque, 101 F.3d 129, 133 (D.C.Cir.1996). Specifically, the court must make “a preliminary assessment of whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and of whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts in issue.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-93, 113 S.Ct. 2786; see also Ambrosini, 101 F.3d at 133 (“‘In short, the requirement that an expert’s testimony pertain to “scientific knowledge” establishes a standard of evidentiary reliability.’” (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590, 113 S.Ct. 2786)). There are several factors that courts typically consider in making a scientific validity determination: “(1) whether the theory or technique can be and has been tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) the method’s known or potential rate of error; and (4) whether the theory or technique finds general acceptance in the relevant scientific community.” Ambrosini, 101 F.3d at 134 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 593-94, 113 5.Ct. 2786.) This “inquiry is a ‘flexible one,’ no one factor is dispositive, and the four-factor list is not exhaustive.” United States v. Machado-Erazo, 950 F.Supp.2d 49, 52 (D.D.C.2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, whatever factors a court considers, “[t]he trial judge in all cases of proffered expert testimony must find that [the testimony] is properly grounded, well-reasoned, and not speculative before it can be admitted.” Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note (2000). The second Daubert prong relates to relevance and is fairly straightforward. See Ambrosini, 101 F.3d at 134 (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at. 593-94, 113 S.Ct. 2786). “The district court must determine whether the proffered expert testimony ‘is sufficiently tied to the facts of the case that it will aid the [factfinder] in resolving a factual dispute.’ ” Id. (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591, 113 S.Ct. 2786). Where, as here, a party moves to exclude expert testimony, “[t]he party seeking to introduce expert testimony must demonstrate its admissibility by a preponderance of the evidence.” Harris v. Koenig, 815 F.Supp.2d 6, 8 (D.D.C.2011) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n. 10, 113 S.Ct. 2786). “The presumption under the Rules is that expert testimony is admissible once a proponent makes the requisite threshold showing; further disputes go to weight, not admissibility.” Machado-Erazo, 950 F.Supp.2d at 52. B. The Proffered Expert Evidence In The Instant Case 1. Rubinovitz’s Testimony Is Reliable, Relevant, And Admissible Robert Rubinovitz holds a Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and currently serves as the Deputy Chief Economist at the United States Department of Commerce. (See Rubinovitz Report at 2.) Using regression analysis, Rubinovitz claims to have isolated the effect of minority ownership on the likelihood of a small business receiving government contracts. (See id. at 10-12; see also Rubinovitz Suppl. Report at 2.) Specifically, Rubinovitz used a “logit model” (Rubinovitz Report at 10), to examine government contracting data for fiscal year 2012 that he collected from the General Services Administration’s System for Award Management, the Federal Procurement Data System, the Small Business Administration, and other public and private sources (see id. at 4-9 (discussing sources)), in order to determine “whether the data show any difference in the odds of contracts being won by minority-owned small businesses, particularly those identified as SDBs and those that are part of the 8(a) program, relative to other small businesses” (id. at 10). Rubinovitz controlled for other variables that could “influence the odds of whether or not a given firm wins a contract” (id. at 11) — such as business size, age, and level of security clearance (see id.) — and concluded that “the odds of minority-owned small firms and non-8(a) SDB firms winning contracts were lower than small non-minority and non-SDB firms” (id.- at 12). In particular, “the odds of an SDB firm winning a contract is roughly 11 percent lower than other types of small businesses, while small minority-owned firms, regardless of whether they are SDBs or in the 8(a) program, had roughly 30 percent lower odds of winning - a contract than other firms.” (Id.) In addition, Rubinovitz found that “non-8(a) minority-owned SDBs are statistically significantly less likely to win a contract in industries accounting for 94.0% of contract actions, 93.0% of dollars awarded, and in which 92.2% of non-8(a) minority-owned SDBs are registered!,]” and that “[t]here is no industry where non-8(a) minority owned SDBs hav;e a statistically significant advantage in terms.of winning a contract from the federal government.” (Rubinovitz Suppl. Report at 2.) This Court has considered Rothe’s objections to Rubinovitz’s testimony, and concludes that the testimony is fully admissible under Rule 702. First of all, Rubinovitz’s qualifications to testify as an expert are undisputed (see Hr’g Tr. at 17:18-18:1 (Plaintiffs counsel conceding that Defendants’ experts are qualified)), and this Court finds that Rubinovitz is, indeed, qualified “by knowledge, skill, experience, training, [and] education!,]” Fed. R. Evid. 702. As for the reliability of Rubinovitz’s testimony, this Court rejects Rothe’s contention that Rubinovitz’s expert opinion is based on insufficient data, ie., that his analysis of data related to a subset of the relevant industry codes is too narrow to support his scientific conclusions. (See, e.g., Pl.’s Daubert Br. at 16-17.) It is well established that a court may not exclude an expert’s otherwise reliable and relevant testimony simply because, without more, the testimony is insufficient tó prove a proponent’s entire- case. See, e.g., McReynolds, 349 F.Supp.2d at 35 (“‘[T]he question before [the Court] is not whether the reports proffered by plaintiffs prove the entire case; it is whether they were prepared in a reliable and statistically sound way, such that they contained relevant evidence that a trier of fact would .have been entitled to consider.’” (second alteration in original) (quoting Adams v. Ameritech Servs., Inc., 231 F.3d 414, 425 (7th Cir.2000))). Moreover, Rubinovitz specifically addresses Rothe’s critique about his data set, explaining that, from a mathematical per-. spective, excluding certain NAICS codes and analyzing data at the three-digit level actually increases the reliability of his results. For example, because “NAICS is .a hierarchical classification system” and “industry classifications become more narrowly defined — and more sparsely populated” as “more digits are added to the code,” Rubinovitz explains that he opted to “use codes at the three-digit level as a compromise!,] balancing the need to have sufficient data in each industry grouping and the recognition that many firms can switch production within the broader three-digit category.” (Rubinovitz Report at 5.) Rubinovitz also excluded “[c]ertain NAICS industry groups” from his regression analyses “because of .incomplete data, irrelevanee, or because data issues in a given NAICS group prevented the regression model from producing reliable estimates[.]” (Id. at 7; see also id. at 8 (listing NAICS codes not included in analyses).) This Court finds that Rubinovitz’s reasoning with respect to the exclusions and assumptions he makes in the analysis are fully explained and scientifically sound; thus, his exclusions are not a valid basis for concluding that his expert testimony is unreliable. Cf. Daubert, 509 U.S, at 590, 113 S.Ct. 2786 (“Proposed testimony must be supported by appropriate validation— i.e., ‘good grounds,’ based. on what is known.”). Rothe also contends that, even if Rubinovitz’s testimony is reliable, it should be deemed irrelevant to this Court’s assessment of Section 8(a)’s constitutionality because it is new evidence, in the sense that Rubinovitz’s testimony was not before Congress at the time it enacted or reauthorized Section 8(a). (See Pl.’s Daubert Br. at 4 (“The law is now very clear that post-reauthorization evidence is precluded and that experts are neither required for, nor relevant to, the required causal relationships between the alleged data before Congress and the statutory racial classification that Congress enacted.” (citing Rothe Dev. Corp. v. Dep’t of Defense, 545 F.3d 1023, 1031, 1040-41 (Fed.Cir.2008))).) The issue'of the'relevance of post-enactment evidence is one that has been raised repeatedly in the context of constitutional challenges to federal statutes, see, e.g., Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater, 228 F.3d 1147, 1166 (10th Cir.2000); Eng’g Contractors Ass’n of S. Fla., Inc. v. Metro. Dade Cnty., 122 F.3d 895, 911-12 (11th Cir.1997); Contractors Ass’n of E. Pa., Inc. v. City of Philadelphia, 6 F.3d 990, 1003-04 (3d Cir.1993), and “nearly every circuit to consider this question has held that reviewing courts” need not limit themselves to the particular evidence that Congress relied upon when it enacted the statute at issue,. DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 257. Thus, although Rothe is correct to point out that, where Congress “makes [a] racial distinction [it] must have had a strong basis in evidence to conclude that remedial action was necessary before it embarks on. an affirmative action program[,]” Shaw v. Hunt, 517 U.S. 899, 910, 116 S.Ct. 1894, 135 L.Ed.2d 207 (1996) (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); (see also PL’s MSJ Br. at 15), this statement of the Supreme Court does not mean that post-enactment evidence is irrelevant to constitutional review; indeed, as the DynaLantic court concluded, “[p]ost-enactment evidence is particularly relevant when, as here, the statute is over thirty years old and the evidence used to justify Section 8(a) is stale for purposes of determining a compelling interest in the present[,]” DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 258. This Court agrees, and it too concludes that Rothe’s. post-enactment relevance argument is rendered even less persuasive given the fact that the Act requires the Small Business Administration to “report annually to Congress on the status of small disadvantaged businesses generally and the Section 8(a) program in particular[,]” and “thus, the statute-itself contemplates that Congress will review the 8(a) program on a continuing basis.” Id. This Court also disagrees with Rothe’s assertion that Rubinovitz’s testimony should be excluded as irrelevant because it contains an inadmissible legal conclusion. (See Pl.’s Daubert Br. at 12.) Rothe points to an excerpt from Rubinovitz’s deposition where Rubinovitz was asked if the results of his analyses are “consistent with a finding that SDBs face discrimination” (id (citation omitted)), and Rubinovitz answered in the affirmative— “[i]t would be consistent with that finding, yes” (id (citation omitted)). Rothe insists that such testimony “cannot properly assist the trier of fact” in understanding the evidence or determining facts in issue and thus is not relevant under Daubert. (Id at 2); see also Burkhart v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 112 F.3d 1207, 1212 (D.C.Cir.1997). But it is clear beyond cavil that an expert may give “his ‘opinion as to facts that, if found, would support a conclusion that the legal standard at issue was satisfiedf.]’ ” Kapche v. Holder, 677 F.3d 454, 464 (D.C.Cir.2012) (quoting Burkhart, 112 F.3d at 1212-13). And Rothe has not demonstrated that Rubinovitz did anything more than that here. That is, Rubinovitz was not asked directly to state his opinion on the legal issue — i.e., whether SDBs face discrimination sufficient to justify race-based remedial action-^but instead, the carefully-worded question asked Rubinovitz to opine as to whether the results of his analysis were “consistent” (or, presumably, inconsistent) with the presence of discrimination. (PL’s Daubert Br. at 12 (citation omitted).) In the absence of any binding precedents that cast doubt on the admissibility of Rubinovitz’s answer, this Court finds that Rubinovitz’s testimony is relevant insofar as it will assist the factfinder in determining whether the data presented shows that the applicable legal standards in this case have been met. In sum, Rubinovitz qualifies as an expert, and his testimony is both reliable and relevant. Therefore, this Court will admit and consider Rubinovitz’s expert testimony when evaluating the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. 2. Wainwright’s Testimony Is Reliable, Relevant, And Admissible Defendants’ second expert witness, Jon Wainwright, is a senior vice president at NERA Economic Consulting and holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Texas at Austin. (See Wainwright Report at 7.) Wainwright represents that he has “served as the project director and principal investigator for more than 30 studies of business discrimination” (id), and he has also testified before Congress regarding business discrimination on several occasions (see id. at 8). Wainwright’s report in the instant case primarily concerns disparity studies, which are studies designed to measure the availability and utilization of minority-owned businesses (“MBEs”) in government contracting. (See. id. at 13 (“A disparity analysis of public spending is simply a comparison of MBE utilization to MBE availability in various categories of contracting relevant to a given agency.”).) Wainwright reviewed the results of 107 studies conducted since the year 2000, all but 32 of which were submitted to Congress. (See id. at 16.) Specifically, Wainwright examined the disparity indexes for these studies, which he calculated “by dividing the respective MBE utilization percentage by its associated MBE availability percentage, and multiplying the result by 100.” (Id. at 28.) In his expert report, Wainwright explains that “[a] disparity index of 100 or more indicates that MBEs are being utilized at or above their estimated availability level[,]” while “[a] disparity index of less than 100 indicates that MBEs are being utilized below their estimated availability level.” (Id.) Significantly for present purposes, Wainwright states that “[a] disparity index of 80 or lower is commonly taken as a strong indicator that discrimination is adversely affecting MBEs.” (Id. (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1607.4(d)).) In Wainwright’s opinion, the disparity studies he examined share a “widespread finding of substantial underutilization of MBEs throughput the United States” across several industries. (Id. at 27.) This Court has considered the proffered expert testimony and the relevant admissibility factors and finds that Wainwright’s testimony is admissible. Rothe does not contest that Wainwright is qualified to testify as an expert (see Hr’g Tr. at 17:18-18:1), and Defendants have demonstrated that Wainwright’s testimony is both reliable and relevant. In particular, Wainwright’s clearly-explained methodology appears to be scientifically valid, and his testimony regarding such a large body of record evidence will assist the factfinder in determining whether the data shows that the applicable legal standards in this case have been satisfied. See Ambrosini 101 F.3d at 134. Rothe’s arguments to the contrary largely mirror the arguments Rothe makes in attacking Rubinovitz’s testimony, and are similarly unpersuasive. For instance, Rothe once again contends that post-enactment evidence is inadmissible per se. (See, e.g., Pl.’s Daubert Br. at 4 (“The reports— and thus the testimony — of Defendants’ experts were never placed before or considered by Congress, which renders them irrelevant as a matter of United States Constitutional law, and therefore inadmissible under [the] Federal Rules of Evidence[.]” (citations omitted)).) As explained above, this Court rejects Rothe’s argument against post-enactment evidence and adopts instead the DynaLantic court’s holding that such evidence is not only admissible but also particularly relevant in the circumstances presented here. See DynaLantic, 885 F.Supp.2d at 258. Consequently, this Court also rejects Rothe’s argument that, to the extent that Wainwright’s expert “report mixes disparity studies that were allegedly before Congress with ones that were not[,]” Wainwright’s testimony is unreliable and inadmissible. (PL’s Daubert Br. at 15.) Rothe further maintains that Wainwright’s testimony is inadmissible because “the final paragraph of Mr. Wainwright’s report is a legal conclusion.” (Id. at 10; see also id. (“The Wainwright report, at best, is ultimately the same legal conclusion the DynaLantic court drew[.]”).) In that paragraph, Wainwright concludes that (1) “the studies submitted to Congress, taken as a whole, provide strong evidence of large, adverse, and often statistically significant disparities between minority participation in business enterprise activity and the availability of those businesses”; (2) “these disparities are not explained solely, or even largely, by differences in factors other than race and sex that are untainted by discrimination”; and (3) “these disparities therefore are consistent with the presence [of] discrimination in the business market.” (Wainwright Report at 97.) Contrary to Rothe’s assertion, Wainwright is not testifying that Section 8(a) survives strict scrutiny; instead, he is offering his expert opinion about what, if anything, the studies he examined demonstrate. (See, e.g., id. at 7 (explaining that the studies “contain significant evidence of large and adverse disparities facing minority business enterprises” and that such disparities “are consistent with the presence of discrimination and its lingering effects in the small business contracting environment”).) Even setting aside the fact that the appropriate -remedy for an alleged statement of legal opinion is to exclude only that particular portion of testimony, see, e.g., Halcomb v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 526 F.Supp.2d 24, 27 (D.D.C.2007) (excluding expert’s opinions only “to the extent that they are phrased in terms of inadequately explored legal criteria or otherwise tell the [trier of fact] what result to reach” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)), Wainwright’s “opinion[s] as to facts that, if found, would support a conclusion that the legal standard at issue [has been] satisfied” may be admitted as expert testimony when all other requirements for admissibility are met, as explained above, Kapche, 677 F.3d at 464 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Finally,, Rothe argues that Wainwright’s testimony, is unreliable because of alleged flaws in the disparity studies that form the basis of Wainwright’s expert report. (See PL’s Daubert Br. at 13-14.) Specifically, Rothe asserts that “the disparity studies do not all classify the same industries in the same way” (id. at 13), and that “[n]o collective inference can be drawn when the same industries are placed in different industry groups in different studies” (id. at 14). But even if Rothe’s contentions are correct, an attack on the underlying disparity studies does not necessitate the remedy of exclusion; rather, it is clear that “[vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, and careful instruction on the burden of proof are the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible [scientific] evidence.” Daubert, 509 U.S. at 596, 113 S.Ct. 2786; see also Boyar v. Korean Air Lines Co., 954 F.Supp. 4, 7 (D.D.C.1996) (“[I]t is not proper for the Court to exclude expert testimony merely because the factual bases for an expert’s opinion are weak.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). In its gatekeeping function, this Court must be focused solely on the reliability and relevance of the testimony- that an expert witness proffers, and it is up to the factfinder “to' determine whether [an expert’s] opinions are suspect because facts upon which he relied were shown to be inaccurate or unproven.” SEC v. Johnson, 525 F.Supp.2d 70, 76 (D.D.C.2007) (footnote omitted). Accordingly, this Court concludes that Wainwright’s expert testimony is admissible evidence, and the Court will consider it when assessing the pending cross-motions for summary judgment. 3. Patenaude Is Not Qualified To Testify As A Rebuttal Expert Here Rothe’s first expert witness, Dale Patenaude, is the vice president of Rothe and' the husband of Rothe’s president, Suzanne Patenaude. (See Patenaude Report at 2; Patenaude Aff. at 2.) Patenaude holds an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and has worked in government contracting — at Rothe — since 1972. (See Patenaude Report at 2.) “During that time[,]” Patenaude states, “it has been [his] job, avocation and passion to review and analyze ... data on small and small disadvantaged businesses for the purpose of knowing where contracts were being distributed in order to better understand the bid process for federal government contraets[.]” (Id.) Patenaude also states that he “operate[s][his] own consulting business that provides this same type of econometric analysis consulting to other businesses to improve their business and bidding efficiencies.” (Id.) Rothe offers Patenaude’s testimony “as a response to the errors and omissions in the reports served by Defendants])]” (Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Daubert Mots. (“PL’s Daubert Resp.”), ECF No. 49, at 1.) However, it is undisputed that Patenaude does not have any formal education or training in statistical or econometric analysis (see Dep. of Dale Patenaude (“Patenaude Dep.”), ECF No. 44-9, at 34:3-ll), and he has never worked with regression models prior to this case (id. at 45:12-14). Thus, Patenaude purports to refute Rubinovitz’s testimony “by using basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division!)]” (PL’s Daubert Resp. at 2.) Moreover, Patenaude’s report does not address the statistical significance of any of his calculations. (See Patenaude Dep. at 50:3-7 (“I didn’t do any statistics that required computation of statistical significance. Mine were 100 percent significant because they weren’t statistics.”); see also id. at 16:4-6 (conceding that Patenaude “can’t really explain” “how statistical significance is computed”).) Based on Patenaude’s own admissions regarding his lack of training, education, knowledge, skill, and experience in any statistical or econometric methodology, Patenaude is plainly unqualified to testify as an expert with respect to Rubinovitz’s or Wainwright’s reports. See, e.g., Arias v. DynCorp, 928 F.Supp.2d 10, 17 (D.D.C.2013) (finding expert was not qualified under Rule 702, notwithstanding expert’s “impressive credentials,” because “plaintiffs [did] not demonstrate[ ] how [expert’s] academic and professional experiences ma[d]e him qualified to testify” about the ■ particular factual- questions at issue); Sykes v. Napolitano, 634 F.Supp.2d 1, 8 (D.D.C.2009) (finding purported expert was not qualified under Rule 702 where expert did “not offer ‘expert’ testimony based on his years of experience” but “[i]nstead ... decide[d] credibility on an incomplete written record, offer[ed] conclusions that have no basis in fact revealed from his report, and advocate[d] for the Plaintiff rather than providing expertise to the fact-finder”). It is also apparent that, even if Patenaude did have the required skill and training to testify as an expert, Rothe has not shown that Patenaude’s testimony here employs “the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field[,]” Kumho Tire Co., 526 U.S. at 152, 119 S.Ct. 1167, and thus his testimony is also unreliable. Consequently, Patenaude’s expert testimony in the instant case is inadmissible, and this Court will exclude his expert report in its entirety. 4. Sullivan’s Testimony Is Unreliable And Inadmissible ' Rothe’s second expert witness, John Sullivan, holds a J.D. from the University of Maryland Law School and an undergraduate degree in English and writing from Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland. (See Sullivan Report at 50; Dep. of John Charles Sullivan (“Sullivan Dep.”), ECF No; 46-9, at 10:8-21.) Sullivan has published various articles on affirmative action and government contracting (see Sullivan Report at 51), has worked on several disparity studies with his colleague George LaNoue (see id.; see also Sullivan Dep. at 15:21-16:1 (explaining that Sullivan and LaNoue “worked in tandem”)), and has also testified before Congress regarding a particular disparity study that the Commerce Department conducted in 1998 (see Sullivan Report at 53). Sullivan acknowledges that he is neither an economist nor a statistician, and that he does not hold a degree in either field. (See Sullivan Dep. at 9:16-10:1.) In the proffered expert report, Sullivan purports to “apply [his] extensive experience and research in the field of disparity studies to examine the record offered by the government to support its 8(a) program.” (Sullivan Report at 5.) Specifically, Sullivan criticizes the vast majority of disparity studies analyzed in Wainwright’s report for, inter alia, examining state and local — as opposed to federal — contracting (see id. at 3), for utilizing census data (see id. at 7, 11-13), and for relying on otherwise “stale” information (id. at 13). Sullivan also repeats Rothe’s arguments against post-enactment evidence and against analyzing NAICS codes at anything less than the 6-digit level. (See id. at 6 (“Studies that are not before Congress cannot be used to justify a Congressional program.”); id. at 4 (“The proper level of analysis should be the precise six digit NAICS level[.]”).) Ultimately, Sullivan concludes that the record in the instant case “while hefty, is not sufficient. It does not justify the racial preferences of the [Small Business Administration]’s 8(a) program.” (Id. at 48.) This Court finds that, even assuming that Sullivan is qualified to testify as an expert on disparity studies based on his experience, Rothe has failed to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that Sullivan’s testimony is reliable. See Heller v. District of Columbia, 952 F.Supp.2d 133, 141 (D.D.C.2013) (“‘[T]he unremarkable observation that an expert may be qualified by experience does not mean that experience, standing alone, is a sufficient foundation rendering reliable any conceivable opinion the expert may express[.]’ ” (quoting United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1261 (11th Cir.2004) (emphasis in original))). Sullivan’s preferred methodology for conducting disparity studies — including his assertion that the only proper way to determine the availability of minority-owned businesses is to count those contractors and subcontractors that actually perform or bid on contracts (see Sullivan Report at 33) — appears to be well outside of the mainstream in this particular field. (See, e.g., Sullivan Dep. at 94:22-95:9 (Sullivan recalls only one disparity study he has ever encountered that he “felt was done properly”)); see also Groobert v. President & Dirs. of Georgetoum Coll., 219 F.Supp.2d 1, 9 (D.D.C.2002) (explaining that expert testimony may be “unreliable when an expert chooses to utilize her own unique methodology rather than the proper analysis which is well-known and respected” (citations omitted)). Moreover, Sullivan acknowledged during his deposition that portions of his report were based either on mistaken assumptions (see Sullivan Dep. at 38:20-39:13 (retracting certain opinions because Sullivan “misunderstood” Wainwright’s testimony)) or on speculation (see id. at 42:21-43:11 (admitting that he “did not do any math” and was “speculating” when he concluded that the availability percentages in certain disparity studies were “‘likely overstated’ ”)). And Rothe has not shown that Sullivan’s critique of Wainwright’s testimony is otherwise reliable. See Romero v. ITW Food Equip. Grp., LLC, 987 F.Supp.2d 93, 105-06 (D.D.C.2013) (excluding expert testimony based on speculation as unreliable). Therefore, this Court cannot find that Sullivan’s proffered testimony “is properly grou